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The research project highlights the significance of incorporating reclaimed asphalt (RA) into hot mix asphalt (HMA) production for sustainable road construction. Despite limited RA utilization in Hungary in the past decades, the project demonstrates the feasibility of manufacturing HMA with significant RA content using advanced technology. The establishment of a capable asphalt plant and the development of laboratory assessments and mix design methodologies laid a solid foundation for future high RA integration in Hungarian road projects. Large-scale production trials confirmed the practicality of integrating high RA content into heavy-duty asphalt mixes with various binder types, including normal bitumen (B), polymer modified binder (PmB), and rubber modified bitumen (GmB). The large-scale validation project described in this paper was based on crucial binder blend designs carried out prior to the trials. Production control and performance-based laboratory testing proved that asphalt mixes can be designed and manufactured with high RA content while maintaining performance standards. Balancing resistance to distress modes like rutting and low-temperature cracking through careful binder blend design and mix design is achievable, even with high RA proportions. Visual assessments and production control indicated the uniformity of high RA content asphalt mixes. The details provided in this paper emphasise the potential for economic and environmental benefits through increased RA utilization in Hungarian road construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to examine the evolving retail sector in recent years, specifically how digitalisation and technological innovations have transformed it. All actors have had to adapt to remain competitive. Notably, a new innovation in the retail sector, namely the checkout-free or cashierless store, emerged in 2018. Systematic literature is relied upon to achieve the study's objectives. The significance of this study lies in the use of multiple IT tools such as AI, cameras, sensors, and self-organising shelves to replace human intervention in the retail sector. Globally, several startup companies have developed this new unmanned solution, and Amazon Go stands out as one of the most well-known among them. The primary objective of this pioneering concept is to enhance efficiency by saving time and reducing queues. The aim is to enable customers to enter and exit the store with minimal human contact as quickly as possible. This paper presents the recent trend of the cashierless concept, its evolution, and proliferation. A systematic literature review and data analysis from the Crunchbase Database were conducted. The findings demonstrate that this recent concept is altering both consumers' purchasing behaviours and companies' business models. This paper provides novel perspectives and insights into the wider literature on cashierless concepts and smart retail in the context of digital business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a quasi-standardized hypothetical interview-guide question and demonstrates its applicability in addressing participants' general life aspirations, and, in particular, the embedded migration aspirations. The proposed interview question is related to the hypothesized behavior of participants in the off chance of having won the national lottery. Based on fieldwork results, conducted in rural Hungary between 2014-2019, the paper demonstrates how this question, introduced as a closing question during interviews, may be useful in addressing cultural values and attitudes in an agency-oriented way and with a reduction of perceived structural constraints affecting them. The question was eligible in differentiating between forms of geographical mobility, reflecting some migration-related phenomena that were formerly claimed challenging to be specifically addressed, revealing that pro-migration structural constraints might mask general attitudes to stay among those seemingly opting for emigration, and conversely, structural, restraining-constraints that, in some cases, mask pro-migration attitudes among those seemingly aspiring to stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to elaborate on the dilemmas Hungarian courts face when they appear in the forefront of policy implementation. Firstly, what kind of (legal) sources and documents should the court involve in in its legal interpretation? Secondly, what are the trade-offs between offering effective remedy sanctions and respecting the differences between branches of law and the division of power? For purpose of this analysis, we turn to the example of school segregation lawsuits between 2007 and 2022. In terms of equal and equitable education, the regulatory frameworks in the CEE Countries are harmonized to the EU standards and are strongly based on the anti-discrimination approach. In theory, policy programs and documents could be used as a source of facts, as well as a source of information regarding legislative goals and policy context. In theory, courts should aim to opt for sanctions with the most potential to achieve effective remedy. If this leads to specific policy-type sanctions, within the bounds of the parties' actions courts should be able to decide so. However, courts tend to refrain from such sources and decisions. In the context of democratic backsliding the possibilities of such activism are somewhat unclear. Issues around the independence of the judiciary, the attitude of the executive branch towards certain social policy issues, and the practice of overwriting by amendment on part of the National Assembly supermajority may discourage courts and judges from policy-sensitive or innovative adjudication of cases with social policy relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21st century countries worldwide have had to face new security challenges. The fight against terrorism, the pandemic, migratory pressure and other issues, and furthermore political circumstances all over the world have spurred internal legislators to pursue more active legislation. In many cases, legislation has become symbolic and statutory definitions had been adopted and inserted into the system of the substantive criminal law that have caused serious concerns not only for theory but also for practice. There has been an increase in the number of crimes which are regulated by the internal criminal codes but either did not appear in the criminal statistics or turned up only at extremely low levels. Similar legislation can be seen in 2015 in Hungary, when the government decided on stopping irregular migratory flow by using criminal legal tools. Three new elements of crime analysed by the paper were inserted into the Hungarian Criminal Code whose application has only reached low levels in the last six years. These crimes are called "crimes against the border barrier" in the Hungarian criminal law, are the following: unlawful crossing of the border barrier, damaging the border barrier and obstruction of construction work on the border barrier. The aim of the paper is to present the legal situation and its anomalies as an example of symbolic criminal law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the cultural dynamics of Fidesz's kin-state policies achieved in Romania between 2015 and 2020, particularly in the enclave of Szeklerland. In recent years, Fidesz's external policies constructed a transborder "synthetic home" connected to Hungary by memory spaces. Consequently, this study investigates how the ethnocultural reproduction and redefinition of the Hungarian heritage in Romania has evolved under these influences. To understand Fidesz's ethnic parallelism, this article studies Fidesz's overseas financial assistance for Hungarian cultural heritage and the actions of long-distance Hungarian nationalists from Romania. By analysing the lieux de mémoire from Szeklerland and the activities of political agents, this paper reveals how public spaces are nationalised under a Hungarian identity. This paper also shows that the dialectic of lieux, in the case of minorities separated from their homeland, features both a restorative process and commemorative rhetoric of a positive past. Finally, this paper reveals that lieux de mémoire are instrumental when synthetically reconstructing the lost home through religious and nationalist revivals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous papers have been written about the history of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 both in Hungary and beyond its borders in the past decades. The archival documents of Ukraine and the former Soviet Union are under research too. Numerous data prove that the actions aiming to crush the War of Independence were directly governed from Transcarpathia. Archival data also confirm the reminiscence of the Transcarpathian Hungarian witnesses, according to which the Soviet military and political centre was set up in Uzhgorod, from where the defeat of the Hungarian Revolution was directed. The reminiscence of the Soviet soldiers reveals that the first military corps crossed the border with the purpose of crushing the revolution on October 24. Since travelling became impossible due to the strictly closed borders after the Second World War, people living in the Soviet Union could not keep in touch with Hungary. The postal connections were severely controlled. The Soviet authorities permitted the inhabitants to order only a couple of foreign publications, in few copies. Even the Hungarian Communist Party-press could be ordered and read only by few people. The majority of the population was informed about the local and foreign world and events mainly by the Soviet press, which was the mouthpiece of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Getting a relatively realistic picture about the outside world was only possible through foreign radio broadcasting. The Hungarian people mainly listened to Kossuth Radio, but some people could reach western broadcasts and listened to the Free Europe Radio, for instance. These sources of news were available during the revolution too. After the revolution was suppressed, the Transcarpathian newspapers celebrated the «victory over the counter-revolution» and judged its participants (the «horthysts», the «fascists» — as they called them). Only rejective writings were published; articles with the slightest sign of sympathy could be published neither in the central nor in the local papers. The importance of the press is confirmed by everyday experience, numerous studies and scientific reports. Its public opinion-forming power is particularly significant. Analysis of the press is necessary to understand the conditions of an age. To understand the essence of the 1956 Revolution, it is crucial and vital to study the contemporary press. The events of the 1956 Revolution in Hungary received a great response in the local papers. Even after 64 years, the articles that appeared in the Transcarpathian newspapers during the ‘56 Revolution are extremely telling. It is obvious how the Soviet authorities wanted to influence the opinion of Transcarpathian inhabitants about the Revolution. From October 25, in the papers, the following questions arise almost every day: what caused, triggered the revolution, what actually happened in October? In local press sometimes 3–4 articles deal with the Revolutionary actions from the Soviet point of view. This article is press study research on the 1956 Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "societal security" concept rooted in Copenhagen's School works currently bears different approaches and uses. Two paradigms of understanding are specific to its employment -- an "identity-based" one and a functional one. While the first see "identity" as a referent object - and societal threats are defined accordingly, the second refers to the ability of a society to function, being thus subject to various threats. The current paper examines how "societal security" is conceptualized in Romania's National Defence Strategy and Hungary's National Security Strategy (documents issued in 2020) aiming to identify as well potential sources of friction resulting from Hungary's extensive use of the concept "Hungarian political nation" -- which includes the Hungarian national minority in Romania. The research builds on the existing knowledge about the conceptualization of societal security in policy documents and academic literature of states in the Baltic Sea Region, where either one or the other meaning is predominant or substituted with associated concepts. The contents of the strategies were qualitatively analyzed through a hybrid coding approach (first deductive and then inductive), using a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis package (MAXQDA) to enhance the validity of the findings. The coding process was based on various definitions given to societal security and its associated concepts in Copenhagen's School understanding, the "Nordic" perspective, and the academic literature of states in the Baltic Sea Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's production methods are challenged by changing paradigms from a static constraint mass production and mass customization to continuing personalization and regionalization of product, production and markets. It is yet unclear what future production systems will be the most appropriate, how they will look like and how the current, uncertain trends in manufacturing can be tackled most effectively. In this paper, first results from a comprehensive questionnaire on »The Intelligent Production of the Future«, performed by a consortium of researchers from the Institute for Computer Science and Control (SZTAKI) and the Fraunhofer-Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA are outlined. During this survey, stakeholders and peers from more than 70 companies and research institutions in Germany, Austria and Hungary have been asked to share their impressions, describe their opinions and rate central statements on future production systems, methodologies and trends. The paper outlines the most important topics of future production systems and lessons learned during the evaluation of the survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School organizations form a complex system, the characteristics of which influence the effectiveness of teachers who work there, while teachers can also develop organizational knowledge trough their learning practices. This implies that individual reflective thinking might also support the development of organizational knowledge through knowledge management practices within the school. This paper outlines the connection between reflective thinking and the aims to develop school organizations in Hungarian master-teacher programs. We coded 813 masterprograms, which were then subjected to quantitative analysis, as we examined how individual reflective thinking can correspond with organization developmental goals. Our findings showed that teachers with higher level of reflective thinking are more likely to consider organizational goals when learning, implying that their reflective practices tend to expand beyond their own professional selves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International sociological research based on demographic data has shown that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly shaped the way of getting married. According to this research, varying from minimal to dramatic, there was a decrease in marriage rates worldwide. The marriage rate in Hungary showed a different picture. The number of weddings increased by 3%. It can also be seen that the number of marriages per month during the pandemic tended to decrease in periods of severe restrictions and lockdowns and to increase in periods of temporary loosening. While the period of restrictions was characterized by civil ceremonies and micro-weddings, the period of loosening the restrictions saw a mixture of large and tiny weddings, with or without civil marriages. So, people did not postpone or proceed with their weddings but tried to stick to their original plans despite, or rather besides, the changed circumstances; or, abandoning certain expectations and inventing new ones, they rescheduled their wedding. Based on my digital anthropological research, this paper raises questions: why did some people get married during the lockdown periods, or why did others postpone their weddings until after the restrictions were loosened? In the following, I aim to explore the modified wedding practices adapted to newer circumstances and analyze the ways of selecting and constituting the wedding “tradition” (“bricolage of traditions”). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revija za Sociologiju is the property of Revija za Sociologiju and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Census and register questionnaires are prepared to obtain general information on society, and their disaggregated findings guide policy makers, economic planners, and researchers. However, their general focus does not necessarily provide information on ethnicity related to health status. Why would this interrelated data be important? The identification of disaggregated ethnic data can be utilised in understanding and eliminating ethnic health disparities. Ethnicity-related demographic data provides extra information about public health for at least two purposes. The first identifies the health needs and special health markers of diverse ethnic groups; the second points out ethnic-related inequalities in healthcare (Villarroel et al., 2018). On the other hand, this method of data collection may easily lead to discrimination and the misuse of data. The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed explanation of why Hungary has chosen to prioritise neutral approaches to ethnic classification over public health interests. It will explain why the Hungarian concept of ethnicity is based on personal affiliation, and provides an insight into the ethnic composition of the country. This includes information on which social, historical, and political constraints have shaped the method of ethnic classification, how granularity is incorporated into the ethnic classification system, and how the data gathered on ethnicity relates to the actual number of people who belong to ethnic minority groups. This is especially in the case of one particular ethnic group, the Roma, for whom ethnicity-based data collection could serve as a proactive tool for easing health disparities in the country, as testified by previous studies carried out over the past fifty years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of public administration and the administration of justice took place in Hungary more than one and a half centuries ago in line with Act IV of 1869. Yet, we may still identify numerous necessary or expedient points of contact in the legal system between the two organizational forms. In public law thinking the administration of justice and public administration have been linked in multiple ways for centuries. There are substantial differences in terms of why and especially how the two branches of law examine the administration of courts, while European scholars of public law also think differently about the issue. In this paper, I aim to introduce exactly these segments: namely what the opinion of Hungarian scholars of public law has been about the separation and the interconnections between the two areas, moreover, the factors based on which they tried to separate the law application activities carried out by jurisdiction and public administration, as well as the theoretical questions that may arise in view of this in connection with the administration of courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to analyze overall technical efficiency (OTE), pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) of both life and non-life insurance sectors in three Central and Eastern European countries (CEE), i.e. Croatia, Hungary and Poland, in 2018. Methodology: The efficiency of insurance sectors is estimated by applying data envelopment analysis (DEA), while a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed to find out whether there exists any statistically significant difference between the estimated levels of the efficiency of non-life and life insurance sectors in the observed CEE countries. Results: Out of 34 non-life Polish insurers, only two (6%) were overall technically efficient, while the remaining 32 were inefficient. Croatia and Hungary achieved better results with three (20%) and seven (43.7%) efficient insurers, respectively. However, when observing the life insurance segment, half of the Croatian life insurers were efficient according to the CCR model, while six (23%) Polish and three (23%) Hungarian efficient insurers were recorded. Conclusion: Research reveals that the Hungarian non-life insurers are the most efficient ones in terms of OTE, PTE and SE. They are followed by the Croatian insurers, leaving the Polish insurers behind. Regarding the life insurance sector, the domination of the Croatian insurers is recorded, while the Hungarian ones were found to be the least efficient. Moreover, inefficiency in both life and non-life sectors (except for the Hungarian life sector) is more related to scale than to managerial inefficiency. Finally, ANOVAs and Tukey post hoc tests revealed a statistically significant difference among considered groups of insurers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revija za Sociologiju is the property of Revija za Sociologiju and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mature market economies steadily raise full-benefit retirement ages and add flexible (or variable) retirement age: early/late retirement is punished/rewarded to neutralize the budgetary impact of free choice within wide age limits. New EU member states also raise full-benefit retirement ages, but typically restrict downward flexibility, conditioning it on long enough length of contribution (e.g., Czechia) but sometimes even forsake the deduction (Females40 scheme in Hungary). In this paper, we shall study the costs of removing restrictions on flexibility. In our dynamic model, we show that even if early retirement is duly punished, diminishing the effective retirement age by 1 year raises the first year's and the total expenditures during transition by 8% and 70% of the original annual expenditures, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the issue of bias-variance trade-off in building and operating Moodle Machine Learning (ML) models are discussed to avoid traps of getting unreliable predictions. Moodle is one of the world's most popular open-source Learning Management System (LMS) with millions of users. Although since Moodle 3.4 release it is possible to create ML models within the LMS system very few studies have been published so far about the conditions of its proper application. Using these models as black boxes hold serious risks to get unreliable predictions and false alarms. From a comprehensive study of differently built machine learning models elaborated at the University of Dunaújváros in Hungary, one specific issue is addressed here, namely the influence of the size and the row-column ratio of the predictor matrix on the goodness of the predictions. In the so-called Time Splitting Method in Moodle Learning Analytics the effect of varying numbers of time splits and of predictors has also been studied to see their influence on the bias and the variance of the models. An Applied Statistics course is used to demonstrate the consequences of the different model set up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents how digital storytelling was used as an empowerment tool among high school students diagnosed with school-related burnout (N = 13) in Hungary. The aim of applying digital storytelling was to change students' time perspective, which was measured with Stanford Time Perspective Inventory before and after the digital storytelling intervention. The creative method allowed students to express their personal school experiences on verbal and visual levels while using digital technologies. The outcomes of the digital storytelling process were first-person video narratives, which presented the school career and self-reflections of students in a very expressive and touching way. Students' temporal profile changed after the digital storytelling intervention; they became future-oriented. In most cases, students reflected on their past and present experiences at school, and they found a solution and developed a perspective for their future educational career. Digital storytelling as a complex arts-based method had a positive effect on students. While working on the project, the change of students' time perspectives (Zimbardo & Boyd, 2008) from pastnegative and present-fatalistic to future-oriented was measured, which helped all the participants find a way to be more determined and optimistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the epidemic sweeping the world, technologies and tools have been integrated into everyone's lives and work, which employers use and exploit in the course of their work. Numerous studies have been conducted on the labor market effects, positive and negative consequences of mobile devices. The impact of smartphones on work-life balance is now unquestionable, as employees use their phones in the workplace to deal with their private affairs as well as their work tasks in their free time, they cannot exclude their work tasks by tracking their e-mails and reading messages, by detecting or even receiving incoming corporate calls and messages. International studies (Miller-Merrell, 2012; Anderson, 2010) mention the positive effects of using smart devices in the workplace, the faster flow of information, or even the lower time and cost of exchanging information. Face-to-face meetings can be triggered by video conferencing, e-mail, messages. The place to work has become flexible in many cases; we can participate in a video conference from home or a café in the same way as sitting in the workplace. Another positive effect is employee satisfaction with allowing their mobile phones (Noell, 2014). Increases in working time to the detriment of privacy, ongoing stress, and declining productivity are often cited as negative effects (Bozeman, 2011; Ebelhar, 2009; Rush, 2011; Smith, 2012; Economist 2019; Morris 2015). In this paper, the authors examine the opinion and experiences of employees on this topic in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Migration & Ethnic Themes: MET / Migracijske i Etničke Teme is the property of Institut za istrazivanje migracija / Institute for Migration Research (IMIN) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to examine the likes (“thumbs up”) network of Hungarian political parties. The network contains 7 parties’ Facebook likes network. There are 3204 nodes and 28770 edges in the network. The research question of this paper is whether there is competition between the political parties for users in Hungary, and if the number of fans, posting activity and likes connections are influential factors in reaching people. The hypothesis of the paper is that parties do try to extend their network to reach more people, and furthermore, that the use of likes and posting activity are relevant factors in the network growth. The findings of the research falsify this hypothesis, however, because parties turn out to form closed communities in the networks and have their own users and an ERGM estimate shows that the above factors have not been influential in connection development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the different components of mass-migration-related fear based on the theoretical framework of integrated threat theory developed by Stephan et al. (1999) and reveals the social basis of fear in relation to the recent migration crisis that has been affecting Europe since 2015. The paper uses survey data from the research entitled The Social Aspects of the 2015 Migration Crisis in Hungary implemented in 2016 by TÁRKI Social Research Institute. Results show that the majority of respondents worried a lot about both the realistic and the symbolic threat of migration (around 60% of respondents perceive intense migration related threats). We identified only a small subsample of people who worried more about the realistic than the symbolic threat of mass migration (15% of respondents), and only a tiny subsample of respondents who worried more about the symbolic than realistic the threat of mass migration. Regarding the socio-demographic predictors, respondents' age as well as their place of residence played important roles in the perception of threat, but not exactly in the same way as in case of xenophobic attitudes. On the other hand, respondents' level of educational and political activity did not predict perceptions of threat, in contrast to our hypothesis based on the literature about predictors of xenophobia. In addition, personal contact with migrants, social trust, political activity and affiliation are also directly associated with the perceived threat towards mass migration, both in the European and the national context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In spite of the economic downturn in Hungary the development of infrastructure has continued. Thanks to the support of the European Union and the scheduled investments several roads and bridges have been designed in Hungary. The paper discusses four bridge designs. Some of these bridges are in the planning phase and some of them are in the realization phase. However it is important to point out that all of these bridges create connections, they ensure relationships between regions and countries. Basically all discussed bridges are composite structures with steel girders and concrete deck, however in the case of two bridges they have an arch superstructure as well. The arch and the main girders are connected by cables for one of the bridges and rods for another bridge. As the bridges cross rivers floodplain bridges are also designed with them and they are discussed in this paper. The paper presents the beam bridge at Magyarcsanád over the river Maros, the arch bridge at Helemba over the river of Ipoly. Two other bridges are also introduced in the paper: the composite bridge on highway M43 over the floodplain of Tisza, the arch bridge on highway M44 at Hármas-Körös. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-related challenges exist in almost every country all around the world. These challenges encompass problems connected to different scientific fields, including law. The legal background of water issues is quite fragmented and, furthermore, consists of different levels of law -- i.e. international, EU and national law -- as well. Though, the present paper focuses on the Hungarian water-related legal challenges, it is absolutely clear that these challenges might not be solved without the achievements of other scientific fields (beyond law), and without a multi-level and comprehensive legal approach. This paper presents the most important focal points of the Hungarian water-legislation (i.e. water law concepts) in consideration of which the law-makers adopt the law concerning water management and water protection. By now, these water law concepts have been developed separately from each other. The present paper draws attention to the importance of integrative instruments among water law concepts. These integrative instruments are elementary to solve the challenges of the 21st century. The paper provides some examples of these integrative instruments. Afterwards, one of the water law concepts is analysed in a deeper way; that is the so-called 'water as a natural resource and the subject of commercial deals' and especially its sub-category, water services. In connection with water services, the paper also assesses the so-called Arad-Békés water service agreement according to which the Hungarian and Romanian parties endeavor to transfer drinking water from Romania to Hungary. Such solutions in water utility supplies may be regarded relatively rare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alberta Journal of Educational Research is the property of Alberta Journal of Educational Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alberta Journal of Educational Research is the property of Alberta Journal of Educational Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Ethnologica Croatica is the property of Studia Ethnologica Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the twenty-first century, digital media (including email, blogs, and social networks) plays an important role in political communication - both in the official communication of political campaigns and in the popular political humor of the elections. This paper focuses on the online, mainly humorous, folklore of the 2014 Hungarian elections. It demonstrates how, using traditional patterns of folklore as well as individual creativity, this material reflects the actual political situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Hungary has been frequently criticized about press freedom issues by organizations including Human Rights Watch, Freedom House and others. In the current situation, it is thus imperative to understand how media literacy is positioned in public education. The objective of this paper is to analyze the 2012 education curriculum on media education in Hungary and to evaluate the definitions used for constructing media literacy in the National Core Curriculum (NCC). For doing so I apply tools derived from Critical Discourse Analysis and I seek to identify the educational goals of media literacy education. The new NCC brought along major changes, and it reflected a strengthening of national consciousness. The paper offers insights on how these changes influenced the agenda of media literacy education in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, only 1 746 bridges have been reported to collapse due to various effects. Of these accidents, 1 001 are due to hydraulic causes (friction, leaching), 520 collisions or overloads, 52 fires and only 19 times an earthquake caused the damage. Currently, there is no standard specifically developed for the fire behaviour of bridges. Therefore the designer can decide what methodology he wants to use during the design process. Two bridge fires have occurred in Hungary over the past three years. In this paper, the authors present the experiences of the fire investigation and the suggestions for the restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the environmental policy regulation's theoretical basis in economics with a particular regard to the main elements of the theories of Pigou, Baunol and Oates, and Coase. Different analytical methods which play an important role in case of economic instruments of environmental policy are presented. The environmental objectives are going to be reached by the implementation of economic instruments and the essential considerations in the formation of an effective system of assets are also described. The theoretical basis of the implementation of economic instruments of environmental policy in the European Union and the problems emerged, and the implementation of economic instruments in Hungary in respect of the OECD Report are key features. At the end of the paper the system of the economic instruments of environmental policy (environmental taxes, environmental subsidies) are described according to the Hungarian regulations in force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism & Management Studies is the property of Escola Superior de Gestao, Hotelaria e Turismo, Universidade do Algarve and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the article is to present a new conceptual approach towards the 'Smart City' concept and a potential pilot application focusing on smart rural communities in cross-border environment. The scientific approach is based on the basic concepts of 'smartness' but introduces a new conceptual avenue in connection to small rural communities. The research generally focuses on mid-size and large cities and discover several aspects of smartness that are connected to size, number of inhabitants, functions and large-scale infrastructure as prerequisites. The originality of the current paper is twofold as on the one hand it examines the concept of smartness from a yet understudied perspective that is the characteristics and opportunities of small communities, and on the other, it examines the potential adaptation of the concept in a cross-border environment. The presented conceptual model and the pilot application can contribute to policy recommendations and specific interventions in the future and to increased awareness and interest in 'smart ruralism'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper undertakes an analysis of the June 2012 Opinion of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission) of the Council of Europe on the Hungarian Act on the Rights of Nationalities of Hungary, adopted in December 2011. The paper approaches this task having as a reference point the European standards on minority protection, but also the concrete needs of the Romanian minority of Hungary in preserving and developing its cultural identity, effort which might be directly affected by the Act. The paper shows that the Opinion of the Venice Commission acknowledges not only the positive aspects set forth by the Act, but also certain important shortcomings that have to be redressed by further amending the Act. Among these, inter alia, one may identify the following: the fact that, being a "cardinal" law, it is quite difficult to amend it; the fact that it sometimes includes an excessively detailed regulation; that it changes the terminology from "national minority" to "nationality", with important consequences on the manner of projecting the Hungarian interests in connection with the Hungarian minorities abroad (as well as the fact that the Act consecrates the controversial concept of "collective rights"); it includes a narrow definition of the "nationality", thus excluding the new minorities and creating some difficulties for the Roma, who are not (by tradition) strictly linked to territory; it does not include sufficient guarantees as to the accuracy of ethnic data collection, especially by censuses; it does not provide for concrete measures to ensure the verification of the mother tongue knowledge by minority electors and candidates for self-governments, thus living place for the perpetuation of the phenomenon of the so-called "ethno-business"; the regulation of education for minorities has a degree of uncertainty with regard to the stability and continuity of minority education and might have a negative impact on the parents' choice as to their children education; it does not address in an appropriate manner the problem of financing of the media for national minorities, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Szociológiai Szemle is the property of Hungarian Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Szociológiai Szemle is the property of Hungarian Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Szociológiai Szemle is the property of Hungarian Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper concerns how three organisations, namely the Council of Europe, the European Union and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) including its High Commissioner on National Minorities, have addressed the issue of the Hungarian minorities in Romania and Slovakia. The organisations have issued recommendations to the governments of Hungary, Romania and Slovakia regarding how to treat these sizeable minorities, and paper looks into these recommendations to see what the 'ideal minority policies' of the three organisations have looked like. It is argued that the organisations started from rather different perspectives, but during the 1990s increasingly converged in their views. This was due to a large degree to the process of EU enlargement, which started in 1997. As the EU held relatively little expertise on the question of national minorities, it relied extensively on the positions of the other two organisations. The advent of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities drafted by the Council of Europe also provided a common standard for the three organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research is aimed to examine the safety climate in circle of farm workers. This paper is focusing on the main safety climate dimensions. The dimensions what the paper examine are sense of risk, optimism, pessimism, and contentment with the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) conditions. The safety climate is in a relatively stabile position. In the examined organizations it is important to develop OSH conditions on the organizational, physical and practical level. On the surface everything looks fine, but in the deep there are risks waiting to erupt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main scientific goal of paper is researching of theoretical and practical problems of scientific and technical potential of Ukraine and other countries in the aspect of globalization. The paper reveals analysis of approaches of evaluation of scientific and technical potential on different levels, comparing Romania, Hungary and Ukraine by the selected indicators which recognized of knowledge economy and define on scientific and technical potential, structural changes in economy that influenced on changes in scientific and technical development of Ukraine, technological and personnel components. Authors assert that domestic industry of high technologies can be all-sufficient for terms at least maintenance of existent scientific and technical potential and productions capacities and their update. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Szociológiai Szemle is the property of Hungarian Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main target of this paper is to report on the process of the formation of educated elites in Hungary since the end of feudalism and the birth of the nation state following the 1848 Revolution and the 1867 Compromise with Austria. The paper describes our long term study of elites during the political, administrative, economic and cultural modernization of Hungarian society within its historically given territories (outside Croatia). The survey is broken down into three long periods and structural parts: (1867-1918): liberal nation-building in the historic kingdom comprising the whole Carpathian Basin (multi-ethnic Magyar Empire) (→ survey of both the graduates of higher (postsecondary) education and of 'reputational elites' independently from their educational credentials).-- (1919-1948): authoritarian anti-Liberal regime (involvement in World War 2 and the Nazi adventure followed by Liberation via the Red Army) (→ survey of both graduates and 'reputational elites'). -- Communism and post-Communism (Stalinist and post-Stalinist Communist regime after 1956, post-Communism since 1989) (→ survey of members of 'reputational elites' only). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the study is to observe the consumption of four elite-called leisure time sport activities (sailing, golf, skiing and tennis) in Hungary, during travels and staying at home, within the recreational zone. Authors compared these leisure activities following the four sport tourism dimensions: geographic environment, participation of the consumers, type of sport activity and motivations of tourists, and many more minor variables related to these dimensions. Based on these variables some of the sport activities found typical as generating foreign travels among Hungarians, such as ski and partly golf, but others, like sailing, and golf meant mostly domestic travels towards the lakes of the country. Meanwhile, tennis was taken rather recreational leisure activity among these sports. Authors also made comparison between the cost of these amateur level done sport activities and their popularity, so they observed the number of their followers as well as on the length of their season, just to name a few. They also weighted the socio-economic sensitiveness, and ranked them by their cost of the initial investment of the equipment, and annual costs of activities and finally their total costs. The paper finally states that these leisure sport activities should be taken as luxury ones for average Hungarian households, no matter, if quite a few costumers travel with any of these activities as a purpose, such as active or passive sport tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Faculty of Adult Education and HRD of the University of Pécs initiated three local learning platforms in the Fall of 2014 as part of the Pécs Learning City-Region Forum, based on the initiative of UNESCO Institute of Lifelong Learning on the Global Learning Cities Network, as an umbrella network to get new collaborations started amongst learning organisations. These platforms collect and share best practices around the following themes: Atypical/Non-formal Learning platform; School and Environment platform; Inclusion and Handicapped Situations platform. This paper and the related presentation will elaborate upon how the Atypical/Non-formal Learningplatform generates specific adult learning and training of educators in local/rural Hungary based on a global initiative of learning cities. Accordingly, it will examine the challenges and opportunities for the learning city model of Pécs, based on some concrete actions in museums, and other cultural organisations, in engaging more adults in learning and developing their own communities in atypical forms of co-operative learning within and across particular platformbased actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology and global connectivity are leading to accelerating dynamics of the global economy. One of the underlying driving forces is the increasing importance of immaterial resources. This has exhaustively discussed under keywords such as "knowledge economy" or the increase of "knowledge intensity". The following paper discusses the appropriateness of the youngest reforms in Hungary's higher education system against the background of a modern knowledge economy. It focuses on higher education and presents preconditions, goals and the institutional framework of a "dual approach". It briefly treats the current situation in Hungary regarding key aspects of its competitiveness and summarizes the recent policy critically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of performance in hospitality industry is regarded somewhat similarly to the other (service) sector organisations: performance is managed and measured according to the financial (hard) and operational, organisational (hard and soft) and human (soft) approaches (Goldsmith et al, 1997; Claver-Corte's et al, 2007; Klidas et al, 2007; Sainaghi, 2011,). Measuring performance is one way of performance management (Halachmi, 2005). Measuring is important to know where an organisation starts and how it operates presently and where it is heading to (Armstrong and Baron, 2011). To identify what should really be measured and where to start when developing a performance management system an organisation must start to identify its critical success factors (CSFs) and key performance indicators (KPIs) (Rockart, 1979). In this paper we present customised and standardised CSFs and KPIs in a case study based on 4 semi- structured interviews carried out with Hungarian hotel managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]