Search

This paper examines the origin, development, operation and impact of the American criminal justice system -focusing upon the treatment of free blacks and slaves-from the writing of the Constitution in 1787 through the end of the Civil War. An analysis of primary and secondary data sources reveals that law enforcement agencies, courts and correctional institutions were radically transformed during this period. However, African American men, women and children were subjected to racially biased versions of justice that were aimed at keeping them in their "proper place" in the economic, political, social, cultural and legal order. In fact, four separate versions of racial and gender-based social control emerged: separate criminal (in)justice systems for white males, white females, black males, black females. Collectively considered, the Constitution, Bill of Rights and emerging legal and criminal justice institutions were structured to serve the vested interests of powerful interest groups-a trend which continued, unabated, into the twentieth century and shapes racial (in)justice to this day. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the 75th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology at the Marriott Marquis in San Francisco, California on November 13-16, 2019.

Much ink has been spilled over the question of "how" and to "what" extent the judiciary of the United States should exercise deference to the political branches in times of war and national security crisis. Scholars have debated whether the judiciary has the institutional ability to decide if national security measures are necessary or if such measures meet the actual national security threat. This paper will address these issues from a different perspective: Is national security any business of the judiciary in the first place? Hamilton described the Judicial Department as the least dangerous branch because it neither controls the sword or the purse. Madison designed a constitutional system in which the Constitution would be the Supreme Law of the Land. With the Constitution as the pantheon of all laws and actions under our system of government, the Supreme Court has developed into the final arbiter of "what" the Supreme Law of the Land allows the three branches of government to do both in peace and war. This paper will argue why the Madisonian and Hamiltonian models as well as history give the judiciary a determinative role in times of war and national crisis. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution prohibits states from executing prisoners who are insane, the issue of "synthetic sanity" is controversial, especially when it comes to punishing "insane" criminals on death row. This paper explores to what extent "synthetic sanity" can be given a legal purport in the light of the fact that psychotropic drugs do not cure mental illness but rather provide only a temporary relief from the ailment. This paper also takes up the more contentious subject of whether or not it is legally and ethically permissible to medicate a patient in order to attain "synthetic sanity" so as to make him or her competent to be executed. In addition, this paper will explore the ethical dilemmas of the medical community in addressing this topic and the problem of "forced medication" and the criteria to judge competency. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family and peers have long been central to our understandings of offending and desistance. In this paper, I look at the role of family and friends in the onset and desistance of a group of female ex-offenders. The paper is based on interviews with the women themselves and members of their social networks (parents, siblings, adult children, friends), including, in some cases, multiple generations within the same family. Most of the women were first exposed to drug use and offending through family members, but actually began using drugs and/or offending with peers (and less often romantic partners). In many cases, the women clearly identified family members as providing a context in which drug use is acceptable, though rarely was there whole-hearted acceptance of the behavior (and rarely did family members describe this in the same way). This provided a difficult situation for many women as they tried to desist from drug use and offending. While they typically easily dissociated themselves from drug "associates," and developed new friendships with others in recovery, distancing themselves from still-using family members was a greater challenge. Their ongoing struggle to desist and reestablish attenuated bonds with family was further strained when any member relapsed. While family members often did not use or offend with one another, their relapses further undermined trust and closeness with one another. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While in England renewed emphasis on moral and humane treatment of prisoners ("decency" and "respect") has come to re-shape prison administration and become a harbinger of privatization, in the United States privatization remains a decidedly "actuarial" agenda, heavily focused on objectives of "security" and "cost-effectiveness." Drawing on research emphasizing "crime and punishment" as culturally-bounded social concepts, this paper explores cross-cultural differences in the advent of prison privatization in England and the United States. Macro-level trends in mass imprisonment show disproportionate minority confinement extend to both countries and arguably deal with the geo-politics of citizenship and social class in late modernity. Micro-level performance data from within prisons in both countries consistently show profound differences in the experience of incarceration by racial minorities as opposed to members of dominant groups. Race thus transcends both the interior and exterior of penality, with differing but arguably vital implications for understanding prison performance: prison performance schemes in the US have become decidedly "un-sociological" and "ahistorical," while "moral performance" agendas in England continue to encounter limitations in the benefits experienced by incarcerated minorities. While rubrics of prison performance demonstrate an interesting variety cross-culturally, little discussion of macro-level trends in social control filters its way into micro-level debates about prison performance. Specifically, this paper argues for adoption of a multi-contextual evaluation framework for measuring prison performance that incorporates discussions of race into its process, suggesting the need for multidisciplinarity in prisons performance research. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I use data collected during three years of ethnographic research to demonstrate that young women who live in distressed inner-city neighborhoods are not isolated by virtue of their gender from much of the violence experienced by their male counterparts. Over time, both young women and men in these settings come to realize how reputation, respect, and retaliation-the fundamental elements of "the code of the street" (Anderson 1999)-organize their social world. At times, how young people consider and respond to these threats-how they work the code-is similar across gender. I conclude this paper by describing how gender structures teen-aged girls' and boys' use of physical aggression and violence in distinct ways. This in-depth examination of young people's use of physical aggression and violence reveals that "survival" is a gendered project. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will present preliminary findings from our NIDA-funded study entitled "A Qualitative study of Women in Drug Markets." The overall aim of this project is to conduct a qualitative study of women drug sellers in the San Francisco Bay Area. Employing ethnographic sampling techniques, we will recruit 160 participants (40 from each drug group: marijuana, club drugs, heroin, and stimulants) who have sold or exchanged drugs five or more times in the prior six months. From our own and others' research in this area we know that drug markets are often differentiated based on the type of drugs sold. We have chosen the four drug groups marijuana; stimulants (including cocaine, crack and methamphetamine) club drugs (ecstasy, GHB rohypnol, LSD and Ketamine) and heroin because from previous work we think they represent distinct drug distribution networks and, more importantly, populations of consumers. We intend to interview women involved in drug distribution who are 18 years of age or older and a subsample of these women will be selected for intensive monthly ethnographic interviews/observations for one year. In this paper we will present preliminary findings focusing on the impact of gender on distribution practices, personal use patterns and, in turn, the health-related dangers for women who sell drugs. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major aim of this paper is to overview the women's status and domestic violence in Turkey. Recently, there are several changes in terms of legal and institutional level, which positively affect the women's role and status in Turkey. The norms of European Union and United Nations (the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women) have already ratified and adapted to the laws. Although most of the regulations and changes have strengthened the women's status and roles, domestic violence and other forms of violence against women are widespread in Turkey, according to recent research and studies. Also due to the new feminist movement and activism, which emerged in the early 1980s, have a strong effect to eliminate the domestic violence in Turkey. In this paper, it will be examined how women's policy agencies and other institutions including judiciary, law enforcement, NGO's and local governments respond to the domestic violence incidence. Also, the effectiveness of these institutions will be analyzed and evaluated. Finally, some policies and recommendations will be discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a great deal of interest in the role of collective efficacy in mitigating crime. While most of the focus has been on the relationship between collective efficacy and street crimes, there is comparatively little information, and contradictory evidence on the role of collective efficacy in averting violence against women. In this paper I examine this relationship for a sample of ethnically heterogeneous women living in two public housing estates in a Midwest city. Of particular interest is the presence in the sample of Hmong women, a group about whom very little is known with respect to violent victimization. The paper also addresses the importance of viewing collective efficacy in ethno-cultural terms, rather than assuming that the concept has similar effects for all ethno-cultural groups. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1995, the Minnesota legislature enacted major juvenile justice law reforms. The reforms included both substantive amendments - for example, modifying waiver criteria and procedures, creating extended jurisdiction juvenile prosecutions, and decriminalizing many misdemeanors - and additional procedural safeguards - for example, mandating appointment of counsel for juveniles charged with felonies and gross misdemeanors. This study examines the effects of those changes by conducting a pre- and post-legal impact analysis of some of the effects of the changes. It analyzes juvenile court filings against individual delinquents and status offenders processed in 1994 (N = 30,000), the year prior to the legislative changes, and in 1999 (N = 39,000), a few years after the juvenile justice system fully implemented the changes. The pre-and-post analyses presented in this paper focus primarily on the delivery of legal services - compliance with the law mandating appointment of counsel for serious delinquents - and the effects of greater rates of representation on juvenile justice administration in various contexts. After the legal changes, rates of representation increased somewhat, especially for delinquents charged with serious misdemeanors. However, the justice system did not fully implement the legislative mandate and the adverse impact of counsel on juvenile justice administration persists. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings and policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, we have an exciting and timely moment to examine and consider the role and impact of civic participation as decision makers in legal system. Many countries in the world are currently considering a possible introduction of popular participatory systems in making legal decisions, such as juries, mixed tribunals, and/or lay assessor's courts. In Japan, for example, there is an important introduction of the Saiban-in seido in 2009, and South Korea's experiment with a jury trial also begins from 2007. Legal reformers in Taiwan and Thailand are also exploring the possibility of introducing citizen juries. This paper then specifically focuses on cross-national analyses of the civic legal participation in Japan and the U.S. In order to examine whether popular civic participation is effective to democratize the criminal process and to build broader public confidence in the system of justice, individuals who have participated in a civic legal decision making process were contacted and interviewed in both Japan and the U.S. Japan has the law of the inquest of prosecution to publicly examine prosecutorial charging decisions, and it is periodically done by the prosecutorial review commission (PRC) composed of a group of randomly chosen citizens from the local community. Its purpose is similar to that of America's civil grand jury, which has the authority to examine and inspect the proper functioning of local public offices including DA's office. While PRC decisions historically had no legally binding authority, the 2002 legal reform gave the PRC the legally binding power to initiate changes in prosecutorial decision-making. Similar to the experience of serving in civil grand juries, it has been reported that the civic legal participation in the review board has also led to an increasing awareness of the importance of their participation and the confidence in the system of government. Our paper presents a number of important findings from the cross-national data collected in Japan and the U.S. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental problem in illicit drug research is that relatively little is known about the actual weights of illegal retail units, and about how prices are managed within different markets. Most data comes from police/DEA datasets. Behavioral scientists have rarely studied actual retail purchases. This pilot study carefully weighed retail purchases by a variety of marijuana purchasers. During an ethnographic study of Blunts/marijuana in NYC, staff recruited active marijuana users from a variety of ethnicities, genders, SES backgrounds, and communities in NYC. Recruitment efforts included different neighborhoods and retail sales modes in public settings (streets, parks, stores, etc.) and from private locales (bars, apartments, dorms, offices, etc.). While initial access was occasionally challenging, rich ethnographic data delineates how a variety of marijuana users from different settings and SES backgrounds were recruited. A hundred marijuana users provided a recent marijuana purchase for the ethnographer to weigh, and provided additional information about the price paid, described the "retail unit," the type of retail distributors purchased from, the perceived quality of the product, locale of the purchase, and the purchaser's demographics. Experienced ethnographers provided a more objective assessment of marijuana quality. Surprisingly, marijuana users were eager to participate in this market research and to know how much their marijuana purchases weighed. Future research with larger samples of marijuana retail units is needed. Note: This Bardhi paper should precede the Sifaneck et al paper in Panel organizing. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have compared the current practice of detaining enemy combatants in U.S. military custody with that of confining enemy prisoners within the United States during World War II. Another comparison could be drawn from the experience of the American Civil War. Northern public opinion of rebel prisoners druing the Civil War provides abundant parallels with contemporary perceptions of detainees kept at Guantanamo Bay Navy Base prison. The purpose of this paper is to explore how war psychology and war-time propaganda combined to provide a distorted view of Confederate prisoners held in northern U.S. military prisons. After first describing the prevailing historical image of Civil War era prisoners, the paper assesses exigent sources of relevant evidence and finds that much historical data contradicts the picture that conventional research has drawn. The paper concludes with an illustrative case-study of Confederate prisoners confined in one northern state. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will utilize data from the 2005 National Public Survey on White Collar Crime (a revisiting of the 2000 National Public Survey on White Collar Crime conducted by NW3C), a randomized sample of over 1,600 U.S. adults. Information collected spans victimization instances, risk behaviors, perceptions of crime seriousness, and general demographic information. Using regression analyses, the current paper will focus upon victim demographics, particularly, exploring the nexus between these characteristics and victimization by specific crime types (e.g., credit card fraud, Internet money loss, unnecessary home repairs). Trends will be compared aggregately and across victimization types. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major obstacle to studies of sexual abuse and aggression has been the measurement of target behavior. In this paper we will explore the use of randomized responding (RR), a method for obtaining self-reported data on sensitive topics, within the context of a study of the effectiveness of sex offender treatment. Data were collected from 440 subjects recruited from prisons in California. The data reported in this paper were collected at a pre-release interview conducted within one week of release from incarceration. The RR technique was designed to obtain quantitative reports on prior sex offending behavior. It used a two-sample alternative questions technique with two non-sensitive questions, How many books have you read since you've been in prison and How may times in the last year did you watch the 6 O'clock news, and a sensitive question, How many times have you committed a sex act for which you could have been arrested? Each form asked one non-sensitive question directly and then paired the other question with the sensitive question with probability of 0.76 that the subject would be asked to respond to the sensitive question. Estimates of prior offenses will be calculated and compared with official records estimates. Additionally, the associations between RR estimates and measures of sexual interests and cognitive styles will be discussed. Data will be presented across study groups, as well as within the three study groups: treatment, volunteer controls, and non-volunteer controls. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methodologies for researching the powerful are relatively underdeveloped in social science. A body of literature on expert (or elite) interviewing and the construction of case studies does exist however in political science, but the literature is hardly known in criminology or indeed in sociology. This paper looks at the relevance of this literature for unmasking and understanding the crimes of the powerful, with reference to a case study of corporate theft and fraud in post-2003 invasion Iraq. The paper argues how an inter-disciplinary approach is therefore necessary to develop new methods for researching the powerful and sets out a typology of contexts in which this methodology could be applied. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines "unwanted" sexual behavior on the part of college age students from a socialization approach. The focus of the study is the relationship between those females that have experienced "unwanted" sexual encounters with partners and score higher on hyperfemininity and those males that have encouraged females to have "unwanted" sex and score higher on hypermasculinity. Models for this paper are grounded in General Strain Theory for both females and males. One element of GST that has not been explored in connection with strain is the affect of being socialized as female or male. This paper explores the effects of hyperfeminine (Murnen and Byrne 1991) and hypermasculine (Burk, Burkhart, and Sikorski 2003) socialization on measures of strain, anger, depression, and sexual behavior. Findings from two separate studies will be combined to explore the possibility of a link between hyperfeminine and hypermasculine behavior. First, those women (N=300) that have higher levels of hyperfeminine beliefs indicate that they are more likely to engage in "unwanted" sexual relationships with males. Second, those males (N=221) that have higher levels of hypermasculine beliefs are more likely to report having forced women into "unwanted" sexual relationships. The focus of this paper is exploring the effects of these two groups matching up in relationships. In other words, do hyperfeminine females date hypermasculine males? ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times an extremist Islamic group has launched a series of attacks in Bangladesh and intends to replace the men-made law with the Islamic law. Its activists carried and blasted bombs throughout the country killing judges, policemen and general public. Many attackers blew themselves up while carrying out the attack. This terrorist organization has a suicide squad which members do not hesitate to kill themselves. This paper makes an attempt to understand why some people are desperate to carryout the bomb blast even if that means sacrificing their own lives. Many of these people are uneducated, unemployed, and from poor socio-economic background. A content analysis of media reports depicts that when they do not have anything to lose in this world and misguided with the promise of an affluent life after death by the leaders, they are ready to die in a bid to change the current political structure. The paper makes an argument that the activity of the members of suicide squad can be explained within the premise of social control and/or anomie/or strain theory. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been much research that has documented the link between alcohol and violence for both adults and juveniles. Policy implications would hold that decreasing the juveniles' access to alcohol may play a part in reducing juvenile violence. This paper presents the results of a study that examined the number of locations in which underage alcohol purchases were permitted. A pre-test post-test method was employed to examine variations in identification requests by sellers of alcohol to participants who appeared below the legal age to purchase alcohol. Using goecoded data on locations, the study also examined possible mediating factors on underage alcohol buying such as neighborhood and type of location. This paper also provides policy implications based on the effectiveness of the experiment used and environmental factors in reducing underage alcohol purchases. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The explosion in the prison population over the last 30 years and resulting increase in the numbers of individuals living with a felony conviction have spurred significant attention in the literature. Research to date tends to focus on national trends or single collateral consequence of a felony conviction; as such, little is known about the totality of state-level sanctions imposed upon former felons. Such perspective would be valuable for the creation and implementation of innovative and remedial public policies. Considering concepts of justice in the restorative justice and community justice literatures, and the ideals of participatory democracy, this paper explores the state's control of offenders post-incarceration, arguing that through a set of post-incarceration policies, the state draws boundaries around former felons in ways that prevent restorative justice, community justice, and full participation in the polity. Assessing five policy dimensions at the state level (political rights, access to public housing and health care, employment, and educational grants), the paper offers a systematic analysis of the impact and racial disparities of state level laws. This approach highlights the negative effect harmful sanctions have upon former felons' rehabilitative efforts and demonstrates how restorative justice and community justice are not possible unless state controlled institutions are transformed to address a multiplicity of social issues. This multi-policy state perspective begins to address how state laws are inter-connected, and if left unchanged, collaborate to affect social isolation and the denial of democratic participation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies of female offenders, particularly those grounded in a pathways approach to gendered patterns of offending, suggest that girls' and women's life chances are constrained by sexual abuse, discrimination, violence, addiction, and by contact with the criminal justice system. This paper supports this approach and argues that early on, female offenders' choices are constrained with a similar loss of control over their reproductive lives. Many incarcerated girls and women are already parents at the time of their entry into the criminal justice system. However, long before this, the motherhood experienced by these women has already been "troubled" by the exigencies of their lives and their position in social structures. As inmates, these girls and women become "imprisoned mothers" but, as this paper illustrates, this is an outcome that emerges at the end of a long and complex process. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses how the elderly are treated in the criminal justice system. First, it investigates whether juries have biases for or against the elderly and makes suggestions for correcting such bias. Next it discusses how prison systems treat older prisoners. Prisons are over-crowded with special-needs prisoners and many lack the ability to provide geriatric prisoners with the nutrition, exercise, and healthcare they need. Lastly, the paper considers whether it is cruel and unusual punishment to execute an elderly inmate, an issue brought up in January, 2006 when a 76-year-old was executed. Critics feel that elderly are not receiving fair treatment in the legal system. The paper will look at each of these issues and try to find solutions based on the principles of therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ). TJ theorizes that the law should consider the well-being of those it affects by consulting relevant research. TJ suggests special training for corrections officers and end-of-life programs for the oldest inmates. By protecting the well-being and just treatment of elderly inmates, the legal system promotes the smooth operation of prisons, prevents undue punishment due to age, and encourages a sense of fairness in the public. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the imperative of transforming policing rather than reforming police institutions in societies emerging from violent conflict. Through the prism of the Northern Ireland experience following the report of the international independent commission on policing (the Patten Commission) in 1999, the paper deconstructs the transition rhetoric which posits all visible change as necessarily a good thing, and points to a range of factors which inhibit vital progress in ushering in the era of human rights compliance: among these, the tendency of the old guard, through maintenance of control of the change process, to continue to privilege a state-centric narrative of both the conflict itself and to narrowly define appropriate policing solutions. The paper explores the futility of attempts to build for the future which do not fully countenance the legacy of the past and suggests that a continued failure to meet the human rights challenge offered to policing, succeeds only in undermining aspects of the broader projects of peacebuilding and societal regeneration. The paper concludes by drawing together a number of issues requiring consideration by any society embarking on a process of institutional reform of policing, which is intended to be truly transformative. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of both theory and empirical research on trajectories of antisocial behavior from middle childhood through young adulthood, and present findings on this specific topic from two large-scale studies (Peacebuilders Study and National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health). Inspired by both theoretical work (Moffitt, 1993) and advancements in statistical methodology (e.g. Nagin & Tremblay, 1999), scholars of the development of antisocial behavior are increasingly studying the various trajectories of antisocial behavior from childhood through adulthood. Ample evidence suggests that there are at least two (childhood-onset and adolescent-onset) different trajectories that are characterized by qualitative (aggressive versus non-aggressive) and quantitative differences in antisocial behavior across the first three decades of life. However, previous findings suggest that there are anywhere from 2 to 7 trajectories of antisocial behavior. In addition, findings suggest that the correlates of group membership differ but studies on this latter topic are sparse. This paper will discuss some potential explanations for differences in trajectories (e.g. sample size, number of data collection points, age-range), including results from two large-scale studies on adolescent behavior problems. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of victimization of trafficked women as perceived by traffickers themselves is novel and less than moderately researched. This paper will present ethnographic data based on an exploratory study of trafficker's involvement within the trafficking business. The goal of this paper is twofold: to better understand how traffickers perceive women including how they perceive prostitution and violent victimization as well as to enhance our knowledge of the trafficking phenomenon from the standpoint of those individuals who actively work to sustain it. Mainly, as traffickers, how do they justify their actions and roles? Personal dimensions of the trafficker, reasons traffickers enter the business including their perceptions of women, prostitution and violent victimization will be discussed throughout. Theoretical concepts, future research directions and policy implications will also discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the length of prison terms during the last two decades of the twentieth century. Conventional techniques are attractive but can be misleading. For example, declines in the number of murders and convictions for murder could bias upwards estimates of time served and create spurious trends when using some of the current ways to estimate time spent inside prison. The analysis includes comparing several different indicators such as stock-flow ratios using admissions and releases, mean/median of the release cohort, period life-table estimates, and variable-r life table estimates using duration-specific release rates. Each measure is estimated for the following years: 1986, 1988, 1991, 1994, and 1997. Additionally, the analysis simulate the prison population under various conditions, e.g. entrances growing/decreasing and length of time served decreasing/increasing after attaining the steady state. By performing these tasks, the paper assesses the strengths and weaknesses of each measure, additionally informing the appropriateness of each measure given the current and past history of the incarcerated population. In addition I propose new indicators to enhance the problems that occur due to the influence of tempo and quantum. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will examine the role that prisoner education can play in encouraging the development of new identities amongst prisoners and will consider the implications for post-release decision-making. The qualitative research is based on 47 interviews with prisoner-students engaged in education at a range of UK prisons. The study assesses the effect that education can have on the prisoners' self-perceptions, their experiences of prison, their social interactions inside and outside of the prison, and will consider the effect that that this can have on the development of pro-social identities such as 'student'. The paper will explore the consequences of these new identities for post-release intentions, including the desire to continue education and to find work related to their studies. Consideration will also be given to the students' previous life experiences, including exposure to education. The decision to undertake education in prison will be examined in this context. For some students, as the research indicates, the decision to begin prison-based education, and the self-described benefits gained from studying, signal what can potentially be viewed as a turning point in their lives. Whilst acknowledging the myriad factors that may disrupt their plans, education nevertheless offers the students possible scripts to follow post-release. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the literature on prison-based drug treatment has attempted to offer correlates of successful rehabilitation, one gap is the failure to examine the effect that inmate characteristics can have on an individual's therapeutic engagement in a drug-based treatment program. Specifically, there is little explanation of the significance of an inmate's personality traits and stage of change at the time of entering the TC program. This is a significant omission, as these characteristics can have an impact upon an individual's level of therapeutic engagement, both at the onset and throughout his tenure in a drug treatment program. This paper qualitatively examines the individual correlates that enhance or impede therapeutic engagement (the involvement in and commitment to drug treatment) of inmates in a prison-based drug treatment program. 30 inmates at the State Correctional Institution at Chester (PA.) were interviewed to discuss the therapeutic community in which they have taken part. The research question that this paper focuses on is: How do an inmate's individual characteristics influence his therapeutic engagement? ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of multiple, competing and often conflicting representations of the 'real' has been widely acknowledged as a key feature of postmodernity. In this paper, the gradual disappearance of the 'real prisoner' from public view and the simultaneous flourishing of popular representations of prisoners will be explored. This trend will be considered with reference to specific themes including: the geography of imprisonment and changing spaces and modes of punishment; public perceptions of prisoners, prisons and punishment in a globalized world; commodification and the consumption of representations of prisoners and prisons; and and finally, the vexed relationship between identity, authority, 'fact' and 'fiction'. This paper will draw particularly upon the Australian experience, where the circumstances of 'real' prisoners sits uncomfortably with the country's mythologized convict past and the dominant notion of national character arising from it. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2006, the Police Assessment Resource Center and Vera Institute of Justice conducted a survey of officer and public perceptions of policing in Pasadena, California. The results of this survey yielded data concerning several constructs including police effectiveness, police misconduct and satisfaction with police services. This paper explores both the confluence and divergence of police and public perceptions across these constructs. The goal of this paper is to explore these issues as they exist in Pasadena in an effort to draw broader conclusions for policing as a whole. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a current orthodoxy that much anti-Jewish hate crime in Europe is a manifestation of political extremism targeted against Jews. In addition to the longstanding involvement of far-right extremists in anti-Jewish hate crime, attacks against Jews are reputedly in the main perpetrated by 'Arab' or 'Muslim' youths who are venting their hatred for Israel. Critics of Israel argue that anti-Jewish incidents will not diminish until the Israel-Palestine conflict is settled. However, this paper challenges the orthodoxy by using a case-study of offender motivations in anti-Jewish hate crime in Britain from a re-analysis of data from the study Hate Crimes Against London's Jews (2005), data gathered for a submission to the 2005-2006 All Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism, and data from victims in anti-Jewish incidents The paper utilises Hannah Arendt's notion of the 'banality of evil' to argue that anti-Jewish hate crime is an indicator of the banality of antisemitism in that many offenders are not prompted by a particular ideological conviction or volition but instead unthinkingly manifest a 'common-sense' antisemitism. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates one of the fastest growing transnational crimes of flesh trade especially emanating from the South-Asian and Eastern European regions where there is a general sense of anomie. The poor economy, unstable political structures and overall corruption leads to desperation among people especially in the lower economic groups that in turn results into many young women and children being pushed into the flesh trade. The paper primarily applies the theory of anomie to study the conditions that contribute to the growth of flesh trade in South-Asia, followed by a discussion on modus operandi. The paper also studies the perceptions that most of the victims have of socio-cultural and legal systems in their countries that contribute to lack of cooperation from victims and their families. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will highlight the unique challenges associated with recruiting participants in a longitudinal juvenile offender research study. Some of the issues that have arisen include: coordinating the dissemination of information from juvenile detention administrators, obtaining legal guardian consent for the child's participation, obtaining the child's assent, keeping the subject engaged during the interview, and locating and scheduling follow-up interviews with the respondent after he returns to the community. This paper will also highlight the varied strategies employed by researchers to overcome the obstacles mentioned above in regards to achieving the cooperation that is necessary for the research project to be successful, from the juvenile detention facility supervisors and staff, juvenile probation officers, parents, gaurdians, and the juvenile offenders. The material presented would be relevant for researchers using participants involved in the criminal justice system and re-entry into the community, but especially for those who are interested in beginning-or are currently involved-in juvenile offender research. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many crimes films offer viewers the opportunity to leave their law-abiding lives behind to pretend that they are criminals. For the duration of the film, viewers are placed into the perspective of the offender, vicariously partaking in criminal offending, and in some cases, if the offender is apprehended and punished, experiencing the consequences of justice. This paper seeks to build on this aspect of crime films through an analysis of films that chronicle miscarriages of justice, where an innocent protagonist is identified as a criminal and punished according to the mores of the society in which the narrative is set. These films allow the viewer to follow the experiences of the protagonist, however, unlike in other crime films, the viewing experience is filtered through a sense of injustice, pessimism, and horror, providing a portrait of what it is like to be wrongly accused and found guilty of a crime. This analysis explores how these types of films include different narrative elements to critique both the formal and informal systems of procedural and vigilante justice. For example, in some films, the protagonist is an investigator such as a reporter or activist who is trying to prove the innocence of the wrongly-accused individual; this style of film analyzes the failings of the system from an analytic distance. The films in which the protagonist is the wrongly-accused person differs in that the viewer experiences the consequences of the failings of the system directly, suffering through police investigation, trial, and sometimes incarceration. This paper also addresses how these films about miscarriages of justice deal with the themes of race, gender, and class differences in their narratives. In films that focus on affluent white males, the experience of being wrongly accused of a crime is an aberrant incident, a coincidence or simple mistake that sets into motion a nightmare that no one could have imagined. Whereas in films that focus on the experience of a wrongly-accused minority (whether race, gender, or even class), the events that transpire are often a continuation of a preexisting pattern of societal prejudice that becomes as much an element of the story as the miscarriage of justice. Finally, this paper examines how films about miscarriages of justice treat the theme of punishment of an innocent party. Films in which innocent protagonists are incarcerated place the characters into environments in which they may come to empathize with the other prisoners, broadening the critique beyond the ability of the system to distinguish guilt from innocence to peek into how the system responds to and treats those who are actually guilty of a crime. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will discuss the various analytic strategies employed to test hypotheses about the impact of drug court on drug-involved offenders. First, the sampling strategy used to identify a stratified sample of drug courts across three domains (legal and clinical eligibility, program intensity and sanction severity) will be discussed. Next, the paper will describe the development of individual and court-level indices across a range of domains (including client supervision and treatment, legal pressure, treatment motivation, legitimacy of legal authority, procedural justice and measures of physical and emotion health), and describe key dependent variables. Finally, the paper will describe the HLM framework that will be used to isolate and detect program effects to inform: 1) whether drug court participants have better outcomes than drug-involved offenders receiving business as usual processing and 2) what characteristics of drug court participants are associated with better outcomes. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the "system of vices" - gambling, prostitution, drugs, drinking and tobacco - with attention to why certain vices are controlled far more strictly that others. Current vice regimes in the United States, with low prices and high availability of alcohol, gambling and cigarettes but punitive policies toward drugs and to a lesser degree sex crimes, are unusual both in historical perspective and compared to other contemporary developed countries. The analysis considers vice as a field (Bordieu ) or a system (Abbott 1988), rather than an independent behaviors unrelated to each other. Using historical records and contemporary comparison, the paper describes the constitution of the system of vices and the dynamics of change over the past 100 years. The analysis examines both the legal control of the vices and the position of the vices in popular discourses of social problems and reform. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While crime control programs targeting specific settings risk the potential for crime displacement, an emerging body of research suggests that aggregate displacement effects following targeted police interventions are not substantial. Studies that examine changes in crime patterns provide an opportunity to measure the impact of interventions on targeted populations, but this focus on macro-level displacement outcomes can obscure the understanding of the micro-level processes that structure offenders' decisions to thwart or adapt to police interventions. This paper presents a conceptual model of individual-level displacement based on observations from the field and interviews with offenders during a controlled study of displacement in urban crime hot spots. The paper draws heavily from ecological theory, symbolic interaction and the rational choice perspective to develop an understanding of offender adaptation and adaptive responses from the perspective of the motivated offender. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the interplay among economic imperatives within the entertainment business, the mafia's role in the creation of its own media image, and the production of gangster films. Taking Japan as a case study, the paper shows that, when given the chance to influence the content of gangster movies, crime bosses have portrayed themselves as benevolent patriarchs and a positive force in society, rather the anti-heroes of classic American gangster movies. In Japan, such a choice had, however, the unintended consequence of a decline in audiences' interest and eventually to the demise of studio yakuza movies. Ultimately, the paper shows that that mafia control over art can lead to the death of art-something that is bad for the mafia as well. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will replicate Tita and Griffiths's (2005) study examining the mobility of homicide victims and offenders in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The current paper, using District of Columbia homicide data from 2000 to 2005, will follow the mobility triangle literature to validate the spatial typology introduced by Tita and Griffiths. We hypothesize that mobility to homicide incident locations in the District is most associated with homicide characteristics such as motive. Using the street addresses for victim's home address, offender's home address and incident location, we categorize each homicide into spatial types: 1) Internal: all three addresses share the same census tract; 2) Predatory: victim/incident share same census tract, offender lives outside; 3) Intrusion: offender/incident share same census tract, victim lives outside; 4) Offense Mobility: offender/victim share same census tract, but incident takes place elsewhere and 5) Total Mobility: victim and offender live in different census tracts, incident occurs in third unique census tract. Additional offender and victim characteristics, such as age, sex and race, will be examined for each case, as well as case details such as motive, weapon, victim/offender relationship, gang membership and whether the homicide was gang and/or drug motivated. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 9/11, skeptics have questioned the role of criminology in terrorism research. This paper shows that such skepticism may be shortsighted. A content analysis of the pervasive themes presented in closing arguments of six major terrorism trials is presented. Variables drawn from the social learning and routine activity perspectives are included, along with such controls as terrorists' motivation, personal history, group dynamics, morality and justice. Results show that variables related to criminological theories are, indeed, important to the legal processing of terrorists. More important, in fact, than terrorists' character, morality, and personal history. Terrorist subcultures arise from everyday locales--in the world of the streets, prison and paramilitary training camps. Criminologists have long acknowledged that actions labeled criminal are typically generated within the bounds of deviant subcultures. The paper concludes by explaining how this is important for understanding al-Qaeda's 1998 attempt to build a nuclear bomb. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper will explore the relationships and conflict among organised local communities and immigrant groups in some Northern Italian cities. Communitarian mobilization against crime and against immigrants in local neighbourhoods is a social phenomenon whose study could shed light on many aspects of contemporary social dynamics of post modern societies, especially those related to the search for new collective identities and for new form of participation and citizenship, and to the emergence of "localism" and racial conflicts as a response to the fragmentation of social identities. Starting from this general issue, the paper will discuss some studies carried out in Northern Italian cities, which experienced, during the past years, strong conflicts among the residents and the immigrant groups and will focus on the new images of disorder emerging from communities' reaction to the presence of immigrant groups, especially from Northern Africa. This analysis will allow to go deep into the issue of racial conflicts and into the ways by which local communities re-shape both their images of crime and disorder, and , at the same time, their identity. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of an ongoing "Language of Justice" research project (GPSA grant), which surveys modern U.S. vocabulary used to discuss, disseminate and dream about justice in social life (e.g. "victim," "crime as evil,"? "tough on crime," "equality," etc.). The use of language for defining others as legitimate and illegitimate, and therefore, eligible for reward or punishment, has a long history (Goffman 1959, Becker 1963, Ericson 1987, etc.). The purpose of studying justice language is to test my hypothesis that the language of justice reflects (1) moral entrepreneuring in everyday life, (2) the social construction processes of social control and social freedoms, and (3) ideas about how justice and injustice are imagined and how systematic criminal-justice and social-justice practices are constructed in social life. To demonstrate how these are created and maintained within language itself in this paper I present and discuss data from six interviews: an Arizona state senator active in the formation of state criminal justice policy, a criminal justice policy advisor to an Arizona Governor, a prominent Arizona criminal justice journalist, the Program Director of an Arizona Criminal Justice Advocacy Organization, a nationally prominent ex-prisoner/activist and a retired Court of Appeals Judge (all anonymous). These minimally prompted open-ended interviews encourage interviewees' broad and free-ranging speech on topics of social and criminal justice. Interview data is analyzed for imagery, metaphors, and word choice, while a critical discourse analysis methodology is employed to study and analyze all data. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Fast Track Program, 891 children at high-risk for the development of antisocial behavior were identified when they were in kindergarten using teacher and parent ratings of behavior problems. At four, demographically diverse sites in the U.S., these high-risk children were randomly assigned by matched sets of schools to intervention or control conditions. Intervention occurred across a 10-year period, with outcomes assessed prior to the beginning of grade 10. The Fast Track preventive intervention was administered across a 10-year period and included group-based parent behavior-management training, child social-cognitive skills training, reading tutoring, home visiting, and mentoring with targeted children, as well as a universal component that consisted of a classroom curriculum in social-emotional development and teacher consultation (the PATHS Curriculum). This paper describes the impact of the Fast Track Program on conduct disorder diagnoses (based on structured diagnostic interviews with parents) and youth self-reported antisocial behavior at the end of this intervention period, and examines moderation in program impact based on initial risk level. The three primary measures examined in this paper are criterion counts for psychiatrically-diagnosed conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and self-reports for antisocial behavior (ASB) collected prior to the beginning of grade 10. A significant main effect of intervention based on intent-to-treat analyses was found for youth self-reported antisocial behavior, with antisocial behavior scores significantly lower for the intervention group than the control group. However, the main effect of intervention was not significant for the two psychiatric criterion counts. Significant interaction effects between intervention and initial risk level were found for two variables. Using an intent-to-treat model, subgroup analyses revealed that intervention led to significantly lower criterion count scores for conduct disorder and lower antisocial behavior scores among the subgroup of youth who had been at highest risk initially. Similar findings held for diagnoses of CD and ASB. No effects were found for moderate-risk youth. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While U.S. policy encourages homeownership, obtaining high levels of homeownership is challenging in low-income neighborhoods, partially due to higher levels of crime sometimes found in these neighborhoods. This paper contributes to the housing and economic development literature by testing the extent to which the disamenity of crime is capitalized into the housing markets, in both the volume of houses sold in the neighborhood and the sale price. By providing empirical evidence of some of these costs, the paper also contributes to the growing criminological literature on the costs of crime. Crime imposes direct costs on both victims and indirect costs on non-victims, who alter their routine activities. These costs are investigated by examining the relationships between increases in crime rates and residential decision-making. Much of the existing literature examines the impact of levels of crime rather than changes in crime. In a cross section, it is not surprising to find that house prices for constant-quality houses are lower in higher crime areas. So instead, census tract level panel data for Los Angeles, CA, is used to examine the impact of changes in violent and property crime rates on the housing markets over time. Hedonic regressions are used to estimate house prices as a function of the characteristics of the house, its location, the rate of turnover in the neighborhood, and changes in crime rates. Both the disaggregation of crime rates spatially and into violent and property crime are important. In addition, changes in crime rates over time are important. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1995, the Minnesota legislature enacted major juvenile justice law reforms. The reforms included both substantive amendments--for example, modifying waiver criteria and procedures, creating extended jurisdiction juvenile prosecutions, and decriminalizing many misdemeanors--and additional procedural safeguards--for example, mandating appointment of counsel for juveniles charged with felonies and gross misdemeanors. By using individual court filings from 1994 (30,000) and 1999 (39,000), this paper examines the extent to which juvenile courts have implemented Minnesota's legislative changes. In particular, this paper will explore a potential gender effect in the offense processing and dispositional outcomes of female delinquents. Preliminary analysis indicates that judges placed females out of the home at a younger age than males controlling for offense type, priors, and race. In regards to offense type, the 1995 Minnesota legislation decriminalized most delinquency-misdemeanors into petty misdemeanors with corresponding limitations on courts' dispositional options. However, simple assaults and obstruction of justice/contempt of court remained delinquency-misdemeanors which permit out-of-home placements. This study will examine whether former status offenses have been relabeled as misdemeanors in order for the courts to access out of home placement, particularly for girls. This paper will follow up with discussion of findings, as well as policy and programmatic implications of the findings. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the development of state theory in the sociology of punishment and its implications for research. Recently, scholars have turned their attention towards the role of politics, particularly contentious racial politics, and the retrenchment of social welfare as a way to explain how and why America has come to rely heavily on mass incarceration. Despite the common focus on political factors, scholars have used wide ranging, inconsistent, and sometimes outdated views of the state and political institutions, leading to some questionable findings. The state has been presented as a black box, a mere reflection of already existing social relations, an instrument of class control, a mode of repression or management. Instead, I suggest we conceptualize the state as a set of mutual obligations between rulers and ruled. It is a set of rules, institutions, and actors invested with authority and responsibility and maintains near control over legitimate forms of violence within a specified territory. The state is both an institution and an actor subject to and an agent of changing historical conditions. It is the dynamic interaction between the state and social groups in civil society that shapes, in part, not only punishment but the character and meaning of social order in a particular society. With this conceptualization, the paper integrates insights from the governance of crime literature and political sociology. By doing so, it hopes to contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of the state and its effects on punishment in the production and reproduction of social order. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on capital punishment in China over the last 30 years. The paper first describes recent trends in offenses punishable by death, execution number, and execution method. Second, the paper attempts to analyze the causes of China's death penalty policy, in part by comparing it with death penalty policy and practice in Japan and the United States. Third, this paper explores China's recent efforts to reform capital punishment in the face of criticism from within the country and from abroad. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an often-used tactic of the Israeli military, housing demolitions have been a very powerful method for militarizing spaces and imposing spatial dominance. Housing demolitions turn the home-both materially and symbolically--into a battlefield, thus vanquishing any safe havens for Palestinians and changing a once private domain, into a political space. In adapting a critical feminist perspective that believes in the need to offer oppositional epistemologies and consciousness, this paper will focus on the gender effect of the crime of house demolitions in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, while analyzing it from a legal perspective. In analyzing this issue, this paper will examine the ways in which the home front is closely aligned with conflict and war front and analyze the space of confluence where the private sphere meets the larger political, public space. This paper will argue that given the effects of housing demolitions on women, feminists and human rights activists need to pay more attention to the connections that exist between the various systems of oppression and to how these various systems of domination operate in tandem. Moreover, this paper will argue that a critical feminist perspective reveals how the policy of housing demolitions not only is a form of violence against women, but is a war crime and should be prosecuted. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the consequences of incarceration has emerged as an important field of study as a result of historically high incarceration rates in the United States. Analysts are just beginning to asses the impact of incarceration on children and the field is currently characterized by more questions than answers. This paper examines the impact of parental incarceration on the status attainment and well-being of their children. Though much research has examined the impact of parental criminality on children, few analyses exist that link parental punishment to outcomes for children. The paper first develops a conceptual framework for analyzing the effect of parental punishment on children and test these proposition on a sample of young adolescents. Then, using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, this paper answers three questions: (1) How many children have experienced the incarceration of one or both parents? (2) What are the short and long-term consequences of parental incarceration for children? (3) What are the major mechanisms through which incarceration influences parent-child relationships? ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]