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• Marginal abatement cost curves for CO 2 capture from Swedish industrial and power plants. • Hybrid cost estimation method based on contingency factors and learning rates is applied. • With a first-of-a-kind contingency of 200 %, only 17 projects reach costs of <300 €/t. • Learning rates of 12 % can reduce costs to Nth-of-a-kind levels within 30 projects. • Carbon utilization occurs among early movers and might limit the potential for BECCS. The deployment of CO 2 capture technologies presents opportunities to store fossil fuel emissions from industries and power generation (CCS) and to enable carbon utilization (CCU). However, the costs for early CCS projects are high, and this is a challenge in terms of their economic viability, requiring a strong climate policy with high carbon prices for implementation. This work details a techno-economic assessment of the cost of carbon capture based on a hybrid method and individual project approach, using first-of-a-kind contingency factors and learning rates to study the evolution of carbon capture costs as installed capacity increases over time. The work is based on a case study of 147 Swedish industrial and combined heat and power plants (total of 176 stacks). The results are presented as marginal abatement cost curves, with consideration of early mover CCS projects and learning rates. Deployment scenarios are also presented that take into account an expected increase in the CO 2 price. The findings indicate that when accounting for first-of-a-kind contingencies (100 % and 200 % increases in Nth-of-a-kind costs), 90 and 17 projects, respectively, of the total 176 emission sources studied have specific CO 2 costs of <300 €/t. However, high learning rates (12 %) can reduce the capture costs from first-of-a-kind to Nth-of-a-kind levels within some 30 project installations (100 % contingency). With lower learning rates (3 %), the first-of-a-kind costs are reduced by 10 %–20 %. With the expected increase in CO 2 prices, a peak in carbon capture deployment is observed around Year 2035, at a carbon price of 200 €/t. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Willingness to pay for BECCS in Denmark and factors influencing it are investigated. • Willingness to pay is linked to the view of BECCS as necessary for mitigation. • View of BECCS as a necessity reveals either support or reluctant acceptance. • Preference for renewable energies revealed by respondents unwilling to pay. • Age, views on climate change and sustainability of biomass influence WTP. Most climate change mitigation scenarios rely on negative emissions technologies like bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). However, little is known about public support for BECCS. This paper gauges Danes' willingness to pay (WTP) for biomass with carbon capture and storage and examines factors influencing it. Denmark is a suitable case study given its reliance on biomass and negative emissions to achieve climate targets. Results from a questionnaire-based survey indicate a mean WTP of 3072 DKK (412 EUR) per household per year. This correspondents to a 12% increase in heat and electricity expenses. The need for negative emissions is the main stated reason for WTP. This may be interpreted as reflecting either support for, or reluctant acceptance of, BECCS. Results show that being younger, being concerned about climate change and believing that it is mainly caused by human activity, and believing in the mitigation potential of biomass and that sustainability is a precondition of its use have a significant effect on WTP. Public views on BECCS are complex but must be acknowledged if discussion of the role of BECCS in the decarbonisation agenda is to move forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological transformation of industrial value creation aims to provide solutions with regard to the ecological challenges of our time. Concerning climate change, the most critical transformation area is the energy sector. Alternatives to fossil energy supply as well as the active removal of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere are considered the most important challenges that technology must provide solutions for. A promising approach in this context is the carbon-negative hydrogen production from biogenic sources (HyBECCS). This approach can be implemented on the basis of existing biogas plants. Technology alternatives for retrofitting these plants to HyBECCS facilities are elaborated and their respective strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are derived in this paper. Further, taking the example of Baden-Wuerttemberg in Germany, the ecologic potentials concerning hydrogen (H 2) production and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction are estimated. The current total H 2 demand of 1.8 TWh/a in this area could be fully covered if 1/7 to 1/4 of existing biogas plants were retrofitted for H 2 production. The substitution of gray H 2 can avoid GHG emissions of 2.2-3.7 million t CO 2 per year. In addition, capture and storage or long-term use of the resulting biogenic CO 2 can enable negative emissions of 2.5-6 million t CO 2 per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proposed BECCS deployment criteria are based on socio-enviro-economic objectives. • Life cycle emissions and carbon abatement costs are calculated. • Some of the BECCS pathways are less likely to achieve net negative emissions. • Balancing between socioeconomic aspects such as local job creation opportunities, cost, feedstock supply chain disruptions, and emission reduction targets is discussed. Countries are considering different options to achieve net zero emissions including Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which is the process of capturing and storing CO 2 from processes that use bioenergy to produce heat, electricity, or biofuels. However, this technology faces sustainability concerns and possesses complex value chains of its emissions. Adding further to this complexity, the literature indicates two opposing views with respect to the potential of BECCS in terms of being able (or unable) to achieve negative emissions. Hence, this paper analyzes in detail a wide range of BECCS pathways in terms of their ability to achieve negative emissions along with their associated costs. Out of seven assessed pathways, our analysis shows that corn to ethanol and biomethane production from maize BECCS pathway in the USA, biomethane production from wet manure in Europe, and baling of straw pellets with trans-Atlantic shipment can achieve negative emissions at a cost of 50, 108, 159, and 232 dollars per ton of CO 2 ($/tCO 2) respectively. Other technologies like poplar pellets, forest residue, and agricultural residue with trans-Atlantic shipment are not able to achieve negative emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 is pivotal for South Africa to fulfill its commitments under the Paris Agreement and contribute to limiting global warming. However, South Africa faces several challenges due to its heavy reliance on carbon-intensive sectors. This study adopts the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM-South Africa), an integrated assessment model, to evaluate potential strategies and implications for South Africa to attain net zero carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions by 2050. We also evaluate the role of novel negative emission technologies (NETs), such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air capture with carbon storage (DACCS), as well as fossil CCS in meeting the net zero target. The results indicate that significant transformations, such as the extensive expansion of renewable energy, increased electrification, and gradual phasing out of coal, are necessary across South Africa's energy system to achieve net-zero emissions by mid-century. With the full deployment of NETs and fossil CCS, coal power generation is projected to decline by 85 % versus 99 % without implementation. The availability of NETs and fossil CCS also alleviates the pressure on the pace of renewable energy deployment and electrification. While BECCS has a higher potential to deliver negative emissions, relying solely on its extensive deployment presents trade-offs. Specifically, scenarios involving BECCS could decrease cropland and pasture by 59 % and 69 %, respectively, by 2050. Water consumption for bioenergy crop cultivation and bioelectricity with CCS is also expected to account for 2 % of total water use in 2050. Overall, this study emphasizes the need for South Africa to complement aggressive emissions cuts with NET and fossil CCS scaling while considering their implications for energy, land, and water. We offer valuable insights to inform strategic decision-making concerning mitigation technologies, sectoral transitions, and managing trade-offs on the pathway to a net-zero future for South Africa. • Study employs GCAM to model South Africa's net-zero ambitions. • The role of NETs on the country's energy-land-water resources is quantified. • Coal power generation declines by 85–99 % by 2050 under such ambitions. • Scenarios with BECCS could decrease cropland and pasture by 59–69 % by 2050. • 0.02–0.1 km3 of water demand by 2050 for energy generation and negative emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An optimization model is used to study CCS development under different incentives. • Including carbon removal yields lower costs but risks delaying fossil mitigation. • Timing of investments is highly dependent on the discount rate used in the modeling. This work applies a mixed integer cost-minimisation model to identify cost-optimal carbon capture and storage (CCS) infrastructure systems. The modelling applies two types of incentives for CCS implementation: carbon pricing, and binding emissions budgets. Both incentive schemes are applied with and without accounting for CO 2 capture from biogenic emissions sources. In the case of CO 2 pricing, biogenic CO 2 capture is implemented by letting each ton of biogenic CO 2 captured generate value for the model equivalent to the cost of emitting one ton of fossil CO 2. In the case of emissions budgets, biogenic CO 2 capture is included by allowing the model to use both biogenic and fossil CO 2 capture to stay within the budget. The main fossil and biogenic emissions sources in Swedish industry are used as a case study. The results show that incentivising carbon removal has a significant impact on the design and development of the cost optimal system for CCS if there are suitable biogenic emission sources available for implementing biogenic CO 2 capture. The timing for investments in carbon capture is highly dependent on the discount rate - increasing the discount rate in the modelling from 5 % to 15 % delays the first investments in CO 2 capture by three years. To facilitate technology development and timely implementation of CCS on biogenic and fossil sources, it is important to consider that inclusion of carbon dioxide removal into the policy regime controlling fossil fuel emissions, might result in that the cost optimal strategy will be a delay in fossil fuel mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• BECCS can result in negative emissions. • Replacing the global coal fleet with BECCS could offset industrial emissions. • A synergistic framework is required to enable this approach. There is a need for a rapid and large scale decarbonisation to reduce CO 2 emissions by 45% within 12 years. Thus, we propose a method that accelerates decarbonisation across multiple sectors via a synergistic approach with bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), which is able to remove 740 kg CO 2 from air per MWh electricity generated. Industry is a hard-to-decarbonise sector which presents a unique set of challenges where, unlike the power sector, there are no obvious alternatives to CCS. One of these challenges is the significant variation of CO 2 concentration, which directly influences CO 2 capture costs, ranging from $10/t CO 2 to over $170/t CO 2 for high (95–99% CO 2) and low CO 2 concentration (4% CO 2) applications, respectively. Re-purposing the existing coal-fired power plant fleet into BECCS displaces CO 2 emissions from coal-use and enables a just transition, i.e. , avoiding job loss, providing a supportive economic framework that does not rely on government subsidies. Negative emissions generated from capturing and storing atmospheric CO 2 can be converted into negative emission credits (NECs) and auctioned to hard-to-decarbonise sectors, thus providing another revenue stream to the power plant. A levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) between $70 and $100 per MWh can be achieved through auctioning NECs at $90–$135 per t CO 2 . Offsetting the global industrial CO 2 emissions of 9 Gt CO 2 would require 3000 BECCS plants under this framework. This approach could jumpstart industrial decarbonisation whilst giving this sector more time to develop new CCS technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effect of leakage of CO2 stored using negative emissions has been investigated. • The effect of leakage rate on the future atmospheric carbon stock has been shown. • Unless leakage is rapid it will not compromise the benefits of negative emissions. With present emissions the global CO 2 budget associated with a maximum temperature increase of about 1.5–2 °C will likely be spent within a few decades, Thus, it will be very difficult or perhaps even impossible to meet the climate targets agreed upon in Paris only by decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases. Scenarios presented in the IPCC reports accommodate for this by introducing so-called negative CO 2 emissions. The idea is that the cumulative CO 2 emission budget will be exceeded, but that massive negative emissions, especially during the latter part of the century, will remove the surplus of CO 2 in the atmosphere. A number of different Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) have been proposed, including Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), afforestation/reforestation, altered agricultural practices, biochar production, enhanced weathering and direct air captured. However, many of the options proposed could be associated with carbon leakage which could compromise the purpose of negative emissions, e.g. storage in of carbon in growing/dead biomass that leaks to the atmosphere. Furthermore, it may be difficult to safely assess the long-term leakage rates. To reach the large negative emissions needed it is expected to require a mix of approaches having different expected retention times, and different safety in terms of leakage rates. Could the risk of leakage mean that we are just delaying the problem and transferring the problem to coming generations? The short answer to this is that it all depends on the leakage rates. Different leakage rates and mixes of leakage rates are investigated in the paper. For the case of a mixture of leakage time scales of 300, 1000 and 10,000 years and assuming that 80% or more was permanently stored, the contribution to the atmospheric stock was small, peaking at about 3 ppm CO 2. It was concluded that leakage would not significantly compromise the benefits of negative emissions unless leakage is substantial and rapid. To quantify what could be meant by substantial and rapid, an example would be if 100% of the CO 2 stored would leak out at a rate of the order of 1%/year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The EU will need to remove 20–70 Gt CO2 of cumulative GGR by 2100 in order to meet the Paris target. • This translates to 2–6 Gt CO2 for the UK in the same period. • Biomass import is necessary for the more ambitious GGR scenarios. Through the 2015 Paris Agreement, the UK committed to keeping average global temperature rise to "well below 2 °C". Integrated Assessment Models show that this will require extensive greenhouse gas removal (GGR) from the atmosphere. For the EU, it is estimated that 20–70 Gt CO2 of cumulative GGR by 2100 is required, all from bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Depending on how the burden of GGR is shared, the UK would need to remove 2–6 Gt CO2 from the atmosphere. We apply a power systems planning model to determine how the electricity system would need to transition from 2015 to 2100 to meet the UK's Paris Agreement commitments. We find that until 2050, increased penetration of renewables, interconnection capacity and energy storage, alongside 15–17 GW of CCGT−CCS, is sufficient to stay on the required emissions trajectory. Between 2050 and 2100, however, the deployment of 7–26 GW of BECCS and 2–5 GW of direct air capture and storage (DACS) is crucial to provide the GGR required. A Paris-compliant UK electricity system will require £620–700 billion of capital and operational expenditure by 2100, 3–16% greater than the cost of achieving a decarbonised system. For the upper-bound GGR target, local biomass supply is insufficient, so imports are necessary. By 2100, up to 26% of annual demand is met by imported biomass. Such heavy dependence on imports may raise energy security concerns. Also, should biomass imports not be available in the required quantities, alternative (and more expensive) GGR methods will be necessary thereby increasing the cost of delivering a Paris-compliant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Techno-economic analysis of entire BECCS-CLC chain for Japanese woody biomass. • Detailed CLC reactor modeling revealed limiting factors for fuel and air reactor. • BECCS-CLC reduces carbon dioxide removal costs by 17% over conventional process. • CLC cheapest CO 2 avoidance option when replacing power gen. with <0.35 kg CO2 /kWh. Abstract The use of Japanese woody biomass for negative emissions via combustion and subsequent carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is investigated. To this end a novel unmixed combustion technology, Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) is benchmarked against a conventional process with post-combustion capture. The analysis is based on detailed modeling of fluidized-bed CLC reactors of different fuel-input scales. The costs of the other process steps in the BECCS chain were evaluated from literature data. This techno-economic analysis identified CO 2 liquefaction and transport by tanker trucks as the cheapest CO 2 transport option. The use of CLC resulted in cost savings of 17% of the entire BECCS cost per tonne of CO 2 captured, and the cost-optimal plant size was 50 MW th. The cost of CO 2 avoided compares favorably with other low-carbon technologies if the CO 2 intensity of the generation capacity that is replaced is below 0.35 kg CO2 /kWh (cf. current Japanese grid average ∼0.53 kg CO2 /kWh). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Because of concerns about global climate change, possible global oil depletion, and because of potential benefits for both urban air pollution and rural employment and industry, many countries both in and out of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), are promoting liquid biofuels as a replacement for oil-based transport fuels, and global output is rising steadily. In fact, bioenergy use in general is promoted, and is expected by many to play a major role in climate change mitigation. But bioenergy use in general faces competition for resources such as land, water and fertiliser from the two other general biomass uses, food production and biomaterials. Ethically, food production should take precedence over the other two uses (and at present all bioliquids are made from foodstuffs), and using biomass for biomaterials will in many situations reduce greenhouse gas emissions more than using the same amount of biomass for energy. Where a given amount of biomass is available for transport energy use, it will usually produce more greenhouse gas reductions per vehicle-km if used to produce electricity rather than liquid biofuels. Finally, there are signs that internal combustion engine vehicles could be phased out in the coming decades. If so, liquid biofuels will be phased out along with existing oil-based transport fuels. In conclusion, except for specialist uses, liquid biofuels do not appear to have a long-term future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been proposed as a promising negative emission technology even though questions remain about the most effective ways to deploy it at large scale. Here, a comparative life cycle analysis of power plant configurations was conducted to understand the effect of three design parameters: (1) centralized versus decentralized siting and size of power plants; (2) steam versus supercritical CO 2 (sCO 2) working fluids in the turbine; and (3) water versus air cooling of the power cycle. These parameters can be combined to create pathways for delivering BECCS that would leverage the distributed nature of biomass generation in the landscape and the potential to use sCO 2 power cycles, which have a higher efficiency, smaller footprint, and greater potential for dry cooling than steam turbines. The performance of the pathways was assessed in terms of energy use, global warming potential, land use, and water use. The results suggest that centralized plants tend to have lower environmental impacts than decentralized plants because the higher efficiencies of larger plants offset the lower environmental burdens of having to transport the biomass. A sCO 2 power plant with tower cooling offered the best solution with respect to energy use, land use, and water use. Model results suggest that the least efficient power plant stored the most CO 2. To capture the dual benefits of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, an aggregate metric that combines net energy production and CO 2 storage potential is proposed and the results are interpreted using this new metric. A sensitivity analysis reveals the parameters, such as biomass energy density and CO 2 capture efficiency that most directly impact the performance of the BECCS life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Evaluating the role of NETs in the UK. • Studying the trade-off between BECCS and DACCS. • NETs provide several services, including emission offsets. Abstract The UK is committed to the Paris Agreement and has a legally-binding target to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by 80% relative to 1990 levels by 2050. Meeting these targets would require deep decarbonisation, including the deployment of negative emissions technologies. This study, via a power supply capacity expansion model, investigates the potential role of bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air capture and storage (DACS) in meeting the UK's emissions reduction targets. We show that to achieve power sector decarbonisation, a system dominated by firm and dispatchable low-carbon generators with BECCS or DACS to compensate for their associated emissions is significantly cheaper than a system dominated by intermittent renewables and energy storage. By offsetting CO 2 emissions from cheaper thermal plants, thereby allowing for their continued utilisation in a carbon-constrained electricity system, BECCS and DACS can reduce the cost of decarbonisation by 37–48%. Allowing some this value transferred to accrue to NETs offers a potential route for their commercial deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Several CLC tests using woody biomass, petcoke and mixtures of the two have been conducted in a pilot unit with fuel feeding rates equivalent to 79 – 129 kW. • Ilmenite has been used as oxygen carrier material. • The operation is auto thermal with the preheating of the air to the air reactor as the only external heat source. • CO 2 capture efficiency up to 97 % and fuel reactor gas conversion efficiency up to 83 % was achieved for the woody biomass fuels. • For the petcoke fuels, the CO 2 capture efficiency was limited to about 40 % due to its low volatile content and low char reactivity. • The CLC unit does not have a carbon stripper, and one of the goals of the study is to conclude whether a carbon stripper can be eliminated when using reactive fuels, such as woody biomass. • The overall conclusion from the tests is that CO 2 capture efficiencies could be above 95 % in a larger industrial CLC unit operating on biomass, even without a carbon stripper, but that a carbon stripper is needed to reduce the transition of carbon from the fuel reactor to the air reactor for fuels containing less volatiles and with less reactive chars. In this work, woody biomass is converted by chemical looping combustion (CLC) in the auto-thermally operated 150-kW pilot unit at SINTEF Energy Research in Norway, using ilmenite as an oxygen carrier. The pilot unit consists of two inter-connected circulating fluidized bed reactors, being the air and fuel reactor, respectively. The unit is simplified compared to many other lab and pilot units by not having a carbon stripper. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the main performance parameters when operating a relatively large CLC unit in auto-thermal mode, using a cheap natural mineral, ilmenite, as oxygen carrier. Another aspect with the tests is to verify if the omission of a carbon stripper can provide high enough capture efficiencies for solid fuels as biomass, with a large share of volatiles and a char remnant with high reactivity. As a comparison, tests with petcoke were performed, to assess the effect when using a fuel with a low share of volatiles and slow char conversion. The results imply that CO 2 capture efficiencies can be well above 95 % in a larger industrial unit operating on biomass, even without a carbon stripper, but that a carbon stripper is definitely needed for fuels with less volatiles and low char reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The suitability of 182 countries to deploy GGR technologies was assessed. • Use of machine learning minimises the likelihood of human bias in the assessment. • G20 and Sub-Saharan African nations to play key role in GGR deployment. • There is need for regional cooperation and resource sharing among countries. • Countries need to include GGR technologies in their revised NDCs. The suitability of countries to deploy five greenhouse gas removal technologies was investigated using hierarchical clustering machine learning. These technologies include forestation, enhanced weathering, direct air carbon capture and storage, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage and biochar. The use of this unsupervised machine learning model greatly minimises the likelihood of human bias in the assessment of GGR technology deployment potentials and instead takes a more holistic view based on the applied data. The modelling utilised inputs of bio-geophysical and techno-economic factors of 182 countries, with the model outputs highlighting the potential performance of these GGR methods. Countries such as USA, Canada, Brazil, China, Russia, Australia as well as those within the EU and Sub-Saharan Africa were identified as key areas suitable to deploy these GGR technologies. The level of certainty of the obtained deployment suitability categorisation ranged from 65 to 98 %. While the results show the need for regional collaboration between nations, they also highlight the necessity for nations to prioritise and integrate GGR technologies in their revised nationally determined contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture and storage of CO 2 from combustion of biomass, i.e., bio-energy carbon capture and storage (BECCS), makes it possible to obtain so-called negative emissions – the atmosphere is cleansed from carbon dioxide. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the suitability of different manganese ores as oxygen carriers in chemical-looping combustion of biomass fuels. For this screening study, a laboratory-scale, circulating fluidized-bed CLC system with a nominal fuel input of 300 W th was used. The primary focus was to investigate the reactivity of these oxygen carriers towards biomass fuels, and find a reactive oxygen carrier with sufficient mechanical stability that could be suitable for large-scale chemical-looping combustion of biomass. A synthetic “biomass volatiles” gas was used to study how the different gas components react with the oxygen-carrier particles. Additional experiments were conducted with methane and a syngas. Parameter studies concerning temperature and specific fuel-reactor bed mass (bed mass per fuel thermal power in kg/MW th ) were carried out. With the synthetic biomass volatiles, conversion of fuel carbon to CO 2 as high as 97.6% was achieved. For a majority of the investigated ores, essentially all C2 and C3 hydrocarbons were converted, as well as a very high fraction of the CO. Reactivity towards CH 4 was generally lower, but improved at higher temperatures. The resistance of the oxygen carriers towards mechanical degradation was measured in a jet-cup attrition test rig. The measured attrition was estimated as “intermediate” for four of the five tested materials, while one of the ores displayed high attrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing importance of negative emission technologies in the energy sector for a “well-below 2 °C” world by 2100 seems to be a great opportunity for biological carbon capture and storage (BECCS) in the Brazilian sugarcane ethanol industry, given the low capture costs of the CO 2 produced during the alcoholic fermentation process and the potential to store and use the CO 2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in mature oil fields in the country. Notwithstanding, previous scientific studies indicated high transport infrastructure costs as a major constraint for the economic feasibility of exploiting this potential. This work developed and applied a methodology to design an optimal sugarcane ethanol BECCS CO 2 network (the baseline) together with two alternative concepts: one considering an inter-modal network of road and pipeline transport and another with a multiple-hub system. The results for the system’s abatement costs, including sensitivity analyses for the best- and worst-case scenarios, ranged between 32 and 87 US$/t of CO 2 . The road modal choice cut-off range applies to distilleries with a CO 2 annual production under 150–200 kt and further than 250–300 km from the hub. For the reference case, 70 out of the 236 distilleries opted for the road modal connection to the hub. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In chemical looping combustion, solid metal oxide particles are utilized to transport oxygen from the air reactor to the fuel reactor. As fuel and air are never mixed, the energy penalty typically associated with gas separation in first-generation carbon capture and storage technologies can be avoided. To be considered as oxygen carrier for this process, a material should be reactive at relevant conditions, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, mechanically durable and have potential to be produced at low cost in large scale. Combined oxides of manganese and silicon have previously shown promise to meet these requirements. In this study, a spray-dried oxygen carrier based on a combined oxide of manganese, silicon and titanium was examined with respect to its performance in continuous chemical looping combustion of solid fuels. The experiments were carried out in a 10 kW chemical looping pilot unit which uses interconnected fluidized beds for oxygen carrier cycling. Prior to these experiments, the attrition rate was determined in a jet-cup rig. As the particles were comparably small and light, elutriation from the air reactor was high. The fuels used during a total experimental duration of 32 h were wood char, devolatilized hard coal, pet coke and lignite. In addition to varying fuels, the influence of fuel power, solids circulation and fuel reactor temperature were investigated. Gas conversion performance correlated clearly with the volatile content of the fuels, peaking at 97.8% for wood char and 94.6% for pet coke, which is the highest value ever reached for this particular fuel in this unit. Higher temperatures and solids circulation rates increased gas conversion. No decrease in performance over time, in particular no loss of reactivity due to sulphur accumulation, could be detected. The oxygen carrier released gaseous oxygen at relevant conditions. The particles were easily fluidized and fines production was low, suggesting a sufficient lifetime for the purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different long-term mitigation scenarios indicate carbon capture and storage associated with biomass (BECCS) might play a significant role in climate-change mitigation efforts, especially when it comes to long-term temperature stabilization. The ethanol fermentation process is considered as an early opportunity for BECCS deployment due to its low capture costs. Being a major ethanol producer, Brazil stands in a privileged position for the development of this technological option. However, previous scientific studies indicate several challenges for the deployment of a CO 2 transportation network in the country, mostly as a result of the associated seasonality of the sugarcane industry and consequent idleness observed in the carbon transportation infrastructure. To address those issues, this study developed and applied a methodology to design an optimum carbon network considering an alternative concept: the incorporation of new CO 2 emission sources aiming at guaranteeing adequate operational flows throughout the year, minimizing idleness and reducing transportation costs. Findings indicate that the incorporation of new CO 2 emission sources reduces transportation costs. The inclusion of CO 2 from both the cogeneration process and fossil sources results in an average levelized cost of transportation of 26 US$/tCO 2 (54% lower than transportation costs in the baseline case). However, this reduction in transportation costs does not compensate for the increase in capture costs, resulting in higher levelized abatement costs for the whole system. Indeed, cases including cogeneration have reached a levelized abatement cost of approximately 125 US$/tCO 2 (84% higher than in the baseline case). Nevertheless, by reducing transportation costs the strategy adopted in this study could facilitate the development of a carbon transportation network. Additionally, the integration of fossil-derived CO 2 has proved beneficial to the system, allowing improvements in flow regularity and reducing idleness problems related to the seasonality of biogenic sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is a carbon removal technology that offers permanent net removal of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere. One of the significant bioenergy resources is organic waste collected from municipal solid waste (MSW). The goal of this study was to provide an estimate of the global potential for using municipal solid waste as a resource for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and to compare the feasibility of two specific BECCS options: municipal solid waste incineration with carbon capture and storage (MSW-CCS), and landfill gas combusted in a gas turbine with carbon capture and storage (LFG-CCS). To assess the feasibility of MSW-based BECCS options, techno-economic and environmental impact assessments were conducted. In the case of a “business-as-usual” scenario with no emission policy in effect, the levelised cost of electricity production from both BECCS options is higher than a coal power plant with CCS. However, these BECCS systems offer a lower cost of avoided CO 2 . Introducing renewable energy certificates or negative emission refund schemes to BECCS has a significant impact on the economic viability of these technologies in coal-dominant power markets. Environmental impact assessment shows that around 0.7 kg CO 2-eq is removed for each kg of wet MSW incinerated, for the MSW-CCS scenario. This translates to approximately negative 2.8 billion tonnes CO 2 if all the available 4 billion tonnes MSW generated per year by 2100 is utilised in a MSW-CCS system. The net GHG emission of the LFG-CCS system with an average LFG collection rate of 75% was 0.56 kg CO 2-eq . Challenges include the dispersed nature of MSW resources and the lack of economic support schemes, such as commonly apply to solar and wind. Nonetheless, MSW-based BECCS technologies have significant potential for abating and in some cases removing considerable amounts of the greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, thereby contributing significantly to the COP21 emission reduction targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Integrating the source to sink BECCS chain into an energy system optimization model. • CCS cost-storage curves are created to analyze cost-competitiveness of BECCS. • Assess the dynamic relation between negative emissions and land use change emissions. • Total system costs decrease when BECCS is modelled endogenously. • Source-sink matching shows higher CO 2 injection rates (250 Mt CO 2) can be reached than mentioned in scientific literature (up to 135 Mt CO 2). • Unrestricted modeling of BECCS increases demand for biomass. Even though this comes with a higher EF due to LUC emissions, still net GHG benefits are larger. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) can lead to negative emissions, and is seen as an important option to decarbonize energy systems. Its potential decarbonization contribution depends on low-carbon resource availability, its ability to meet end-use demand and the geological storage potential to safely trap CO 2. Here an energy system model is used to assess the BECCS decarbonization potential in Brazil, considering uncertainty in low-carbon biomass resources, and storage potential, injection rates and costs of CO 2 storage, assessed in eight scenarios. A spatial explicit analysis is done to make improved estimates on the storage potential, injection rates, and costs for CO 2 storage in the Rio Bonito saline aquifer of the Paraná basin. Although there are large differences in storage potential (12–117 Gt CO 2) and costs (on average 5–15 $/t CO 2), the accumulated volume of CO 2 stored between 2010 and 2050 is 2.9 Gt CO 2 for all scenarios, with injection rates around 240 Mt CO 2 in 2050. This shows that BECCS is a cost-competitive option to decarbonize the Brazilian energy system, even under pessimistic estimates of CO 2 storage potential and costs, and low biomass availability. The cheapest sink locations are selected, in the high development scenario. When CCS development is low, injection rates are the limiting factor. Locations are selected with the highest injection rates, even though sometimes more expensive. When CO 2 storage is limited, total system costs increase, mainly because decarbonization of the industry and freight transport sector relies on more expensive decarbonization options such as green hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Small-scale carbon capture applications can be very efficient. • Oxyfuel combustion in lime kilns require less fuel but more electricity. • Electric arc plasma calcination switches entirely from use of fuel to electricity. • The additional energy demand to capture CO 2 is small. • 4-bar steam could be produced in conjunction with carbon capture. Carbon capture from the calcination process in Kraft pulp mills, also known as sulphate pulp mills, has potential as a part of carbon capture and storage (CCS) infrastructure deployment. Growing concern of climate change is increasing the interest for so-called negative emission technologies (NETs), and large emission points have great potential. However, among other factors, lack of financial incentives, trade-off with investments in existing products, and the necessity of large infrastructure that stretch across country borders, constrain deployment. This study investigates two concepts for carbon capture in combination with lime kilns in Kraft pulp mills: oxyfuel combustion and electric arc plasma calcination. The results from the modelling of six configurations show that carbon capture from the calcination process with these technologies can be made with comparatively low additional energy demand. Sulphate pulp production from Kraft pulp mills, which use lime kilns, is increasing in Europe and in the world. Therefore, there is large potential for capture of CO 2 from these alternative calcination technologies, both as a first step towards and as a part of a large-scale deployment of CCS and bioenergy with CCS (BECCS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated assessment models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change rely heavily on negative emissions technologies (NETs) for scenarios that keep global temperature rise to 2°C or lower. One favoured NET is bio-energy combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Firstly, it is not established that BECCS is feasible at a scale sufficient to matter, nor that BECCS at sufficient scale is compatible with sustainable development. Secondly, substituting the prospect of BECCS later for ambitious mitigation of emissions now unjustifiably transfers risks from the present to the future. Thirdly, no NET can 'buy time' for unambitious mitigation because the later reduction of 'over-shoots' in emissions cannot reverse the passing of tipping points in the interim. The substitution of the dream of later negative emissions for immediate mitigations is therefore completely unjustified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nordic countries constitute a natural location for the development and deployment of Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). Finland, Sweden and Denmark are world-leading with respect to heat and power generation from sustainable biomass. Norway is world-leading with respect to Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). The Nordic countries also have ambitious targets for reductions of their CO 2 emissions, host leading technology providers, and have large biomass potential per capita. System studies suggest that bioenergy could be the single largest energy carrier in the Nordic countries by 2050. Negative CO 2 Emissions with Chemical Looping Combustion of Biomass is a multi-partner project with the goal to develop new technology that: i) enables CO 2 capture and negative CO 2 emissions at the lowest possible cost, ii) is able to produce power and steam for industrial and other applications, iii) utilizes Nordic expertise in fluidized bed technology and iv) has potential to achieve improved fuel utilization. The technology capable of achieving these goals is Chemical-Looping Combustion of biomass (Bio-CLC). The article presents the project and features some early results from its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate change challenge demands a commitment of combined strategies between global institutions, governments, companies and citizens. In order to reach 2015 Paris Agreement, greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced. Any single technology is currently able to achieve atmospheric greenhouse concentration values for the purpose of climate change mitigation. Also carbon sinks will be needed to further this cause as well as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies. In this sense, biomass represents an interesting alternative fuel for heat and power production as a carbon dioxide-neutral fuel. Moreover, if the CO 2 generated during biomass combustion process was captured then negative-CO 2 emissions would be reached. In this way, Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) technologies enable energy generation while CO 2 is being removed from the atmosphere. Among the different options, Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) is considered one of the most promising second generation CCS technologies due to its negligible energy and cost penalty for CO 2 capture. In this work, three types of biomass were evaluated under CLC conditions: pine sawdust, olive stone and almond shell. Combustion experiments were performed in a continuous 500 W th CLC unit at Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC, Spain) using a highly-reactive low-cost iron ore as oxygen carrier (Tierga ore). During the experimental campaign, the effect of fuel reactor temperature (900-980 °C) on the combustion performance was analyzed. At the highest temperature tested (980 °C) a CO 2 capture efficiency of 100% was reached with all the biomasses. However, the total oxygen demand followed no clear trend with temperature and the average value was close to 25%. The high volatile content of biomass compared to coal contributed to this effect. For a correct operation with biomass, further design measures should be taken to reduce the amount of unburned compounds at the outlet of the fuel reactor. In addition, tar and NOx measurements were done. No relevant drawbacks by the use of biomass in CLC were found related with other pollutants present in the system such as tar production or NOx emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) involves the conversion of biomass to energy, producing CO 2 which is sequestered, transported and then permanently stored in a suitable geological formation. Thus, a negative flow of CO 2 from the atmosphere to the subsurface is established. The potential of BECCS to remove CO 2 from the atmosphere (in addition to generating energy) makes it an attractive approach to help achieving the ambitious global warming targets of COP 21. BECCS has a range of variables such as the type of biomass resource, the conversion technology, the CO 2 capture process used and storage options. Each of the pathways to connect these options has its own environmental, economic and social impacts. This study attempts to integrate these impacts into a three pillar sustainability framework (3PSF) approach. As an example, the 3PSF approach is applied to bioenergy from organic waste collected from municipal solid waste (MSW). Global and Australian potentials for using municipal solid waste as resource for bioenergy and coupling it with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), was investigated. Two BECCS systems, municipal solid waste incineration with carbon capture and storage (MSW-CCS) and landfill gas combusted in gas turbine with carbon capture and storage (LFG-CCS) were modelled. In the case of business-as-usual scenarios with no emission policy in place, the cost of electricity from both BECCS options is higher than for unmitigated coal power generation. However, introducing renewable energy certificate or negative emission refunding schemes has a significant impact on the economic viability of these technologies. Environmental impact assessments show that in the MSW-CCS model, for each kg of wet MSW incinerated around 0.7 kg CO 2 ,eq is removed from the atmosphere. BECCS has the potential to be a valuable step towards a low-carbon energy system. However, if planned unsustainably it could compromise the natural ecosystem and social equity. The importance of the presented study is in its holistic approach to assessing the sustainability of different BECCS routes and providing a comprehensive adaptive management system that enables decision-makers to plan BECCS options in a transparent and timely manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is an important greenhouse gas removal (GGR) technology with the potential to provide significant reductions in atmospheric CO 2 concentration. The power generation efficiency of BECCS can be improved by using heat recovered from flue gas to supply energy requirements of the solvent regeneration process. This paper assesses the influence of solvent selection and biomass co-firing proportion on recoverable heat, energy efficiency and carbon intensity of a 500 MW pulverized fuel BECCS system. The effects of (i) coal type (high and medium sulphur content), (ii) biomass type (wheat straw and clean wood chips, (iii) variable moisture content, and (iv) biomass co-firing % on AFT and emissions of SO X and NO X was evaluated. Compared to firing of coal alone, co-firing low moisture biomass generated higher adiabatic flame temperature. As biomass co-firing proportion increased, SO X emissions decreased, whereas NO X emissions increased with greater AFT. Factors that enhanced BECCS efficiency included the use of high performance solvents and higher heat recovery (higher AFT and flue gas flow rate). These results lead to the development of a performance matrix which summarizes the effect of key process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CO 2 -DISSOLVED project proposes a different approach to CO 2 Capture and storage by focusing on a cheaper solution targeting small industrial emitters such as a bio–energy plant. The capture part of the CO 2 -DISSOLVED system, designed and patented by Pi-Innovation [1] basically consists in injecting the fumes into a special storage well where CO 2 would dissolve into the water within the well prior to its injection in a deep saline aquifer. This capture strategy makes mandatory to use a water/brine movement. Therefore, the CO 2 -DISSOLVED concept consists in coupling this CO 2 -brine dissolution technology to a geothermal loop with a hot brine production well for heat extraction and an injection well for re-injecting the cooled brine saturated with CO 2 [2] . This loop provides storage and heat for the processes of the emitting plant. Due to the limited amount of CO 2 that can be totally dissolved in the geothermal loop (about 10 to 15 ton/h, typically), the CO 2 -DISSOLVED concept is well suited for small-size emitters. For a sugar beet refinery [3] , the BECCS approach provides excellent environmental results with negative emission due to the production of the bioethanol. However, on the economic standpoint, the performance of the project was poor due to the small volume of emission stored that could not offset the CAPEX. Applying the CO 2 -DISSOLVED approach to the same plant, i.e. coupling CO 2 capture with a geothermal loop, enables significant reductions both on the emissions, between 25 to 60%, and on the energy, between 5 to 30% depending on the assumptions compare to the no CCS case (i.e. currently operating conditions). As compared to the BECCS reference case (Laude et al., 2011), the CO 2 -DISSOLVED approach can achieve an emission reduction between 15 to 50% while the corresponding non-renewable energy consumption can be reduced by 5 to 30%. The CO 2 emission reduction is bigger than the non-renewable energy consumption reduction because the first stages of compression for the CO 2 -DISSOLVED approach require significant compression energy. On the economic standpoint, to reach an emission reduction from 15% to 50% higher, the BECCS approach costs between 100% and 350% more than the CO 2 -DISSOLVED approach. The cost per ton of CO 2 saved (stored + not emitted by the combustion due the use of geothermal energy) for the range of performance of the project is between 39 and 72 € 2015 /ton saved over a 30 year lifetime (at 6% WACC). This is still higher than the current CO 2 price level in Europe. However, the project reduced natural gas consumption via the geothermal loop which significantly improves the economics of the project. The probabilistic distribution of the Net Present Value of this project ranges between – 5 MM€ 2015 and +20 MM€ 2015 with an average value of 8 MM€ 2015 . This wide range is linked to the wide range of CO 2 prices considered in the model (5 to 50 €/ton of CO 2 ). It shows that the project can be reasonably profitable at 6% discount rate (WACC) for the average scenario. Considering the best efficiency scenario, the project can be profitable in the current market conditions. It is also interesting to mention that from 12.5 €/ton onward, the CO 2 -DISSOLVED project is worth doing as compared to a pure geothermal project. This shows that this approach should be seriously envisaged for future geothermal projects provided local conditions make the project technically feasible (CO 2 sources and storage integrity). Even if this study is at a conceptual stage, the CO 2 -DISSOLVED approach seems really worth investigating for small CO 2 sources. It can contribute to reduce CO 2 emission at significantly lower cost than CCS. It is noteworthy to mention that very specific conditions have to be fulfilled to be able to develop a CO 2 -DISSOLVED project, such as CO 2 availability, and subsurface favorable context (geothermal and storage). However, a previous study [4] demonstrated the existence of an actual potential of application of this technology in France, Germany, and the U.S.A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a development strategy of low carbon scenarios that consider interaction of economically viable bioenergy and/or BECCS technological flow, biophysical limit of bioenergy productivity and food security. In the process, detailed bioenergy representations, including various bioenergy feedstock and conversion technologies with and without CCS, are implemented in an integrated assessment (IA) model, GRAPE (Global Relationship Assessment to Protect the Environment). Also to overcome a general discrepancy about yield development between ‘top-down’ IA models and ‘bottom-up’ estimates, we applied yields change of food and bioenergy crops consistent with process-based biophysical food crop models for bioenergy crops in changing climate conditions. Using the framework, economically viable strategy for implementing sustainable BECCS are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a renewable energy, biogas produced from anaerobic digestion and landfill is playing a more and more important role in the energy market. Capturing CO 2 from biogas can result in a negative CO 2 emission. Depending on how biogas is utilized, there are different routes to capture CO 2 . A biogas plant that uses raw biogas to produce power and heat can be retrofitted by integrating CO 2 capture. In order to identify the best option, three retrofits were compared from both technical and economic perspectives, including SYS-I, which captures CO 2 from raw gas and produces biomethane instead of electricity and heat, SYS-II, which captures CO 2 using MEA-based chemical absorption after the combustion of raw gas, and SYS-III, which captures CO 2 by using oxy-fuel combustion of the raw gas. In general, SYS-I can achieve the highest profit and shortest payback time, mainly due to the high price of biomethane. SYSII and SYS-III are clearly influenced by carbon credit. In order to have positive profits for the retrofits of SYS-II and SYS-III, carbon credit needs to exceed 750SEK (or 100USD)/ton CO 2 and 113 SEK (or 15USD)/ton CO 2 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• System boundary choices vary widely in literature on bioenergy with CCS. • System boundary choice can be a major determiner of estimated CO 2 avoidance cost • Costs and lifecycle greenhouse gas estimated for bioenergy with CCS at cement plant • System boundary choice varied net CO 2 estimates from -660 to 16 kg CO 2 (eq)/t cement • Aligned boundaries shrinks avoidance cost range from 48-321€ to 157-193€/t CO 2 (eq) Negative emission technologies such as biomass with carbon capture and storage (bioCCS) may become an important instrument to limit global warming. Currently, estimates of CO 2 avoidance cost for bioCCS vary widely. Using a case study of a cement plant, this paper illustrates how this variance is partially attributable to the system boundary choices made by modellers. The estimated avoidance cost for the bioCCS-in-cement plant ranged from 48-321€ 2017 /t CO 2 (eq) and the net CO 2 (eq) from -660 to 16 kg CO 2 (eq)/t cement, without any change in the technological model, equipment and input costs, or lifecycle emissions, but by changing the system boundaries used for cost and emission accounting, reflecting the different boundaries seen in bioCCS literature. To allow for more comparable bioCCS cost estimates, studies should always account for costs and emissions of both biomass production and the full chain of carbon capture, transport, and permanent storage, as both are fundamental to the role of bioCCS as a potential "negative emission technology". We also advocate for clear decomposition of metrics, separation of "avoided emissions" from physical flows of greenhouse gases; and explicit consideration of the temporality of the bioCCS system. With these guidelines, the range of avoidance cost of the bioCCS-in-cement plant shrinks to 157-193€ 2017 /t CO 2 (eq) for near-term estimates and to 89-107€ 2017 /t CO 2 (eq) for longer-term estimates. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An optimization model is developed to study CO 2 capture and transport networks. • Rapid ramp-up of fossil CCS at a CO 2 cost of around 80 €/tCO 2. • Transport costs are mostly dependent on offshore (ship) transportation. • Optimal system depends on whether incentives for fossil CCS, BECCS or both are used. This work presents and applies a mixed integer programming (MIP) optimization model that minimizes the net present costs for CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) systems for cases with defined emissions costs and/or capture targets. The model covers capture from existing large point sources of CO 2 emissions in Sweden, liquefaction, intermediate storage and transportation using trucks to hubs on the coast, followed by ship transport to a storage location (excluding storage cost). The results show that the capture and transportation infrastructure, in terms of both the sites chosen for capture and the associated transportation setup, differs depending on whether the system is incentivized to capture biogenic or fossil CO 2 , or both. Waste-fired combined heat and power (CHP) plants are only chosen for capture at scale when biogenic capture targets and fossil emissions costs are combined, since the emissions from these sites comprise a combination of biogenic and fossil CO 2. The value for the system in mitigating the costs from fossil CO 2 emissions exceeds the increased cost of BECCS at waste-fired CHPs compared to larger pulp mills given the fossil emissions cost development assumed in this work. Although the cost for capture and liquefaction dominates the total cost of the CCS system, it is not the only factor determining the choice of sites for capture. Proximity to transport hubs with short offshore transportation distances to the final storage location is also an important factor. For the transportation infrastructure, it is shown that the cost for ships is the main cost driver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose geothermal-biomass hybrid generation paired with dissolved CO 2 injection. • We calculated the thermodynamic and sequestration efficiency of this plant design. • We demonstrated improved conversion efficiency compared to non-hybrid plants. • Sequestration of 1 MtCO 2 /year possible at standard geothermal plant scale. • This design increases worldwide access to low-enthalpy geothermal resources. Geothermal systems are an attractive option for baseload electricity generation with low emissions intensity (average 122 gCO 2 /kWh). However, about 70% of geothermal systems are low or medium enthalpy (<160°C), which often renders them uneconomic to develop for electricity production. A solution to increase both power production and utilization efficiency of these systems is hybridization with a biomass fuel source. In this work, we introduce and verify the concept of biomass hybridization combined with in-line dissolution and reinjection of biomass flue CO 2. This subclass of bioenergy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS), termed geothermal-BECCS, has improved power production and negative CO 2 emissions. This dual approach of using geothermal systems for power production and as carbon sinks can be a potential decarbonisation tool in areas with suitable geothermal and bioenergy resources. Here, we quantify the thermodynamic and sequestration performance of four geothermal-BECCS configurations. Up to 100% of flue gas is dissolved and reinjected with the spent geofluid. Scaled to a 1 kg/s geofluid production rate, flash and binary benchmark plants generated 32 and 43 kWe at efficiencies of 6 and 8%, respectively. In comparison, four geothermal-BECCS designs yielded 64 kWe at 9% efficiency (flash plant), 76 kWe at 9% efficiency (ORC binary plant), 62 kWe at 7% efficiency (compound flash-binary plant), and 589 kWe at 20% efficiency (bioenergy based geothermal-preheat plant). Annual biogenic CO 2 sequestration rates ranged from 217 to 675 tonnes per kg/s with emissions intensities from -131 to -922 gCO 2 /kWh. By simultaneously boosting low-emissions energy and sequestering biogenic CO 2 , geothermal-BECCS promises to be an essential technology for meeting climate targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A techno-economic-environmental assessment framework was developed. • A forest residue gasification system with carbon capture (CC) was studied. • Forest residue-derived hydrogen is economically competitive with fossil-based hydrogen. • Electricity self-sufficient design reduces the cost and environmental impact of CC. • BECCS can decarbonize and reduce the environmental impacts of hydrogen. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a potential solution addressing climate change andregional wildfires, and supporting circular economy. This study investigates the economic and environmental performance of a BECCS pathway implementing carbon capture (CC) in hydrogen production via gasifying forest residues in the American West, by developing a framework that integrates process simulations, techno-economic analysis (TEA), and life cycle assessment (LCA). The results show that forest residue-derived hydrogen is economically competitive ($1.52– 2.92/kg H 2) compared with fossil-based hydrogen. Incorporating CC increases environmental impact due to additional energy and chemical consumption, which can be mitigated by the energy self-sufficiency design that reduces CC cost to $75/tonne of CO₂ for a 2,000 dry short ton/day plant, or by using renewable energy such as solar and wind. Compared to electrolysis and fossil-based routes with CC, only BECCS can provide carbon-negative hydrogen and is more favorable regarding human health impact and near-term economics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a contribution to the ongoing debate on carbon-negative energy solutions. It deals with biomass conversion in dedicated biopower plants equipped with CCS (BECCS), or co-fired plants retrofitted with CCS in order to generate negative CO 2 -emissions. In this context, bioenergy refers to the use of biomass to generate electricity (i.e. biopower) in compliance with the needs of nations and regions without seasonal space heating demand. In this paper, direct-fired and co-fired systems will be addressed, combined mainly with post-combustion flue gas cleaning. The question is which CCS alternative should be preferred in order to obtain negative emissions: either building multiple smaller biopower units, or employing co-firing of biomass and coal in existing large coal power plants. Based on efficacy and the potential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions as key indicators, some major differences between the alternatives are shown. In the event that a coal power plant equipped with CCS is readily available, more net electric energy (in MWh) can be provided from the feedstock of biomass than would be obtainable from an independent BECCS plant, although the amount of CO 2 captured and stored from the biomass (per tonne) will be essentially the same. Further case-specific cost-benefit analyses will be required to determine the feasibility of carbon-negative energy solutions. Although the study is carried out from the perspective of actual biomass sources as regards biomass composition and available technology (i.e. expected efficiency levels) using Indonesian agricultural residues, its main conclusion is fairly general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technical performance and cost effectiveness of white wood pellets (WWP) combustion in comparison to three types of coal namely U.S., Russian and Colombian coals are investigated in this study. Post-combustion capture and storage (CCS) namely with amine FG+, and oxy-fuel with carbon capture and storage (oxy-fuel) are applied to a 650 MW pulverized combustion (PC) plant. The impacts of the Renewable Obligation Certificate (ROC) and carbon price (CP) policy in accelerating the CCS deployment in the framework of GHG emissions mitigation, are also evaluated. The operational factors affecting CCS costs and emissions in the power generation plants are taken into consideration, hence, the Integrated Environmental Control Model (IECM 8.0.2) is employed for a systematic estimation of plant performance, costs and emissions of different scenarios of fuel and CCS technologies. This study showed that the utilization of white wood pellets (WWP) in electricity generation can annually avoid about 3 M tonnes CO 2 emissions from a 650 MW power plant. However, this mitigation process had impact on the plant efficiency and the cost of electricity. Further, the BECCS using white wood pellets has showed a better efficiency and lower cost of electricity with the oxy-fuel technology than the post-combustion CCS technology. However, in order to boost biomass energy CCS (BECCS) deployment with the WWP, an increase of the ROC for biomass power plants, or, an increase of the carbon price for the coal power plants is recommended. It was found that, the sensitivity of COE towards the ROC was higher than towards the carbon price variation. This result can be interpreted as the ROC has more positive impact than the carbon price, on the COE from the point of customers view without adding more burdens on the power generation companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of biomass with carbon capture and storage (Bio-CCS or BECCS) at the systems level. It summarises the relevant information from the recent 5th Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), describes the progress made since earlier reports and considers additional results recently published in literature. The focus is hereby not on the technical challenges but rather on the surrounding sustainability issues. Bio-CCS shows significant potential to achieve net CO 2 removal from the atmosphere at a cost that is comparable to conventional CCS technologies. However, uncertainties remain due to the little experience with large-scale Bio-CCS demonstration plants, gaps in climate policies and accounting frameworks, missing financial instruments, unclear public acceptance and complex sustainability issues. A major conclusion is that the deployment of Bio-CCS cannot take place in isolation, thus will require an approach addressing the inextricable links within the food-water-energy-climate nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated various zero emissions scenarios under A1T of IPCC-SRES (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – Special Report of Emissions Scenarios) that allowed economic growth in particularly technological progress. We used our global modeling including a simplified climate model, whose supply costs of sectors in energies, materials, biomass and foods were minimized by linear programming from 2010 to 2150 in order to draw various zero emissions scenarios. In this study, we focused on various scenarios of CO2 zero emissions from the sectors and their climate change mitigations and their costs. Inclusion of Non CO2 greenhouse gases (NCGHG) can be chosen. We set following four scenarios. First one is Business As Usual (BAU) without any climate policy intervention. Second one is denoted as “350 ppm zero”, whose emissions trajectories are zero in the latter half of this century, which can be achieved by giving cumulative emissions of WRE 350 (Wigley Richels Edmonds) from 2010 to 2150 as emissions constraint. Caveating that this scenario add on the allowed WRE 350 emissions after 2010. Third one is denoted as “net zero”, whose cumulative emissions from 2010 to 2150 is zero. This does not mean keep the emissions level zero in the time horizon; allowing positive emissions in several decades while negative emissions achieved by large deployment of BECCS (biomass energy carbon capture and storage). Fourth one is keeping the emissions level after 2100 is zero emissions, which is denoted as “2100 zero”. We considered several patterns of carbon accounting for BECCS, such as carbon neutral, gross accounting, and net accounting. We also considered that two patterns of storage options for BECCS, one is only forest sink, the other one is allowing the captured CO2 into both the forest sink and geological storage. Following results when adding NCGHG emissions are obtained. Global mean temperature rise up to 2150 below 2 degree Celsius (DC) can be achieved in the “net zero” scenario, while “350 ppm zero” scenario leached 2.3 DC. The “2010 zero” scenario leached 4 DC while BAU about 5 DC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated various zero emissions scenarios under A1T of IPCC-SRES (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – Special Report of Emissions Scenarios) that allowed economic growth in particularly technological progress. We used our global modeling including a simplified climate model, whose supply costs of sectors in energies, materials, biomass and foods were minimized by linear programming from 2010 to 2150 in order to draw various zero emissions scenarios. In this study, we focused on various scenarios of CO2 zero emissions from the sectors and their climate change mitigations and their costs. Inclusion of Non CO2 greenhouse gases (NCGHG) can be chosen. We set following four scenarios. First one is Business As Usual (BAU) without any climate policy intervention. Second one is denoted as “350 ppm zero”, whose emissions trajectories are zero in the latter half of this century, which can be achieved by giving cumulative emissions of WRE 350 (Wigley Richels Edmonds) from 2010 to 2150 as emissions constraint. Caveating that this scenario add on the allowed WRE 350 emissions after 2010. Third one is denoted as “net zero”, whose cumulative emissions from 2010 to 2150 is zero. This does not mean keep the emissions level zero in the time horizon; allowing positive emissions in several decades while negative emissions achieved by large deployment of BECCS (biomass energy carbon capture and storage). Fourth one is keeping the emissions level after 2100 is zero emissions, which is denoted as “2100 zero”. We considered several patterns of carbon accounting for BECCS, such as carbon neutral, gross accounting, and net accounting. We also considered that two patterns of storage options for BECCS, one is only forest sink, the other one is allowing the captured CO2 into both the forest sink and geological storage. Following results when adding NCGHG emissions are obtained. Global mean temperature rise up to 2150 below 2 degree Celsius (DC) can be achieved in the “net zero” scenario, while “350 ppm zero” scenario leached 2.3 DC. The “2010 zero” scenario leached 4 DC while BAU about 5 DC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We introduce biogas-concrete carbon capture utilization, and storage supply chains. • These innovative supply chains have the potential to permanently remove CO 2 from the atmosphere and store it in concrete. • This climate mitigation solution is available today and can be adopted in a seamless manner. • We quantify the trade-offs between supply chains that store CO 2 in concrete and underground. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) solution necessary to achieve net-zero-carbon-emissions goals. While the BECCS potential from large industrial emitters has been quantified, the BECCS potential of small emitters, such as biogas facilities, has not been investigated. Moreover, most BECCS solutions rely on the expected availability of large geological storage capacity for future CDR implementation, although the deployment of CO 2 transport and storage supply chains is still a barrier for geological carbon storage ambitions. An alternative opportunity for permanent sequestration of CO 2 is concrete, in which captured CO 2 can be permanently fixed through carbon dioxide mineralization technologies. We describe and discuss this solution by quantifying the potential of a European bioenergy with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (BECCUS) supply chain, which relies on biogenic CO 2 from biogas facilities as a CO 2 source, and on carbon dioxide mineralization in concrete as a permanent CO 2 sink. This solution is available today, can be adopted seamlessly, and does not need economies of scale for its deployment. We find that European biogas facilities produce 24 Mtons of biogenic CO 2 per year, of which 4 Mtons of CO 2 per year are emitted from facilities already upgrading biogas into bio-methane. We estimate that carbon dioxide mineralization in recycled concrete aggregates in Europe could permanently store up to 8 Mtons of CO 2 per year. Despite the limited storage potential, BECCUS supply chains would reduce CO 2 transportation distance and system complexity compared to BECCS supply chains, and would result in a marketable product, namely concrete. Overall, carbon dioxide mineralization in recycled concrete aggregates combines carbon utilization with permanent sequestration, hence contributing to carbon-neutrality goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The policy discourse on negative emissions is rapidly gaining momentum. • A discursive shift towards deployment is evident. • BECCS and afforestation are the most prominent land-based technologies in the discourse. • Most actors are based in the Global North; 61% refer to Global South in statements. • 116 policy documents from 2013 to 2019 were manually coded and analyzed. Negative emissions are increasingly seen as a policy option to limit climate change. However, the most readily available technologies that could deliver negative emissions require, if deployed at scale, large amounts of land, with huge risks for livelihoods and the environment. This land is often assumed to be in the Global South. This article analyzes the nascent policy discourse on negative emissions by assessing 116 policy documents by 97 organizations with a focus on land-based technologies (afforestation and reforestation, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, biochar, soil carbon sequestration). We conclude that this policy discourse is largely centered in the Global North (mostly in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany), with only five organizations directly linked to the Global South. 61% of the organizations in our sample, however, somehow refer to the Global South in their contributions, with nongovernmental organizations being most strongly focused on the role of the Global South and in particular the risks for vulnerable countries. While the earlier policy discourse on negative emissions was linked to a more general "geoengineering" discourse, this link has loosened in the last years. Overall, in the documents that we studied, negative emissions technologies seem to become more accepted, and parts of the discourse shift towards deployment. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage seems more often associated with risks if compared to other land-based negative emissions technologies, especially with a view to the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the future greenhouse gas emission targets will be more ambitious and therefore solutions for of CO 2 emissions reduction more than 80% are sought. In thermal power plants these high levels of emission reductions can be reached with CCS technologies or by utilizing high shares of biomass based fuels. Following from the national targets of Finland, the power plants being planned at the moment need to take these targets into account in the planning phase as options that need to be fulfilled at least in the future if not immediately. In this paper high plant level CO 2 emission reduction targets are analysed for two large power plants that are planned to be constructed in Finland in the near future. Both are located close to urban areas and supply also district heat to neighboring cities. Both also face high political pressure to significant emission reductions in comparison to existing system. This paper is based on a case study of a planned combined heat and power (CHP) plant in Finland having fuel power of 420MWfuel. The boiler island is plant based on circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler technology enabling combustion of high shares of biomass. The paper is shortly describing technologies that are needed for reduction of CO 2 emissions when carbon capture based on oxyfuel technology and biomass firing based on high shares of forest residues are considered. The implications of applying these technologies and suitability for CHP environment are considered and economic feasibility of the solutions compared. Also the possibilities and feasibility of reaching negative emissions with combination of biomass firing and CCS is briefly assessed. Re**sults show significant emission reduction potential associated to both technologies. The major costs associated to CCS are caused by the equipment investment, loss of electricity production due to energy penalty and transportation and storage of CO 2 . The costs associated to biomass combustion with high shares are mainly caused by higher prices of biomass fuel in comparison to coal and lower power-to-heat ratio. Large biomass share has an increasing impact also on plant investment and O&M costs. On the other hand, significant savings are achieved in terms of CO 2 allowances. When discussing the biomass option one must also address questions related to availability of sustainable biomass, effecting pricing and competition of raw material between different uses such as forest industry or liquid biofuels production. And this further highlights the discussion on carbon stocks and carbon debt especially when Bio-CCS is considered. If the profound emission reduction targets are to be met, economically the difference between the technologies considered is not clear in all circumstances. All the most important parameters for the economic lifetime of the power plant include significant uncertainty therefore in this paper main focus has been in sensitivity analysis. The study reveals some major economical restrictions of the applicability of these emission reduction solutions. The pros and cons of the technologies in the light of feasibility and the role of these technologies as carbon abatement tools are discussed. The major factor effecting the technology decision is plant location in relation to availability of biomass, coal and CO 2 transportation&storage options, as well as heat demand (possibility to utilize CHP) in addition to political atmosphere and acceptability of technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated a zero emission scenario with following two originalities compared to various existing studies. One is that we based on A1T society of SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenario) of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) compared to existing studies on those of B1 or B2. The second one is that various innovative and radical technologies were considered and incorporated, such as biomass energy with CCS (BECCS), and advanced nuclear technologies including hydrogen or synfuel production. We applied a global modeling, whose energies, materials, and biomass and foods supply costs were minimized by linear programing with time horizon up to 2150. We found following features of energy supply structure in A1T scenario. Since the electric demand in A1T scenario in 2100 is two times larger than the others, 1) renewable energy which solely produce electricity, nuclear, and fossil energy with CCS (FECCS) especially coal are main sources of electricity, 2) renewable which can supply heat, namely BECCS and geothermal, satisfies the sector, and 3) hydrogen from coal is introduced in transport sector. It can be concluded that the zero emission energy systems with global economic growth will be possible, by development and deployment of ambitious advanced energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to analyze Japan's BECCS potential. A technical assessment is used to support a policy discussion on the suitability of this mitigation tool for Japan. IIASA's BeWhere Model is used to examine the technical potential of bioenergy including optimal locations and capacities of biomass plants. The plant locations are overlaid with a geological suitability map for carbon storage. Results indicate that there is a substantial potential for bioenergy production which could contribute to substituting emissions from fossil fuels. By further developing the renewable energy pathway, Japan could substantially add to a more resilient and domestic resources-based energy sector. There is limited potential for direct negative emissions from bioenergy, but some of the coastal regions appear suitable for carbon storage. A higher potential could be achieved through off-shore carbon storage and enhanced cross-border collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports experimental results from a new 300 kW th calcium looping pilot plant designed to capture CO 2 “in situ” during the combustion of biomass in a fluidized bed. This novel concept relies on the high reactivity of biomass as a fuel, which allows for effective combustion around 700 °C in air at atmospheric pressure. In these conditions, CaO particles fed into the fluidized bed combustor react with the CO 2 generated during biomass combustion, allowing for an effective CO 2 capture. A subsequent step of regeneration of CaCO 3 in an oxy-fired calciner is also needed to release a concentrated stream of CO 2 . This regeneration step is assumed to be integrated in a large scale oxyfired power plant and/or a larger scale post-combustion calcium looping system. The combustor-carbonator is the key reactor in this novel concept, and this work presents experimental results from a 300 kW th pilot to test such a reactor. The pilot involves two 12 m height interconnected circulating fluidized bed reactors. Several series of experiments to investigate the combustor-carbonator reactor have been carried out achieving combustion efficiencies close to 100% and CO 2 capture efficiencies between 70 and 95% in dynamic and stationary state conditions, using wood pellets as a fuel. Different superficial gas velocities, excess air ratios above stoichiometric requirements, and solid circulating rates between combustor-carbonator and combustor-calciner have been tested during the experiments. Closure of the carbon and oxygen balances during the combustion and carbonation trials has been successful. A simple reactor model for combustion and CO 2 capture in the combustor-carbonator has been applied to aid in the interpretation of results, which should facilitate the future scaling up of this process concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-firing of biomass and fossil fuels in conjunction with CO2 capture and storage (CCS) has the potential to lead to the generation of relatively inexpensive carbon negative electricity. In this work, we use a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model of carbon negative energy generation in the UK to examine the potential for existing power generation assets to act as a carbon sink as opposed to a carbon source. Via a Pareto front analysis, we examine the technical and economic compromises implicit in transitioning from a dedicated fossil fuel only to a carbon negative electricity generation network. A price of approximately £30-50/t CO2 appears sufficient to incentivise a reduction of carbon intensity of electricity from a base case of 800 kg/MWh to less than 100 kg/MWh. However, the price required to incentivise the generation of carbon negative electricity is in the region of £120-175/t of CO2. In order for biomass to energy with CCS (BECCS) to be commercially attractive, the power plants in question must operate at a high load factor and high rates of CO2 capture. The relative fuel cost is a key determinant of required carbon price. Increasing biomass availability also reduces the cost of generating carbon negative electricity; however one must be cognisant of land use change implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to examine public preferences regarding the characteristics of the three elements of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS): capture, pipeline, and storage. A random sample of 139 Swiss citizens received basic information about CCS online and then participated in an experiment. A conjoint measurement of CCS acceptance and analysis of variance was used to examine respondents’ preferences for characteristics of CCS elements. This approach allowed respondents to make trade-offs by expressing preferences for complete CCS systems instead of evaluating single elements in isolation. Our results show that people put most emphasis on pipelines near their homes and on the type of plant the CO2 originates from. A “Not in my backyard (NIMBY) effect” was found both for pipelines and storage. This NIMBY effect, however, disappears when CO2 from a biogas-fired plant is used for the injection. We conclude that it may be possible to avoid the NIMBY effect for geological storage field trials by using bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is increasingly depicted as an important element of the carbon dioxide mitigation portfolio. However, critics have warned that CCS might lead to “reinforced fossil fuel lock-in”, by perpetuating a fossil fuel based energy provision system. Due to large-scale investments in CCS infrastructure, the fossil fuel based ‘regime’ would be perpetuated to at least the end of this century. In this paper we investigate if and how CCS could help to avoid reinforcing fossil fuel lock-in. First we develop a set of criteria to estimate the degree of technological lock-in. We apply these criteria to assess the lock-in reinforcement effect of adding CCS to the fossil fuel socio-technical regime (FFR). In principle, carbon dioxide could be captured from any carbon dioxide point source. In the practice of present technological innovations, business strategies, and policy developments, CCS is most often coupled to coal power plants. However, there are many point sources of carbon dioxide that are not directly related to coal or even fossil fuels. For instance, many forms of bio-energy or biomass-based processes generate significant streams of carbon dioxide emissions. Capturing this carbon dioxide which was originally sequestered in biomass could lead to negative carbon dioxide emissions. We use the functional approach of technical innovations systems (TIS) to estimate in more detail the strengths of the “niches” CCS and Bio-Energy with CCS (BECCS). We also assess the orientation of the CCS niche towards the FFR and the risk of crowding out BECCS. Next we develop pathways for developing fossil energy carbon capture and storage, BECCS, and combinations of them, using transition pathways concepts. The outcome is that a large-scale BECCS development could be feasible under certain conditions, thus largely avoiding the risk of reinforced fossil fuel lock-in. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The production of biomass-based Substitute Natural Gas (BioSNG) with CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) offers the opportunity for net CO2 uptake from the atmosphere. For large-scale BioSNG production plants the CO2 avoidance cost amount 62 €/ton CO2, given the recognition of these negative emissions in emission trading. BECCS technologies like BioSNG production are indispensable in pursuit of low atmospheric CO2 concentration stabilisation scenarios. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Stakeholders appraised the feasibility of greenhouse gas removal supply chains. • A supply chain framing enabled a granular appraisal of 'real-world' feasibility. • Multicriteria mapping identified diverse appraisal criteria. • Afforestation generally scored higher than BECCS supply chains within appraisals. • Farming community and global cooperation are key factors affecting realisation. Greenhouse gas removal (GGR) approaches are considered essential in several projections to meet the climate mitigation ambition of the Paris Agreement. Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and afforestation are included extensively in mitigation scenarios but there are concerns about the feasibility of these approaches. This was explored with stakeholders from industry, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and policy who were involved in interviews and a one-day participatory workshop. Multicriteria mapping (MCM) methodology was used to appraise the 'real-world' feasibility of four specific greenhouse gas removal supply chains at a granular level in the UK context. The MCM analysis shows that afforestation performs better in comparison to three BECCS supply chains, on criteria such as business model, social acceptability, and environmental sustainability. This innovative application of the MCM methodology enables the abstract representations of GGR in integrated assessment models to be explored at a more granular level through a supply chain analysis and thus gain a deeper understanding of the issues facing these approaches. The data gathered allows a wide range of technical, environmental, social and political criteria to be systematically applied in appraising the practical performance of different future implementation options for afforestation and BECCS. If these GGR supply chains are to become a reality on the scale required for 1.5 °C global warming, factors such as global cooperation, land availability, and the longevity of policies and incentives were found to be major challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]