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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Has the role and the work of public servants become politicized? Noting the greater frequency at which public servants are losing their anonymity and seemingly being pressured to support – rather than simply implement – politicians’ priorities, the authors review more than a century’s worth of debates of full parliament to determine whether there is evidence of outright politicization of the public service and whether such politicization (if present) has occurred more regularly over time. The authors conclude that public servants are rarely mentioned in full parliamentary debates and have only become a partisan issue within these debates on two occasions. The authors found that contrary to their expectations, parliamentarians belonging to the governing party were less likely than opposition MPs to discuss the public service and that MPs belonging to conservative parties were no more likely to discuss the public service than MPs belonging to parties elsewhere on the political spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose/objective: Conflict and discourtesy between college students and faculty have become increasingly common in higher education. Fallout from uncivil student encounters can have numerous effects on educators' overall health and has been shown to negatively impact learning environments. This research assessed the severity and frequency of student incivility in dental hygiene education and explored the relationship uncivil behavior has on faculty feelings of confidence, career satisfaction, and longevity.Methods: Cross-sectional survey research was conducted among dental hygiene educators (n = 601) in the United States and Canada using purposive and snowball sampling. The survey (47-item) was developed based on the literature and validated prior to administration. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between variables and mean item category scores and thematic analysis was used to identify themes for open-ended questions.Results: Survey completion rate was 78% (n = 469). Behaviors ranked mildly uncivil, such as eating/drinking in class, occurred more frequently, and incivility had less impact on faculty confidence with increased age (r = -.19; P ≤ 0.01). The level of severity of behaviors did not impact educators; however, how often certain behaviors occurred had some effect. Contemptuous behaviors, such as using a disrespectful/sarcastic tone (r = .34, .32, .31; P ≤ 0.01), had the most impact.Conclusion: This study determined student incivility exists within dental hygiene education. Day-to-day, minor uncivil behaviors seemingly take a greater emotional toll than occasional, highly uncivil encounter. Understanding how faculty perceive these behaviors may influence development of management strategies, fostering a sense of career satisfaction for educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the Canadian research institute for law and the family, 1987–2018. Topics include, mandate to pursue multidisciplinary research into the impact of the law on the family; undertaking interdisciplinary, ongoing research tying together law, statistics and methodology on issues relevant to the family; and learnings from social welfare, economics, psychology, health sciences, education, sociology, anthropology and philosophy.

The article presents population forecast for Canada in 2067. Topics discussed include population aging, generational shift in Canada, baby boom generation and new millennials living in Canada, demographers living over there, statistics on aging of Canada's population and millennials in 2067. It further presents charts on age-sex population and percentile of aged Canadians in 1871. A research on Canadians and Millennials was conducted for analyzing digital change and its social aspects in 21st century.

The article presents population forecast for Canada in 2067. Topics discussed include population aging, generational shift in Canada, baby boom generation and new millennials living in Canada, demographers living over there, statistics on aging of Canada's population and millennials in 2067. It further presents charts on age-sex population and percentile of aged Canadians in 1871. A research on Canadians and Millennials was conducted for analyzing digital change and its social aspects in 21st century.

Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage (CCS) is one strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that has attracted interest from government and industry in Canada. A key factor that will determine if organizations implement CCS is whether the public support the development of the technology. Public views and understandings of key issues surrounding CCS were assessed via Internet and phone on a representative sample of 1479 Canadians. We examined descriptive statistics to understand public perceptions of CCS and applied regression models to assess how risk perceptions, perspectives of climate change and trust in government relate to the support for or opposition to CCS development and funding for the technology. Results indicate there is low support for CCS in Canada; however, findings varied when taking into account participants’ proximity to projects. Furthermore, the publics’ perceptions of the risk and benefits of CCS influenced support for or opposition to the technology. We discuss implications of public perceptions on the development and deployment of CCS and provide recommendations for communication strategies about the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tofino Wah-nah-jus Hilth-hoo-is Mudflats on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, include both pristine areas and sites with residential and resort development. Shorebird counts were conducted at six sites around these mudflats in 2011 and compared with historical counts from 1988, 1989, and 1995. Temporal trends of counts did not vary among sites with different levels of disturbance. Over the entire mudflats, counts of Dunlin (Calidris alpina) moving northward had a negative trend over time (βyr = -0.04), as did counts of Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri; βyr = -0.04), Least Sandpiper (Calidris minutilla; βyr = -0.03) and Short-billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus griseus; βyr = -0.04) moving southward. In contrast, counts of Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola; βyr = 0.03) and Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus; βyr = 0.02) moving northward increased over time. Counts of Dunlin and Short-billed Dowitcher were lower at disturbed sites relative to non-disturbed sites, indicating that disturbance may be displacing birds away from some sites. Further, counts of northward migrating shorebirds were negatively correlated with the presence of people and dogs at the most disturbed site (Chesterman Beach). Monitoring and precautionary actions to address effects of disturbance at this important stopover site are warranted. Received 1 September 2015, accepted 21 January 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Canadian Supreme Court case, Schreyer v. Schreyer, related to a divorced woman's claim to marital property under Manitoba's equalization regime. The case involves Susan Schreyer and Anthony Schreyer, who got married in 1980 and divorced in 2000. When it came to equalization for marital property, Anthony made an assignment in bankruptcy. The Supreme Court dismissed Susan's appeal, confirming that her equalization claim was provable in the bankruptcy of Anthony.

This article traces the history of relocation law in Canada and assesses the merits of law reform proposals on relocation in one Canadian province, British Columbia. These law reforms would introduce burdens of proof for relocation applications, marking a departure from the Canadian trend. Based on the key Supreme Court of Canada decision on relocation, Gordon v Goertz (1996), this trend has been to reject presumptions of any kind in custody decision-making. Relocation decisions have thus been left to the discretion of individual judges, using the indeterminate best interests of the child test. Burdens of proof have, howeve, been at play at earlier points in Canadian law. In addition, studies indicate that the rejection of presumptions in favour of a general best interests test has had mixed results at best. The article uses these studies to raise questions about calls in recent scholarly literature for a `neutral child-centric' approach and considers the impact of a normative climate favouring shared parenting and maximum contact on interpretations of children's best interests in the relocation context. The author recommends that greater attention be paid to the realities of a child's life, including the care relationships surrounding the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay describes the assumed relationship between character education and citizenship education. The author explores the concern on character education by discussing the approach used in the U.S. and Canada where a list of certain virtues are regarded as the center of all educational activities. He addresses the issues on citizenship education by focusing on what he believes are important aspects of what it means to be a citizen and what might be demanded from education to produce the expected political entities.

Copyright of Alberta Journal of Educational Research is the property of Alberta Journal of Educational Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2004, a research team comprising researchers and service providers launched the Safer Crack Use, Outreach, Research and Education (SCORE) project, aimed at developing a better understanding of the harms associated with crack cocaine smoking and determining the feasibility of specific harm reduction strategies to reduce the likelihood of harms in an inner-city neighbourhood in Canada. The project included several activities, and the 'women-centred' activity of constructing harm-reduction kits is the emphasis of this paper. The data for this study are derived from the field notes taken during kit-making sessions with 200 women and from qualitative interviews with the group facilitators. A salient theme of the analysis was the tremendous support that was afforded to women engaging in this activity. Three sub-themes were also identified: (a) creating a safe space, (b) sharing information, and (c) building community. Women-centred activities are an effective means of creating a supportive environment for women and to learn about women's perspectives concerning the relevance of these activities in their daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1994, the first dental competency document developed at a national level was adopted in Canada by all stakeholders. As a result of a recommendation made by the consensus workshop involved in the original process, a 10-year review and revision of the competencies for a beginning dental practitioner in Canada was undertaken and completed. As of November 2005, the revised competencies have been adopted by all stakeholders and are being used as a reference for curriculum management, program accreditation and the development of certification examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Higher Education is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pap smear screening is effective in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer. However, some subgroups of women are less likely to be screened than others. Since Canadian provincial health databases do not contain data fields identifying ethnicity or language, analyses employing these variables are typically not available. This paper overcomes this problem by using community- rather than person-based measures. Associations with having had a recent Pap smear are reported by community income, language, ethnic group, and urban/rural status, as well as the woman's age. Women in mainland Nova Scotia were more likely to have had a recent Pap smear (Odds Ratio (OR)=1.36; 95% Confidence Interval (CI):1.33–1.39). Women living in low income (OR=1.19;C1:1.15-1.22), Aboriginal (OR=1.60,C1:1.46–1.76), mixed Black (OR=1.25;C1:1.19-1.30) and rural (OR=1.09;C1:1.07–1.11) communities and who were older were less likely to have had a recent Pap smear. These findings were not unexpected. In the United States and elsewhere, associations between Pap screening status and women with low income, rural residence, Aboriginal and Black heritage have been reported using person-based methods. Our findings demonstrate a method of providing measures of ethnicity and language that should be considered for use in Canadian studies of service utilization, disease status, and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the concurrent validity of the National Dental Examining Board of Canada (NDEB) Written Examination and Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) by correlating students' scores with their performance in the final year of the D.D.S./D.M.D. program. The subjects of this study were the 2,317 students at nine Canadian dental schools who completed both NDEB examinations between 1995 and 2000. The findings indicate positive correlations (r = 0.43 and r = 0.46, p < .001, for the written and OSCE examinations respectively) between students' examination scores and final year results. Year-to-year and school-to-school variations were minimal. These findings supported the concurrent validity of both NDEB examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amendments to the federal Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations in effect since 1992, require mills in Canada discharging effluent to an aquatic receiving environment to conduct an Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Program to determine whether existing regulations adequately protect fish, fish habitat and use of fisheries resources. As one component of the EEM, mills measure indices of growth, survival and reproduction in wild-caught fish exposed to effluent and compare them with fish not exposed to effluent. A review of the first round of Fish Surveys (Cycle 1: 1993-1996) indicated that they contributed useful data in the freshwater receiving environments for which they had been designed, but performed poorly in the more complex marine and estuarine environments. The most prevalent and serious problems were that insufficient fish were caught and the degree of exposure to effluent could not be quantified. Recommendations to address these problems in Cycle 2 (1997-2000) included selection of small-bodied, presumably more sedentary, fish and studies on the alternative approaches: caged bivalves and onshore bioassays (mesocosms). Difficulties encountered in Cycle 1 studies which could not be resolved became reasons to exclude the Fish Survey from 12 of 28 marine EEM studies in Cycle 2. Six marine mills completed the standard Fish Survey with finfish. Three of these used small-bodied fish successfully, though further information will be required on their range of movement and technical guidance on appropriate sampling. Six studies examined wild bivalves or snails in place of one or both finfish sentinels. None of the invertebrate studies provided all of the information required by the Fish Survey, with only two studies providing age information required to assess growth, only one study reporting gender, and none of the studies reporting measures of reproduction. Six mills conducted or participated in developing alternative approaches for fish surveys: two caged... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Dental Examining Board of Canada (NDEB) conducts mandatory, high stakes, pass/fail, certification examinations for dental licensure. One of these examinations was a seven-part, simulated clinical examination in which candidates were required to perform procedures on typodonts. These requirements were two intracoronal and two extracoronal preparations, an amalgam restoration, a provisional crown, and a diagnostic wax-up. Feedback from candidates and examiners indicated that one or more of the requirements may not have been contributing effectively to the overall evaluation of candidates. The NDEB's Clinical Examination Committee therefore requested that an in-depth statistical analysis be performed to identify potential areas of concern and to provide a basis for modifying the examinations. The results of two examination sessions with a total of 168 candidates were subjected to both a discriminant and a logistic regression analysis. Every candidate had results for each of the seven requirements, and no candidate participated in both sessions of the examination. The discriminant analysis revealed that six of the seven requirements could be used to reliably assign examinees according to their true pass/fail classifications. Stepwise discriminant analysis resulted in a 98.81 percent classification success rate with a corresponding 2.50 percent false-positive classification error rate. The logistic regression analysis showed that five components correctly predicted 99.40 percent with a 1.25 percent false-positive rate. The Clinical Examination Committee concluded that one requirement (diagnostic wax-up) should be eliminated and that a second requirement (PFM preparation) be significantly modified and reevaluated. This study demonstrates the usefulness of statistical methods in the analysis and modification of a clinical certification board examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a lengthy and intense consultation with stakeholders, and an analysis of the present certification process, the National Dental Examining Board of Canada (NDEB) and the 10 provincial licensing authorities recently approved major changes to the certification process for dental licensure in Canada. As of January 1997, graduates of dental programs accredited by the American Dental Association's Commission on Dental Accreditation (ADA Commission) must complete successfully the same examinations as graduates of programs accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation of Canada (CDAC) to be licensed to practice in Canada. In addition, NDEB's examination system for graduates of dental programs that are not accredited by CDAC or the ADA Commission (i.e. international programs) will be discontinued on December 31, 1999. As of January 1, 2000, graduates of non-accredited programs will be required to complete a CDAC accredited, university-based qualifying program to be eligible to participate in the same certification process as graduates of ADA Commission and CDAC accredited dental programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on "Competencies for a Beginning Dental Practitioner in Canada," the first national consensus document on dental competency statements that has been developed and published in the country. It stresses the need for a beginning dental practitioner in Canada to be able to provide effective and appropriate oral health care for all patients. It cites that a beginning dental practitioner should be competent to identity the effect of the pathologic physiology of a systemic disease on oral health and management.

Although registration and licensure of dentists in Canada is the purview of the ten provincial licensing authorities in Canada, establishment of standards and certification of candidates has for fifty years been the responsibility of the National Dental Examining Board. The NDEB administers a validated set of written and objective standardized clinical examinations to educationally qualified candidates, Such candidates include those who have graduated from accredited Canadian and United States schools and graduates of non-accredited schools who have satisfactorily finished a qualifylng program. The NDEB cooperates closely with U.S. educational and accreditation programs and the American Dental Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alberta Journal of Educational Research is the property of Alberta Journal of Educational Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)