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Over the last century, there has been a dramatic change in both the composition and the structure of the Irish tax system. In this paper, we construct a new dataset of tax rates and tax bands for the main tax headings in Ireland, from 1920-2019. We document these changes and trends in tax policy in the aggregate and using the main tax headings. One striking regularity, however, is that Irish tax policy has been persistently procyclical. While tax revenues are naturally expected to vary with the cycle, we show that changes in tax rates have been conducted procyclically. Most notably, we find strong evidence that governments have tended to adjust the rates of income tax in a procyclical manner over the past century. Using an additional tax policy changes dataset, we show that discretionary tax measures - which incorporate all tax policy instruments (rates, bands, credits, exemptions, etc.) - have been largely procyclical over the period 1987-2019. These findings are in contrast with other developed countries, where tax policy has tended to be acyclical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A few countries play dominant role in producing and receiving news mentions to academic papers. • The overall distribution of news mentions sees no country's preference over domestic papers. • The statistical test suggests that news articles from all investigated countries have positively mentioned more domestic papers. • Countries have shown preference over academic papers from some specific countries. • Country's preference in the micro perspective presents disciplinary difference. News mentions to academic papers has provided an important channel for research to yield impact on broad audience in the society, and is particularly useful in scholarly communication, scientific outreach and altmetrics. Unlike academic paper, news articles are often influenced by social factors such as culture, ideology and geography. It is therefore uncertain whether news mentions to academic paper is valid for evaluative purpose as expected by altmetrics studies. In response, this study has conducted large scale statistical analysis to explore country's preference over news mentions, based on the assumption that if news mentions to academic paper is not (or weakly) influenced by social factors, no obvious country's preference would be observed, and the vice versa. The major findings are: (1) From the macro perspective, overall distribution of news mentions is highly imbalanced, with several developed countries taking the dominant position. However, no obvious preference towards domestic papers was observed. (2) From the micro perspective, based on the ZINB test results, news from all countries have more positively mentioned domestic papers and simultaneously shown preference over papers from certain countries. (3) In terms of disciplinary comparison, disciplinary differences were observed in the impact strength and specific preference. These results suggest that in micro level country's preference exist for news mentions to academic papers, but in macro level, country's preference is insignificant. Therefore, it is suggested that news mentions can be used for assessing purpose in the macro level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Standardized testing is a human rights issue that continues to plague the educational systems in developed nations. Within countries like the United States and the United Kingdom, vexatious accountability measures, such as those provided by standardized testing, have polarized the educational arena, leaving in its wake a litany of human rights concerns. This culmination of over-testing and outcome-only driven education equates to an end game where employment and dollar signs erode the very fabric of human rights for children. In this paper, we hope to inspire understanding of the issues of contention happening in developed nations today regarding standardized testing issues, and we will make recommendations that may help these nations move from the statistical to the enlightened view of growing responsible and civicminded citizens into the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nova Economia is the property of Nova Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Death registration completeness, the share of deaths captured by countries' vital registration systems, vary substantially across countries. Estimates of completeness, even recent ones, are outdated or contradictory for many countries. OBJECTIVE: We derive the most up-to-date and consistent estimates of death registration completeness in as many countries as possible. RESULTS: Death registration is complete in Europe, North America, and other developed countries. In developing countries, completeness varies by region. While some have complete death registration, many countries completeness ranges from 40% to 75%. Regionally, Africa has lowest death registration completeness, and in many countries no registration data was located. In Latin America and Asia, several countries have improved their registration compared to previously available estimates. CONTRIBUTION: This paper presents the publicly available International Completeness of Death Registration (ICDR) dataset: https://github.com/akarlinsky/death registration. ICDR contains the annual amount of deaths registered and death registration completeness in 193 countries from 2015 to 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Politica y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The balanced growth theory and the neoclassical growth model predict that certain macroeconomic variables such as output, consumption, and investment grow at a constant rate. Analytically, it indicates that the consumption-output ratio and the investment-output ratio (termed "great ratios") must be stationary. Moreover, consumption and investment must be cointegrated with output. This paper examines these implications with respect to developed (G7) and emerging (E7) countries using data for the period 1970-2019. The validity of the balanced growth hypothesis (BGH) is tested by using unit root tests (univariate analysis) and cointegration techniques (multivariate analysis) that permits endogenously determined structural breaks. The findings of our univariate analysis suggest limited evidence of the BGH in developed and developing countries. The multivariate analysis exhibits more supportive evidence of the BGH in five developed countries and limited evidence for two developing countries. The study also employs the Westerlund (2006) panel cointegration test with structural breaks to examine the validity of the BGH. Empirical findings validate the BGH for the G7 countries, while it is not validated for E7 countries. In sum, the study promulgates the use of structural breaks in a multivariate setup in testing the BGH to find robust evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialized countries have increasingly used skill-based selective migration policies to reduce labor and skill shortages. But are these policies effective? This paper uses Japan and the United Kingdom to illustrate how immigration policy and employment, training and labor practices influence labor and skill supply. Until recently, these two countries had different migration policies and labor practices. Yet data shows similar patterns of labor and skill shortage profiles in both countries. This paper draws on empirical research to argue that such outcomes suggest that immigration policies will not alleviate labor and skill shortages unless accompanied by the transformation of employment and training practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developed countries have paved the way for the implementation of intelligent transport systems to improve the safety, efficiency, and environmental impact of transport. With developing countries entering the fray, the question is: Is ITS as implemented in developed countries relevant to developing countries? This research question is discussed in this paper for the case of sub-Saharan countries that are among the poorest countries worldwide. To this end, the paper outlines the main differences in transportation scenarios between developed and sub-Saharan countries, and then considering the main constraints of sub-Saharan countries, a guide towards an affordable intelligent transportation system in these countries is discussed. Finally, the paper proposes two main novel ideas for the deployment of intelligent transport systems on dirt roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports some initial findings based on the enriched data set that the author has compiled for her research. With precisely 51220 observations, this paper covers all 412 WTO disputes initiated by a developed country against another developed country through the official filing of a Request for Consultations from January 1995 until December 2022. The statistical information that we present here is divided into four distributional units namely the country unit, the agreement unit, the subject unit, and finally the time unit. One remarkable contribution of this paper is the reclassification of highly integrated dispute subjects into a highly disintegrated class of subject issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current paper, we aim to examine the Shadow Banking System (SBS) in a number of developed countries, more precisely nine countries from Europe and the United States for the period 2002-2018. The goal is to define which are the key determinants that drive the SB processes. To this end, we run simple robust panel estimations. As a result of this analysis, we have reached a number of conclusions: 1/ the roles of banks, insurance companies and pension funds are important, 2/ changes in banking variables, such as the capital ratios, lead to an increase in shadow banking activity, 3/ there is a negative relation between banking interest margins and shadow banks, and 4/developments on the stock market affect shadow banking positively. However, given the limitations in terms of data size and evolving definitions, our findings are not generalizable. Our main recommendation is to develop a more granular and reliable approach to improve the quality of empirical research and reduce the literature gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While unemployment benefits constitute a significant share of welfare transfers in developed countries, the computable general equilibrium (CGE) literature ignores the impact of unemployment rate changes on these transfers. This paper investigates the impacts of alternative welfare transfer determination rules by using a dynamic CGE model for Ireland. We find that indexing the nominal welfare transfer budget to the consumer price index (CPI) and the aggregate unemployment rate is superior to the CPI alone. Although both specifications generate similar macroeconomic outcomes, our novel specification improves household welfare as well as income distribution across households. We argue that it is more in line with the behaviour of governments and that the literature ignores the progressivity elements embedded in the welfare system, which will reduce the welfare cost of carbon taxation. The results can be generalised in analysing the impacts of tax reform in countries where unemployment benefits are essential elements of welfare transfers. • We developed a multi-sectoral, multi-household intertemporal CGE model. • We analysed the Irish carbon tax with different welfare transfer budget (WTB) rules. • CGE literature updates the fixed WTB in real terms by the consumer price index (CPI). • We argue that the WTB should be responsive both to the CPI and the unemployment rate. • Considering unemployment benefits in the WTB lowers the carbon tax's regressivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical research assessing the effects of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows proliferated since the late 1990s, largely coinciding with an acceleration in the signing of such investment treaties between the developed countries and emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs). This paper offers a comprehensive survey of the literature on the impact of IIAs on FDI flows, with a specific focus on EMDEs. The main goal of the review is to highlight the important themes that emerge from the literature and how each of those themes have been addressed by the existing studies. Despite the proliferation of studies on this topic, the literature remains highly inconclusive as to whether IIAs matter when it comes to attracting FDI flows. A substantive part of the empirical ambiguity arises for two broad reasons. First, there have been methodological constraints in disentangling co-movements from causal effects when it comes to estimating the impact of IIAs on FDI flows. Second, studies have suffered from the general paucity of granular data on IIAs which allow for a systematic unpacking of various IIA provisions on FDI inflows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of global value chains (GVCs) participation on economic complexity for a sample of underdeveloped, moderately developed, and developed countries which includes 42 economies from 2000 to 2018. Our empirical analysis finds that the influence of GVC participation on economic complexity varies across quantiles as it has adverse and significant effects on economic complexity in the first five lower quantiles (5th - 25th). It indicates that GVC participation has adverse impacts on economic complexity except for the economy with higher economic complexity. Moreover, forward participation is negatively associated with economic complexity in all the quantiles except for the 90th quantile. In countries with lower and moderate economic complexity, forward participation has a negative impact on how complex the economy is. Alongside, backward participation has positive and significant impacts on economic complexity in the 85th, 90th, and 95th quantiles implying that in a more complex economy, backward participation is positively correlated with economic complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence suggests that a large share of international trade transactions are made through intermediaries and that whether firms use them or not depends on different factors. The aim of this paper is to empirically investigate if credit constraints introduce a degree of difference among firms in their mode of importing. Building on the intuition provided by a simple theoretical framework, we use firm-level data from 66 developing and developed countries to test the possible links between credit constraints and reliance on import intermediaries. Our results show that indeed credit-constrained firms exhibit a higher probability of importing their inputs using an intermediary, while unconstrained firms are more likely to import directly. Our results also provide some evidence that the impact of credit constraints on the probability of indirect importing is amplified for firms with a higher distance from their international sourcing network. Moreover, if firms face other types of frictions to import, then the probability that credit-constrained firms rely on intermediaries is estimated to be higher. Remarkably, credit rationing affects the probability of indirect importing no matter what the mode of exporting is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the intellectual journey of Lauchlin Currie, Canadian by origin and Colombian by destination. His contributions were notable in the US at the time of the great world crisis of 1929-1932 in the field of monetary theory and policy and his first publication dates back to 1931, as referenced by his biographer. He directed the first World Bank mission to an underdeveloped country, Colombia, in 1949- 1950. He proposed an original development theory applicable to the country and called it Operation Colombia (1961) supported by a book called "Accelerating Development: the necessity and the means". He was the inspirer and architect of the Development Plan of the Four Strategies in the early 1970s. He made recommendations to the 1991 constituent on free central banking and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The satellite technology proves its impact in the modern era with its wide benefits and applications. However, the cost of the development in this field presents gaps in many countries, almost the developed countries. Therefore, this paper provides a rich platform around low-cost sensors in order to improve maturity in space technology, mostly the system of attitude determination and control. The development of this knowledge turns out to be very interesting in order to achieve a space mission which leads to the progression of the spatial technology readiness level (TRL) defined by the international measurement scale which is able to estimate the technological maturity. Thus, the idea is carried out for the development of low-cost sensors' system for attitude determination around an Arduino board. A sensor fusion method was applied on three types of sensors: accelerometer, magnetometer, and gyroscope in order to detect the reliable orientation. It is aimed to apply quaternion based Kalman filter on different platform than previous systems. It is succeeded therefore to improve measurement accuracy around low-cost sensor to achieve the main goal of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collegium Antropologicum is the property of Croatian Anthropological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Diaspora mainly refers to the movement and scattering of people due to several factors. The paper studies the theme of Diaspora in two Booker Prize winning novels: V.S Naipaul's In a Free State (1971) and Kiran Desai's The Inheritance of Loss(2006). The objectives of the paper are to study why the people who leave their homeland, especially from the third world countries to the first world countries feel like a subaltern and they lead a subaltern existence even after their immigration to the transnational land. The present paper studies multifaceted problems that originate since the time an immigrant lands on the alien shore and an amalgamation of conflicting emotions which he/she undergoes after being transplanted in a culture which neither accepts nor rejects him/her and the ways in which economic, political, social, cultural life of immigrants is transformed due to transnational migration. In a nation subalterns remain deprived of dignified status, are inarticulate, poor, resourceless, and passive. Priviliges are enjoyed by the people belonging to the upper caste, rich class, higher position, power etc. The people who move to other countries because of various reasons also live like subalterns and suffer from alienation, insecurity, and rootlessness, distorted form of human relationships and the subsequent loss of history. The paper also compares the presentation of the theme of alienation, mobility, migration, and dislocation by V.S Naipaul, and Kiran Desai in their selected novels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diaspora mainly refers to the movement and scattering of people due to several factors. The paper studies the theme of Diaspora in two Booker Prize winning novels: V.S Naipaul's In a Free State (1971) and Kiran Desai's The Inheritance of Loss(2006). The objectives of the paper are to study why the people who leave their homeland, especially from the third world countries to the first world countries feel like a subaltern and they lead a subaltern existence even after their immigration to the transnational land. The present paper studies multifaceted problems that originate since the time an immigrant lands on the alien shore and an amalgamation of conflicting emotions which he/she undergoes after being transplanted in a culture which neither accepts nor rejects him/her and the ways in which economic, political, social, cultural life of immigrants is transformed due to transnational migration. In a nation subalterns remain deprived of dignified status, are inarticulate, poor, resourceless, and passive. Priviliges are enjoyed by the people belonging to the upper caste, rich class, higher position, power etc. The people who move to other countries because of various reasons also live like subalterns and suffer from alienation, insecurity, and rootlessness, distorted form of human relationships and the subsequent loss of history. The paper also compares the presentation of the theme of alienation, mobility, migration, and dislocation by V.S Naipaul, and Kiran Desai in their selected novels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Textile Leader is the property of China Textile Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Digital humanities is a result of the convergence of digital technology with social sciences and humanities. It is one of the key research areas around the world by the library and information science profession, and in cognate areas such as art and archeology. Focus groups, digital humanities centres are created for intensive researches which are located mainly in libraries as their core programmes. The library techniques and methods such as knowledge organisation, knowledge management, search and retrieval design, education, and emerging areas such as metadata, semantic mapping, ontology, thesaurus construction, digital curation, discovery services, find application in digital humanities. A new area of study, historical informatics complements the digital humanities. India has vast potential application of digital humanities with its diverse culture, customs and languages and so on. India is reckoned as one of the advanced countries in the IT sector, hence recognising the socio-cultural legacy and diverse historical background, it is viewed that digital humanities has many opportunities and applications for LIS professionals in India to contribute substantially. This paper brings together the concepts, tools, and applications of digital humanities and proposes a course of study in LIS curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper maps the contribution of the G77/China Group of developing countries to the negotiations and the final text of the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Treaty. Key achievements such as the manner of inclusion of DSI, the use of the 'BBNJ Standardised Batch Identifier, a proposal to account for aggregate use of marine genetic resources and DSI, the tracking of monetary and non-monetary benefits through the use of the batch identifier all stem from proposals put forward by this block of 134 developing countries, and are key to the perception of legitimacy achieved by this progressive agreement. This paper written in the form of a testimonial by the Chair of the Group during these negotiations, shows above all, the continued relevance of the Group as a formidable negotiating entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste Management has become a burning issue all over the world for the last few decades. The repercussions of many years of unrestricted and irresponsible industrialisation, globalisation, and consumerism are being faced today. Many countries have started taking precautions to reduce the dire environmental and health effects caused by improper and irrational waste management. This paper's primary objective is to analyse the Indian municipal solid waste management systems (MSWs), their challenges, threats, current systems in place, and, more importantly, to understand the opportunities to improve and implement better strategies. However, it is also essential to understand how developed countries are faring with managing their waste and where India stands in comparison globally. In this paper, waste generation and the composition statistics of 5 selected countries - the USA, Canada, Germany, China, and India, are also evaluated with an overview of their respective management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an increasing tendency in recent times, on the part of the developed nations, including some in the erstwhile underdeveloped world, to revive cold war politics of the bygone era, which has led to resurfacing of old fault lines and historical animosity amongst them. This has also resulted in the derailment of post-cold war consensus on economic liberalization and democratization of the world order. What is more complex and dangerous is the realignment of global powers, trying to either restore the existing order through competitive militarism or reframe a new global political and economic order by countering the status quo. On the other hand, the aspirational global south is committed to restore order and stability which are quintessential imperatives of peace and prosperity in the world. This paper attempts to make a comparative assessment of these two competitive and mutually exclusive agenda of 'North' versus 'South'. It will further delve deep into the narratives of the global south and critically examine its prospects and challenges amid the threat of a new cold war between contesting hegemonic powers in contemporary times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of international electronic commerce (IEC) on export trade increases along with its expanding scale. Based on relevant data and the gravity model of China's IEC export trade, this paper develops a theoretical model that can be used in IEC scenarios, applies regression equations, a Hausman test, and other empirical methods to verify relevant data, and performs a robustness test. The purpose of this paper is to explore the mechanism of IEC impact on China's trade, and hopefully to study the temporal structural changes of the impact of IEC activities on China's export trade based on the financial crisis and European debt crisis variables. The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in the large sample of China's trade selected in this paper. It can also determine the changes in the distance effect of international trade in the era of IEC, and reveal the mechanism by which IEC applications help foreign trade enterprises overcome economic crises. Four key conclusions are obtained as follows. First, the development of IEC has significantly promoted the expansion of China's export trade scale. Second, in the context of the global financial crisis and European debt crisis, the positive promotion effect of IEC on exports is not significant. Third, the promotion effects of IEC on China's exports to both developing and industrialized countries are significant, with the impact on developed country exports being slightly greater. Fourth, although the geographical distance for measuring transportation costs has a negative effect on China's exports, such effect has been greatly weakened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global community is facing an existential crisis that threatens the web of life on this planet. Climate change, in addition to being a fundamental justice and ethical issue, constitutes a human rights challenge. It is a human rights challenge because it undermines the ability to promote human flourishing and welfare through the implementation of human rights, particularly the right to life and the right to health. It is also a human rights challenge because climate change disproportionately impacts poor and the vulnerable people in both low-income and high-income countries. Those living in many lowincome countries are subject to the worst impacts of climate change even though they have contributed negligibly to the problem. Further, low-income countries have the fewest resources and capabilities at present to adapt or cope with the severe, long-lasting impacts of climate change. Building on human rights principles of accountability and redress for human rights violations, this paper responds to this injustice by seeking to make long-neglected societal amends through the implementation of the concept of climate reparations. After discussing the scientific evidence for climate change, its environmental and socioeconomic impacts, and the ethical and human rights justifications for climate reparations, the paper proposes the creation of a new global institutional mechanism, the Global Climate Reparations Fund, which would be linked with the United Nations Human Rights Council, to fund and take action on climate reparations. This paper also identifies which parties are most responsible for the current global climate crisis, both historically and currently, and should therefore fund the largest proportion of climate-related reparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several countries with diverse health systems have achieved universalization (UHC). The trajectory towards universal coverage almost always has three typical features: (i) a political process driven by a range of regulatory changes to simplify access; (ii) an increase in health spending; (iii) an increase in the share of pooled spending rather than paid out-of-pocket. Therefore, a study was undertaken to understand the extent of the provider-purchaser relationship of governments to achieve UHC while reforming healthcare. The present paper focuses on extensive secondary research across countries and evaluates the experiences of select developed and developing economies with India's experiments on- Financing mechanisms, management arrangements, governance and health outcomes; to offer a comparison of practices and their impact. While Italy, the UK, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada and most recently China are countries that have achieved UHC; countries like USA and Brazil are on the verge of achieving UHC. These nine countries represent the entire spectrum of pure purchasing models, mixed and pure provisioning models to help us leverage from their experience. All countries that have attained UHC have a well-defined package of services that the government commits to fund and provide for (both public and private). Additionalities around wellness and cosmetic care is managed through supplementary insurance. Overall funding is through an autonomous body, at arm's length of government; primarily to govern and manage the state's health priorities. And the government purely behaves as a regulator setting policy and giving directions to the providers. However, ensuring the sustenance of such a mixed model requires; (i) a well-regulated ecosystem that thrives on evidence, (ii) the governments must clearly define the role/s of each stakeholder and hold them accountable for their deliverables in attaining UHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education contributes to economic growth. China's economy has shifted from high growth to higher-quality development, creating a new demand to reform and develop higher education. This paper first measures the composite index of higher education in China from 2009 to 2019 by combining the Cobb-Douglas production function and Denison's economic growth factors analysis method. Results showed that higher education in China has an increasing contribution rate to economic growth from 2009 to 2019 but is still lagging behind developed countries. Second, it analyzes the new trends of higher education development in developed countries, compares the development models of higher education in different countries, and reveals the problems in China's higher education. Finally, it examines the impact of higher education on China's macro-economy from the human capital theory and the economies of scale theory. Furthermore, it proposes strategies for the higher-quality development of higher education and provides a reference for adjusting and optimizing the development model of higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper intends to present some important aspects from developing countries' points of view for setting up the new collective quantified goal of mobilizing finance for global climate actions during the post-2025 period. The committed long-term finance mobilization target from developed countries to deal with the risks from climate change remained abysmally low and far from the actual requirement. Several studies and reports highlighted that if there is further delay in initiating requisite climate actions, the higher would be the future costs both for mitigation and adaptation. The developing nations are putting their requirements in the UNFCCC in the range of trillions of dollars. To fulfil these vast needs and priorities of developing nations, the new goal will play a critical role. In this regard, the goal should integrate four essential characteristics, namely, qualitative, quantitative, temporal, and dynamic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Design and building of Mega Housing Development Projects (MHDP) has become one of the targets of developed countries, due to their positive impact on continuous population growth, rapid urbanisation, economic situation and working force engagement. Developing countries are moving towards the establishment of MHDP, where Egypt 2030 plan aims at constructing MHDP with specific vision. Although MHDP are expected to offer HR opportunities, they will generate challenges. The purpose of this paper is to design a responsive framework to HR factors arising from the internal and external MHDP environments. The paper undergoes a review for HR challenges and opportunities in design and building of MHDP, which was followed by a qualitative analysis of case studies from countries near to Egypt. Finally, a survey questionnaire was implemented, targeting stakeholders involved in MHDP. Most external challenges facing developing countries included security for HR working in design and building, shortage in access to technology in supply from a country to organization, Governance instability systems and lack of coordination. The most challenging factors facing the developing countries include providing services for organizations during construction of new MHDP, planning more flexible funding strategies for more flexible economic construction environment, avoiding continuous change of governmental systems and biased decision making, improving educational knowledge for constructions' obstacles to improve innovation, and Engaging more employees into the construction of MHDP activities. The paper developed a responsive framework and a risk register which better suits MHDP in Egypt. Strategies for HR internal opportunities at the design stage included "exploit", "share", and "enhance". "Exploit" strategy aims to ensure that the opportunity is recognized and make the opportunity definitely happen. Regarding HR Challenges, responsive strategies include "Avoid", "Transfer", "Mitigate", or "Accept". The paper improves management practice of challenges and opportunities for HR in MHDP in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional wisdom on how late industrialized countries follow the technology trajectories of preceding economies is in need of reformation as these countries have attained industrial leadership in a growing number of fields. However, current understandings about these countries' development of their emerging technologies have yet to investigate the divergence of idiosyncratic technology trajectories. The aim of this paper was to explore how their knowledge production strategies in emerging technology sectors are diverging. Specifically, this research examines the changing patterns of knowledge production in quantum technology in South Korea and China by developing a knowledge portfolio and knowledge strategic diagram. According to the knowledge portfolio, the relative literature position differs. In the knowledge strategic diagram, there are diverging patterns in the emerging keywords sector. This paper contributes to the literature by demonstrating the diverging strategies of late industrialized countries in their transition from catch‐up to post‐catch‐up paradigms and provides policy implications for countries developing an idiosyncratic trajectory in emerging technology sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Biodiversity beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement has gained global attention since it is anticipated to be implemented in the near future. This analysis demonstrates that almost all nations have made significant efforts to complete the BBNJ Agreement. This manuscript intends to highlight the ongoing efforts of developing nations in the BBNJ discussions by utilizing a descriptive approach and concentrating specifically on Pakistan as a case study. Furthermore, the elements brought by the Asian and African groups supporting Pakistan's role are also discussed, since these groups are ambitious in obtaining an internationally legally binding instrument (ILBI). This study goes further into the views of developing country groups in all the Intergovernmental Conference sessions (IGCs) on BBNJ. The differences between developing and developed nations, such as the concept of the Common Heritage of Humankind principle (CHH), Marine Genetic Resources (MGRs), and omitting fish from the scope of the BBNJ Agreement, are examined in this paper. Pakistan's advantageous geographical position and extensive coastline have been emphasized, underscoring the significance of BBNJ for Pakistan and its proactive engagement in the discussions, particularly its representation of the Group of 77 developing nations at the United Nations (G-77). Although Pakistan initially was not actively engaging in the debates, it voiced its ambitious attitude when representing the G-77 in 2022, which was refreshing. This study reveals that while Pakistan has played a vital role in BBNJ discussions, it still requires updating its data and policy development to embrace the BBNJ Agreement effectively. Nevertheless, this disparity may be remedied via a diligent mindset and conscientious conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Formulates 9 propositions on the spatial dynamics of multi-system co-evolution • Great surges of development are characterized by a gravitation-dispersion pattern • Key mechanisms: imitation, selective adoption, creative modification, rejection • Regionally uneven landscapes of industrial modernity form during successive surges • Proposes an agenda for studying the spatial aspects of the Second Deep Transition Industrial societies are currently evolving along a fundamentally unsustainable trajectory, contributing to climate change, resource depletion and loss of biodiversity. A recent Deep Transitions framework (Schot and Kanger, 2018; Kanger and Schot, 2019) argues that this trajectory has been built up through the First Deep Transition: a 250-year co-evolution of multiple socio-technical systems. However, to date the Deep Transitions framework has completely neglected the spatial dimension of this process. This makes it unable to explain (1) how socio-technical systems emerge in, gravitate towards, become linked in and disperse from certain locations; (2) how global constraints condition actors' responses in specific locations and how these responses, in turn, reproduce or transform socio-technical systems; (3) how these processes accumulate into socio-material landscapes, posing locationally varying constraints to major transformative change. As a response this paper aims to develop a middle-range theory of the spatial dynamics of Deep Transitions. Synthesizing insights from a broad range of fields nine propositions are developed on the spatial patterns and mechanisms of long-term multi-system co-evolution. The resulting framework enables to explain the spatial genesis of the First Deep Transition and opens up a research agenda for studying the possibly emerging Second Deep Transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African refugee youth and young adults live at the intersections of many structural barriers, including xenophobia, racism, and misogyny. In this conceptual paper, we present considerations for education scholars who seek to conduct research with and about African refugee postsecondary students. We start with a discussion of the discourse of Othering and racial stigma against Black-African people in high income countries. Next, we discuss the need for intersectional analysis in research by focusing on how gendered racism positions African women refugees as particularly vulnerable in higher education institutions. Then, we proceed to a discussion of how cultural heritage presents us with a counternarrative to xenophobic discourse. At each point, we present a set of critical questions that serve as a conceptual springboard for researchers that are exploring more deeply the issues that affect refugee youth and their education. Through this work, we implore researchers to engage with/in these communities in ways that are resistant to Othering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the home bias in the international equity market using 1) the country-level behavioral factor and 2) the home-foreign return correlation. Specifically, we use responses to the question regarding the level of trust toward strangers as a measure for the behavioral factor that we call country-specific unfamiliarity. The empirical results based on the data from eleven developed countries suggest that country-specific unfamiliarity has a significant and positive correlation with the equity home bias. On the other hand, we find that the home-foreign return correlation is negatively correlated with the equity home bias, which goes against our hypothesis. We check for the robustness of our empirical analysis by fitting alternative specifications and using a log-transformed measure of the equity home bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitalization gives micro-enterprises and rural areas new possibilities and it can support their competitiveness. In this paper, we have presented one way of supporting the diffusion and adoption of digital innovations in rural micro-enterprises. First, we examined the challenges and digital competence of the micro-enterprises in the rural areas of Central Finland to better understand what they needed. The second step was to develop a workshop concept. Theories of innovation diffusion and adoption were used as a base for these workshops. The last step was to evaluate the developed concept, its effects and challenges. We found that the workshop concept worked well for spreading information, for encouraging a positive attitude towards digital innovations, and for planning the use of innovations. Important factors in order for this concept to work were trust, communication, and changing the roles of agents and opinion leaders. • Digitally excluded areas are also found in digitally advanced countries such as Finland. • Microenterprises need help with exploiting the digitalization. One way to do this could be workshops. • Paper presents real life case for supporting diffusion and adoption of digital innovations to microenterprises in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In a fast-changing technology-driven era, drafting an implementable strategic roadmap to achieve economic prosperity becomes a real challenge. Although the national and international strategic development plans may vary, they usually target the improvement of the quality of living standards through boosting the national GDP per capita and the creation of decent jobs. There is no doubt that human capacity building, through higher education, is vital to the availability of highly qualified workforce supporting the implementation of the aforementioned strategies. In other words, fulfillment of most strategic development plan goals becomes dependent on the drafting and implementation of successful higher education strategies. For MENA region countries, this is particularly crucial due to many specific challenges, some of which are different from those facing developed nations. More details on the MENA region higher education strategic planning challenges as well as the proposed higher education strategic requirements to support national economic prosperity and fulfill the 2030 UN SDGs are given in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By utilizing listed firms in mainland China during 2008 to 2017, this paper investigates how air pollution affects corporate tax avoidance. The results show that higher levels of air pollution promote tax avoidance by firms subject to the pollution. To investigate this linkage, we conduct a series cross-section analyses which confirm the incentivizing effect of air pollution on corporate tax avoidance behavior. The results indicate that the association between air pollution and corporate tax avoidance is more pronounced for firms in high-polluting and monopolistic industries, state-owned enterprises and in districts where the government exerts less tax and economic influence. We apply robust checks, including the random discontinuity design regression, instrumental variable regression in order to confirm the casual effect of air pollution on corporate tax avoidance behaviors. Our results show that air pollution shapes corporate tax avoidance through employees' mood and operating efficiency. This study not only enriches the studies about how the external natural environment can reshape firm's corporate tax avoidance behaviors, but also provides strong evidence that the government needs to improve environmental law enforcement. More generally, there are policy implications for developing and developed countries alike: they need to attach much greater importance to environmental regulation and financial governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]