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Objective: The prolonged and continuous conflict of the Palestinian minority in Israel with the Jewish majority and its cumulative sociopolitical stress (e.g., national incongruity, racism, community, and political violence) may put this minority at risk for psychological distress. This experience may lead to maladaptive behaviors, such as perpetrating violence, including intimate partner violence (IPV). This study examined the relationship between exposure to sociopolitical stressors (i.e., interpersonal racism, collective racism, and national minority stress) and psychological and physical IPV perpetration among Palestinians in Israel. It also examined cognitive appraisals of stress and psychological distress as serial mediators in this relationship. Method: A self-administered questionnaire was completed by a systematic sample of 770 Palestinian adults (64.9% were women and 35.1% were men), aged 21–66 (M = 38.7, SD = 7.84). Participants were sampled from urban, rural, and Bedouin areas in Israel. A serial mediation model was conducted using path analysis. Results: Interpersonal racism directly predicts IPV perpetration. Minority stress and interpersonal racism, however, indirectly predict IPV perpetration via psychological distress. Further, each chain of cognitive appraisals of sociopolitical stress (i.e., uncontrollable and challenge) with psychological distress serially mediates the relationship between sociopolitical stress and IPV perpetration. Conclusions: Exposure to sociopolitical stressors directly impacts the dynamics among Palestinian men and women, but also likely indirectly, through psychological distress and serially through cognitive appraisals and psychological distress. Cognitive appraisals of sociopolitical stress may be important psychological resources or risk factors that practitioners can consider to combat psychological distress and IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the cognitive state, psychological problems such as depression and anxiety, and pain in the musculoskeletal system among young adults with post-COVID-19 (long COVID) syndrome. Methods: This descriptive study included 361 students studying at the Vocational School of Health Services of Bingöl University in Turkey. Data were collected using the Socio-Demographic Information form, the Beck's Depression Inventory, the Cognitive Appraisal Scale, and the Visual Analogue Scale for pain. Results: Compared to those without COVID-19, the mean depression score, cognitive appraisal score, and mean Visual Analogue Scale score of the young adults with COVID-19 were significantly higher. There was no significant difference in pain assessment at rest between those with COVID-19 and those without COVID-19. Conclusions: Young adults with COVID-19 are more depressed, their cognitive functions are more easily negatively affected, and experience more pain during exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To model individuals' experience of urban spaces, this study integrates knowledge from environmental psychology and artificial intelligence to propose a framework for individuals' perceptions and emotion by incorporating individual characteristics and cognitive appraisal together with environment attributes as determinants. A path model is employed to capture how the four perceptions of environmental qualities (safety, liveliness, comfort, and legibility) and three dimensions of emotion (pleasure, arousal, dominance) are influenced by individual characteristics and cognitive appraisal using data collected in an online virtual reality experiment with 237 participants. Results show that emotional pleasure is more directly influenced by environmental attributes while arousal and dominance are closely related to a person's current mood and personality. Perceptions of environmental qualities do have mediating effects in emotion generation, but contribute differently to the three dimensions of emotion. Cognitive appraisal variables directly influence emotion generation, with ideal values always having positive effects and expected values always negative effects. The findings can help capture the dynamic process of emotional experiences between diverse individuals and may support experience-centered simulation and prediction. • A model describing the emotion generation process in built environment is proposed. • Emotional pleasure is primarily influenced by physical environment attribute. • Emotional arousal and dominance are primarily related to mood and personality. • Perceptions of environment qualities have mediating effects on emotion generation. • Cognitive appraisal variables directly influence emotion generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note distinguishes between the concepts of novelty, unexpectedness and surprise applied in research on tourism experiences. In the existing tourism discourse, these concepts are used interchangeably, generating terminological ambiguity and conceptual confusion. However, in cognitive psychology, each term has a distinct and identifiable meaning. This short communication articulates and interprets each concept through the lens of feelings-as-information and cognitive appraisal theories. In cognitive psychology, novelty is an appraisal dimension influencing the intensity of emotion. Unexpectedness is explained as a conscious recognition that novelty or a feeling of surprise has been experienced. Surprise, on the other hand, is defined as an unconscious (emotional) state, as well as conscious awareness of the event associated with feelings, which occurs due to the mismatch between expectations and actual experience (leading to an appraisal of novelty). Each of these three concepts has neutral valence, and thus may be associated with both pleasant and unpleasant tourism experiences. Overall, this research demonstrates that the use of cognitive psychology can provide much needed conceptual clarity on mental processes which underpin travel behaviour and experience memorability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the success of total hip arthroplasty (THA), approximately 10%-15% of patients will be dissatisfied with their outcome. Identifying patients at risk of not achieving meaningful gains postoperatively is critical to pre-surgical counseling and clinical decision support. Machine learning has shown promise in creating predictive models. This study used a machine-learning model to identify patient-specific variables that predict the postoperative functional outcome in THA.Methods: A prospective longitudinal cohort of 160 consecutive patients undergoing total hip replacement for the treatment of degenerative arthritis completed self-reported measures preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. Using four types of independent variables (patient demographics, patient-reported health, cognitive appraisal processes and surgical approach), a machine-learning model utilizing Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator (LASSO) was constructed to predict postoperative Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) at 3 months.Results: The most predictive independent variables of postoperative HOOS were cognitive appraisal processes. Variables that predicted a worse HOOS consisted of frequent thoughts of work (β = -0.34), frequent comparison to healthier peers (β = -0.26), increased body mass index (β = -0.17), increased medical comorbidities (β = -0.19), and the anterior surgical approach (β = -0.15). Variables that predicted a better HOOS consisted of employment at the time of surgery (β = 0.17), and thoughts related to family interaction (β = 0.12), trying not to complain (β = 0.13), and helping others (β = 0.22).Conclusions: This clinical prediction model in THA revealed that the factors most predictive of outcome were cognitive appraisal processes, demonstrating their importance to outcome-based research.Level Of Evidence: Prognostic Level 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undergraduate dissertation students' cognitive appraisal, coping styles and perceived stress were examined at three time points during their undergraduate dissertation projects (UDP), observing whether cognitive appraisal and coping styles predicted perceived stress and their temporal changes. Sixty-four dissertation students completed the Perceived Stress Scale, an adapted Cognitive Appraisal of Health Scale, the Brief COPE and explorative open-ended questions. Linear Regression models for each time-point showed coping styles and cognitive appraisal predicted perceived stress, but single coping styles and primary appraisal harm/loss predicted stress levels inconsistently over time. Analyses indicated significant effects of time-point on primary appraisals benign/irrelevance, harm/loss and challenge but none for secondary appraisal, coping styles or perceived stress. Content Analysis showed perceived stressors and coping styles to be a function of the UDP's stages and their tasks and challenges. Implications and recommendations for students and supervisors are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is an open online course that enhances and provides learning opportunities, particularly in tertiary education, using information technologies. In view of this, this study uses personal characteristics such as learning strategies and cognitive appraisal to identify factors that may influence students in embracing MOOC in their learning process. Moreover, perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU) are the factors that are thought to influence the adoption of MOOC. This study was conducted in a university in Selangor, Malaysia among the pre-university students in the 2018/2019 academic year. Among the 87 students who participated in a MOOC as part of an offline course requirements, 66 students have been randomly selected as the respondents. The quantitative analysis indicates that there are significant positive correlations between PU and PEOU and challenges. In other words, the higher the students' intention to participate in MOOC, the higher is their belief that there would be no difficulties in using it, while having more challenge. In addition, the more the students believe that there are no obstacles in using MOOC, the more deep learners they become and less threatened when using MOOC. On the contrary, when they are more threatened using the MOOC, they tend to become more surface learners. This study demonstrates that the platforms and contents of the MOOC have a major influence on the learning strategies and cognitive appraisal of the students. This mandates multiple options for the MOOC platforms to accommodate learning experiences of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The major objective of this paper was to search for personality changes in people diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as to investigate their level of self-esteem, psychosocial benefits, and cognitive appraisal of the infection. We have also analysed how the subjective appraisal of the infection correlates with personality traits, the level of psychosocial benefits, and variables related to antiretroviral therapy (ARV). Material and methods: The study involved 32 HIV-infected patients who had been receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Research tools used: Adjective Check List (ACL), Silver Lining Questionnaire (SL-24), Disease-Related Appraisals Scale (DRAS), and our own questionnaire used to obtain socio-demographic information and data related to ARV therapy. Results: The study proved there are statistically significant differences between the Actual self and the Retrospective self profiles regardig the need for change, submission, and the Adapted Child ego. The level of self-esteem in HIV-infected patients emerged po be sinificantly lower when compared to other clinical control groups. Patients with HIV reported psychosocial benefits regarding their life philosophy, improved character strength, and improved interpersonal relationships. The cognitive appraisal of the HIV infection correlated significantly with certain personality traits as well as the level of psychosocial benefits, the duration of ARV therapy, and the CD4 cell count. Conclusions: The diagnosis of HIV infection may cause personality changes in the affected person. HIV-infected patients have a low level of self-esteem. Also, they may experience post-traumatic growth. People infected with HIV create a subjective (cognitive) assessment of their situation, which proves to depend on their personality traits, the level of psychosocial benefits, and treatment-related variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In contrast to the substantial work on resident perceptions toward tourism development, relatively little is known about residents' emotional responses. By applying cognitive appraisal theory, this study aims to identify the causes and consequences of resident emotions toward Tourism Performing Arts (TPA) developments across urban and rural communities. Based on a quota sampling method, surveys of 438 and 435 residents were undertaken in two typical urban (Hangzhou) and rural (Yangshuo) TPA destinations in China. Results revealed that rural residents reported a higher intensity of positive emotions and were more supportive towards TPA development. Positive emotions (i.e., happy, loving and grateful) for rural and urban residents were elicited by outcome desirability, fairness, and coping potential whereas negative emotions were generated differently. Complex emotions, rather than specific emotions were found to be related behavioral intentions towards TPA development. Findings suggest targeted strategies such as promoting TPA in urban communities and offering preferential local access for rural communities. Highlights • The study explores urban and rural residents' different emotional responses toward Tourism Performing Arts Development. • Applies cognitive appraisal theory to detect the antecedents of residents' discrete emotions in a tourism context. • Different causes of urban and rural residents' basic emotions toward TPA development were identified. • More positive emotions and supportive behaviors toward TPA development existed among rural residents. • Similar emotion effects on urban and rural residents' intentional behaviors toward TPA development were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This paper investigates the measurement of cognitive appraisal in the context of childhood disability in a middle-income country, and describes how South African families positively and negatively appraise the impact on the family of raising a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method We used the responses of 180 parents who completed the Family Impact of Childhood Disability (FICD) Scale , which was part of the survey data gathered in a larger study that examined the perspectives of families of young children with ASD in South Africa. Participating families were recruited from 35 disability-related service providers in the Gauteng province. Results Our findings provided preliminary evidence about the suitability of using the FICD Scale in the South African context. The results indicate that the participating families perceived the impact of their child with ASD as both positive and negative. Conclusions The results of this study supported the universal properties of positive and negative appraisal when raising a child with a disability. Like other families in other countries, the participating families perceived the impact of a child with ASD as both positive and negative and revealed that parents are able to re-create positive meanings about the impact of their child diagnosed with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner violence (IPV) poses serious risks to the health of women. Numerous studies link children's IPV exposure to various forms of developmental psychopathology. One possible explanatory factor appears to be children's beliefs and attitudes about the violence they have witnessed. Little research has investigated how these beliefs may change over time. The sample consisted of 109 mother-child pairs where the mother experienced IPV in the past 2 years. Multilevel modeling was used to examine change in children's attitudes and beliefs over time. Maternal depression and corporal punishment were associated with higher initial levels of maladaptive beliefs about family violence. Children's beliefs about violence improved over time. Findings indicate that while cognitive treatments may offer some utility for intervening with children, providing intervention support for the broader family system (i.e., around maternal depression and use of corporal punishment) may also be important pathways to supporting families exposed to IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To describe self-reported stress level, cognitive appraisal and coping among patients with heart failure (HF), and to examine the association of cognitive appraisal and coping strategies with event-free survival. Methods This was a prospective, longitudinal, descriptive study of patients with chronic HF. Assessment of stress, cognitive appraisal, and coping was performed using Perceived Stress Scale, Cognitive Appraisal Health Scale, and Brief COPE scale, respectively. The event-free survival was defined as cardiac rehospitalization and all-cause death. Results A total of 88 HF patients (mean age 58 ± 13 years and 53.4% male) participated. Linear and cox regression showed that harm/loss cognitive appraisal was associated with avoidant emotional coping (β = -0.28; 95% CI: -0.21 – 0.02; p = 0.02) and event free survival (HR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.28 – 1.02; p = 0.05). Conclusions The cognitive appraisal of the stressors related to HF may lead to negative coping strategies that are associated with worse event-free survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effects of residents' trust in government and their emotions toward an event on their perceptions of potential impacts and their support. This study also examines the moderating role of event attachment on the strength of relationships between residents' trust in government and their impacts perceptions, emotional responses, and as well as their support based on social exchange theory and cognitive appraisal theory. Findings clearly indicate that residents' support is a function of both cognitive and affective assessment of perceived impacts. Trust in government influences directly residents' support and indirectly through perceived impacts and experienced emotions toward an event. Findings further suggest that level of event attachment moderates the effects of trust on residents’ perceptions of impacts, their emotions, as well as on their support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes contributes to the development of multiple chronic conditions including cardiovascular disease, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, and lower-limb amputations. Currently, it is known that the Appalachian Region is an area of significant disparity in the occurrence of Diabetes. Persons with Diabetes can develop high levels of cognitive stress related to the experience of living with Diabetes. Method: This paper presents the results of a descriptive study guided by the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (TMSC), aiming to enhance understanding of the relationships among diabetes-related distress, appraisal, and self-management in a sample of 102 adults who were living rurally in Appalachia. Findings: The majority of the study sample were low-income, obese, and had mean A1C levels above the goal for adequate diabetes control. Over one-third of the sample had a high likelihood or possibility of limited health literacy. Participants reported adhering to medication on over 6 days of the week but adhering to diet and exercise on fewer days per week. Overall, the sample had a lower level of distress related to the diagnosis of diabetes. Participants perceived diabetes as more of a challenge than a threat, harm, or benign stressor. Diabetes related distress was inversely correlated to challenge appraisals and benign appraisals, but positively correlated to threat and harm appraisals. Anxiety and depression were significantly positively related to diabetes related distress, threat appraisals, and harm appraisals and significantly negatively correlated with challenge and benign appraisals. Conclusions: Recommendations for future research include the development and testing of targeted interventions that address the study findings including health literacy level, challenge appraisals, and the interrelationships of psychological and physical health variables. Knowing that diabetes is appraised as a challenge enhances the likelihood that it may be amenable to intervention. The interrelatedness of anxiety and depression to self-management further informs future intervention design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlabelled: Cognitive appraisals inform and shape individuals' pain experiences. As researchers examine mechanisms of cognitive-behavioral interventions for chronic pain, psychometrically sound measures based in cognitive theory are needed to directly assess pain beliefs. The Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ), a 32-item self-report measure informed by coping and appraisal theory, was designed to assess children's pain threat appraisals, problem-focused pain coping efficacy, and emotion-focused pain coping efficacy. The present study aimed to: 1) create a short form of the PBQ, and 2) evaluate the psychometric properties of the reduced measure in a large database of pediatric patients with functional abdominal pain (n = 871). Item reduction analyses identified an 18-item short form of the PBQ (PBQ-SF) that exhibited psychometric properties similar to the original measure. All 3 subscales of the PBQ-SF exhibited strong internal consistency (α levels ranged from .79 to .80) and adequate test-retest reliability at 2 weeks. Evidence for construct validity was provided by examining patterns of partial correlations for each subscale. The PBQ-SF represents a valid and reliable measure for evaluating children's pain beliefs. Future studies should investigate the treatment sensitivity of the PBQ-SF to evaluate its appropriateness for use in clinical trials.Perspective: This article presents the psychometric properties of a reduced 18-item version of a measure used to assess children's pain beliefs in a large sample of children with functional abdominal pain. This measure could help identify processes and individual differences underlying children's responses to psychological treatments for chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotions are valenced and specific affective reactions to the perception of situations, events, objects, or people. They influence thoughts, motivations, and behaviors and can play an important role in family business strategy and decision making. We, therefore, explore the process of discrete emotional response and the factors that elicit emotions of family members in the context of the family business system. Our discussion: (1) defines and differentiates emotions and related terms, (2) applies appraisal theory as a framework for understanding discrete emotions from the perspective of a family member in the context of the family business system, (3) identifies the consequences of discrete emotions, and (4) discusses areas of future research for examining emotions in family business systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the relation between perfectionism and stress coping process of college athletes. Topics covered include the role of goal progress in moderating the relationship among perfectionism, control appraisals and coping and the suitability of the 2x2 model as a framework in the evaluation of the influence of perfectionism on the stress process.

Although much attention has been granted to the perpetrators and victims of gun violence, limitations exist in our understanding of the psychological well-being of parents grieving children lost to gun violence. The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effects of social support, cognitive appraisal, and quality health care on the relationship between traumatic stress and resilience among Black mothers bereaving children to gun violence. A cross-sectional design and network sampling method were used to recruit 48 Black mothers living in a large Canadian city. Participants completed a survey either by phone or in person. Social support and positive appraisal were found to be protective factors of resilience for study participants. The traumatic stress experienced by the sample decreased with increased social support (β = -.291, p = .045), leading to an increase of their resilience (β = .297, p = .032). With positive appraisal of the loss, the stress levels of study participants decreased (β = -- .334, p = .023), leading to increased resilience (β = .441, p = .003). Quality health care showed a significant positive relationship with the resilience of the women (β = .313, p = .023) but did not mediate the relationship between their stress and resilience. For Black mothers who experience loss of a child to gun violence, policy and social change efforts should focus on strengthening their access to formal and informal supports and improving their abilities to find meaning in their loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a theoretical synthesis of two distinct concepts: student teacher stress and physical exercise. This article begins by reviewing the literature surrounding these two ideas and leads to a theoretical framework that integrates the concepts embedded in Loehr's theories on stress and physical exercise, as well as Folkman and Lazarus' model of cognitive appraisal. The article proposes an explanation of how physical exercise interacts with cognitive appraisal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a theoretical synthesis of two distinct concepts: student teacher stress and physical exercise. This article begins by reviewing the literature surrounding these two ideas and leads to a theoretical framework that integrates the concepts embedded in Loehr's theories on stress and physical exercise, as well as Folkman and Lazarus' model of cognitive appraisal. The article proposes an explanation of how physical exercise interacts with cognitive appraisal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mindfulness meditation is increasingly well known for therapeutic efficacy in a variety of illnesses and conditions, but its mechanism of action is still under debate in scientific circles. In this paper, we propose a hypothetical causal model that argues for the role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal coping. Positive reappraisal is a critical component of meaning-based coping that enables individuals to adapt successfully to stressful life events. Mindfulness, as a metacognitive form of awareness, involves the process of decentering, a shifting of cognitive sets that enables alternate appraisals of life events. We review the concept of positive reappraisal in transactional stress and coping theory, then describe research and traditional literature related to mindfulness and positive reappraisal, and detail the central role of mindfulness in the reappraisal process. With this understanding, we present a causal model explicating the proposed mechanism. The discussion has implications for clinical practice, suggesting how mindfulness-based integrative medicine interventions can be designed to support adaptive coping processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Research has attempted to examine the psychological impact of athletic injury to assist rehabilitation personnel when treating injured athletes. Sports trainers, sports therapists, physiotherapists, medical staff and sports psychologists should be aware of psychological factors impacting on the injury experience when involved in an athlete's rehabilitation. A number of models have been proposed as useful frameworks for investigating and describing the psychological response to athletic injury. Many researchers have relied upon applying or adapting grief and cognitive appraisal models originally derived from the clinical and stress related psychology literature in an attempt to describe the psychological response to athletic injury. This article provides an overview of these models and offers a critical appraisal of this research, specifically focusing on the grief response models and the integrated model of response to sport injury and rehabilitation. Criticisms focus on the lack of research supporting a uniformed sequence of stages as a feature of response to athletic injury. Further grief criticisms centre on the absence of denial in much of the research to date. The article then focuses on the dynamic core of the integrated response to sport injury and rehabilitation model. It is argued that the interrelationships between emotional responses, behavioural responses, cognitive appraisals and recovery outcomes are not as simple as suggested in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The duration of a negative emotional experience is associated with delayed cardiovascular recovery. Cognitive appraisal is thought to play an important role in cutting off these responses, which are related to cardiovascular disease. This study examined the influence of cognitive appraisal on the duration of negative emotional experiences and cardiovascular responses. Before a speech task, participants were told that their performance would be evaluated by means of a video camera and that they would be given the score at the end of the experiment. To manipulate cognitive appraisal, participants were randomly assigned to a group that received one of three instructions following the speech task. The "non-threat" group was informed that there was no evaluation or feedback about the score; the "threat" group received that there were some obscurities in their speech and some questions were given while comparing with the video; the control group was given no instructions. After receiving their respective instructions, all groups were monitored for a post-task period of five minutes. The results showed that the "non-threat" group experienced a decreased negative emotional experience and had a speedy recovery for blood pressure, through the intermediary of a greater decline in total peripheral resistance, than the other groups in the post-task period. These results were discussed in connection with the function of cognitive reappraisal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie is the property of Hogrefe AG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Review of Applied Psychology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses literature surrounding the phenomenon known as "choking". The article highlights the importance of a players cognitive assessment of a pressure situation, and also the dangers of forward thinking within a match. A look at the conception of pressure as defined by Billie Jean King, then begins to shed light on a new appraisal of pressure, and practical guidelines are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The voice expresses a wide range of emotions through modulations of acoustic parameters such as frequency and amplitude. Although the acoustics of individual emotions are well understood, attempts to describe the acoustic correlates of broad emotional categories such as valence have yielded mixed results. In the present study, we analyzed the acoustics of emotional valence for different families of emotion. We divided emotional vocalizations into “motivational,” “moral,” and “aesthetic” families as defined by the OCC (Ortony, Clore, and Collins) model of emotion. Subjects viewed emotional scenarios and were cued to vocalize congruent exclamations in response to them, for example, “Yay!” and “Damn!”. Positive valence was weakly associated with high-pitched and loud vocalizations. However, valence interacted with emotion family for both pitch and amplitude. A general acoustic code for valence does not hold across families of emotion, whereas family-specific codes provide a more accurate description of vocal emotions. These findings are consolidated into a set of “rules of expression” relating vocal dimensions to emotion dimensions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]