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Research carried out in 2016 by the authors investigated the challenges that doctors in training experience around leadership and followership in the NHS. The study explored contemporary healthcare leadership culture and the role of followership from the perspective of early career doctors. It found that the leadership and followership challenges for these doctors in training were associated with issues of social and professional identity, communication, the medical hierarchy, and relationships with senior colleagues (support and trust). These challenges were exacerbated by the busy and turbulent clinical environment in which they worked. To cope with various clinical situations and forms of leadership, doctors in training engage in a range of different followership behaviours and strategies.The study raised implications for medical education and training and suggested that followership should be included as part of formal training in communication and team working skills. The importance of both leadership and followership in the delivery of safe and effective patient care has been brought sharply into focus by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article revisits these challenges in light of the pandemic and its impact on the experiences of doctors in training.

Restorative justice provides an alternative to retributive justice by seeking to restore criminal offenders to be responsible members of the community. Often offenders will apologize (A) and offer to make restitution (R) for the damage done. Such offers might affect all parties present by promoting forgiveness (though that is not a stated goal of restorative justice), resolution of damages, and positive attitudes toward justice. We investigated Family Group Conferencing (FGC), which involves offender, victim, and supporters of each, in a mediated 30-minute dialogue. Namely, we organized role-play simulation meetings between “victims,” “offenders,” and the “mother” of each. There were 64 participants (16 groups of 4 participants). Each group role-played a mediated FGC that was video recorded. The offender had either to apologize and offer restitution (AR) or avoid both (No AR). Questionnaires assessed forgiveness (and other outcomes) from each of the four participants’ perspectives. Coders coded behavior during the role-play. AR promoted forgiveness by all parties, but to different degrees. Coded “softness” of offender’s behavior (i.e., nonverbal signs of remorse, contrition, and regret) affected victim’s behaviors and ratings by women role-playing both mothers. The role-play simulation allowed some understanding of the inner working of FGCs relative to retrospective questionnaires.

Two experiments (N= 487) tested the effects of receiving an apology (absent, present) and restitution (absent, present) in imagery of a one-sided transgression and common property crime, a burglary scenario. Within a framework of accountability, apology and restitution represent relationally responsive responsibility-taking and repair efforts by a perpetrator. Experiments 1 and 2 found that a thorough apology and restitution each decreased unforgiveness while eliciting increased empathy and forgiveness from student and community samples, respectively. Experiment 2 found that a custody condition consistent with a perpetrator’s willing accountability for wrongdoing (i.e., spontaneous confession with surrender) decreased unforgiveness while increasing empathy and forgiveness in comparison to a custody condition in which the offender was being held accountable externally (involuntary apprehension) or a no-custody control condition. This experimental evidence points to offender accountability efforts through apology, restitution, and surrender as important for decreasing victims’ unforgiving motivations and promoting their empathy and forgiveness.

Purpose: Associations between forgiveness and health promotion in the workplace were examined as mediating effects of workplace interpersonal stress.Design: Cross-sectional.Setting: Multiple Washington, DC, office-based and Midwestern manufacturing workplaces.Participants: Study 1: 108 employees (40 males and 68 females); mean age was 32.4 years. Study 2: 154 employees (14 males and 140 females); mean age was 43.9 years.Measures: Questionnaires measured forgiveness, unproductivity, absenteeism, stress, and health problems.Analysis: Bivariate and multiple correlation/regression and structural equation models were used. Indirect effects were estimated with bootstrapping methods.Results: In study 1, forgiveness of a specific workplace offense was inversely associated with unproductivity (r= −.35, P< .001) and mental (r= −.32, P= .001) and physical (r= −.19, P= .044) health problems. In study 2, trait forgiveness was inversely associated with unproductivity (β = −.20, P= .016) and mental (β = −.31, P< .001) and physical health problems (β = −.28, P= .001), and workplace interpersonal stress partially mediated these associations (indirect effects = −.03, −.04, −.05, respectively).Conclusion: The association of forgiveness and occupational outcomes is robust. Forgiveness may be associated with outcomes by (at least partially) reducing stress related to workplace offenses. Forgiveness may be an effective means of coping following being emotionally hurt on the job that may promote good health, well-being, and productivity.

Stem cell therapy shows promise for multiple disorders; however, the molecular crosstalk between grafted cells and host tissue is largely unknown. Here we take a step towards addressing this question. Using Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) with sequencing tools, we simultaneously decode the transcriptomes of graft and host for human neural stem cells (hNSCs) transplanted into the stroke-injured rat brain. Employing pathway analysis tools, we investigate the interactions between the two transcriptomes to predict molecular pathways linking host and graft genes; as proof-of-concept, we predict host-secreted factors that signal to the graft and the downstream molecular cascades they trigger in the graft. We identify a potential host-graft crosstalk pathway where BMP6 from the stroke-injured brain induces graft secretion of noggin, a known brain repair factor. Decoding the molecular interplay between graft and host is a critical step towards deciphering the molecular mechanisms of stem cell action.

As part of a system-wide university intervention to help build stronger Christian character, an emphasis was placed on helping students become more forgiving. This effort involved chapel programs, newspaper articles, and general attention to forgiveness. Near the end of the community intervention, 65 students volunteered to attend a 6-hour psychoeducational Christian-oriented forgiveness workshop (n= 42), or participate in an assessment-only control (n= 23) condition. The content of the workshop is described in detail. Workshop attendees reported becoming even more forgiving than did students in the assessment-only condition. The use of interventions that are consistent with a student's Christian values and beliefs to promote positive character change within Christian college students is discussed.

While research on granting forgiveness has exploded recently, no theoretical or empirical attention has been directed at seeking forgiveness. We lay a theoretical base for the study of seeking forgiveness and report our initial study bearing on the concept. We investigate the potential role of some personality and developmental factors that might promote seeking forgiveness. Students (N= 232) who indicated having transgressed against a partner in the past year completed questionnaires on religiosity, age, developmental level of reasoning about forgiveness, narcissism, self-monitoring, and the level to which they had sought forgiveness. Neither religiosity nor age significantly predicted seeking forgiveness. Developmental level of reasoning about forgiveness predicted seeking forgiveness beyond religiosity and age. Narcissism and self-monitoring significantly predicted seeking forgiveness. We outline limitations of the study and implications for future research, clinical practice, and integration.

Numerous accounts of research on promoting forgiveness in group settings have been published, indicating that forgiveness can be promoted successfully in varying degrees. Many have suggested that empathy-based interventions are often successful. It takes time to develop empathy for an offender. We report three studies of very brief attempts to promote forgiveness in psychoeducational group settings. The studies use ten-minute, one-hour, two-hour, and 130–minute interventions with college students. The studies test whether various components–-namely, pre-intervention videotapes and a letter-writing exercise–-of a more complex model (the Pyramid Model to REACH Forgiveness) can produce forgiveness. Each study is reported on its own merits, but the main lesson is that the amount of forgiveness is related to time that participants spend empathizing with the transgressor. A brief intervention of two hours or less will probably not reliably promote much forgiveness; however, one might argue that it starts people on the road to forgiving.

Recent research has focused on the positive consequences of guilt as opposed to shame. The present studies investigated the relationship between interpersonal guilt related to the fear of harming others, shame, and various measures of psychological distress and symptoms. The Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire, The Guilt Inventory, the Test of Self-Conscious Affect, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory were administered to samples of college students. These results suggest that interpersonal guilt, when elevated and linked to pathogenic beliefs, may also be associated with psychological problems and indicate that there may be a down side to guilt.

While providing home care for a family member with senile dementia is clearly extremely stressful, there has been little controlled research assessing the specific effects of this stress on caregiver psychological, social, and health functioning. To address this question, 44 primary caregivers of senile dementia patients and 44 matched controls completed a series of questionnaires and interview assessments. Caregivers reported significantly higher levels of depression and negative affect toward their relatives, and lower overall life satisfaction than controls. Caregivers also had significant impairment of their social activities, including visits with friends, vacations, and church attendance when compared with controls. Caregivers expressed less satisfaction with their social networks than did controls, but the groups did not differ in objective size of social network or number of network contacts. Caregivers reported poorer health, more prescription medication use, and higher utilization of health care than controls. Results clearly indicate the serious and wide‐ranging effects of the stress of caregiving, and reinforce the importance of providing comprehensive services for caregiving families.

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the Sensation Seeking Scale, and the Brief Symptom Inventory were administered to 125 recovering drug users with three or more months abstinent from drugs. Subjects were divided according to drug preference: opiates, stimulants, marijuana, alcohol, and a polydrug preference. Opiate users were significantly higher in Susceptibility to Boredom. Alcohol misusers compared to a combined stimulant, opiate, and polydrug group were significantly lower in Extroversion and Susceptibility to Boredom. Subjects raised in drug/alcohol-using families scored significantly higher on Neuroticism and on the Positive Symptom Total of the BSI, and had a higher rate of suicidality.

This study was designed to investigate the comparative ego development, religious orientation, and doctrinal beliefs of three Protestant groups: life-long fundamentalists (n=25), fundamentalist converts (n=25), and nonfundamentalist converts (n=25). Subjects from the Southern Baptist Church (fundamentalists) and United Methodist Church (nonfundamentalists) were used. Three instruments were employed: the Wiggins Content Scale of Religious Fundamentalism from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Loevinger's Washington University Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development, and Allport's Religious Orientation Scale. The fundamentalist and nonfundamentalist groups were doctrinally different; however, the groups did not differ in levels of ego development. The two fundamentalist groups scored higher on Allport's measure of intrinsic religious orientation. Methodological suggestions were made for future research of fundamentalists.

Sociolinguistics is a recently developed subject of interdisciplinary study in the social sciences. Joseph H. Greenberg has indicated the scope of this field and its relevance to African studies in general in his contribution to Robert A. Lystad's The African World: A Survey of Social Research(New York, Praeger, 1965; p. 427). He includes in sociolinguistics such topics as “the relation of language differences to social class; the differential social roles of different languages co-existing in the same society; the development and spread of lingua francas as auxiliary languages in multilingual situations; the factors involved in the differential prestige ratings of languages; the role of language as a sign of ethnic identification; language in relation to nationalism; and problems of language policy, e.g., in education.” Africa, with its emerging nations, is an ideal area for such research, since the development of new nations entails problems which sociolinguistic studies are particularly fit to solve. Much of the linguistic work done in the colonial era and even in more recent years is inadequate, because of lack of reference to the relevant social context. With regard to this situation, the Committee on Sociolinguistic Research in Africa of the ARC considered it advisable to include in the January conference some topics which are usually handled under the headings of ethnolinguistics and psycholinguistics, e.g., the changes induced in one language by contact with another in the context of the general culture-contact situation, including its nonlinguistic aspects, and the problems of attitudes and behavior toward language.

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experiences of learning to play clarinet in college.

This article presents information on a training session organized by the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals in London, England. The session was on the topic "Skills and Knowledge for the 21st Century." The instructors of the training session informed the participants about the activities that the participants would be doing in training and explained that the outcome of the session for each of them would be to leave with some personal development targets. The participants were asked to spend sometime working with their partners, coaching each other on a couple of the targets. The participants were suggested to follow the three Cs of a coaching model: client, clarify, and create. The article author views that it was really a rewarding experience for him and his partner. The author calls it an inspirational session. The targets covered areas of development suited for all types of information professionals. The author believes that all those who attended the session left with some food for thought and plans for their immediate personal development.

Assesses the winning chances of various race horses across England. Includes Amron; Ansellman; Best of All; Cee-Jay-Ay.

The authors express their opinions regarding writer Paul Bloom's discussion of empathy. They disagree with Bloom's view that empathy is either positive or negative, offer their belief that emotional empathy may be destructive due to cognitive errors, and discuss the relationship between compassion and empathy. Other topics include the research of biologists David Sloan Wilson and E.O. Wilson, the link between human evolution and empathy, and the religious aspects of compassionate altruism.

The article discusses the importance of massage therapy and how it can be employed to improve balance and decrease blood pressure. A study was carried out which involved healthy, older men and women with an average age of about 63 years. The findings of the study showed that after an hour's massage, there was an increased stability witnessed in the group as regards maintaining an upright stance and a decrease in both, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed.

Highlights the Hamilton racecourse in Great Britain. Description of the course; Achievements of horse Northern Sal.

Presents information on the surprise win by the Jack Berry trained race horse Ansellman (Marco), at Bath racecourse in England. Berry's call to explain the improvements in Marco's racing performance; Betting odds that were forcasted for Marco.

Reports that the race horses Blue Duster and A Votre Sante will not be parrticipating in the 1996 Pertemps One Thousand Guineas horse race that is scheduled to take place at Newmarket racecourse in England in May 1996. Forecast on the race horse Bosra Sham's victory in the One Thousand Guineas; Information on Henry Cecil's My Melody Parkes, a strong contender in the 1996 One Thousand.

Reports that the British race horse, My Melody Parkes placed fourth in the 1996 Nell Gwyn Stakes which took place at Newmarket racecourse in England on April 23, 1996. How the weather conditions in Northern England contributed to Thrilling Day's win over My Melody; Information on jockey Dale Gibson's three-day suspension.

Reports that Ken Oliver, age 82, is the oldest horse trainer holding a licence in England. Condition of Oliver's health; Name of trainer who died at age 95; Details on the future of horse Charlie.

Presents information on jockey John Carroll's ban and other horse racing news. What he was suspended for; Who issued suspension; Impact of suspension on jockey; Other jockey who was also suspened; What he did during his suspension; Comments from John Carroll.

Reports on the achievement of the debut horse Northern Sal at at the racecourse in Hamilton, England. Description of the racecourse; Celebration by racecourse owners Roy Breeze and Ray Robinson; Achievements of the racehorse Westcourt Magic.

Reports that a sponsorship deal has been negotiated with Joseph Heler Limited. Details of the agreement; Peter Savill's column in The Sporting Life; Comment about Savill's column; Appearance of Paul Fessey at the British Racing School; Remark about Paul Barton, former jump jockey.

Presents information on some of the horses and changes in management at Cockerham stables in England. Departure of second headman Kevin Ryan; Who succeeds Ryan; Departure of Garry Moss; Apprentices at Cockerham; Race horses there.

Comments on horse racing in Great Britain. Races as the Belmont Park and Wolverhampton on October 28, 1995; Performance of Cigar.

Reports on developments in horse racing in Great Britain. Illness of Jack Berry's son Sam; Race planning; Red Rum.

Reports on the injury of the author's son, Sam Berry during a horse race in Tenerife, Canary Islands.

Focuses on the perky attitude of horse racer Richard Hannon after the positive performance of his horses in Chepstow, England. Jokes told by Hannon; Approval for jockey Declan Murphy; Comments from Hannon.

Observes the rarity of winners at trainer Jack Berry's stable.

Reports on the complaint of the boss of Shippy's Jockeys Agency about the omission of certain advance information about the Sunday races in Great Britain, from the Saturday editions to encourage readers to buy the Sunday edition.

Mourns the death of race horse trainer Jack Holt, who died at the age of 67. Author's view of Holt as a person.

Observes that there are so many race horses competing in the races in Great Britain that it has become difficult to pinpoint winners. Advice to bettors that it is time to abandon their old favorites because of their lack of current success.

Relates the author's visit to horse racing course at Haydock Park, England. Loss of car phone and stereo to a thief; Comment on smoking at the Tote Credit Office.

Comments on the win of Palacegate Episode at the Iduna Nova Fliegerpreis horse race, ridden by Frankie Dettori.

Comments on several developments related to horse racing in Great Britain. Newmarket's Houghton Yearling Sales; Win of Lunar Mist ridden by Paul Fessey; Paul Fessey as a former county schoolboy boxing champion; Stable Lads' boxing on November 6, 1995.

Reports that Chris, one of Jack Berry's secretaries, is resigning after three years.

Relates Jack Berry's flight to Dublin, Ireland to buy six yearlings at Tattersalls Sales. Chance encounter with Doncaster Sales directors Harry and Henry Beeby at the airport.

Claims that race horse Mind Games can win in the Prix de l'Abbaye. Argument that Mind Games was badly drawn and missed the break after becoming agitated standing in the stalls too long in the Nunthorpe Stakes at York.