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The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a non-regulatory agency within the United States Commerce Department's Technology Administration. NIST's mission is, "to develop and promote measurements, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life". NIST Laboratories conduct research in a variety of physical and engineering sciences that promotes the nation's technology infrastructure. The Information Services Division (ISD) is a tri-part information services organization within NIST's Technology Services that includes the Research Library, the Electronic Information and Publications Group, and the Museum and History Program. This paper centers on the NIST publications program and knowledge management efforts in the publications area. An overview of NIST research focuses on NIST as a producer of standards and measurement related data and information. Included is a description of NIST's major publications and database vehicles and web based information. NIST publication distribution channels and how these channels contribute to open access to science and technology literature and specifically NIST information are discussed. In particular, the paper explains how the integrated efforts of ISD's Knowledge Management functions (Research Library, the Publications Group, and the Museum and History Program) combined with ISD initiatives provide full text and open access to NIST publications. Included is a look at the standards employed to assure high-quality bibliographic information and accessible, compliant, permanent, secure electronic access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its establishment in 1960, the Institute of Public Administration (IPA) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia has had responsibility for documenting Saudi administrative literature, the official publications of Saudi Arabia, and regional and international organizations, through establishment of the Document Center in 1961. This paper will present the experience of the Institute of Public Administration Document Center in the documentation of administrative information and the stages of information technology developments in managing the collections of the Center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the major challenges in managing personal information. It states that a delicate balance exists between the privacy of an individual and the needs of knowledge-based societies to perform successfully in terms of policy. The author suggests that the concept of privacy is the primary factor when considering the ethical management of personal information.

A variety of forms and charts that relate to articles on information science that appeared in the issue are presented.

The article offers the author's views on the issues concerning the advocacy for public libraries in South Korea. Through the use of wide range of values as well as the ability of organizing information, the author believes in the enabling to advocate for libraries along with making influence to the political decision makers. Further, she stresses the significance of looking for partnerships within or with educational institutions, which will receive more attention from the respective department.

The article discusses the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions' (IFLA) goal of ensuring equal distribution of information in Asia and Oceania. It highlights the establishment of the IFLA's Regional Standing Committee as well as its commitment in addressing uneven digital distribution of information and lifelong information literacy. It also mentions IFLA president Kay Raseroka's advocacy of improving literacy through by enhancing education and training activities.

The article discusses the importance of equal distribution of information in Asia and Oceania. It highlights the development of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions' (IFLA) Regional Standing Committee to address the concerns on uneven digital distribution of information and the need for lifelong literacy. It also mentions IFLA's president Kay Raseroka's goal to prioritize information literacy through improvement of education and training activities.

Information about the presentation by John Power, head of research and library services of the Northern Ireland Assembly, discussed during the 68th International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) Council and General Conference held on August 18 to 24, 2002 in Glasgow, Scotland is presented. Power discussed the vital role played by the research and library service in the provision of information to the people, government and lawmakers in the country.

This paper will provide the context of francophone heritage collections' development and management by the University of Alberta Libraries (UAL). Readers will get a summary of the library's efforts to preserve, manage and provide easy online access to primary source materials. The paper will describe the Peel's Bibliography, an authoritative guide to prairie history and literature, and Peel's Prairie Provinces portal, a gateway to the multitude of heritage materials available online. It will outline the UAL's proactive approaches to the francophone cultural heritage preservation through digitization of analog and archiving born-digital materials, the challenges we encounter, the ways we address them, and the benefits our users receive as a result of our efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will discuss the decision between conservation and loss of evidence that can be obtained from an untouched original. The forensic capacities of today and what might be possible tomorrow make the decision to conserve an historic document much more difficult than in the past. Where once conservation was the decision of choice for valuable historic materials, today that decision is much more complicated. What can be lost by washing paper? Fingerprints that might reveal information about past owners? Dirt that might reveal past locations of the document? Analysis of hide that might reveal where the leather came from and when. Analysis of wooden boards that might show where the wood came from and when it was felled? The forensic tools of today have changed the developing relationship between collections conservation and digitalization. There is a current and still developing process for conservation and digitization. How do you decide what to conserve and what may you lose in the conservation, that is what evidence is removed that might be used now and in the future to determine more about the document in hand. For many years it was thought that conservation was the best means of preserving a valuable volume, but today with scientific methods and nondamaging equipment that can capture information from the very paper fibers it may not be best to do conservation which can change the chemical foundation of the historic paper. It may be better to safely house a damaged volume for study using such instruments as hyperspectral imaging. With digital copies of volumes now available for researchers to compare and investigate multiple volumes of the same title, or parts of a title that now can be brought together, the decisions for conservation versus digitization are much more complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Swiss National Library has a mandate to collect, catalogue, store and disseminate the cultural heritage created in Switzerland and abroad by and about the Swiss, both in print and digital. This sounds like a clear enough mission, but dig deeper and this mandate raises all sorts of tough questions. What exactly is cultural heritage? Obviously, it goes far beyond e-books and e-journals of wellestablished Swiss publishers. It is Swiss websites, newsletters of Swiss societies, and so on. However, what about all the digital data that is created by Swiss people every waking moment? The selfies, blogs, tweets, social media, personal digital archives. Surely not everything can be considered cultural heritage. But who decides what is and what isn't?. And then how do we cope with the enormous quantity of information being produced? How can we decide what to keep for future generations when we cannot even cope with the output of the current generation? Not to mention the costs. With budgets being cut all the time, what does that mean for our cultural heritage?. Amidst all these tough questions, one thing is clear: no single institution can possibly cope with collecting all that information nor be tasked with the decision on what to preserve and what not. This paper will use the example of Web Archive Switzerland to show how trust and interoperability have led to constructive collaboration. Web Archive Switzerland was born in 2008 following 5 years of discussion with the cantonal libraries. Since then websites with a bearing on Switzerland have been selected, documented, preserved and disseminated collaboratively among 30 Swiss institutions. The key lesson learned over the past 14 years is that to answer the tough questions and challenges we had to look beyond our own walls and borders. We learned to let go of the idea that we can do it alone, that we can control the world of content through clever curation. We learned how to create partnerships and strong networks of institutions, how to engage new sorts of curators, how to trust each other and share synergies and costs, all with the common goal of saving as much digital heritage as possible. In summary, this paper is a call to arms to join forces, to forge partnerships, to bundle competences, and to build collaborative networks! It will show that curating collaboration between institutions is as important as curating cultural heritage and it will suggest ways forward to create more collaborative collections of digital cultural heritage within Switzerland and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chamber of Deputies boasts a huge and significant collection related to the legislative history and memory of Brazil, which comprises library books, manuscripts, rare books, audiovisual materials, museum items and oversized panels from Athos Bulcão, Oscar Niemeyer and Di Cavalcanti. Since its beginning, the preservation service faced many problems most of them related to lack of credibility, reliable knowledge of Institution's collections and resources. Aiming to change this scenario a broad preservation strategy was adopted, including the implementation of preventive conservation measures, the development of a learning heritage program, the employment of the risk management tool and the assessment of the collections' significance. This paper will describe each action taken during the last five years, showing how vital it was the implementation of an inclusive and coordinated plan to achieve long-term preservation of collections in a traditional political institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In only the first seven and half years of its existence from 1968-1974, the Malawi Censorship Board banned over 840 books, more than 100 periodicals and 16 cinematographic films. All publications in circulation in Malawi were subject to the control of the Board following the enactment of the Censorship and Control of Entertainment Act in 1968 which regulated and controlled the making and exhibition of any form of information source materials. Academic Departments like the Department of Political Studies at the University of Malawi were non existent while the history of the nation course at the university had to be taught selectively to avoid secret police interventions planted all over the country. Access to the National Archives of Malawi was strictly prohibited and manuscripts had to be strictly censored. The control of the fourth estate, the press, also got its share as no local paper dared to criticize or seen to be undermining the authority of the government. The only state controlled broadcaster Malawi Broadcasting Corporation was heavily monitored in any form while talk of television was a taboo until the multiparty era. Ground phone lines were intercepted in such a way that any conversation between two people could be closely monitored more especially foreign calls. Mobile phones never existed. This paper will try to look at some of the reasons and ways how access to certain information was prohibited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special libraries are not well resourced to undertake their own e-journal archiving initiatives, and are consequently vulnerable to supplier changes in e-journal supply. Partially funded by the ALIA 2007 study grant, this paper reports on a proof-of-concept research into the design of a "Smart Client" application (easily deployed, supports both online and offline operation and uses a blend of local and web-based resources) for digital archiving of e-journal subscriptions held by special libraries. This research comprises an initial survey of archiving experience in Australian special libraries, and architectural design and proof-of-concept implementation of an archiving application. Responses from 164 Australian special libraries indicate that many libraries already encounter loss of subscription coverage from a range of causes, and that very few have an e-journal archiving strategy. Our objective is to implement an archiving application that is suitable for installation in a special library context where information technology support may be minimal. The paper presents results of the archiving survey, the architectural design of the smart client application, and outcomes of proof-of-concept trials. The research outcomes indicate that a simple-touse cross-platform "Smart Client" approach to e-journal archiving is viable and can be distributed in an open source framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comfort level with the technology and the ease of access to all kinds of information which it provides has privileged the web as the research tool of first choice among today's library users. Libraries are responding by introducing web-based reference services through email, instant messaging, live chat and/or virtual reality tools like 'Second Life' to meet the needs of these techno-literate users. Focusing on an academic library in the Caribbean, this paper contends that despite the perceived advantages of using technology to provide reference service, circumstances in the local environment militate against privileging virtual reference over traditional reference. The paper will examine issues such as the differing information research skill levels among students, the physical format of the library collection, the un/availability of the requisite professionals to staff a virtual service and the underlying role culture plays in this paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the complexities of integrating vendor-supplied e-journal cataloging into the local database based on California State University, Northridge Library's implementation of MARC service from Serials Solutions in 2006. The paper centers on four stages of the project: preparation, load, post-load issues, and maintenance. For the preparation phase the paper outlines the decisions that libraries need to make prior to the record load. The load part deals with the actual ingestion of the vendor MARC records into the catalog, the arising issues of authority control and possible compromises in the quality of cataloging that libraries should anticipate to make. The third, post-load stage focuses on the clean-up project and on educating public services on the new type of MARC records in the catalog and their impact on the library's OpenURL link resolver. And finally, the paper explains how much effort it requires to maintain the commercial cataloging service on a monthly basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of the Internet and digital technology has caused a dramatic and rapid change in scholarly communication practices, giving rise to new forms of digital scholarship and emerging scholarly publishing models. As libraries respond to-and help promote-these changes, they face a number of new challenges and opportunities. Libraries must develop new specialists with specific skills in digital content production and management. At the same time, they must develop a broad, general understanding, among staff across the entire organization, of how changes in scholarly communication practices affect the library enterprise as a whole. This paper discusses three new areas of activity for libraries supporting digital scholarship and scholarly communication: the development of institutional repositories, electronic publishing services, and scholarly communication outreach and advocacy. The paper will also suggest strategies for developing the capacity to support these activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing relevant information corresponding to end-user needs is the main goal of each library. Those of us living in the developed world do have budgets and are free to buy books, subscribe to paper or e-journals, to the variety of other on-line resources and thus satisfy user needs. Those of us living in developing countries or countries in transition face various - cultural, educational, political, financial - obstacles in getting access to the needed information. To overcome those obstacles and help libraries of such countries to deal with e-resources an independent foundation eIFL.net (Electronic Information for Libraries) was set up in 2003. The paper describes how Lithuanian libraries, due to their participation in eIFL.net activities, had changed: they set up a library consortium, consolidated the library community in the country, started fundraising campaigns, got access to on-line resources, and provided training for librarians and end-users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Documenting the cultural and social history of a people is one of the key ways in which cultural identity is preserved and recorded for posterity. Libraries in the Caribbean and the Americas play a vital role in this process by gathering, preserving and disseminating this information to ensure that the cultural identity of the small island states of the Caribbean is not only well safeguarded, but also accessible. This paper identifies and examines the efforts undertaken by the libraries of The University of the West Indies at St. Augustine and Mona to document and provide access to researchers, regionally and internationally. The paper presents issues related to the digitization of these traditional materials and explains the libraries' obligation to guarantee the ongoing preservation of and access to these original heritage resources which are of regional importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British Library has in recent years undertaken a number of digitization initiatives. As the Library collections are very varied, containing many treasures, as well as a great mass of older printed texts, it has evolved a combined approach to its digitisation efforts in the last few years. High grade work such as the digitisation of the Gutenberg Bible, or the Shakespeare first folios have been realised - and all publicised under the "Turning the Pages" concept. At the same time, the Library sought funds for large scale digital conversion activities for three areas of its collections: Newspapers, Books and Sound Recordings. The paper will focus upon these three large projects. They are: Archival sound Recordings; 19th Century Newspapers; Out-of Copyright books. For the first two projects, funds have been awarded by the UK Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC). The Library has worked for the last few years with JISC to realise these two projects. To realise the third, the Library is in partnership with Microsoft. The background to each of these projects will be described. The presentation of such a mass of material presents great opportunities to open up access. At the same time, the British Library must ensure diligence in relation to matters of UK copyright and to obtaining permissions of rights holders, wherever it is possible to do this. There will be an examination for each project of the copyright issues that had to be tackled, with examples of the constraints faced. The paper states that this remains work in progress, describing lessons learned; it may be impossible to trace all the potential rights holders within such large masses of material. However, The British Library has led in this area, and has a policy to show the process of due diligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As librarians and information professionals, we are faced with solving a growing information overload problem. We strive to connect end users with the information they need. How can we better connect searchers to the vast amount of information to be found on the web? Information management principles and practices, taxonomies, and other controlled vocabularies serve as knowledge management tools that we can use to help organize content and make connections between people and the information they need. This paper focuses on the processes associated with taxonomy development, including how to determine the requirements, how to identify concepts, and how to develop a draft taxonomy. It also covers techniques for validating a taxonomy, processes for incorporating changes within a taxonomy, applying a taxonomy to content, and methods for maintaining a taxonomy over time. Throughout the paper, best practices associated with these process steps are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the challenges presented for the Australian Library and Information Association by its role as the professional association responsible for ensuring the quality of Australian library technician graduates. There is a particular focus on the issue of course recognition, where the Association's role is complicated by the need to work alongside the national quality assurance processes that have established by the relevant technical education authorities. The paper describes the history of course recognition in Australia; examines the relationship between course recognition and other quality measures; and describes the process the Association has recently undertaken in order to ensure appropriate professional scrutiny without unnecessary duplication of effort and expense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: In his overview of web archiving initiatives at Global Resources Network (http://www.crl.edu/grn/index.asp) institutions, James Simon of the Center for Research Libraries lists ten active initiatives for capturing and curating web sites, including Archive-It's subscription-based archiving service. Indiana University Libraries is among the institutions that began subscribing to Archive-It (http://www.archive-it.org/) in 2006 in order to capture, preserve, and search web sites, without needing technical support or infrastructure. This paper will focus on a government information web site archiving project - one of three collections being archived at Indiana University. Two of the collections are obviously clearly related to local preservation needs: the web sites of Indiana University, and selected state of Indiana and local government web sites. The third collection, which is the subject of the paper, consists of web sites of national level governmental statistical agencies outside the European Union, Australia, Canada, and the USA. For more than half a century at Indiana, selection and acquisition of documents produced at the national level by governments outside the United States has emphasized key genres for social science and historical research: statistical abstracts, legislative reports, development plans, and education reports, for example. As a greater proportion of this material became available only on the web, we chose to devote some of our budget to preserving web sites rather than specific documents through Archive-It. Cooperation: The archived web sites are freely available and searchable by key word or URL at the Archive-It web site. Institutions can add supplementary search interfaces, web sites, and user aids outside the Archive-It interface, and determine how often to capture, disable, or add new sites. Like much at Indiana, work on developing this project took place in a committee or working group. This one had participation from Cataloging, the University Archives, and Collection Development staff. Technology staff was not involved, and a subject librarian maintains accompanying web resources and seeds for each collection. Supplementary finding aids include records for our collections at the top level in our local catalog and OCLC WorldCat, paper collection brochures, and web links such as these: http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=4302 http://www.archive-it.org/collections/317 http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=4981 Wider issues of current cooperative concern revolve around making certain we are not duplicating the efforts of others in this area. Selection of seeds which are not being archived elsewhere, seeking information about registry plans for URLs, and other aspects of cooperation will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rendering access to government information at any level of government in any jurisdiction is indeed a 21st Century global challenge. Governments are generally prolific web publishers and, very similar to the commercial or private website creators, generally update and/or remove their web content as quickly. Part of the overall solution to the maintenance of access is some form of permanent archiving that seeks to preserve web content indefinitely. In Canada, the work of preserving government information is being undertaken by Library and Archives Canada (LAC). Several initiatives are underway which jointly contribute to the overall goal of preserving information from Canadian federal, provincial and territorial jurisdictions. This paper explains the nature of the investment in web harvesting which Library and Archives Canada has made in order to preserve government-produced information, and its relationship to Legal Deposit which in early 2007 was broadened to include online publications. The principal initiative, the Government of Canada Web Archive (GCWA), comprises a collection of bi-annually harvested websites of the entire Government of Canada web domain, publicly accessible since Nov. 2007. The progress of harvesting activity since the Archive's inception in early 2006 is described, as well as the underlying technical infrastructure. The important foundation the International Internet Preservation Consortium has provided is noted. Challenges, be they technical, resource, legal or otherwise related are also touched on, as well as a word about future developments. Other initiatives are also mentionned to give the reader a flavour of what future developments may look like. Also developed in this paper is the relationship that web harvesting of government web sites has with Legal Deposit activity in Canada. Having been broadened to include online publications and already applicable to the federal government, Legal Deposit of specific web publications with subsequent storage in a trusted digital environment combined with the harvesting of entire websites will ensure that LAC will have a significant base of government information to ensure long term access and preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents and discusses the method and results of a study done at the Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) in South Africa to determine the nature and extent of information sources used by postgraduate students in the health and biomedical sciences at that university, with special reference to the use of humanities information. The study covered the period 2004 - 2007 and used the reference lists of theses and dissertations of masters and doctoral students in the health and biomedical sciences at TUT as data sources. The outcome of the study showed that citation analysis is a valid, reliable and practical method to provide reasonably accurate information on the use of humanities literature by postgraduate students in health and biomedical sciences. At TUT, it enabled researchers to establish that postgraduate students in health and biomedical sciences at that university make only very limited use of humanities literature for doing their master's and doctoral research. This is notwithstanding the fact that students have wide access to humanities literature in both paper and electronic formats. With the aid of citation analysis, the researchers could also establish that health and biomedical sciences students at TUT are not averse to citing information sources beyond their own discipline; just over 3% of all citations were to information sources in the social sciences, which mostly comprised psychology, business, law, management and public administration. Although the reasons for the outcome of this study have not been investigated, the most likely explanations are probably because TUT does not offer a course in medical humanities, and because medical humanities seldom pertain to purely research papers in narrow scientific areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparing LIS professionals who are "fit for purpose" is a key factor in meeting those employer demands evidenced in recent studies.1 This paper builds on two previous large-scale studies by the 8Rs Research Team and provides the results of a new study of U.S., Canadian, British and Australian schools of LIS regarding their recruitment strategies and curricular plans in relation to the above research questions. The methodology includes a structured analysis of LIS recruitment materials, and a web-based questionnaire complemented by telephone interviews with selected respondents. The survey population is administrative staff of LIS schools (deans, directors and program coordinators). The paper investigates how we might all evolve in terms of recruiting those individuals who will thrive in the climate of change that is affecting all of the organizations to which our graduates contribute, no matter the country of their employment or their chosen sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the need for structured access to continuing education opportunities by LIS faculty in sub-Sahara Africa. The paper takes as it starting point that human development, and in particular education, lies at the heart of Africa's sustainable development. The paper first discusses the barriers and challenges faced by LIS faculty in pursuing their professional development in the areas of teaching, research and service. A potential solution to the problem is then described in the form of an information and educational web based portal modeled after the Foundation for Professional Development, a health sector educational and development organization servicing the needs of health professionals in Southern and Eastern Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on globalization from the perspective of "information access, transfer, exchange and use". With the advancement in information and communication technology (ICT), information now flows more easily and quickly, regardless of barriers of country boarders, time and distance. The paper shows that the 21st Century African medical Library user is slowly but steadily complimenting the traditional way of accessing and sharing library resources in print format, with a more advanced electronic way, which is proving to be more efficient, but with a lot of challenges to a developing continent. Participants in this study were medical students, academic staff and librarians from three selected schools in Uganda. The preliminary findings indicate inadequate funding as the underlying cause of the challenges faced by Uganda medical libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduces briefly a history of the Library (NUL) and its continuous development since its foundation in 1607 to the present. The paper is focused on present implementation of the new library software in academic libraries in Croatia and the need to establish the conceptual model for its effective, efficient and collaborative functioning both nationally and internationally. The paper aims to present the results and guidelines of the Model of the University of Zagreb Library System, and to define the crucial and sustainable academic library functions that need coordination and collaboration nationwide. The development guidelines consider also the social factors and inevitable changes in management style of the university librarians and their liason with the university administration in a dynamic environment caused by the present reform in HE Sector. The described model of the University of Zagreb library System attempts to establish the user centered quality services approach and set new and accountable academic library environment that should be adopted in Croatia, in due time. The project, funded by the EU, involved 30 academic librarians from Croatia and professionals from the Low Saxony State and University Library in Goettingen, the National Library of Finland and the Royal Library of Denmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensifying competition among Chinese-language newspapers in North America was recently brought to spotlight by mainstream media. For well over a century, North America based Chinese newspapers have been informing generations of immigrants and documenting their collective and personal experiences. The steady flow of Chinese speaking population into the U.S. and Canada over the last several decades has created opportunities for this type of publication to expand and proliferate, which in turn poses challenges to library community in respect to collection development and preservation. After giving a brief outline of the history of Chinese-language press in both Canada and U.S., this paper will discuss the identity of this type of press, which is a particularly acute question in the context of U.S. A researcher who conducted two surveys in the U.S. in 1987 and 1997 concludes that it is Chinese American, while a campaign aid for Senator Hilary Clinton reportedly declared that it is "foreign media" when trying to prevent reporters from entering Clinton's fundraiser in San Francisco in early 2007. By contrast, this author tends to believe that the identity of Chinese press has changed over time and is more fluid today. The next focus of this paper is the current status of Chinese newspapers in North America. Using information from this author's own investigation and media reports, the paper will provide an account of Chinese newspapers in two regions with largest Chinese communities-Toronto and New York-New Jersey. Both the prominent daily newspapers and small weeklies distributed in the supermarkets will be discussed in terms of their editorial policies, circulation numbers, distribution channels, web presences, and availability (or the lack of) in the libraries. For different types of libraries, the challenges for collecting and preserving North America-based Chinese newspapers are somewhat different. A state library may have public mandate to do so, but may lack the language expertise required. Even though an academic library may possess such expertise, it may be restricted by its current curriculum focus. Therefore, a state-wide or even nation-wide collaboration needs to be developed in order to collect these newspapers and ultimately preserve a unique portion of human experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian Inuit people have lived in the Canadian Arctic for centuries and are one of several aboriginal peoples of Canada. As their culture's oral tradition shifted and became written, newspapers, newsletters and small magazines became an essential form of communication for communities. This paper surveys the newspapers currently and formerly published, by and about Canadian Inuit, spanning the past half century. It also describes existing collections, abstracts and indexes and paper bibliographies that have significant relevance for locating these Inuit titles. The information collected during this study has been collated into a web resource. Entitled "Caninuit: a comprehensive bibliography of Canadian Inuit periodicals", this website is a unique resource for students, arctic scholars and Inuit communities to discover Inuit periodical publications when they use Internet search engines for their research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It can be argued that relatively few countries in the world can match the countries of Scandinavia when it comes to the coverage of audiovisual and multimedia material in their legislation. This paper introduces the legal deposit acts of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, and describes the similarities between them. For each country, it lists the institutions which collect these materials, and the national bibliographies which are produced. Some interesting differences in practice are described, and the challenges of collecting documents from the Internet are explained. The paper concludes by stressing the importance of continuous updating of legislation and practice to keep pace with the preservation of cultural heritage in a rapidly changing society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enactment and promulgation of the Legal Deposit Act (2002) provide the National Library of Jamaica (NLJ) with the legal framework to execute its mandate to collect, promote, preserve and facilitate access to the nation's recorded documentary heritage. This paper highlights the provisions of the Act, especially as it relates to audiovisual and multimedia documents; the challenges encountered in rallying compliance with the Act; the initiatives taken and the suggestions that have been implemented to counter the non-compliance/no-confidence dichotomy. The paper also discusses the strategies that the NLJ will employ in anticipation of the increased inflow of audiovisual and multimedia materials as a result of its on-going public education campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the concept of Friends of Library groups and highlights the many services and programs Friends can support and sponsor in their libraries throughout Canada, the U.S., and the U.K. Best practices are demonstrated in advocacy efforts, support of literacy programs, funding for alternative format materials and access technologies for people with disabilities, and sponsorship of aboriginal programming . Many Friends groups are major contributors to a capital campaign to build a new or renovated library, as demonstrated by the exemplary groups mentioned in this paper. Key community partnerships can contribute to the success of many Friends groups' efforts and a few are outlined for your consideration. Examples of how Friends may raise funds for their libraries are provided. Information is included on national Friends associations which provide leadership and support for any library interested in starting Friends of the Library group or for an existing Friends group that requires new ideas or resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective Mentoring is essential to the growth and success of librarianship in all types of libraries. This paper considers the possibilities for fostering mentoring activities among early career librarians, mid-career transitional librarians and non-professional library workers. First, the paper describes existing studies to illuminate the urgency of mentoring activities to address the diminishing number of librarians and changing librarianship in the workforce as well as to support ongoing staffing needs. Second, it documents the academic library and professional organization's typical mentoring activities including its extensiveness and limits. The paper focuses on academic librarians in a university setting. Third, this article describes one librarian's mentoring activities to support and encourage beginning librarians to advance their careers in library and information science to become active members of professional associations and to think about possible leadership roles The paper concludes with a) the author describing how her own mentoring/mentee roles have influenced her professional direction and b) linking effective mentoring to library leadership. It demonstrates how the effective mentor will help the mentee navigate not only the maze of professional organizations and committees, but also to achieve a more global understanding of the platform of libraries without borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper the authors argued that effective information literacy education (ILE) must consider the indigenous cultural context of a country and tailor programmes according to this context. In this paper the discussion is carried further, with Laos as a case study of how culture and indigenous knowledge affect planning for ILE that is culturally and contextually appropriate. Based on interviews with 14 teachers in four Lao schools, the authors conclude that Hofstede's cultural dimensions are a valid means of understanding local cultural norms, and that these norms clearly affect how information literacy programmes should be planned and delivered. The authors also conclude that anyone involved in developing or promoting culturally and contextually appropriate ILE programmes should call upon the teachers' own indigenous knowledge of the local educational context and their own ways of incorporating indigenous knowledge from their community as a teaching resource. Finally, suggestions are offered regarding how culturally sensitive ILE can contribute to global understanding by incorporating learning contexts that demonstrate the value of various forms of indigenous knowledge, such as the knowledge and experience of community elders or local ethnic groups and cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an insight into the critical success factors that lie behind the successful implementation of the following key reading programmes and initiatives organized by the Public Library Services Group of the National Library Board (NLB), Singapore: Library 2010 Reading Programmes: BookCross@Sg, Read & Reap, Deliver Me Nation-wide, Community-based Programmes: READ! Sg, kidsREAD, 10, 000 Fathers Reading, Junior Reading Ambassadors and MOLLY This paper will accompany a multimedia presentation designed to show how these programmes help to achieve NLB's aim to cater to the unique reading and learning needs of different library customer communities in Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly we have come to think of institutional repositories as the primary storage and access locations for the deluge of digital materials. However, we continue to employ portable physical carriers for the storage and transfer of digital information, from portable hard drives, USB and Flash drives, through to DVD-ROMs, CD-ROMs and floppy disks. As concerns about the fragility and obsolescence of physical carriers continues to mount, it is likely that digital material will increasingly be transferred back to digital repository systems where curation of these objects will be simplified. The department of Humanities Advanced Technology and Information Institute (HATII) at the University of Glasgow ran the Packaged Object Ingest Project (POIP) to investigate the requirements, procedures and challenges that arise from ingesting digital objects on portable media into a repository. The Packaged Object Ingest Project provides a first step towards defining best practice for ingest from portable carriers. The work that lies behind this paper was carried out under ERPANET, a project funded by the EU under the FPS programme. The challenges of ingest from portable carriers should not be underestimated. A range of material was selected, designed to provide a realistic testbed. We studied a variety of published and unpublished CD-ROMs, published and unpublished 3.5" floppy disks, and unpublished 5.25" disks. We found the content and variations in production often posed challenging intellectual issues. How should we catalogue and store objects containing complex multimedia software applications or those containing seemingly unrelated collections of documents? Particularly with floppy disks, we encountered examples where the collections spanned multiple disks. What is the most appropriate way to catalogue these objects and retain the collection's provenance? The increased reliance on networked storage and delivery along with the rate of technological change means hardware obsolescence is a tangible risk. We wished to investigate which issues associated with ingest were unique to physical carriers as opposed to network delivered content. Our approach was to develop a small testbed database and repository, focusing on the functions related to ingest of the contents of portable objects. We selected what we then perceived to be the most suitable preservation metadata schema, the National Library of New Zealand Preservation Metadata Schema, as our underlying data structure. Having built a simple interface, we ingested the contents represented on a range portable objects, paying particular attention to address issues related to the variety of content and production values. Unsurprisingly, we discovered that the manual ingest of digital contents is a slow and expensive process, particularly for complex objects represented in many files with varying levels of binding. The array of file formats encountered and range of appraisal decisions meant that any ingest operator would be required to have not only a high level of technical skill, but often familiarity with the subject domain and an appreciation of the relevance of the contents. It was necessary to render the object to appraise it's contents. Attempting to render the digital objects on different hardware and operating systems resulted in either failure, partially broken or severely limited renderings on several occasions. The range of file formats found on most portable objects meant that significant preservation metadata was required and though extraction and creation was expensive at first, the resource cost decreased with repetition. This paper describes the research that we conducted, summarises our findings, and presents the practical guidance that we developed as a result. In conclusion we indicate areas where further research might be appropriate to refine our conclusions and to address questions where our results were less than conclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author discusses collection and item level assessments of CD-ROMs, including advocating the viewing of works in their "native" environment to assist with maintaining the integrity of the original work. Strategies for grouping titles that have similar preservation needs are discussed, in order to develop appropriate preservation workflows. The paper summarizes lessons learned through the examination of multimedia titles held in the Avery Fisher Center for Music and Media (AFC) in the Elmer Holmes Bobst Library at New York University (NYU) as part of the Moving Image Archiving and Preservation Program (MIAP). This paper is a work-in-progress, written for the session Digital Objects on Physical Carriers at the 2008 World Library and Information Congress of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved document delivery service has played an important role in resource sharing, which has led to increased access and usage of information resources in Uganda. In the past, Makerere University Library (Mulib) users were discouraged by lack of full text articles. Mulib then changed a strategy and put Document Delivery Service (DDS) as an integral part of the electronic resources budget and information literacy activity plan. A DDS form was designed and put on the Mulib website for users who have Internet access; while print copies are distributed to eligible users and institutions/librarians. For the medical/health professionals, an additional print copy is included in the periodical Health Information Digest, which is distributed to rural health units/institutions. This paper presents two types of DDS. The first type is from international sources through collaborations/partnerships with Makerere University to benefit Makerere University community; while the second type is within Uganda - from Makerere University to benefit rural institutions and practitioners/extension workers. Depending on the situation, documents are repackaged from electronic into print format and delivered to rural areas by either post or fax. Where ICT facilities permit, electronic documents are delivered by e-mail and/ or in the case of health workers, by using personal digital assistants (PDAs) in a project supported by Makerere University Faculty of Medicine, Uganda Chartered Healthnet and Satellife. Mulib also conducts rural outreach sessions in mainly Universities, health units and paramedical training schools to introduce these units to global information resources and how they can be tapped. The paper outlines these activities and highlights the contribution of DDS as a practical strategy that has enhanced access to information resources by academics, researchers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In 2007, NRC-CISTI launched two new online electronic discovery services, Discover and eBook Loans. This is just the beginning of changes at NRC-CISTI. The paper describes the new services, NRC-CISTI's plans for transforming document delivery and the importance of these emerging business models for libraries. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper is conceptual in nature, describing the Discover and eBook Loan services, discussing NRC-CISTI's plans for transformation from print to electronic document delivery and the impact of the growing dominance of electronic literature, on library resource sharing models. Findings: The new breed of Web-based user oriented services have aroused different reactions in the library community, some very positive, some neutral, some negative. As NRC-CISTI embarks on more changes to its services it will work within the library community to make these services relevant to their needs. Originality/Value: Newly emerging information delivery services related to the digital landscape underlines the richness of new ideas in the library community to improve access to scholarly literature for users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hand written sign outside a community library reads "Strengthen the community of Ndodeni by joining the Community Library. It is our help." The library is the only brick building in this remote KwaZulu Natal village and is run by local women who are members of the non government organization The Family Literacy Project. This paper will tell the story of the library and how it has become part of the lives of many of the local families. 1 million children in South Africa live in homes where there are no literate adults and this poses a problem for their future because without the support of adults who believe in the importance of education these children and their families will find it difficult to make full use of any available learning and development opportunities. The approach of the Family Literacy Project with its three community libraries and eight library boxes is one way of supporting early and adult literacy development which in turn contributes to the overall development of under-resourced areas. This paper will trace the growth of the FLP and focus on how the provision of a box of books began an interest in reading for both Information has been collected over a number of years through interviews with neighbours by newly literate FLP members to gauge their interest in the provision of a library; explanatory stories of photographs taken by FLP facilitators to track changes in reading habits within the community; and the results of focus groups held with library users as well as those who have not yet joined with the aim of discovering the perceived benefits of the library and the role it can play in the development of the village. In this case study of the growth of a community library, the importance of literacy development and how necessary libraries are in extending the knowledge of families living in isolated and under developed areas will be highlighted. The difficulties and successes will be considered in order to provide ideas for those in similar situations who want to support grassroots development. The power point presentation will include photographs of the area and community members, and a project booklet on how to run a community library will be on display [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on an investigation conducted at the University of Zimbabwe (UZ) towards the end of 2006 whose results have become a concept paper on the role to be played by the academic library in Third World countries in the future. To solve the problem of over-use of some materials and the non-use of other resources (especially electronic ones), the library decided to introduce the Information Literacy Skills (ILS) training to educate users on available resources. In addition, it was realised that library and information services in the developed world were shifting emphasis from the traditional roles of gathering, organizing and storing information, to taking a leadership role in the promotion of IT as well as providing instruction in IT use in research and teaching in academic institutions (colleges and universities). The paper argues that, since the role of the academic library is to service the parent body, the library must endeavour to maintain extreme close links with the parent body, with the library aligning itself to the objectives of the mother body. Given that technology, and the internet in particular, has impacted on the way university teaching and research are conducted, as major the provider of research information, the library must play a leading role in the way students and staff use IT in their search for information. The library's target is essentially to promote use of the internet especially that print sources of information have become unaffordable, as they require heavy financial investment. The study assessed the effectiveness of the Information Literacy Skills (ILS) training programme by measuring the change in resource use from the time of ILS inception at the UZ in 2004. At its inception, an investigation was conducted to establish sources on which students relied, and three years later, the same study was conducted to find out whether there had been a shift on the resources used by students following three years of ILS training. The sample was drawn from returning students at the university since these had received ILS training An analysis of the two studies shows that there has been a marked shift in the use students made of the various sources of information and that there was greater reliance on electronic sources. This shift was attributed, in the main, to awareness of the availability and usefulness of these sources of information learnt through ILS training. In both investigations students were asked to indicate their use of the available sources of information and the results were compared to determine the extent of the shift in resource utilisation. It was observed that in view of the amount of information available on the internet, it was imperative that the library continue to train students on how best to access internet information. Finally, the study made a number of recommendations which include the following: - that ILS training be continued as it equips students in the selection of resources for study. - that universities in the Third World benefit from the lessons learnt by the UZ on the usefulness of ILS training and introduce it for the benefit of their students and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special libraries are the least represented part of national library statistics. The difficulty starts with the question of what is meant by "special library". Though there is a definition and an enumeration of special library types in the international standard ISO 2789, the special library is generally defined in terms of what it does not mean, namely academic, national, public, or school libraries. The paper gives an overview of the various types of libraries that can be classed under the label "special library", ranging from the small traditional library of a specialised museum to the comprehensive electronic information centre of a pharmaceutical company. The variety of special libraries involves a similar variety in their mission and goals, funding, size, collection subjects, types of materials, services, and clientele. Quality measures for special libraries will depend on the mission, clientele and tasks of the libraries. In libraries serving the daily needs of a defined population, quality will be mainly defined by the speed and accuracy of reference and information delivery services, the possibility of direct (desktop) access to the library's collection and services, special customised services, and the cost-effectiveness of all services. In libraries with long-range tasks and no specified population, quality will rather be defined by the coverage of the collection for its special subject, by preservation or digitization activities, attendances at library events, and possibly also the comprehensiveness and speed of a bibliography. But there is also a range of quality measures that would be applicable to all types of libraries, namely indicators for the speed, accuracy and efficiency of background processes (e.g. acquisition or processing speed, accuracy of shelving), for employee productivity, for the library's engagement in regional, national, or international cooperation, and for the priority that the library gives to staff training and therewith to the library's ability to cope with new developments. The paper shows sets of possible quality measures for different types of special libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special library environment is a unique one, with emerging technologies and evolving user expectations, combining with diminishing budgets, constantly challenging the special librarian to do more with less. While willing to rise to this challenge, the special librarian is often surrounded by legacy collections, systems and processes that absorb resources and energy while blurring the role that he/she has within their organisation. If we are to measure and evaluate the contribution that the special librarian is making to the organisation it is vital that we measure the correct processes and systems. Often it is the performance of the legacy systems and processes that are measured and evaluated, rather than those that support current business processes. This paper examines the issues associated with legacy systems, processes and collections, and suggests ways by which library managers can ensure that they are providing what people need in the most effective way. The paper describes how systems audit and information audit can be used to determine which systems, processes and collections are relevant to current business processes and suggests methods by which to identify appropriate measures that reflect their operational impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the higher education sector was being transformed through mergers, the Library Directors of Higher Education Institutions of South Africa realized the need for a joint effort and launched the Committee for Higher Education Librarians of South Africa (CHELSA) at the University of Pretoria in June 2004. The committee consists of Library Directors of Higher Education Institutions of South Africa. This committee replaced the former Forum for University Librarians of South Africa (FULSA) and the former Inter-Technikon Library Committee (ITLC). CHELSA identified quality management in higher education libraries as one of its priorities. This was in response to the government's introduction of quality audits in higher education institutions through HEQC (Higher Education Quality Committee). A CHELSA Quality Assurance subcommittee was established in 2004 to provide leadership in activities which will facilitate the implementation of best practice initiatives in South African higher education libraries. The paper will provide an overview of CHELSA's initiatives towards quality assurance in higher education libraries. These initiatives include: involvement of key stakeholders, the development of an agreed upon set of measures to be collected by higher education libraries, and the development of a Guide to the Self Review of University Libraries. The paper concludes that CHELSA has taken a step in the right direction but there is still much to be accomplished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is based on findings from an Arts and Humanities Research Council funded project, 'Safeguarding heritage at risk: disaster management in UK archives, libraries and museums', undertaken 2005-2006. The project has achieved a contemporary overview of disaster management practice and issues in the UK. It also included a survey of international activity in disaster management with the aim of identifying examples of good practice and theory that might offer lessons for the UK. This aspect of the project included literature and website review, attendance at events outside the UK, interviews, and a survey of international and national associations and institutions by means of targeted e-mails to named individuals. Of the 115 organisations contacted, 44 (38%) responded. Information obtained included details of key current issues, networks, guidance / advice / support offered, training, contacts and collaboration, new / recommended publications, and future plans. The paper aims to outline the current situation and to look to future developments, Through examples of recent activity and initiatives relevant to large-scale region-wide disaster planning and recovery in the cultural heritage sector, it will highlight common themes and issues for those planning for and dealing with such events. Themes and issues include: nature and scale of disasters (natural and man-made), liaison with civil emergency planners, international non-governmental organisations and others involved in mitigation and relief, training, staff welfare and counselling, communication and access to relevant information, the disaster control plan, condition of buildings, economic impact, external support, new threats such as climate change. Recommendations for strategists, cultural heritage professionals and associations will be made. These will include factors such as networks and sharing experience, traditional measures, approaches to action, e.g. top-down, or grassroots-up, effective means of communication, research, cross-domain collaboration, working with those outside the sector, and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Freedom of Information (FOI) legislation continues to be adopted in Africa, the presumption behind its adoption has been that good information infrastructures exists to guarantee access to information. Applying ideas of information economics, this paper argues that information management has all along undergone neglect in Africa. Using case studies of Botswana, Ireland, Malawi, South Africa and the United Kingdom the paper posits that the adoption of FOI legislation mandates African countries to reverse the neglect. Reversal of the neglect will be achieved by developing good information management infrastructure to cater for variable access to information demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a model of leadership and management that would contribute to the development of a Library Association to promote a progressive library profession in Ghana. The paper observes that The Ghana Library Association (GLA) plays very little or no role at all in the management of libraries in the country. The proposition for the present discussion is that, a well managed Ghana Library Association would be able to improve the state of library provision as well as the professional development of librarians. At the moment the association is chartered and should be the authority in matters dealing with all libraries in the country, especially in meeting the expectations of its membership. It should be able to exercise its authority to win recognition and respect for its members, enabling them to rub shoulders with the decision-making powers of the society, and thereby influence the allocation of resources in the development of libraries and librarians. An exploratory study involving the compilation of data on the active membership, and management practices of GLA was conducted in Accra to generate a hypothesis on the performance of the association during 2003 - 2006. Analysis of the data provided a big picture of the present position of the library association in terms of performance and its relationship with government policies and politics. The situation was compared with the performance of the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP) of the United Kingdom which provides leadership in all matters for the library and information profession. A model of management derived from CILIP's governance structure and function is proposed based on the principle of : ' not re-inventing the wheel' for the development of a purposeful library association in Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right of access to information has been accepted by South Africa as a sine qua non for a democratic state pursuing the values of accountability, transparency, openness and responsiveness in the affairs of government institutions. The paper points out that South Africa's recognition of this right was informed by the apartheid system of government that was buttressed by the institutionalised violence of state repression through certain obnoxious legislation like the Internal Security Act. Thus post-apartheid South Africa through the 1996 Constitution and other legislation, like the Promotion of Access to Information Act, has empowered civil society to ensure government accountability. Despite the fact that the country's access to information legislation has its shortcomings, which the paper expounds, it is acknowledged that a commendable landmark has been made in the political history of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]