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Copyright of Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Contemporary medical practices are concentrated on technologies and scientific conceptualization of disease. It is significant to note that, in spite of huge and powerful technological resource of biomedicine, there are many people who suffer from chronic illnesses. This situation reveals the extreme need not only in rational, objective understanding of illness but turns our attention to the unique subjective experience of being seriously ill. It is important to recognize this necessity to develop different approaches that can help patients to live meaningful life after losing health. There is a way to rethink about such kind of subjective multilayered experience from perspective of philosophical phenomenological tradition. Phenomenology of medicine provides decisive insights into personal becoming in serious illness. This article is dedicated to the role of ethical issues in expressing of being ill and addresses to narratives as a source of ethical inspiration. We argue, that considering the possibilities of medicine as ethical practice, first of all, we can find directions for real support of chronic patients. Arthur Frank aims to analyze narrative ethics as a resource for transformation of a dark, wounded experience of being lost in crisis into a healing space of intersubjective relations. The paper concerns the problem of relation to others in the situation of senselessness in illness. We explain narrative as "ethical practice of the body" (Frank, 2013) within the Levinas's ethical view of subjectivity as one-for-the-other. Levinas proposes the notion of subjectivity which enables philosophy to reopen an embodied subject as vulnerable, passive and at the same time responsible for the other. In some way Frank continues the Levanasian thought articulating the "pedagogy of suffering" when I as "the wounded storyteller" can teach others. During the process of storytelling-teaching I embody my ethical, social activity from the heart of vulnerability, weakness and passivity of being ill. Sharing my suffering with others via narratives and being responsible for my voice- I receive new impulse for recreating (remaking) body-self in ethical communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In my paper, I analyze and give an assessment of the article by Vladimir Fours published in 2006 in Topos. Journal for Philosophy and Cultural Studies entitled Descartes as a Teacher of Philosophy. I reconstruct both Fours' main theses, his arguments and the basic lines of the discussion caused by this article. The reason why I started to recall these materials is in the fact that, in my view, the problems touched by Fours and his opponents remain still unresolved. I am sure they are still of current interest. I outline that Fours believes the consciousness is not self-evident and self-sufficient substance as Descartes thought. Descartes himself faked the knowledge of ego cogitans proceeding from his primordial experience which is signed as so-called proto-philosophical one by Fours. Fours tries to show how it is possible to generate an object-filed of authentic philosophy from the experience of such a kind. And he shows how Descartes realized that. According to him, any object-field of philosophy is shaped only by procedures, or tehnoi -- in his own term-usage -- which are applied to the proto-philosophical experience to harmonize it and dismiss its primal dramatical disruption. In the case of Descartes, that was experience of indifference of will. As result, the usage of mentioned procedures causes the genesis of the new concepts and terms, which become the substitute of the object-fields of the philosophical investigations. An object-field of philosophy is, therefore, an illusion. The acceptance of objectivity of these object-fields is "the idealism of philosophical self-understanding", in Fours' words. His opponents emphasize that Fours has a wrong notion of idealism. Moreover, his construction of the genesis of object-fields of philosophy is itself a kind of idealism. As conclusion, I state that the main methodological problem of Fours' reflections and critiques is in his substitution of the things which are more knowable and obvious to us (proto-philosophical experience) for the things which are more clearer and more knowable by nature (intelligible object-filed of philosophy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I examined how ash can be used as an asphalt coating, the purpose of this article is to preserve the ecological balance and reduce the formation of ash dumps. In the zones where ash dumps are formed, unfavorable ecological situations are manifested due to the large amount of dust formation, as well as the washing out of ash components by sewage, after which the components of the ash fall into the soil, because of this, the mineralization of the groundwater increases and the environment degrades. Using this material will solve the environmental problem through the use of fly ash, but also to reduce the volume of ash dumps, freeing the occupied land for economic needs, from dumps of ash and ash-slag mixture.In this paper, I found out that the use of ash as an asphalt covering will not only reduce the occupied land, but will increase the performance characteristics of the road surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces metaphor "digital porosity" aiming to grasp the non-uniformity, limitations and gaps of digital connectivity (technological, material, spatial, social, etc.) in urban spaces. Being used as a research guidance, the metaphor raises the questions what digital porosity is? how is it produced? how is it changing? Based on the research of internet connectedness and practices of Internet use in the subways of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the paper states that the extension of the Internet zone and the inclusion of new urban spaces do not automatically increase the connectivity of the city, since the latter depends not only on the availability or the quality of internet communication, but also on the intentions and skills of the internet users and their ideas about the comfort and the possibility of internet connection, the role of the subway ride in the broader planning horizons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Vasily Shukshin's "working records" dated from 1966. It is established that a lot of contexts and names are important for the interpretation of these records: from the antique myths to Russian literature. In the paper, it is proved that the motive of the waterway of a ship appears in Shukshin's texts as the concentrated symbol of spiritual aspirations, warm rushes, as the allegory of movement towards the aim and the overcoming of obstacles. At the same time, it is also a symbol of moral ascension, which is shown by the reflections about intelligence as the aim of the artist. The conclusion drawn is that the poetics of Vasily Shukshin's texts represents a very open and dialogical structure with wide referential installations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to compare Nikolai Leskov's debut short story ‘A Case That Was Dropped’ (1862) and its second redaction, published in 1869 and titled ‘The Drought’. Comparative analysis covers major text elements, such as the title, motto, composition, time and place of the action, characters, etc. Special attention is paid to the central figure of the story, i.e. the rural priest, and the changes to his image introduced in the second version of the text in which Leskov emphasized his significance and elaborated his psychological profile. As the paper suggests, the writer also examined the most acute ecclesiastical problems of the 1860s, including peasant superstitions and the attempts to eradicate them, as well as the low social status of the clergymen, and the disdainful attitude of the Russian nobility towards Church ministers. The paper concludes with the assessment that the second redaction of the story exposes the evolution of Leskov's talent and his journey towards making a priest the lead character of the novel The Cathedral Clergy . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is focused on the policy of human resources management in the public sector, which aims to increase the professional skills and qualifications of civil servants through trainings in order to develop a modern, effective and citizen-oriented system of public administration. In brief, this policy gives priority to training because it is seen as a targeted investment to good governance. The first part of the paper deals with two separate but closely related issues - administrative system and reform of human resources management in public administration. The reason is that the principles and organizational model of the administrative system provide implications on the policy of human resources management in administration. The second part explains the realtionship between the concept of competency and the model of excellence. This model could be used in any organization, which makes it a contemporary approach to public administration management. Finally, the paper outlines that the traditional model of training is outdated and the competency approach in training has become wide-spread in public and private sectors. The expected result for the Bulgarian administration is that using this training approach will significantly enhance civil servants' professional competence and thus the impact on the quality of governance will be significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reflects on how different modes of chronic pain can affect ethical content of motherhood and its temporality. Addressing a phenomenological analysis of study cases (interviews, media posts and diaries of patients at the Pain Clinic in Helsinki Hospital Area), I aim to show that chronic pain affects different temporal modes which have an ethical meaning for the shared and embodied mother-child relation: being present for the child, being with the child in the future, being de-phased, being late, loosing time, or not being able to be with and for the child. The main goal is to demonstrate that chronic pain challenges the normative, moral, and ethical concept of being a responsible mother and it introduces everlasting traumatization and stigmatization of the subject. One of the arguments I follow is that experiencing chronic pain mothers perceive time as disrupted one and the one which does not necessarily have potentiality or life horizon. In other words, it leads to discontinuous temporality (lapses of time, instants, de-phases) rooted in traumatized female sensibility and it affects validity of the intersubjective world of mother-child relation. This problematizes many aspects of ontological conditions of woman's embodiment and questions possibility of social dialogues: modalities such as "being for the child", "being at the moment of present", "being responsible in the future" and "being-with" force a discussion of what it means to be ashamed of the pain and being guilty in contemporary community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mechanics & Advanced Technologies is the property of National Technical University of Ukraine KPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current linguistic situation of the Kievan conglomeration which has evolved over the course of several centuries presents itself as a unique subject for linguistic description and study, differing substantially from analogous examples elsewhere in the Slavic world. This paper discusses the sociolinguistic multicodality of the present-day Kievan urban dialect with concrete illustrated examples from actual non-staged speech found in Ukraine's capital. We have also included an analysis of the possibilities for such switching (as well as a description of the communicative situations that are linked with this phenomenon). The language is complicated by many other factors, including geographical, ethnic, cultural, socio-political, and historical, as well as the degree of national identity of native speakers and regional heterogeneity. It is often said that there are not two (Left- and Right-Bank Ukraine), even not twenty-two, but rather two hundred twenty-two Ukraines. It is hardly possible to give a completely accurate assessment of the real language situation in contemporary Kiev, for any statistical data, official proclamations, or linguistic approaches to the interpretation of modern "language reality" mostly have no more than an evaluative character, which is caused by a number of extralinguistic factors and modern political and ideological challenges that have nothing to do with the real language situation. The complexity of the description of the modern Ukrainian language situation is that it is impossible to talk with certainty about any universals and make unambiguous conclusions regarding the entire Ukrainian ethnic area as a whole. The territory of modern Ukraine (and Kiev) is a many-sided palette with linguistic, cultural, religious, historical, and ethnographic points of view. Historically, the modern Ukrainian territories belonged to different countries, empires, political and religious spheres of influence, which is one of the primary reasons why Ukrainians are heterogeneous in their mentality, degree of national self-identity and, as a result, in any given choice of a particular language code for everyday communication, due to both regional identity and the various historical pasts of the east and west of Ukraine, geographical location, i.e. the proximity to Russian and European culture. Moreover it is possible to speak about certain kinds of Ukrainian bilingualism: Russian-speaking Ukrainians or Ukrainians using the Russian-Ukrainian mixture, the so-called surzhyk in everyday communication actively or often passively speak the literary Ukrainian language (with the exception of some regions in Eastern and Southern Ukraine), using it exclusively in official, formal communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is based on materials of different genres and different styles of Ukrainian written monuments of the 16th and the 17th centuries (acts, court documents, wills, deeds, documents of church and school fraternities, chronicles, works of religious, polemical and fiction, memos of scientific and educational literature, liturgical literature, epistolary heritage, etc.) which are included in the source database of the Dictionary of Ukrainian language of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century and its unique lexical card index, which is stored at the Ukrainian Language Department in the I. Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Lviv). The composition and structural organization of Church Slavonic lexemes meaning 'God; God's face' as well as their origin and history are studied. It was found that the register of this vocabulary included more than fifty phonetic and graphic Church Slavonic elements expressing the concept of 'God; God's face' different in word-forming structure. The main attention is paid to the etymological analysis of the studied tokens, which was primarily to clarify their semantic etymon. It is established that the analyzed Church Slavonicisms are mostly semantic loans from the Greek language, which preserved their semantics from ancient times to the Old Ukrainian period. It is observed that some studied tokens often act as core components of various two-, three-, or four-membered lexicalized phrases. The most active multifunctional core component was the token Lord. It is established that fixed phrases and phraseologisms are of different types in structure, mostly two-component noun + adjective phrases (sporadically, there are other lexical-grammatical models, too: "noun + noun", "preposition + adjective"). Much less observable are three-component formations ("noun + verb + pronoun", "verb + pronoun + noun") and four-component models ("verb + preposition + pronoun + noun"). It was found that the Church Slavonic words attested in the Ukrainian memos of the 16th and the 17th centuries did not undergo significant semantic changes in the process of formation of religious vocabulary. Some Church Slavonicisms have gone through a partial semantic modification, and some have acquired new semantics due to fixed phrases. Some words that point to God's face are characterized by polysemy and synonymy. The evolution of the analyzed Church Slavonicisms is different. Some of them have survived to our time and are actively used in the Ukrainian literary language or dialects, while others function only in a special area: in the church practice of the Byzantine rite (Orthodox Church of Ukraine, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the linguocultural analysis of the semantic content of the archetypal symbol of fire. It is one of the deep mental formations, a manifestation of the collective subconscious, the generic memory, so its shades of meaning are best expressed in microcontexts that retain stereotypical associations and evaluations for a certain ethnos as well as in the linguistic formulas of word magic, which is inherent in primitive consciousness. Such are the texts of paroemias and verbal folk magic, on the basis of which the research is conducted. Although ancient Ukrainians knew the cult of fire and thought that it had a divine power, the analyzed linguistic microcontexts did not show the lingualization of deification of fire. Fire appears as an ambivalent element, destructive but simultaneously life-giving, with the predominance of negative marking. Fire mostly is opposed to water, which is also an ambivalent element but with a positive beginning. Ukrainian paroemiology predominantly testifies stereotypical associative similarity of fire and misfortune or trial, more rarely - of fire and strong destructive feelings or restless nature. Analyzed Ukrainian proverbs do not contain Christian understanding of fire, only ancient, pagan ideas about it. In verbal magic, fire is a part of homeopathic magic, an element that can scare off a disease or burn it, that is, cure the like with the like. More rarely, fire is a part of love magic based on similarity of natural fire and the fire of feelings. Of particular interest in this context is the image of 'fiery bugalo' that burns, causing a love fever. This image is connected with the cult of the seductive serpent, a mythical creature that can install a 'fire of love' in the heart of a man, and appears to women as tempting young man. The mediator of the idea of fire is also the word-concept 'candle'. This symbol implements the semantics of faith and mind. In religious tradition, it becomes the emblem of the church and the spiritual light. Paroemiological units mostly attest to its use in combination with the word-concept 'devil'. Such microcontexts can be explained by the ability of people to pick up and summarize the paradoxical manifestations of everyday life. Ethnographic studies suggest that the semantics of sun and lightning also intersect with the symbolic meaning of fire, although this is not confirmed by the analyzed paroemological microcontexts. The cognitive basis of such symbolization are the mechanisms of associative assimilation and comparison through which the primeval people cognized and structured the world. The symbol of fire becoming the basis of paroemological and magical microcontexts is sometimes not lingualized directly and manifests itself through typical scenarios with predicates to smoke, to burn, to scorch, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of phraseological units in the novels Honykhmarnyk, The Reverse Side of the Light by Dara Korniy and The Wings of the Colour of Clouds by Dara Korniy and Tala Vladmyrova. Two ways of applying phraseological units in the literary works are outlined: 1) the use of traditional fixed units recorded in phraseological dictionaries (usual use); 2) purposeful replacement and transformation of communicative setting, connectivity, semantics, form, or structure of phraseological units (occasional use). The specifics of introducing traditional and transformed phraseological units into the lingual structure of literary works are described. The unmodified phraseological units that are entered into the text in their original linguistic form (in Ukrainian, Greek, and Latin languages) are analyzed. If the writer uses foreign-language fixed units in the text, she gives the Ukrainian equivalents. The stylistic features of the phraseological units which appear as a result of euphemization are revealed. The ways of formalization of standard phraseological units are marked in inverted commas as quotes or without inverted commas but in the context where there is a formal indication of the author's words. The ways of transformation of phraseological units are singled out: changes in the communicative setting of a fixed unit, modifications of the component structure of a phraseological unit, and the contextual processing of a phraseological unit or its components. The changes in the component composition of phraseological units are systematized: the replacement of the grammatical form of the predicate, the lexical replacement of the components (substitution), and quantitative changes in the component composition. Lexical replacement implies such modifications: the replacement by paronymous words, synonyms, or other lexemes. The degree of coverage of a phraseological unit by substitution may be minimal (one component is replaced), moderate (several components are replaced), and maximum (full replacement of the components). Quantitative changes which provide for the expansion or reduction of the component composition are described. The reduction of the component composition covers the following processes: truncation, contamination, and phraseological hint. The cases of the contextual processing of phraseological units are analyzed, their qualification characteristics are determined. It is concluded that Dara Korniy introduces phraseological units into literary text without changing their structure and semantics, and also uses transformed fixed units, components of which get new, phraseologically predetermined meanings because of transformations. The use of varieties of techniques for the expression of well-known phraseological units testifies the high skill of the writer to achieve maximum expressiveness, irony, and laconicism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper intends to present the general tendency of lexical change in Russian lyrical poetry during the last two hundred years on some arbitrarily selected examples. The odes of Lomonosov were accomplished in the lofty style based on Slavonic, rhetorical, and other "poetical" devices. In Derzhavin's ode Felica, enthusiastic and ironical elements, pathos and everyday talk are combined. In Zhukovski's romantic poetry the objective sense of words is overshadowed by their emotive overtones. In avoiding the grandiloquent romantic lexis, Nekrasov describes the hopeless hard life of Russian peasantry with deep sympathy, and reliably reproduces the popular speech. In the cited poem of Akhmatova, the psychic drama of the heroine is expressed by a peculiar connection of words belonging to different stylistic layers. The entirely prosaic lexis and syntax of Blok's short poem suggests the poet's feeling about the hopeless immobility of life in a condensed metaphoric shape. Vinokurov's poem relates an imagined accidental meeting of former lovers after thirty years of their separating in an entirely colloquial style. Since a poem of genuine aesthetic value appears as a complex artistic work, its components mutually strengthen, supplement, or compensate each other. Thus, the increase of colloquial elements in the poetic vocabulary does not necessarily indicate a process of "depoetization". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two characteristics of the passive voice found in the North Russian dialect and in other Circum-Baltic languages, the accusative case of the patient or theme as an argument of a verb with passive morphology and intransitive verbs passivized raise a number of related questions. The author of the present paper explores the issues under discussion from an areal-historical perspective, concluding that the aforementioned languages have a tendency for the agent to be the same element as the subject and the patient or theme to be the same element as the (direct) object of the sentence. In the North Russian dialect, we can see an example where the above fact holds true irrespective of whether the verb has an active or a passive morphology as the theme of the sentence assumes the accusative case regardless of whether it is an argument of a verb in the active or in the passive voice. The question as to what lexical elements can function as subjects is itself interesting. Moreover, there seems to be a correlation between what level of abstraction the syntactic category of subject has reached in a language and the existence of a pure passive meaning. The less abstract the category of subject is, as in case of Circum-Baltic languages, the farther structures with a passive morphology seem to be from a pure passive meaning. In languages such as English, however, where virtually any noun can function as a subject, there seems to be a pure passive meaning and there is only one morphological way of forming passive sentences. The nature of linguistic similarities found in genetically less related languages spoken in the same area has been given a number of varied accounts. The most salient of them appears to be B. Drinka's explanation based on the influence of Western European languages on ones spoken in the East of the area where once the Hanseatic League existed in the middle ages and I. Seržant's theory concerning the foregrounding of the agent as passive structures with a stative interpretation gradually assumed a dynamic one. In fact, participles in the North Russian dialect ending in -n / -t can express a dynamic, that is, eventive interpretation with a perfect meaning and can even co-occur with the -sja / -s' postfix, the latter phenomenon being absolutely unimaginable in Standard Russian, where the two affixes are in complementary distribution. The author assumes that the topic should be studied from the perspective of sociology and cultural anthropology as well since linguistic similarities and differences often reflect similarities and differences in thinking beyond the realm of linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ukrainian literary critic Yuriy Boyko stated that Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky (1811-1848), the famous Russian literary critic harshly criticized Ukrainian writers who wrote in Ukrainian. In fact, he tried to persuade those who wrote not only in Ukrainian but also in Russian to use only the latter. Belinsky often referred to contemporary Ukrainian literature in his writings. His attitude towards Ukrainian literature and Ukrainian language was rather ambiguous. It was the manifestation of the interest in Ukraine and Ukrainian culture that existed in Russia at that time and also the continuation of the polemics about the existence of the Ukrainian language, which was quite vivid in the first half of the 19th century. The critic believed that the Little Russian language did exist but only in folk poetry of value. Since the time of Peter I, according to Belinsky, due to the separation of estates, noblemen began to speak Russian and at the same time, the Little Russian language spoken by people began to deteriorate. His categorical and unfair conclusion is that there is no Little Russian language but there is a regional Little Russian dialect, such as Belarusian, Siberian, and other similar regional dialects. The paper is devoted to Belinsky's evaluation of the oeuvre of Hryhory Kvitka-Osnovyanenko (1778-1843), the Ukrainian writer and playwright. In his writings from 1839 to 1846, Belinsky analyzed and sometimes only mentioned Kvitka's prosaic and dramatic works written in Russian or translated from Ukrainian into Russian. On the one hand, Belinsky characterized Kvitka as a "wonderful talent" and "an excellent master" but, on the other hand, he called him ironically "the first Russian writer", mentioning his "mediocrity" and "bad taste". On the one hand, Belinsky spoke about witty, fascinating, and original works but, on the other, he called Kvitka's writings artificial or late imitations. The reasons for such ambiguous attitude of Belinsky towards the Ukrainian language and literature, and in particular to Kvitka's works, are the above-mentioned polemics about the Ukrainian language and literature, the juxtaposition of the patriarchal Ukrainian village subjected to the "disastrous" influence of Russia, and the fact that most Ukrainian writers grouped around the retrograde Mayak, an ardent opponent of Otechestvennye zapiski. The whole problem was not sufficiently explored theoretically, thus Belinsky had no opportunity to rely on authoritative research. The level of development of the so-called new Ukrainian literature also influenced the critic's opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses the transpositional possibilities of the past time grammeme in the aspect of estimative expressions. The mechanisms of modelling grammatical igreme for the expression of evaluative meanings which are generated on the basis of figurative actualization of the grammatical meaning of the past time and the psycholinguistic features of the figurative use of the past time forms are highlighted. The temporal sign of the form comes into conflict with the temporal sign of the context, which provides a metaphor for the grammatical meaning of time, the actualization of the secondary function, obtaining estimative expressions and the expression of a certain pragmatics. It is also important to use a kind of intonation design and inversion word order (in some models) to express irony. The use of time forms both literally and figuratively is based on psychological features of their perception and associative nuances associated with the specifics of the past, present, and future. In particular, by nominating future events in the form of the past tense, the person puts a hypothetical, upcoming event as a precedent in line with other events of his experience, thereby finds grounds to evaluate it by making appropriate comparisons. The first model (Боявся я її / Так я їй і сказав): an ironic statement of action means that, in fact, according to the speaker, it will never happen, or it is unacceptable, thus it is accompanied by a negative evaluation. The second model (Ну, приїхала я туди, а потім що?): in answers, comments on a call to action the speaker, predicting his, in his own opinion, inappropriate behaviour, uses the past tense for its negative evaluation, also using specific intonation for expressing irony. The third model (А потім йому швидко кубики почепили...): the use of the past perfect tense form to indicate future facts often creates a negative connotation that expresses an appropriate attitude to the unnaturally rapid development of events and implies poor performance, inappropriateness of actions, mismatch to certain individuals. In contrast to the previous model, there is no meaning of condition in this one since the speaker considers the future action as having already taken place and thus evaluates it. The statement is characterized by a specific intonation, which expresses claims for the action, dissatisfaction with the possible course of events. The fourth model (Ми попали!): a situation in which the past tense verb form is used in the meaning of the future poses a danger, a threat to the speaker, which explains the appearance of a negative evaluation. Future dangerous action is shown as accomplished, which gives grounds for evaluating the fact on the basis of comparison with similar actions in the experience of the speaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paradox as a method of contrasting alternative ideas is one of the crucial principles of the avant-garde. The article proposes to call such a way of organization of artistic reality, which is somewhat similar to Gilles Deleuze's “disjunctive synthesis”, the “irremovable contradiction” principle. The paper analyses the systems of art of two neo-avant-garde poets: Gennadii Aigi and Viktor Sosnora. Their works stand for the two poles of contemporary avant-garde. The various antinomic structural and grammatical categories are present in their art, ranging from bigger bodies of texts (books, strophoids, ultra-long lines) to the smaller language units (discursive interjections, sounds, punctuation marks). The paper argues that the poets' simultaneous immersion into the wholeness of a book and the fragmentarity of a draft raises the issue of “processual” localization of the subject. The subject bridges the gap between word and reality, as well as between body and text. The article sets out the different principles and traditions of creating ultra-long lines in the works of both Aigi and Sosnora. Sosnora was interested in the ancient aesthetics and metrics, whereas Aigi's inclination was towards prosaization. Experiments with ultra-short lines as another pole of non-standard line format constitute a distinctive feature of Aigi's poetics. Sosnora seldom used single lines and preferred to combine them according to the principle of contrast with large text fragments within the borders of poetic cycles. Finally, the article shows the development of this tendency to minimalization, which is expressed in the division of words into verbal atoms. It is common for Sosnora to use minimal discursive words that undergo optional reduction and “indexical and symbolical interjection”, whereas Aigi aims at maximum atomization of the word that revitalizes the primal sound and the process of its creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the Russian lexeme бабочка, offering to interpret it as an onomatopoeic word, connected by means of reduplication to the dialectal бякать ‘to beat, to hit'. The paper also discusses the word оелобрысыіі ‘tow-haired’, which is problematic from the point of view of etymology. Developing V. Orel’s hypothesis, the author offers to interpret this word as ‘covered with white; sprinkled with white’, connected to the interjection брысь ‘shoo’ and to the verb бросать ‘to throw’. The paper pays particular attention to the semantic and derivational aspects of the etymology of the word. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Paper is intented to analyze the lexical and semantic Polonisms identified in "The Translator's Explication” and “The Preface to the Reader”, which precede the text of the Psalter 1683 in the translation of A. Firsov. The publication deals with 29 lexemes with 18 of them being lexical borrowings. In two cases, they are not direct borrowings (cf. глупый and читатель), but, most probably, are the result of the stimulating influence of the Polish language. According to the author, 11 words under analysis can be called semantic Polonisms. The paper also defines the role of the written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the process of the borrowing of these lexical elements. On the basis of the results of the analysis of the corpus, the author also touches upon the question of the translator’s personality which has remained debatable up to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses the Russian lexemes гopлoпaН 'shouter, bawler' and КpЬlca 'rat', which are problematic from the point of view of etymology. The word ƨopлonaН can be explained as a compound, connected by grade haplology to Russian dialectal лonamь 'to shout' and ƨopлo 'throat': ƨopлonaН = ƨopлo-лon-aН > ƨopлonahН (because of expressivity). The Russian word Кpьlca is seen as an expressive doublet to Slavic gryz-. The paper is based on historical and lexicological material, and uses dialectal examples that ensure the reliability of conclusions. The author pays particular attention to the semantic, phonetic, and derivational aspects of the etymology of the word. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Slovo (05836255) is the property of Slovo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology is the property of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Mechanical Engineering the National Technical University of Ukraine 'Kyiv Polytechnic Institute' is the property of National Technical University of Ukraine KPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Mechanical Engineering the National Technical University of Ukraine 'Kyiv Polytechnic Institute' is the property of National Technical University of Ukraine KPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the specifics of the taxing of tobacco products, its impact on the consumption of tobacco products, respectively on the public health, as well as on the control over the distribution of tobacco products in international and European aspect. The paper states the benefits of the increase of the taxes on tobacco products for the national economy and the state budget, as well as the reaction of the tobacco industry as a result of this increase. Special attention is drawn on the impact of the high taxes on the increase of the prices of tobacco products, respectively on the limiting their consumption amongst the young generation and people with low incomes. The paper states the benefits of the increase of taxes on tobacco products for the national economy (and economies of the EU member countries) and the state budget. Based on the good international practices the paper gives recommendations to the national strategies concerning forming optimal levels of taxing of the tobacco products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agri-food sector is one of the traditionally well-developed sectors in Bulgaria. Even more, Bulgaria has been a net food exporter since 2007. The export picture of Bulgarian food industry has been changed after the full EU membership of the country in 2007. Thus, the food import exceeds the food export more than twice nowadays. This state is the first pillar of the lost competitiveness of the agri-food sector in Bulgaria. The basic aim of the paper is to reveal why Bulgarian food producers have lost their competitive advantages so fast. So, the basic research question is the following: what kind of factors drives the food producers to worsen their production in comparison with other food-market players? Our expectations could be verified in two different layers: the sector's one as well as enterprise's one. At the sector level, it is interesting to find out how the market competition has changing. On the other hand, we have enterprise level, where the single food producer has been changing. According to the above, the paper has the following structure: the first and the second parts are introduction where we show some figures about the lost competitiveness of the food production in Bulgaria in the last few years. In the third part - methodology - we set our research thesis and give explanation how the analysis goes through. The fourth part is data analysis - where we analyse the changes of the competitive driven-factors as at the sectorial level (such as: agrarian development; food clusters development; institutional support etc.) as well as at the enterprise level (such as: input labour, input materials; distribution channels etc.). Finally, in conclusion we give our recommendations with priority to the enterprises what to do for their competitiveness increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses different approaches and strategies for educating teachers in the United States of America for work in multicultural schools, bearing in mind teacher efficiency. The first part of the paper contains theoretical considerations on the basic competences of teachers for multicultural education, provides an overview of the key questions that need to be answered in the process of developing multicultural teacher education and presents the effects of multicultural education programmes aimed at eliminating prejudice and establishing the pedagogy of equality. The second part of the paper lists strategies for the multicultural education of teachers who are members of the majority population and discusses the educational effects of these strategies. The third part of the paper discusses the approaches based on the model of cross- cultural teacher development that facilitate the understanding of teacher behaviour and their resistance to change, as well as the adapting and sequencing of courses for future teachers. The concluding part of the paper offers recommendations for enhancing multicultural teacher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores two main themes in science, philosophy and theology/worldview discourse: anthropic principles and transhumanism. After providing a brief history of the first theme, it cautions about potential dehumanisation from adopting the wrong anthropic principle as a kind of 'disanthropic' reasoning. Part of the solution is to reclaim a proper meaning of 'anthropic' for the social sciences and humanities beyond the natural sciences of physics and cosmology or statistical probabilities. The second theme is investigated both in theistic and nontheistic variants as they influence what is meant by 'human' in the context of evolution and development. Transhumanism is portrayed in terms of both risk and reward with the rise of neoeugenics and biotechnological human enhancements. The paper closes by briefly acknowledging Human Extension (Sandstrom 2011, 2014) as a reflexive anthropic principle that can be applied in social sciences and humanities to help overcome the ideologies of naturalism and scientism. The Human Extension approach focuses on choices and actions that bring into relief the eschatological claims of some transhumanists and posthumanists who speak disanthropically about human extinction due to technocratic artificial intelligence or who deny human exceptionalism and instead promote species egalitarism among earthly creatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses Pasternak's negative attitude towards libertinism by pointing out the significant role assigned to the caricaturesque libertin Viktor Komarovskii in the novel Doktor Zhivago . Since it is Komarovskii who triggers a good deal of the plot, he is all but a secondary character. His libertinism, then, consists not so much in excess as in taking control over others' lives. On the other hand, there are unmistakably libertinist traits in the conduct of Iurii Zhivago, Pasternak's anti-libertinist protagonist. Moreover, Zhivago criticizes the asceticism of the revolutionary Pavel Antipov-Strel'nikov as rationalist and heartless. While using Hans Jonas' typology of libertinism and asceticism as just two ways of “contempt for the world”, the paper aims to conceptualize Zhivago's third position of openness and gratitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the life and oeuvre of Pushkin and his closest milieu from the point of view of two important dispositifs , or artistic and behavourial strategies, namely libertinage and dandyism. The author points out that in the Russian context they intermingle and influence each other. The paper consists of four parts: 1. Pushkin the libertine and the “Green Lamp” debate; 2. Pushkin the dandy; 3. Dandyism and libertinage in Eugene Onegin ; 4. Aleksei Vul'f as Pushkin's “disciple and follower”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of KPI Science News is the property of National Technical University of Ukraine KPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slovo (05836255) is the property of Slovo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slovo (05836255) is the property of Slovo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mechanics & Advanced Technologies is the property of National Technical University of Ukraine KPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper gives a positive answer to the question about the possibility of adequate poetic translation. It presents extracts of Russian poetry that contain various phonic devices (e.g. rhythmic variations, sound repetitions, vowel alternations, consonant clusters, etc.) which, in addition to other verbal means, make up the peculiar aesthetic value of a poetic work. The Hungarian translations of the extracts from Pushkin's The Bronze Horseman and Eugene Onegin, Tyutchev's Autumn Evening, and Tvardovsky's Vassili Tyorkin, made by the prominent poets and translators Lajos Áprily, Árpád Galgóczy, and Lőrinc Szabó, masterly reproduce the phonic qualities of the Russian texts, and prove the validity of the Pushkinian claim on the "alliance of sound, thought, and sentiment" in lyric poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, the peculiarities of G. Grebenshchikov's American text are analyzed from a theoretical point of view and metaphor is considered as a cognitive mechanism. The authors' metaphoric models serve as a key for understanding the writer's intention and help to overcome the difficulties of perception of the writer's text. The metaphors "America - Mechanism" and "America - Organism" are revealed and compared. Grebenshchikov's conceptual blend "American Babylon" is reconstructed. The research was carried out on the basis of archive documents from the writer's personal materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Gogol's Dikan'ka stories cycle, the absence of a fundamental figure for the genre in question (the mother) is evident. Each story, in fact, features a "stepmother" or a surrogate of some sort, who turns out to be a demonic entity, if not a witch. This paper argues that for Gogol the Mother God, originally venerated as the main deity, assumes the form of Moist Mother Earth, forgotten by the modern Slavonic man as he increasingly distances himself from the collective (the "mir"). This process culminates in the Dikan'ka's tale The Terrible Revenge, in which Gogol highlights the transition from the feminine to the male principle, that is to say from the Moist Mother Earth to the apocryphal God of the Ukrainian sung epic poem ("duma"). Evenings on a Farm Near Dikan'ka tells of the dangerous path trodden by modern man, a path where he - in the empty space left by Moist Mother Earth - takes exclusively responsibility for the eponymous revenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The codification of the Rusyn language in Slovakia in 1995 created space for linguistic research into individual language levels not only within Rusyn dialects, as was the case in the past (Olaf Broch, Ivan Verchratskij, Georgij Gerovskij, and Vasiľ Latta), but also regarding the actual codified language used by Rusyns in Slovakia. Based on earlier results and the research of Vasiľ Jabur (one of the codifiers of the Rusyn language in Slovakia, who determined the system of vocalic sounds in standard Rusyn), in this paper, the authors present vocalic sounds and their variations in individual phonological realizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of lexical elements (words, expressions, and idioms) of a foreign language in everyday informal communication is a frequent but still little-studied phenomenon in modern linguistics. The present paper is devoted to the question of "lexical transplantation" of various verbal elements (including those of intertextual character) from Russian to Ukrainian as a typical phenomenon in modern communication of native speakers of the Ukrainian language. On the basis of numerous examples and contexts from colloquial speech, the authors present the linguistic nature of such units, their pragmatic functions in the text (both oral and written) as well as their classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to revealing the axiological specificity of the emotional image of the world, represented by ten fundamental emotions (interest, joy, surprise, embarrassment, disgust, anger, contempt, shame, suffering, and fear) in Ukrainian phraseology. The main methods of research are the method of parametric analysis of the semantic structure of phraseme with the accentuation of the evaluative component and the method of thematic fields. Phrasemes has been classified according to their evaluation load, developed in the framework of axiophraseme pragmatics based on the three-value positive-negative-situational evaluation system and the sequential allocation in the emotional image of the world of positively evaluative, negatively evaluative phrasemes, and phrasemes with diffuse evaluation. Our attention is focused on cinematic phrasemes based on the description of the external expression of emotions in Ukrainian phraseology. Manifestation and intensification are positioned as defining signs of the level of the emotional image of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author analyzes the structure, word formation, and meaning of Church Slavonic lexical elements with semantics of worship and rites on the basis of secular written documents which served as a source for the Dictionary of the Ukrainian language in the 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries and for the Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian language edited by Ye. Tymchenko. The use of Church Slavonic lexicalized phrases and idioms are also studied. The development of semantics of Church Slavonic words in present-day Ukrainian and in liturgical practice is considered as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]