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A self-study of International Journal of Exercise Science(IJES) publications from 2008 through 2021 revealed a sex-data gap in participant and corresponding author representation. This finding prompted the creation of the IJES Working Group for Opportunity, Representation, and Diverse Perspectives. We are a collaborative team of authors, reviewers, and editors, spanning both rural and urban teaching- and research-focused institutions, who assembled regularly starting in September 2023. The goal was to contemplate potential challenges and opportunities around diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), elicit discourse, and broaden inclusion and representation in exercise science research. Our group identified six main challenges/opportunities: 1) Mixed Definitions and Applications of DEI Principles; 2) Competing Lifeviews and Worldviews; 3) Oversight and Enforcement of DEI Principles in IJES; 4) Oversight and Enforcement of DEI Principles in the Broader Field; 5) IJES is a Home for Developing Scholars; and 6) Lag Time for Creating Change in IJES. As a growing international journal, we depend on a diverse group of authors, reviewers, editors, and readers to achieve our mission. Accordingly, the Working Group encourages impactful, inclusive research that broadens representation within exercise science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indexing is considered a means of assessing the quality and impact of scientific publications. Each information system defines its selection policy by the appropriate rules, procedures and controls to ensure that the sources included in it meet the standards for scientific publishing. This article examines the criteria for indexing scientific journals in Index Copernicus and compares them with the indexing procedures of Scopus and Web of Science databases, with a focus on Bulgarian journals included in the Polish scientometric platform. Data related to the proper identification of journals, their editorial policies, open access publishing, indexing in academic research databases, and impact indicators are analyzed. The study found similarities in the indexing criteria of Index Copernicus and reputable databases Scopus и Web of Science, but differences are observed regarding the transparency and control of their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can we build new multilingual futures for academic journals in the age of electronic publishing? The answer may lie in the multilingual pasts of scholarly publishing. This essay explores historical trajectories of journal editing to examine how the figure of the "editor" today has evolved in relation to the changing landscape of research since the inception of scholarly periodicals. It begins by exploring early multilingual practices of journals in the 17th and 18th centuries. The essay continues by exploring how multilingualism remained a mainstay of journals even with the boom in journals of the 19th century that emerged from research gaining a foothold in higher education institutions. It then considers how journals of the 20th and 21st century lost their way and foreclosed linguistic diversity in the increasing drive towards disciplinarity and the neoliberalization of higher education. The essay argues that another editorial workflow is possible, one that productively negotiates the tension between editor as gatekeeper of publishing and editor as steward of knowledge production. As such, it makes the case for a new approach to the work of journal editing better positioned to facilitate linguistic diversity and equity in scholarly communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia y Politica: Ideas, Procesos y Movimientos Sociales is the property of Departamento De Historia del Pensamiento y de los Moviemientos Sociales y Politicos (Madrid) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The advent of black, green, and gold open access publication models poses unique questions for scholars of communication. Plato's (1956) classic critique of writing in the legend of Theuth and Thamus warned that the printed word "rolls about all over the place, falling into the hands of those who have no concern with it" (pp. 69-70). More than 2 millennia later, scholars and administrators at all levels of the discipline face just such a phenomenon. As scholars of cyberspace debate whether "information wants to be free" (Levy, 2014), a communication perspective involves consideration of the importance of authorship and attribution amid an ever-shifting array of digital publishing options and subversions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the ongoing transformation of academic publishing by examining black, green, and gold open access models, the responses of the communication discipline, and ongoing questions surrounding the nature and extent of accessibility. As access options for research and publication continue to evolve, this study hopes to provide coordinates for administrators seeking to navigate questions concerning the what, how, and why of communication scholarship in a digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of how to fund Swedish academic journals such as Scandia has become a wicked problem, not only for history but also for the humanities as a whole. This issue is confounded by the difficulty in terms of categorizing these journals and their funding needs and further complicated by the global movement towards open access. For the humanities, the issue of how to fund these journals is of great concern mainly due to a more pluralistic approach to publishing, where not only high-impact journals but also monographs, edited volumes and essays aimed at multiple audiences are still considered prestigious and relevant for society as a whole. At the same time, these journals are not necessarily perceived as relevant by the rest of the scientific community. The main reason is that, even though traces of more traditional forms of publishing can still be found in both the social and the natural sciences, a uniform publishing ideal is dominant in most disciplines and most prestigious outlets are owned by international publishing houses. Complicating matters further, publishing practices in the humanities are not only changing rapidly but vary between and within disciplines, generations and even universities. Despite the fact that this problem has been recognized both internationally and in Sweden, a solution has remained elusive, causing frustration among researchers and editors. This essay argues that the first step is to view the question of funding as embedded in both local and global processes and that in order to find a sustainable model, several stakeholders need to take responsibility and collaborate at the national level. An important argument for sharing responsibility between and across departments, disciplines, funders and, lastly, the government is that Swedish journals are not only part of the ecosystem of prestige within academia but also serve as an infrastructure for authoritative knowledge aimed at the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Historia is the property of Associacao Nacional dos Professores Universitarios de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Gestão Organizacional (RGO) is the property of Revista Gestao Organizacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Science & Technology Association/Joho no Kagaku to Gijutsu is the property of Information Science & Technology Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The last two decades have witnessed growing attention to the "Canadianization" of the field of International Relations. In this article, we forward a novel approach to testing the influence of domestic factors in Canadian International Relations. By analyzing the reading lists of comprehensive examinations from Canadian doctoral programs in International Relations, we can understand the ways in which Canadian institutions' reading lists construct the hierarchy of the field's journals. Among these journals, those based in the United States are most frequently assigned, with others hosted in the UK and around Europe. Canadian journals are rarely assigned to reading lists. French-language journals are also rarely assigned to reading lists, even in francophone institutions, and when they are, the journals are much more likely to be hosted in France than in Canada. We offer a series of guiding questions for future consideration of the "Canadianization" of International Relations education in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Darbai ir Dienos is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this case study, Dennis R. Hoover analyses the context and the role of the quarterly journal The Review of Faith & International Affairs (RFIA) in taking religion both as an analytical factor and as a potential ally in advancing human security and human rights. As Editor of RFIA since its launch in the spring of 2003, Hoover offers an inside perspective on how RFIA became the first scholarly journal to focus exclusively on the roles of religion in world affairs, positioning itself as a forum and catalyst for interdisciplinary intellectual exchange and community, collaborative research, nonpartisan commentary and policy recommendations, and curricular resources for the rising generation of leaders in global engagement. Alongside a growing number of other institutions and initiatives RFIA is working to elevate religion from a "special interest" elective to a core subject in international affairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annee Sociologique is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciência da Informação is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Informacao em Ciencia e Tecnologia (IBICT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Bohai University (Philosophy & Social Science Edition) / Bohai Daxue Xuebao (Zhexue Shehuikexue Ban) is the property of Bohai Daxue and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anuario de Estudios Americanos is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Española de Documentación Científica is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the emergence of the world’s first academic journal in 1665, numerous academic journals have been launched and ceased publication. At the turn of the twenty-first century, academic journals are experiencing a dramatic revolution amidst increasingly fierce competition. However, limited research has investigated the survival pattern and the reasons why some academic journals have survived and others have not. Drawing on the data of academic journals in Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory from 1950 to 2013, this study examined the life cycle of academic journals and revealed contributing factors related to the survival probabilities of academic journals using a Kaplan-Meier estimator, log-rank statistics, Cox proportional hazards models and propensity score matching. The results show that (1) the average survival rate of all the academic journals presents a rising-decreasing-rising pattern; (2) the third year after commencement is a peak year for academic journals to cease publication; (3) academic journals published in the UK, China, India and Russia, those in the field of technology, and those published in a single language cease publication sooner than their counterparts; (4) academic journals that provide online formats at launch time have a higher probability of surviving than non-online ones and those that provide online formats after launch time; (5) academic journals that provide print versions at launch time are more likely to survive than those without print formats and those that provide print formats after launch time; (6) academic journals that have a peer-reviewed process and that are published in multiple languages have a higher chance of survival; (7) academic journals published in English in China and Japan suffer a higher risk of termination than those published in native languages; (8) academic journals in the field of technology are more likely to cease publication than journals in the field of natural science; and (9) academic journals published in China can survive with a relatively high probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudos Historicos is the property of Fundacao Getulio Vargas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wuhan University Journal. Humanity Sciences / Wuhan Daxue Xuebao. Renwen Kexue Ban is the property of Wuhan University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Academic journals play a critical role in recording and transferring knowledge. However, the geographic evolution and spatial autocorrelation of the distribution of academic journals have yet to be fully investigated. Inspired by this gap, we used descriptive analysis and exploratory spatial data analysis to reveal the cross-country inequality, globalization process and spatial autocorrelation of academic journals from 1950 to 2013 based on the Ulrichsweb database. We found that: (1) there was a tremendous disparity in the distribution of academic journals at the country level; (2) both the cross-country inequality of academic journals and the differences in academic publishing between the top three publishing countries witnessed a wavy trend; (3) the US, Eastern Asia and Europe were the central regions while Africa and Central Asia were lagging behind; (4) most of the academic journals in the top ten publishing countries were technology-based, and the proportion of academic journals in the field of Social Sciences and Technology went up; (5) most of the top ten publishing countries have experienced a rising-decreasing-stabilizing pattern of academic journals’ growth before 2000; (6) the temporal and spatial variation of the distribution of academic journals may be attributed to political and economic factors; (7) the spatial autocorrelation of the distribution of academic journal was firstly strengthened and mitigated; (8) the European cluster has been the hot-spot area in academic journal publishing since 1950. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine is the property of Societe d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine is the property of Societe d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Politicos is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciência da Informação is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Informacao em Ciencia e Tecnologia (IBICT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issue of scientific knowledge openness is urgent worldwide, but for Russia it is particularly crucial because of the inaccessibility of the most cited academic journals there. In this paper a solution for this issue is proposed by means of the gold- oriented method which assumes placing scientific papers of traditional academic journals in open access and ensuring their visibility on the Internet. This method is implemented in the project of open science repository called as CyberLeninka and discussed in details in the paper. Also plans to evolve CyberLeninka to a CERIF-CRIS and vision to build the e-infrastructure of Open Science in Russia are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Considering the lack of a common and structured approach to evaluate manuscripts for academic journals, this study examines top-quality reviewers' perceptions of peer review and synthesizes their approaches to produce a reference guide to help reviewers, especially inexperienced scholars, understand the process. Using qualitative data collected from 24 recipients of excellent reviewer awards in tourism, hospitality, social sciences, and management, the findings of this study show that reviewers across different fields commonly regard the peer review process positively as an objective assessment mechanism that can improve the quality of research output. Though it does not identify a single and structured approach to reading and reviewing manuscripts, this study derives 12 “content” and 15 “process” issues considered by top-quality reviewers during the process. It is also shown that excellent reviewers adopt one of three general procedures, namely the content- or process-oriented approach, or a mixture of both, when they review manuscripts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a short summary and comparison of development of scientific journals, whose representatives decided to contribute to the monothematic issue dedicated to the centenary of the journal Český lid. The author stresses the similar dynamics of development of these journals in the 19th to the 21st century that can partially be reduced to the problem of scientific publication in humanities/social sciences in Central Europe. Analyzed are also other similarities and divergences in functioning of specific journals (among others, the distinct influence of chief editors upon the journals in the 19th and 20th century, the consequences of the social-political changes on science, the results of the present-day accentuation of impact factor and other forms of evaluation of the journals etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new size-independent indicator of scientific journal prestige, the SJR2 indicator, is proposed. This indicator takes into account not only the prestige of the citing scientific journal but also its closeness to the cited journal using the cosine of the angle between the vectors of the two journals’ cocitation profiles. To eliminate the size effect, the accumulated prestige is divided by the fraction of the journal''s citable documents, thus eliminating the decreasing tendency of this type of indicator and giving meaning to the scores. Its method of computation is described, and the results of its implementation on the Scopus 2008 dataset is compared with those of an ad hoc Journal Impact Factor, JIF(3y), and SNIP, the comparison being made both overall and within specific scientific areas. All three, the SJR2 indicator, the SNIP indicator and the JIF distributions, were found to fit well to a logarithmic law. Although the three metrics were strongly correlated, there were major changes in rank. In addition, the SJR2 was distributed more equalized than the JIF by Subject Area and almost as equalized as the SNIP, and better than both at the lower level of Specific Subject Areas. The incorporation of the cosine increased the values of the flows of prestige between thematically close journals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper first constructs a classification framework for multi-attribute evaluation methods oriented to academic journals, and then discusses the comparability of the vast majority of non-linear evaluation methods and the majority of linear evaluation methods theoretically, taking the TOPSIS method as an example and the evaluation data on agricultural journals as an exercise of validation. The analysis result shows that we should attach enough importance to the comparability of evaluation methods for academic journals; the evaluation objectives are closely related to the choice of evaluation methods, and also relevant to the comparability of evaluation methods; the specialized organizations for journal evaluation had better release the evaluation data, evaluation methods and evaluation results to the best of their abilities; only purely subjective evaluation method is of broad comparability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

New media entered and continuously alter our everyday lives and routines, and even societies at the macro level, in the very extensive and nonreversible way (especially since the so-called 'dot.com Revolution' in l990s). They affect a current nature of communication and media research while leaving academics with challenges on theoretical paradigms and practical implications of new media technologies. New media gave birth to emerging interdisciplinary academic field new media studies (sometimes also referred to as Internet, digital or cyberculture studies) which has sought its legitimacy as an independent scholarly discourse since I 990s. The study presents the inquiry into research trends within new media studies, with major focus on 2006-2010. The article proves that new media studies have moved from its initial uncritical fascination by new media technologies (with main focus on the 'newness' in new media and concepts such as interactivity) to the stage where a broad range of new media issues in its complexity are addressed. Tracing the face of new media studies in last five years proves pluralistic position on theoretical perspective and methodological approaches. Study examines five academic media-oriented e-joumals and its findings show that new media research has moved from a pure observation and documentation of diffusion of the new phenomenon worldwide to analysis relying on a broad spectrum of methodological approaches, originally grounded in diverse humanities and social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Journal of Educational Research, Assessment & Evaluation / Revista Electrónica de Investigación y Evaluación Educativa is the property of RELIEVE - Revista Electonica de Investigacion y Evaluacion Educativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: A size-independent indicator of journals’ scientific prestige, the SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) indicator, is proposed that ranks scholarly journals based on citation weighting schemes and eigenvector centrality. It is designed for use with complex and heterogeneous citation networks such as Scopus. Its computation method is described, and the results of its implementation on the Scopus 2007 dataset is compared with those of an ad hoc Journal Impact Factor, JIF(3y), both generally and within specific scientific areas. Both the SJR indicator and the JIF distributions were found to fit well to a logarithmic law. While the two metrics were strongly correlated, there were also major changes in rank. In addition, two general characteristics were observed. On the one hand, journals’ scientific influence or prestige as computed by the SJR indicator tended to be concentrated in fewer journals than the quantity of citation measured by JIF(3y). And on the other, the distance between the top-ranked journals and the rest tended to be greater in the SJR ranking than in that of the JIF(3y), while the separation between the middle and lower ranked journals tended to be smaller. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning is the property of H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard) AS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The assessment of academic publishing performance has impliations not only for individuals and institutions, but also the development of tourism as a field of study. The article examines the ways in which academic journals are used and how this relates to scholarship and performance. The article notes some of the difficulties in citation analysis, questions what should be regarded as core quality tourism journals, and argues that citation analyses, without being linked to a broader understanding of the sociology of tourism knowledge, may be highly instrumental in character. The article concludes by questioning whether citation analyses are undertaken to actually contribute to understanding the development of a field and the knowledge networks which eventuate, or whether they represent a flawed attempt to develop `league tables'' of performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Informacao & Sociedade: Estudos is the property of Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper is based on exchange offers of academic journals sent and received by Prestige Institute of Management and Research (PIMR) library from 1998-2004. It describes the objectives and advantages of resource sharing in term of exchange of academic journals between libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of over 100 papers concerned with human resource management (HRM) in five leading hospitality journals during 2002 and 2003, finds that the research agenda mirrors what is seen in mainstream HR research and theory, focusing around general HRM, employee resourcing, employee development and employee relations. Given that some mainstream HR academics have 'highjacked' topics such as emotional labour, emotional intelligence and HRM in service work as new and innovative, hospitality researchers need to reclaim their territory, push forward the boundaries of theory making and propose theory that is hospitality specific, relevant and useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports of the study which states that emphasis has shifted from informative articles to theoretical articles and has become more parochial in the U.S. Effect of Foreign Affairs keeping up with changing times; Result of the residential data which shows that Foreign Affairs has become more parochial and less cosmopolitan; Impact of the changing occupational perspectives.