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This paper discusses the relationship between educational opportunities for persons incarcerated and employment opportunities upon release. Which correctional educational programs provide the most marketable skills and opportunities for employment upon release? Data for this paper was collected as part of the researcher's dissertation and focuses on the Indiana Department of Corrections. The suggestion here is that access to educational programs varies across race and classification designation. White former prisoners in the sample obtained employment upon release earning a livable wage, not because of their involvement in higher education, but because of their social capital. Black former prisoners in the sample lacked social capital for the most part and having participated in four-year degree programs, found that they also lack human capital upon release. We think of higher education as contributing towards the development of human capital for former prisoners, but the data here suggests that as designed some higher education programs offered to prisoners do not produce human capital. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a Race/Class/Gender intersectional framework to understand crime and justice in the U.S. It argues that we must go beyond single variable issues and look at a more complex race/class/gender intersectional analysis to understand the implications of felony disenfranchisement in the U.S. today. We know 13 percent of Black men are disenfranchised because of felony convictions, a rate 7 times the national average. This is both of great importance and a major societal tragedy. However, it is inadequate by itself. This research proposes the development of two basic arguments: (1) a much more complex picture emerges when we look at the intersection of race, class, and gender and its impacts on felony disenfranchisement for men and women in poor and minority communities and (2) felony disenfranchisement laws impact not just the rights of individual Black (and Latino) men (and women) who are or were imprisoned, but entire communities—with very serious affects for women, children and men. The paper first talks about an intersectional framework, then how this is important for understanding the way in which prisoners and many ex-prisoners cannot vote in the U.S. This is connected with how the U.S. Census counts prisoners, the Prison Industrial Complex, the loss of political clout in the prisoners’ home communities, and the vote. How women and children are affected, as well as the prisoner or ex-prisoner him/herself, will be dealt with explicitly. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popular music is a basic part of culture in the United States and much of the world. Many of the recent developments of music and how it is consumed can be directly attributed to the media. Prior to the development of recorded sound, music was transmitted via human agency and thus always enjoyed in a live setting. The sociological study of music has been an area of inquiry for nearly a century however contemporary work addressing socio-musical scholarship have been minimal at best. Indeed the existent body of social science research literature concerning music is incomplete. This paper represents a theoretical, albeit brief attempt of analyzing via a Marxist lens the construction of the MP3 and the accompanying changes in the relations and forces of music production. I adopt a critical theory stance exemplified most notably by the Frankfurt School. Utilizing the Internet as a central location and U.S. Copyright Law as the basis for discussion (Title 17 U.S.C. Section 101 et seq., Title 18 U.S.C. Section 2319) this paper reappropriates the traditional materialist conception of the commodity into a contemporary theoretically relevant framework from which to analyze the use and development of the MP3 commodity. Implications for future research are discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International criminal justice reform projects account for hundreds of millions of development dollars every year. Yet the role of these kinds of development projects may not be properly understood. Unlike other areas of development, the justice system determines whether people will be denied life and or liberty and attempts to mitigate between the competing interests of individual rights and public safety. The opportunity of cooperating on various reform initiatives might be seen as an opportunity to model governance structures which can better promote open dialogue, democratic deliberation and community involvement. This paper will argue that all criminal justice reform can be a catalyst for more detailed conversations about the relationship between the state and its citizens. Further, this paper will explore what the delivery of justice reform projects based on restorative practices might look like by drawing on various examples from the Former Soviet Union and connecting them with wider criminal justice reform priorities. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to provide an overview of methodological issues related to the study of persistence in criminal careers. In doing so, the paper will discuss definitional issues associated with studying persistence, the various theoretical accounts of persistence, estimates of persistence, and approaches to studying persistence such as prospective longitudinal designs and the analysis of criminal trajectories. The paper concludes by outlining a modest agenda for future research on persistence in criminal careers. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on social control and learning theories, this paper will examine the role of involvement in conventional activities on juvenile delinquency. In Hirschi's social bond theory (1969), involvement is considered to be one of the four elements of the social bond. Within this framework, involvement is conceptualized as the amount of time spent in conventional activities, thus limiting the amount of time available to engage in delinquent activity. Thus conceptualized, however, involvement has received limited empirical support as a constraint on delinquency (Hirschi 1969). Learning theorists have proposed alternative mechanisms by which involvement in conventional activities may be related to delinquency. These alternative conceptions of involvement include or entail differential association with delinquent others, role-taking as a process developed through activity involvement, and delinquent subculture membership. This paper considers the literature on these and other potential "involvement mechanisms." ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new law regarding mail order brides requires American men to provide an extensive personal history, including criminal records and domestic violence reports, prior to communication with future brides. The law was designed to protect immigrant women following the abuse and murders of a few foreign female wives. Some argue that this law violates the men's free speech and privacy rights. However, others believe that businesses can regulate who uses their services and have a duty to screen applicants to protect their clients. Domestic violence involving these women is also a criminal issue, and therefore, the criminal justice system may also have a duty to protect these foreign women, just as they do American abuse victims. This paper will address the constitutionality of this law using precedent from cases on free speech and privacy issues. Next, the paper will address policy implications in which the business can be held liable for negligently allowing abusive men to obtain a wife. Additionally, the criminal justice system needs to determine a constitutional method for guarding these foreign spouses from abuse. Finally, the paper will offer policy suggestions that protect the men's constitutional rights while providing safeguards for the brides and the marriage brokers. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the major explanatory frameworks in contemporary criminological theory, and then delineates levels at which each seeks to explain criminal behavior. It is suggested that all contemporary mono-causal criminological frameworks provide partial explanations of criminality at either macro, intermediate, or micro levels, or simply describe the situation conductive to the commission of criminal acts. The paper proposes a meta-theoretical model that integrates the major theoretical frameworks by assigning them to levels at which each causal explanation can be said to function. The paper explores the ways the various explanations complement each other, and the ways the various levels of explanation interact with each other. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much debate centers around disparate rates of incarceration, as well as reasons why people commit crime in America. Rusche & Kirchheimer (1939) propose that incarceration rates rise with unemployment due to potential threat to social order from the unemployed. Using a constructionist argument, Garland (1990) claims that punishment is the product of social structure and cultural values and thus whom we "choose" to punish, how we punish, and when we punish are determined by a dominant American ideology that reproduces and maintains a system of inequality.Most studies using Rusche & Kirchheimer (R&K) focus on state and federal level data because disaggregated data focusing on gender and race-specific linkages on sentencing and incarceration is limited. These studies often yield inconsistent results. The aim of this paper is to move the debate from the state/federal level to the local level, as most arrests are made by local law enforcement and local economies of scale influence the employment sector. If research finds strong support for the R&K hypothesis at the local level, then Garland's constructionist argument becomes considerably weakened.This study utilizes county-level data from the Annual Survey of Jails to test the influence of local economy factors on sentencing outcomes in punishment, holding constant legal factors. Preliminary analysis will determine general trends, providing a basis for multi-level analysis at the next phase of research. Disaggregating local influences on sentencing by race and gender will provide another tool for analyzing potentially discriminatory practices as few studies disaggregate data based on race and fewer provide a gendered analysis focusing on women and imprisonment, which might yield considerably different results. The aim of this paper will be to capture the intersectionality of race, gender and class as it relates to employment and punishment. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper formulates and estimates a dynamic model of education and criminal behavior. Every period, individuals optimally decide whether to engage in criminal activities and/or to invest in human capital, either in the form of full-time school or accumulating experience through learning by doing on legal activities. Agents are assumed to be fully rational and forward looking in the sense that they take into account the future consequences of current actions. In particular, not only they evaluate certainty and severity of punishment but they also consider labor market stigma associated with a criminal record after punishment. The estimated model sheds light on the relationship between education and crime and it allows me to test competing explanations advanced in the literature. Some researchers have suggested that schools primarily serve the function of keeping kids off the street. Others highlight the role of schools in raising the opportunity costs of criminal behavior. The model is also used to evaluate alternative policies associated with the availability of criminal records, improving our understanding of criminal record stigma as a cost borne by ex-offenders and also as an expected cost taken into account by those considering engaging in crime. Estimation is based on longitudinal microdata from the National Youth Survey. The paper provides an empirically grounded theory that explains why so many criminals are high school dropouts. It also addresses fundamental questions regarding the role of criminal records policy in the re-integration of an increasing number of ex-offenders to the labor force. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2001, an anti-crime campaign was initiated in China, which is officially named as the "Yanda" Campaign (i.e. "Strike Hard" Campaign). Ever since 2001, public sentencing rallies have been revitalized as an important component of the "Yanda" Campaign, intending to "deter crime" and "educate the masses". This paper will use journalistic representations of public sentencing rallies to illustrate the relationship between crime myths and modern nation-state building. It will focus on the following questions (1) how public sentencing rallies were represented by photojournalists, and, in particular, how criminals are portrayed in photographic representations; (2) whether there are any patterns in photographic representations of public sentencing rallies; (3) how these patterns vary with types of targeted audiences (e.g., domestic v. international), coverage of the media (e.g., national v. regional), location of the media (e.g., rural v. urban, coastal areas v. inland), and types of ownership of the media (e.g., state owned v. private); (4) how crime myths are invoked and sustained through those photographic representations, and more importantly, what messages are conveyed to the general public. This paper tentatively suggests that, in China, the authoritarianism of the state is not just a matter of factuality-it is also a well-calculated myth. Through judicial rituals and symbolism, powerful images of a monolithic and authoritarian state are projected, which in turn produces and reproduces the myths regarding the state. In the end, this paper lays out questions for future research. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this session is to further the current state of knowledge concerning the association between moral evaluation of conduct and the developmental trajectories of adjudicated males and females from adolescence to adulthood. Although empirical efforts to gain a better understanding of female delinquency have increased recently, most studies have failed to discriminate between girls with persistent delinquency and those with adolescent-limited delinquency. Also, only a few studies have systematically compared males and females in relation to the risk factors associated with the development of their delinquent behaviors. In addition, while the link between moral evaluation of conduct and adolescent delinquency has been made, the possibility to use this correlate as a predictor of the delinquent trajectories from adolescence to adulthood is somewhat unclear. The sample is composed of males (n = 506) and females (n = 150) who received an order from the Youth Court of Montreal (Canada) in 1992-1993. Data of this longitudinal study were collected in three phases. The average age was 15.7 (S.D. = 1.4), 18.1 (S.D. = 1.4), and 23.7 (S.D. = 1.4) at each testing time. At time 3, the retention rate was 75 % for females and 58 % for males. All data are self-reported. In this paper, trajectories of violence and drug use will each be identified with distinct growth curve modeling for males and females. Then, the paper will assess if the identified developmental trajectories are predicted by the strength of moral evaluation of conducts, and will also evaluate whether this predictor varies across genders. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general feasibility of interviewing samples of various populations through the internet rather than through classical instruments has been well established over recent years. The question, however, has remained undecided whether questionnaires to be filled out and sent back through the internet would be feasible also for students and for sensitive topics, such as self-reported delinquency and victimization. In order to compare this new method with classical paper-pencil questionnaires, a randomised controlled experiment has been conducted on 1,200 students aged 14-16 in Lausanne, Switzerland. The outcome has been that both methods yield quite similar rates of delinquency and victimization. Few interaction effects have been observed. In particular, weaker students and those of immigrant background did not react differently to the new method. Given the increasing availability of internet access and computers in schools and the popularity of the new method among students, interviews through the net may become an attractive alternative to researchers. Considering the far lower costs (paper-pencil questionnaires needing to be coded by staff), internet interviews may make longitudinal and cross-country studies far more easy to accomplish. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses suspect's reports of police use of force and the officer's description of the incident from over 1,150 arrests made across five cities. The analysis provides an estimate of the prevalence and severity of force according to the suspects. We conduct multivariate modeling of force using incident, suspect, and police characteristics as predictors. The paper compares the results from these multivariate models to results based upon police officer's self-reports of use of force. This research tests the extent to which the relationship between key predictors of force is dependent on the source of data about the amount of force use. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reality that one's teaching should somehow "fit" the mission of a church related institution is readily apparent during the recruitment process. At some point the applicant will be asked how his/her teaching and scholarship contributes to the university's mission. Individuals who do not share the same religious affiliation as the school may find this an intimidating task. This paper examines what this question really means to a criminologist seeking employment at a Catholic University. By providing a brief overview of the major themes of Catholic Social Teaching and the U.S. Bishops Statement on Crime and Punishment, this paper illustrates striking similarities in how members of academic communities and religious institutions explain crime, and their approaches to crime reduction. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a critical review of the current state of knowledge concerning infanticide. A detailed examination of the historical context of infanticide is discussed to illustrate that infanticide is ubiquitous, across all cultural and economic lines, throughout history. The prevalence of infanticide in the United States is also discussed. Possible reasons for the prevalence and trend of infanticide are advanced. This paper also emphasizes the offender characteristics, the explanations for which mothers typically commit infanticide, and the effects of infanticide. Although there are a myriad of reasons that make the theoretical conceptualization of infanticide difficult, both biological and strain theories are discussed as possible frameworks in which to study this phenomenon. Additionally, several preventative techniques are assessed based on the Maryland Scientific Assessment Scale. This paper concludes with future steps to advance our current understanding of infanticide. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the institutional careers that youth clients take in a juvenile drug court in southern California and how the court's organizational features influence those various pathways. By institutional careers, the paper refers to youth's short- and long-term fates in the court. Based on 12 months of participant observation of staff meetings, court hearings, and staff field-based supervision of youth in their schools, homes and drug treatment programs, the paper focuses on two distinctive organizational features that frame the staff's decision-making processes, which in turn, influence the youth's institutional careers. First, the court operates within a complex institutional environment of legal and therapeutic practitioners who engage in a detailed "collaborative" decision-making process about youth's "treatment." Secondly, the coordinated involvement of multiple institutions allows for close and intensive routine supervision of youth, with information provided on youth's behavior and problems in family, community, school and drug-treatment program contexts. In contrast to classic probation supervision that keyed on episodic summaries of youth behavior and new violations of the law, supervision in juvenile drug courts comes to center on staff's routine assessments of youth's daily behavior within the courts' locally defined notions of "compliance" and "non-compliance." The paper argues that it is primarily these two organizational features that shape youth's institutional careers, more so than youth's individual behaviors per se. With this organizational perspective, the paper builds on current research on drug courts by examining "therapeutic jurisprudence in action. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on case studies of small city and rural law enforcement agencies' development of department policies. In particular, the research explores what factors influence and/or inform police administrators' decisions regarding department policies and procedures (e.g., pursuit policy). The paper considers the degree to which police administrators consider social science research, practices of other agencies, and community preferences when creating or modifying department policies and procedures. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will explore the impact of inequality and segregation on the crime rate of American cities. Several theories (Social Disorganization, Strain, and Subcultural Theories) suggest that inequality and social isolation is linked to crime. At the macro level, cities with higher rates of social inequalities tend to have higher crime rates. The elevated crimes rates are related to the breakdown of social control, to the lack of legitimate opportunities, and to the emergence of an alternative value system, which encourages violence and other forms of criminal behavior. This paper will adopt the macro perspective to understand the relationship between inequality, segregation, and crime. Previous research suggests several measure of inequality are predictors of the crime rate in urban communities including poverty rate, percent female-headed households, unemployment rate, and the Gini index. In addition, previous research has found that segregation when measured as black social isolation (P) and uneven spatial distribution (D) impacts a city's crime rate. Using data for American cities, the analysis will assess whether the impact of these measures of inequality and segregation on the crime rate changes over time. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates a project designed to implement "best practices" (risk/needs assessment, needs-based case management, and cognitive behavioral programming) in 28 demonstration sites throughout the State of Georgia. The implementation process involved, initial staff training in the assessment, case management and program models; annual program assessments, and staff retraining in areas identified by the program assessments. The paper presents results of a quantitative assessment of program change over time, and the relationship of program quality (and change) to client outcomes. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have examined the relationship between program integrity and outcome. This paper will discuss the barriers to implementing a variety of evidence based interventions in correctional programs. Specifically, the paper will discuss issues with training, piloting, and quality assurance. Likewise, strategies will be reviewed concerning how to apply empirical knowledge to applied settings. Suggestions will be offered to increase the effectiveness of implementation of evidence based models. Finally, the paper will examine the potential effects of poor implementation on effectiveness studies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the findings of an NIJ-funded evaluation study of two popular "deception detection" software programs (Layered Voice Analysis and Computer Voice Stress Analyzer). Both devices are composed of software programs that analyze responses to determine if the subject is being deceptive. While each software package uses unique algorithms, they both have the capacity for the immediate assessment of responses. A random sample of arrestees a county jail were interviewed during the booking process to simulate the stress of a detention-related interview. Each respondent was asked a series of questions about recent drug use (marijuana, cocaine, opiates, methamphetamine, and PCP). The research team compared the computer analyses with urinalysis of urine samples provided by the arrestees. In addition, the computer analyses were analyzed by both newly trained users and expert users to assess ease of use by novices and to assure validity of the assessment. This paper presents the results of the validity assessment. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Police departments have long struggled with how to quantify and measure good police performance. The traditional "numbers game" approach has numerous limitations and has become even more problematic with the widespread adoption of community and problem-oriented philosophies of policing. This paper suggests that some progress can be made in quantifying performance by considering an earlier stage in police officer careers where good performance is well-defined and measurable: the police academy. Academy training provides the formative knowledge and experience for new officers, and represents a critical first step in fielding professional and skilled officers. Although there is a long-standing debate regarding the value of academy training, I argue that police academy performance offers an early look at who will be -and who will not be - good performers. Using recruit performance data from two recent New York Police Department Academy classes (2002-2003), the paper uses bivariate and multivariate analysis to identify predictors of superior performance in the academy and considers the implications of findings for subsequently measuring performance on the street. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trafficking in persons is not a new phenomenon; yet, it has become a critical human rights and political issue in the 21st century. Recent federal and state initiatives to combat trafficking have resulted in a significant investment of resources for increased investigation and prosecution of traffickers. While some research has examined the processes through which human trafficking emerged on the legislative and political agenda, there is little research on key events that sparked the social uproar around human trafficking. An extensive content analysis of media coverage beginning in 1990 and extending into the present day is used in this paper to determine how and under what circumstances human trafficking was publicly recognized as a social problem. The paper examines when the term 'human trafficking' began to appear in news reports in order to establish what, if any, specific events(s) triggered a worldwide response to a crime that is ranked as one of the largest criminal enterprises in the world. Additionally, this paper examines how common definitions of trafficking used in media accounts complicate law enforcement and service provider responses to the problem of trafficking. Common media accounts of trafficking have been saturated with stories of women and girls forced into sexual slavery. Such sensationalized public accounts fuel concerns about sex trafficking as a moral panic, which may ultimately divert resources away from other forms of trafficking, particularly forced labor. This paper expands on the original analysis by developing a typology of the characteristics of trafficking cases appearing in media accounts. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using 2,408 wiretap conversations gathered in the course of prosecuting a heroin dealing organization that operated in New York City in the 1990s, this paper will discuss the network structure of a drug trafficking organization that operated from wholesale to street levels. The paper describes the structure of the organization, the roles of individual members, contacts among them, the degree to which they specialize in particular tasks, and the extent of communication within and between sub-groups. This analysis has implications for understanding how local drug dealing networks are connected to international trafficking networks. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, based upon forty-five in-depth interviews, presents the ways in which Asian Americans relate to racial violence as direct and indirect victims of hate crime, and offers a perspective on hate crime centered upon these experiences. Although the problem of hate crime is often studied through official data, these narratives reveal that the harm of hate crime is impossible to capture through official statistics. This paper, therefore, focuses on 1) the spectrum of reported racial violence against Asian Americans, 2) the impact of stigmatization on Asian Americans as members of the racialized "other," and 3) how these narratives demonstrate the terror of hate crime against targeted populations. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the link between the distribution of government transfer payments and crime patterns in Winnipeg, Canada. The preliminary findings in this paper are drawn from a 2 year, multi-method study currently in progress which employs both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis. This paper will focus primarily on the quantitative analysis of police calls for service data for the years 2001 and 2003. The approximately quarter of a million calls for service logged by the Winnipeg Police Service each year are analyzed to discern temporal patterns and fluctuations. Individual call types are analyzed against the dates of check disbursement for all types of government transfer payments, including social assistance and old age pensions. Seasonal, weekly and spatial variations in calls for service are also examined. The results of the quantitative analysis are supplemented by qualitative interview data gathered from a sample of social assistance recipients and front line social assistance workers. Both the qualitative and quantitative data suggest that patterns of crime and victimization are shaped by the timing and method of government transfer payments. Policy implications for check distribution are discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between gender and global border crossings, with a particular focus on the U.S. and Spain, two key destinations for today's global border crossers. First, it explores the dynamic global forces that have resulted in the global migration of women to these developed nations. Second, this paper argues that border crossing today in both sites is highly gendered. In Spain and the U.S., like in most developed countries, some (mostly male) bodies construct and enforce borders, while other (mostly female) bodies are subject to border enforcement. The implications of this gendered relation will be examined in detail. Third, this paper explores the extent to which actual border performances can challenge state defined borders. Importantly, although borders are choreographed via laws and policies, these policies have little meaning until they are "performed" by state agents and ordinary people. Thus, whether borders actually matter depends upon the extent to which borders are contested terrain; in this sense all borders are relationally constructed through everyday human interactions. Today citizenship rights in wealthy countries often depend on the kindness of individual decision makers, such as doctors, educators or police officers, who can elect whether to aid or oppress border crossers. Drawing on research in the U.S., and on recent fieldwork on women's migration to Spain, this paper will suggest some of the ways that border performances can undermine the choreography of nation states to ensure more humane treatment of women border crossers. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year hundreds of thousands of women and girls throughout the world are deliberately killed or hurt and many more die from deaths that could have easily been avoided. Despite the suffering experienced by females, the discipline of criminology has been remarkably silent on all but a few of these harms. Whilst feminist criminologists have in many ways succeeded in raising the profile of crimes such as rape, domestic violence and child abuse there remain large silences around other harms - particularly those gendered-based harms most commonly associated with women in the developing world. One of the central arguments made in the paper is that it is only through crossing multi-disciplinary boundaries and examining other additional literatures such as health, anthropology, and development studies, that the nature and extent of gendered-based harm can be understood more fully. In making this argument, the paper considers first how gendered violence has been neglected as an area of investigation within criminology, as well as some of the reasons that may account for this, notwithstanding recent improvements within the discipline. The paper's second key argument is that in order to appreciate the breadth of gender-based harms a paradigm shift is required in which an understanding of individual/familial acts of harm are supplemented with an understanding of collective acts of harm - acts of harm mediated at the community or societal levels. The remainder of the paper provides a life course perspective, which is relevant to the experiences of women and the girlchild in the developing world, to illustrate some of the main types of harms females endure throughout the different passages of their lives. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper elaborates on power-control theory's explanation of the gender gap in delinquency. In doing so, the paper addresses recent critiques of the theory, while also preserving the theory's main core to capitalize on its many strengths. Specifically, the paper elaborates on both the structural and social-psychological (social process) components of the theory. At the structural level, we provide a more thorough discussion of female-headed households and of matriarchal families, which have been ignored theoretically and empirically in power-control theory. Our elaboration at the social-psychological level considers the role of delinquent peer associations, delinquent definitions, and gendered identities (masculine and feminine identities). We develop an explanation for how these variables coalesce to influence the gender gap in delinquency across family types and in doing so consider the possibility that adolescents are active agents in their own socialization, particularly in the gendered socialization that is central to understanding the gender gap in delinquency from the perspective of power-control theory. We assess our arguments using data from a sample of southeastern middle school students and find general support for our elaborated version of power-control theory. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on research in the UK on a group of women whose lives are significantly affected by crime and its consequences. Each of these women had a close kin relationship with someone accused or convicted of a serious crime such as murder,manslaughter,rape or child sex offences. The research involved ethnographic fieldwork and interviews. Second wave feminism invited us to look upon women as victims and offenders;a focus on offenders' families enables us to see yet further,illuminating the broader effects of crime and the criminal justice system on a greater number of women. The paper looks at three ways in which the impact of the of these experiences was gendered:the ways in which new responsibilities were managed within the family,secondary stigmatisation rooted in familial shame and blame,and the use of selfhelp. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heroin abuse has been a long-standing concern of substance abuse treatment, and there have been varied approaches to address it. However, little is known about the process of long-term recovery from heroin use, particularly as experienced by ex-offenders. Additionally, studies examining long-term abstinence rarely focus on the long-term recovery process from the perspective of the recovering individuals. This paper reports data from a study examining the process of maintaining abstinence from heroin use as experienced by a sample of male and female ex-offenders from the New York City metropolitan area who have remained abstinent for a period of five or more years. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen men and ten women. The interviews elicited information from various domains including drug use histories, criminal behaviors, employment, education and health status. The study data suggest that prior treatment experiences while helpful, were not sufficient for these individuals to maintain prolonged abstinence. Key motivating factors in facilitating respondents' sustained long-term recovery efforts include a redefinition of self-identity and respect, religion/spirituality and familial interaction. Exercise, meditation, skills enhancement and other alternate coping strategies in combination with a strong positive peer support network assisted them in their abstinence and re-entry efforts. In addition, this paper examines the process of agency and ownership the participants demonstrated to facilitate their successes. The study findings suggest that re-entry programs and policies should help ex-offenders overcome the struggles associated with sustained long-term abstinence by supporting the various coping strategies that they themselves find to be particularly valuable ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper IV "Filipino Bribery in the Mindanao Grassroots" Author:Timothy Austin Department of Criminology Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana, PA 15705 Abstract Building on multiple field ventures, this paper explores how bribery and its counterpart of extortion emerge and operate in economically conflict-ridden communities of Mindanao in the Southern Philippines. This study helps to fill a research void by generating a typology of styles of bribery and extortion with accompanying case studies. Attention is given to how several theoretical models help to explain the different styles of corruption. Discussion addresses how illegal forms of bribery and extortion delay economic recovery and confound efforts of law and justice? ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Section 14141 of the 1994 Violent Crime Control Act authorizes the U.S. Justice Department to bring suits against law enforcement agencies where there is a "pattern or practice" of abuse of citizens' rights. As of early 2006 there have been about twenty settlements of DOJ suits against state or local agencies. This paper assesses the impact of that litigation on the agencies affected. The assessment is based on a review of official court-appointed monitors' reports, two evaluations of the Pittsburgh Police Department, and presentation at a national conference on federal litigation held in 2005. The evidence indicates that the impact of federal litigation varies considerably from agency to agency. The consent decree in Pittsburgh appears to have been successful, while the Memorandum of Agreement in Cincinnati has encountered resistance and additional conflict. The consent decree in Los Angeles, meanwhile, has achieved some of its goals but encountered organizational delays in some other areas. The paper concludes with reflections on the possibilities and limits of achieving organizational reform through a compulsory, court-ordered process, and also on the methodological problems involved in attempting to assess the impact of court-ordered settlements. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on recently developed on-line federal data sources on corporate lawbreaking. Based on assessments of the web-available data for several major federal agencies (EPA, OSHA, SEC, FDA, DOJ), and interviews with both enforcement and data management personnel at agency headquarters, as well as with active researchers in the field, the paper examines new potentials for quantitative research on offending and the associated legal responses. Unlike 30 years ago, when the author first collected such data from paper sources and files in libraries and from federal agencies, web-based sources have substantially simplified access to compliance and enforcement data. These sources vary in quality, however, and the paper identifies their key limitations. The paper offers ideas for the sorts of studies that these new data sources could accommodate, and concludes with recommendations for improvements federal authorities could make to their web-based data to increase their utility to the research community. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a sample of Delaware public school students, this research will examine the demographic, behavioral and attitudinal characteristics of false negatives, meaning survey respondents who initially report they do not gamble, but later indicate engaging in a gambling activity. False negatives lead to erroneous estimates of the prevalence rate and frequency rate of gambling in a sample. This is a relatively recent inquiry in the gambling literature. Consequently, using a large sample of Delaware eighth grade public school students, this paper will extend extant knowledge by focusing on misperceptions of gambling in middle school. This paper will examine the demographics, gambling frequency, and gambling attitudes of the false negatives as compared to respondents who accurately reported their gambling behavior. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will explore the differences in juvenile delinquency rates in rural and urban areas. After exploring the differences in rates between the two areas, this paper will then examine whether or not the number of youth programs available to children in a community effect delinquency rates. Research has shown that children who participate in structured activities are less likely to participate in delinquent behaviors than those who spend their time in unstructured activities. Before a child can join structured activities they have to be offered in the communities in which the child lives in. The hypothesis for this study is: those communities that have a higher number of youth programs available should have lower delinquency rates since there are more opportunities for the child to get involved in structured activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2001, according the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS), less than 20 hate crimes occurred in a "Middle City" a mid-sized metropolitan area in the heartland of the United States. However, our query of Middle City's law enforcement Management Information System yielded more than 1,000 potential hate crime incidents (where the police report narrative suggested some evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. In this paper, we report preliminary findings from an analysis of these incident reports. The patrol officer is an under-studied dimension to hate crime classification. He or she initiates the report and provides the substantive context through which hate crimes are defined. Our focus in this paper is on the ways in which the patrol officer "sees" the crime as articulated in the narrative of the report. Through this analysis, we will draw policy relevant implications for both hate crime measurement and patrol officer training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the role of procedural justice in the criminal justice context has suggested that individuals' perceptions of fairness have an independent effect on future behavior regardless of the outcome. In addition, citizens who believe police officers are acting in a procedurally fair manner will evaluate the police-citizen encounter more positively than those who felt officers were acting procedurally unfair (Tyler & Folger, 1980). Research conducted both within and outside the criminal justice context has concluded that while procedural justice is defined similarly across cultures, there are significant differences in the relative importance of procedural justice that varies on various social and demographic characteristics such as race and gender. This paper will explore the effect of sociodemographic characteristics on perceptions of police behavior and perceptions of procedural justice among a sample of domestic violence offenders. This paper employs secondary data analysis from a random, experimental design that evaluated a domestic violence treatment program. As each of the offenders in the sample were arrested for domestic violence, this analysis is able to hold the effect of the outcome constant (arrest), while examining how perceptions of police behavior and perceptions of fairness vary along social and demographic characteristics. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we seek to identify and examine factors related to the prosecution of elder abuse in state courts. The apprehension and prosecution of individuals who commit crimes against elderly victims has increasingly become a pressing policy issue. Despite increased attention to this issue, only one-fourth of state court prosecutors' offices prosecute the crime of elder abuse as a specialized felony case category. While several factors may plausibly be related to elder abuse prosecution, in this paper we examine two competing hypotheses: the presence of community prosecution and contingency theory.Community prosecution has emerged as a specialized response to problems found in communities. Elder abuse is one such community issue that could be addressed in this manner. Therefore, we hypothesize that offices engaging in community prosecution will be more likely to prosecute crimes of elder abuse. Contingency theory, on the other hand, posits that structurally complex organizations organize in ways that are designed to maximize the use of organizational resources. As a result, the identification of specialized categories of felony cases may be one mechanism by which large and structurally complex prosecutors' offices organize their work in order to reduce uncertainty. Results offer support for the second hypothesis: prosecutors appear to identify elder abuse as a specialized form of felony case not to solve any particular problem in the community, but rather as a means by which to structure their work administratively. Implications for theory, practice, and policy are discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how the state legislature and law enforcement responded to the growth of clandestine methamphetamine laboratories in the Oklahoma. During the late 1990s, Oklahoma experienced a significant growth in the number of clandestine laboratories seized by law enforcement officials. Methamphetamine is a highly addictive drug that has been identified as the drug of choice in Oklahoma. Generally, clandestine laboratories pose a noteworthy risk for manufacturers and the community. Oklahoma led the nation by passing the first laws aimed at restricting the sales of pseudoephedrine, one of the main ingredients in the manufacturing of methamphetamine. In this paper, ClanLab data will be used to examine the influence of Oklahoma's recent legislation. More specifically, data on Oklahoma's clandestine methamphetamine lab seizures from 2001-2005 will be reviewed as a way to determine the overall legislative impact. Issues associated with the use of secondary data to assess policy will be discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is experiencing a substantial homicide problem. Analysis shows that much of the homicide problem can be attributed to gangs and gang crime. This paper examines gangs, gang members, and gang behavior in Trinidad and Tobago. Analysis relies on data obtained from arrestees, prisoners, police gang experts, and official police data. The paper examines not only differences in behavior between non-gang and gang members, but also examines the social and organizational structure of gangs in the country. This analysis is contextualized within the broader framework of homicides in Trinidad and Tobago. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central issue in the study of sentencing has been the role of race in these decisions. This paper explores our efforts to estimate this effect in highly dimensional longitudinal designs. Using data from the State of Maryland the paper demonstrates how the issues of policy and science are frequently difficult to merge. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the impact of race on sexual assault case processing. Specifically, this paper focuses on an Alaska Native/Non-Alaska Native racial typification and examines its impact on case processing and case outcomes. Victim race, suspect race, and the racial composition of the victim/suspect dyad were examined for significant differences in case outcomes, charge severity, and dissimilar patterns of decision-making. This was accomplished by linking data from police reports on all sexual assaults reported to the Anchorage Police Department between 2000 and 2003 with prosecution data from the Department of Law for these same cases. Police data contained all independent and control variables used in this analysis. Prosecution data provided codified accounts of prosecutorial decision-making, case dispositions at multiple stages, and reasons for these dispositions. Linking the data in this manner allowed us to discern the impact of race at multiple points in the justice system. Policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) assessed the English literacy of incarcerated adults in the United States for the first time since 1992. The assessment was administered to approximately 1,200 inmates in state and federal prisons. This paper uses the data from the 2003 NAAL to explore how the literacy of the prison population has changed since 1992. The analyses in the paper will also explore the relationship between literacy and participation in educational programs offered in prisons. While literacy and education are correlated, previous studies have shown that there is a wide range of literacy at every level of educational attainment, and results presented in this paper will compare the literacy of prison inmates who completed a GED in prison with the literacy of adults who obtained their GED or high school diploma outside of a prison setting. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is a well established body of research on the ecology of crime and delinquency, there is emerging a new ecological approach that focuses on police misconduct. Kane's (2002) groundbreaking study found that rates of police misconduct in New York City precincts were impacted by structural disadvantage, population mobility, and changes in the Latino population. His subsequent work (2005) has focused on the effect that misconduct rates may have on violent crime in disadvantaged communities. The purpose of this paper is to expand this interest in the ecology of police misconduct to a different cultural setting-Trinidad and Tobago-examining rates and types of complaints against police officers across the 70 police jurisdictions in this country. Unlike New York City, disadvantage in this country varies at a much lower point on the continuum, with many communities ranging from "just getting by" to extreme poverty. The racial structure is different as well, with most of the country divided into Indian, African, or missed categories. This paper intends to examine the relationship between structural disadvantage, serious crime rates, racial heterogeneity, and allegations of police misconduct in Trinidad and Tobago. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drugs in Urban Society is an undergraduate seminar class that was modified for use as a prison-based course for the Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program. The class involves taking undergraduate university students into a men's maximum security jail in Philadelphia where all inside students come from a prison-based drug treatment program. Both groups of students combine to form a single student body for the class that examines the issues involved in drug use in urban society. A major focus of the course is to formulate policy options that may be useful in ameliorating this major problem. This paper describes some of the innovative curricular strategies utilized in the course to foster group interaction and to promote creativity in both the analysis of policy and the formulation of promising policy strategies. In addition, curricular innovation is used to help reduce anxiety among students and to diminish the pre-existing barriers that naturally occur when bringing together such diverse groups of students in a prison environment. This paper describes the curricular innovations of the class, the challenges involved in implementing them, and the reactions and responses from both the inside and outside students. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an abundance of research that documents the structural impediments to post-prison success resulting numerous legal restrictions and economic difficulties. This paper examines the role that religion plays in the re-entry process. Data for this study come from nearly two years of participant observation in a variety of activities with a Prison Fellowship Ministry Aftercare group in Southeastern Wisconsin. These activities include mentorship training, in-prison chapel services and Bible groups, as well as aftercare support groups. The paper focuses on the ways in which participation in prison fellowship activities provides both support and accountability in the re-entry process.~~ ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While studying the historical development of scientific knowledge Thomas Kuhn discovered a phenomenon he called paradigm shifts. The phenomenon regularly involved such profound positive changes in understanding and performance that he described the process as revolutionary science to distinguish it from normal science. This paper uses a frame conception of knowledge to address two important paradigm-shift issues that are not adequately understood: (1) incommensurability and (2) related difficulties in identifying and managing important problems. If one assumes, as this paper does, that our world is experiencing a paradigm shift to global human rights, understanding these issues can clarify why our nation encounters serious diversity problems at home and abroad. Even more important, understanding these paradigm shift issues clarifies what our nation needs to do in order to better scientifically understand and manage our domestic and global diversity problems. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The girl offender is no longer invisible in the juvenile justice system. In 2004, girls accounted for nearly 30% of all arrests of young people in America. They constituted one-quarter of delinquency cases referred to Family Court and roughly one third of juveniles on probation. Additionally, detentions of girls have increased by 56% throughout the last ten years. With this increasing noticeability of girls in the system has come recent criminological research about their "pathways" toward offending. Such research often showcases "girls' voices" and finds sexual and physical abuse, domestic violence, drug addiction, self injury, depression, unhealthy relationships with older men, and academic failure as common elements in girl offenders' lives. Employing a case file analysis of 112 diverse female juvenile offenders as well as interview research with 25 key informants, this paper begins with similar findings about female juvenile offenders (especially chronic offenders). It then re-conceptualizes female offending (and the informal and formal responses to it) within a "femininities" framework. Overall, this paper shows how girls' delinquency can be understood as a form of "resistance" to traditional gender codes and to oppressive mechanisms of the state, the home and the community. This paper concludes by critiquing juvenile justice policies and by underscoring how literal and figurative forms of "gendered" punishment subjugate and delegitimate girls. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]