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Since the movie The Bucket List was released in 2007, the practice of compiling a list of things that people wish to achieve during their lifetime – a bucket list – has become increasingly popular amongst not only those who have received a terminal diagnosis (as in the movie) but also the wider population. Moreover, predominant in such lists are tourism-related goals. Surprisingly, however, little academic attention has been paid to the role and significance of the bucket list. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap in the literature. Drawing on the outcomes of an exploratory survey framed within terror management theory (TMT), it considers the relationship between the bucket list and existential anxieties and, in particular, the extent to which a fear of death motivates the compilation of such a list. The research reveals that the compiling a bucket list has become a contemporary cultural practice which, though evidently a means of managing existential anxieties, is also an explicit manifestation of consumption directed towards the creation of identity and self-esteem. The paper concludes by identifying future areas of research in the context of the bucket list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores online brand advocacy (OBA) in a tourism destination context. Through a Social Influence Theory lens, it explores the ways in which residents and overseas tourists discuss Australia as a destination brand on social media. By analyzing a big dataset of social media user-generated content (UGC), this study sought to identify the key dimensions evident in positively valenced social media UGC, to see whether these dimensions varied between residents and overseas tourists, and to see whether the dimensions reflected OBA. The analyses found online destination brand advocacy (ODBA) had five dimensions: Destination Acknowledgement (hashtags), Destination Insights, Destination Positivity and Experience Sharing, Destination Brand Defence and Positive Virtual Visual Cues. The results have implications for the ways destination management organisations (DMOs) use social media. Suggestions for DMOs about incorporating ODBA in their marketing and branding strategies, are given at the conclusion of this paper. Some theoretical implications, specifically the need to further investigate ODBA, are also outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of visitors to the Fuxi Taihao Mausoleum and provides two sets of results derived from mixed methods research. The first is a description of motives and behaviours derived from observation and interviews with visitors. The second set reports statistical data derived from questionnaires completed by 553 informants pertaining to motives for visiting the site and perceived cultural importance. The paper covers practices relating to the belief systems associated with Fuxi and Nuwa, constructed, objective and existential authenticity, the strength of traditional Chinese cultural practices, but also the role of good site management. The study identifies the types of visitors and their understanding of authenticity. In addition, it notes that observation of faith-based activities and management care reinforce a sense of site 'authenticity'. Finally, it is suggested that longitudinal study is required to assess the impacts of long-term demographic and social change on faith-based tourist attractions and uses a directed acyclic graph to suggest future research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author argues that the different dimensions and complexities of volunteer tourism need further examination throughout a wide field of theory. He says that he used the practice of international youth development and ecotourism to develop the context of volunteer tourism. He adds that structuration theory can constrain the thoughts and actions of individuals if the notion of the duality of structure is to be accepted. He also comments on the paper entitled "Building a Decommodified Research Paradigm in Tourism: The Contribution of NGOs," which discusses the dominance of Western neo-liberal free market paradigms in the tourism research agenda.

This paper identifies a new discourse about tourism, that of final wish making. The website communications of charitable foundations whose dedicated purpose is to grant final wishes for adults with a terminal illness and their families were examined using critical discourse analysis. Specifically, the aim of this study was to understand how these charitable organisations construct, communicate and mediate meanings around terminal illness and travel for these individuals. Our study found that, promoted as a final wish in one's life, tourism is framed as a transformational concept that is beneficial in the imminent time before death, as a legacy for life, and after death. Our analysis indicated implications around the memory-making potential of tourism and the differential power relations between final wish organisers and vulnerable individuals with a terminal illness. The paper calls for further research exploring the marginalisation of the terminally ill through tourism, but equally the potential of tourism to include the most vulnerable tourists in their final days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore how people's differentiated privileged and marginalised positions in society create instances of inclusion and exclusion in tourism. Eight authors utilised their diverse disciplinary and theoretical bases to engage in individual autoethnography and collaborative reflections of their personal experiences of being tourists and hosts. Through our Western and non-Western, White and non-White experiences, we reveal experiences from a multitude of perspectives, and problematise the dominant White racial frame. The methodology illustrates unquestioned privileges and feelings of discomfort when personally faced with exclusionary practices and creates an understanding of how individuals have different experiences of enchantment and the tourist gaze. The experience of marginalisation is serial and dialectical, which illustrates the complexity of tourism. The paper contributes to an enhanced and multifaceted understanding of tourism experiences and proposes measures to reveal issues of exclusion. Also, the use of autoethnography and collaborative reflection as methodological tools provide opportunities for researchers and practitioners to engage in reflexive conversation on discriminatory practices, and how they hinder certain individuals and groups from enjoying tourism products and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In particular, it is suggested that such knowledge might inform the development of appropriate processes and institutions that encourage collaboration and the integration of divergent views amongst all tourism destination stakeholders and "disrupt the status quo" (Farsari, [6], p. 11) of neo-liberal tourism governance. Therefore, the attempt in Farsari's ([6]) paper to enhance knowledge of how "good governance" policies and institutions might be established is, notwithstanding the limitations discussed above, to be applauded, not least if it points to ways of developing tourism within environmental and social capacities or, more precisely, addressing contemporary growth policies that are inevitably unsustainable. The reasons for this are debatable but what is certain is, that as Farsari ([6]) implies in her recently published paper, I Exploring the nexus between sustainable tourism governance, resilience and complexity research i , there has been a notable failure to implement sustainable tourism development policies in practice. Some twenty-five years ago, it was claimed that sustainable tourism development had achieved 'virtual global endorsement as the new [tourism] industry paradigm' (Godfrey, [7], p. 60). [Extracted from the article]

This study aims to evaluate better the effectiveness of tourism collaboration and subsequently identify future research directions. Its conceptual framework for evaluating the effectiveness of stakeholder collaboration consists of four main parts: context, process, outcome and impact. The framework enables comparative analysis of collaboration across different contexts; allows individual or comparative case studies; and enables efforts to collect data on a series of indicators from many cases to test dimensions, elements and interactions. This study systematically reviews 169 studies evaluating stakeholder collaboration, including research papers, book chapters, research frontiers articles, commentaries, book reviews, issue introductions, short communications and research notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Destinations have faced boycotts for engaging in behaviour perceived by people to be unacceptable. People observe boycotts as a means to construct an ethical life through their travel purchase decisions. Despite the impacts of boycotts, few studies have been undertaken to understand destination boycotts, particularly the people who participate in boycotts. Framed in ecofeminist theory, this paper presents an analysis of Twitter users who have participated in destination boycott calls focused on China, South Africa, and Spain related to concerns about the welfare of animals. The profiles of 3493 Twitter users who participated in tourism boycott calls were analysed using content analysis. Twitter users' profile descriptors align with the characteristics personified in ecofeminist philosophy. Thus, the findings suggest that ecofeminism can be a useful lens through which to understand activism triggered by values embodied in feminism striving towards justice in a tourism context. The findings indicate that the ecofeminist framework is applicable both as a theoretical and practical lens that aids understanding of the kinship between humans, animals, and the environment. The philosophy inherent in ecofeminism provides a strong argument that it is a political enterprise that seeks to empower human and non-human animals to address and change unacceptable practices/policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastronomy tourism experiences are growing in the tourism industry, and there has been an increase in the number of tourists that travel primarily to experience food and related culture. Furthermore, Destination Marketing Organisations have increasingly been using local cuisine as a distinguishing feature in marketing a destination. Despite the growing interest in this field of tourism, there is a paucity of research regarding the importance and implications of food tourism on destination image. Thus, this study comprises a systematic quantitative literature review on these topics, which summarises the current knowledge on these areas and identifies the potential for future research. This paper reports on findings from a review of 54 peer-reviewed studies that focused on gastronomy tourism and destination image from 2003 to October 2020. The findings reveal evolving trends in this field of study, namely, the dominant study location is Asia, limited use of theory, quantitative approach is the most frequently used method and the majority of studies examined the topic from tourists' perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the closing article of the Special Issue of TRR, 'Vulnerabilities and Viabilities in Tourism Studies', the paper takes each one of the articles in the issue as reference and looks in them at concurrences and diffractions concerning claims of vulnerability and viability proposals for the field of tourism studies. The paper problematizes current practices of tourism research, and focuses on the vulnerability of tourism scholarship; postdiciplinarity in tourism studies; onto-ethico-epistemological enrichments for the field and futuring as worldmaking in the search of new viabilities. As a result, the meaning and placement of the field's vulnerability is overturned and new viabilities for a 'more-than-tourism' field of tourism studies are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual paper scrutinises the 'research impact' of the impact agenda by Western governments, in terms of what it is doing to the research process as a whole. Tourism studies with its specific intricacies and disputed disciplinary status represents the focal point, but the argument extends to the entire research ecosystem as a whole. In specific, the paper addresses changes to the training regime of early career researchers. The created survivor bias of impact claims becomes the basis of scholarly career progression. How the accounting and narrating of research impact claims represents a new workload requirement for scholars. The challenges in identifying and articulating impact claims in the first place, and last but not least, the power dimension and political conflicts that arise in who has the authority to label impact claims as beneficial in the first place. The paper's discussion focuses on the short, medium and long-term consequences of these changes to the scholarly lives. With the conclusion, that whilst the created vulnerabilities to the authority of [tourism] research claims are real, such developments also represents a viable opportunity to reassess, revalue and acknowledge parts of the research process that were normalised and/or trivialised in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, tourism academia has been increasingly characterised as working in a knowledge domain that is sociologically framed. To date, however, there has been no explicit consideration in the literature as to whether and how an academic's spiritual and/ or religious beliefs should influence their engagement with knowledge formation. Drawing on Barkathunnisha et al.'s article "Towards a spirituality-based platform in tourism higher education" published in Current Issues in Tourism that proposed the notion of the 7th platform of tourism knowledge based on spirituality and the underlying four pillars – a spirit of knowing; a spirit of doing; a spirit of being; and a spirit of becoming – this exploratory paper will seek to propose some preliminary thoughts on some of the challenges and opportunities that a belief in spirituality and religion might have for tourism academia. Drawing on autobiographical insights from the author's own Christian faith, the paper concludes by discussing issues that the tourism academy will have to face in order to find ways to bring such a spiritual/ religious perspective into the formulation of tourism knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented occurrence of COVID-19 highlights the susceptibility of the tourism industry to external threats. From flight cancellations to the closure of hospitality establishments, COVID-19 has greatly transformed the industry. Whilst a crisis such as a pandemic is not new in tourism and hospitality, the unique characteristics of COVID-19 have altered the risk perceptions associated with destinations. To date, the tourism risk literature has predominantly focused on typology of risks, at the expense of examining the process of how risk perceptions are formed. Following a social constructivist epistemological position, this conceptual paper proposes an integrative model that unpacks the underlying psychological process of risk perceptions and demonstrates how the framing process influences the safety perceptions and moulds the travel image of a destination in the COVID-19 context. The paper proposes several suggestions for future studies to consider when testing the conceptual model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism destinations that are perceived to have engaged in egregious policies/behaviours may face boycott calls. It is increasingly observed that people use social media to call for boycotts of products and tourism destinations. However, limited attention has been given to understanding destination boycotts. Additionally, while research on online protests has increased over the last two decades, studies related to online protests about tourism destinations are relatively limited. Notably, not much is known about the online strategies that are employed to mobilise support for destination boycotts. To help fill this gap, this paper explores the strategies utilised to mobilise support for destination boycotts on Twitter. For this study, tweets posted calling for tourism boycotts of China, Kerala (India), Spain, and South Africa due to concerns about animal abuse were analysed. Thematic analysis of the tweets revealed that information-based, appeal-based, and association-based strategies were employed to mobilise support for the boycotts. The paper examines the implications of these strategies for destinations and boycott organisers/supporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motorcycle backpackers is an emerging niche market segment that can be placed in the overlap of drive tourism and backpacking. Within this context, Research note identifies motorcycle backpackers as an important subculture situated within contemporary backpackers. A quick Internet search will show numerous tourism providers are marketing their products and services to motorcycle backpackers in various destinations (e.g. , , and ). However, there is a dearth of research undertaken about motorcycle backpackers, possibly due to the blurry line separating them from backpackers and/or motorcycle tourists. Consequently, statistics about this group of tourists are also rarely presented in research, making it difficult to estimate the full potential of the market size accurately. There is a need for research on motorcycle backpackers as they represent a unique subculture situated within contemporary backpackers. This paper calls for research to develop a nuanced understanding of this niche tourist segment, which has implications for tourism and leisure scholarship, and tourism businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extant tourism literature has identified a range of economic, geographic, political, and social factors impacting tourism demand. However, existing research has ignored how financial inclusion influences tourism demand, especially in the context of emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs). We make an empirical contribution in this paper by being the first to distinctly capture the impact of financial inclusion on tourism demand for 85 EMDEs across the world, spanning the time-period of 1995–2017. Using various measures of financial inclusion, we find robust evidence to support our conjecture that higher financial inclusion strongly augments higher tourism demand in an unambiguous manner. Our results also show that the impact of financial inclusivity is not non-linear, implying that financial inclusion in its entirety plays a crucial role in supporting countries to generate more tourism revenues regardless of their levels of financial inclusion, which has significant policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the resilience of the Turkey tourism industry to exogenous shocks over the period from January 1997 to December 2018. Using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model, our results show strong evidence for the existence of an asymmetric effect of terrorist attacks on tourism receipts and the number of tourist arrivals. Interestingly, the results reveal that terrorist attacks decreases have a higher impact on tourism demand compared to the impact of terrorist attacks increases. This finding confirms the resilience of the Turkey tourism sector to exogenous shocks. The result indicates the significant role of the Turkey government in supporting the tourism sector during periods of instability. These findings offer several valuable insights for policy-makers and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildlife tourism has experienced a shift from passive observations towards highly interactive encounters between tourists and wild animals. Tourist behaviour is influenced by the pursuit of 'visual trophies' for social media. More specifically, the 'wildlife selfie' phenomenon, which requires proximity to a plethora of animal species, may contribute to compromised tourist safety and harassment of wildlife. This paper explores the perceptions of swim-with wildlife tour participants regarding wildlife-focused user-generated content such as wildlife selfies in three different commercial encounter settings in the South Pacific. In-depth qualitative interviews and a thematic analysis of the data yielded two prominent themes: Tourists perceived human-wildlife interactions online as 'a double-edged sword', identifying animal welfare as a key concern. Such content was found to shape the decision-making processes of tourists and affected tourists' perceptions, creating unrealistic expectations of wildlife encounters. Further, whale-swim participants were identified as non-selfie-takers/opponents, while seal swimmers and shark divers were somewhat supportive, actively participating in selfie-taking behaviour to provide proof to peers ('to selfie or not to selfie'). Those findings indicate that a sound monitoring of the constructed human-wildlife relationship in the twenty-first-century media landscape with a focus on guidelines and regulations to ensure tourist safety and animal welfare is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes that tourism research needs to explore the potentially lasting psychological benefits of tourism by implementing a eudaimonic perspective of well-being. Consequently, this study adopted a eudaimonic approach to tourist well-being by investigating the reported psychological well-being of pilgrims and the concepts involved in the pilgrimage experience via the exploration of 74 personal narratives. Pilgrims' self-transcendent peak experiences encompassed spiritual moments of revelation, healing and epiphany. These experiences led to spiritual growth that seems to have impacted participants' religious spirituality, also long after their pilgrimage, which can be perceived as a potential long-term effect of the pilgrimage experience. The self-transcendent peak experience of the pilgrims can be explained via enhanced autonomy, the experience of positive relationships, achieved personal growth, a sense of purpose in and of life, their character development and a state of self-acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the conceptions of wellness tourism among wellness enterprises, investigating how wellness tourism is materialised in their service offering. This multiple case study encompasses Eastern Finland, Russian Karelia, and Lithuania. First, the study indicates the main differences in the concept of wellness, proposing that regulation, history, traditions, and natural resources can impact the understanding of wellness. Second, the findings show that spas play a central role in wellness tourism, being used to offer added value and marketing strategies. Third, it discusses the merging of the line between purely wellness or medically oriented institutions. The study concludes with suggestions for businesses to focus on the unique destination-specific elements that can increase competitiveness and to take different customer segments into account when planning facilities and designing marketing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender (in)equality in entrepreneurship has been getting more attention in recent decades. The number of female entrepreneurs repeatedly reported less than males due to cultural issues, education, and lack of support. Moreover, launching start-up apiaries is more challenging for Asian women in tourism, and the likelihood of unsuccessful experiences is higher among them. Accordingly, the lack of empirical material on female entrepreneurs in tourism and gender equality issues, especially in middle east countries, are the two main gaps. Therefore, this paper tries to reveal the Iranian female entrepreneurship experience to fulfil these gaps. This research applied a qualitative research design leading with social constructivism and critical theory. 12 Iranian female tourism entrepreneurs participated in semi-structured online interviews. The snowball sampling technique was applied to collect data that was analysed thematically. The findings of this study highlighted that family responsibility, legal disparities, credit constraints, and the social construction of gender roles and norms are among the hurdles restricting females from engaging in social and economic opportunities. Moreover, the participants mentioned that the lack of social, government, and sponsors' support and a platform for training and sharing peers' experiences impact their businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incursion of tourism into schools is an increasing phenomenon, whether through volunteer tourism, developmentourism or philanthropic tourism. Tourism studies have largely ignored children as stakeholders in tourism destinations. In Zimbabwe, economic turbulence has led to a broken education system that relies on external donors to finance schools. As part of this financing, some schools welcome tourists in exchange for funds, sponsorship or infrastructure. Tourists in these settings usually visit schools as part of a mass tour for between 2 and 3 h, with the expectation that children will receive financial benefits or improve their English speaking skills. This paper uses art-based methods to centre children in the research process and reporting. Using children's drawings and extracts from the interviews and observations, the findings of this study indicate that children in the school experience the school tour in a repetitive manner. In contrast, interviews with adults suggest that school tours are positioned as enjoyable and valuable due to the exposure to English. The data generated by this study contribute to our understanding of children at host destinations and the use of art-based methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Events based on food from various cultures are often promoted as multicultural and as opportunities for establishing insights into other cultures. They are also highlighted as springboards for recently immigrated food entrepreneurs and as spaces for labour market integration. However, with such events often having underlying social agendas and sometimes being free of charge, such aims risk being undermined. Generally being linked to minority cultures, food events also risk leading to exotification where individuals are made into symbols of multiculturalism, which consolidates the idea that cultural diversity is an offer for an ethnic majority to enjoy. This paper aims to open a critical debate on multicultural food events by exploring barriers to inclusion and the influence of prejudice. Criticism aimed at misuses of multiculturalism in relation to food events and tourism is used as a theoretical lens for the analysis of two types of food events. The findings illustrate how shallow interpretations of multiculturalism still influence tourism products and reinforce the norms they claim to counteract. Thus, tourism stakeholders need to gather critical insights about the influence of white hegemonies, whilst recognising the effect of their own bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mega-sport events (MSE) are frequently cited for their developmental and legacy potentials for host communities, including tourism, sport participation and volunteering. MSE volunteer research has demonstrated the potential to develop volunteers who may contribute to the host community's social and human capitals. However, little research considers how marginalised groups, such as First Nations or those with disability, may be co-providers of MSE experiences. This paper differs from a dominant quasi-scientific approach to empirical journal articles in that it begins with a reflexive posture drawing upon First nations pedagogy of storytelling. Reflecting upon the volunteers' social context and drawing upon a dataset of volunteers across 6 MSE in 5 countries (2009–2016), this research explores to what extent First Nations volunteers are considered and included in MSE research and practice, and what differences may exist between First Nations volunteers and others regarding their motivations and future volunteering intentions. The results indicate that significantly more can be done to include First Nations people equitably and respectfully across the design, delivery, and legacy potential of MSE. The results inform a novel framework that provides a map for theory and practice, and thus praxis, for incorporating marginalised groups as full partners across the MSE journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleotourism is practiced and offered in areas with a strong tradition of olive oil production having ancient olive groves. While locals of olive growing areas often have a strong linkage with this cultivation, either for professional or personal reasons, scientific research about Oleotourism has little explored the residents' perspective, focusing on its demand. This research acknowledges that, due to the intense personal and professional connection that residents have with this cultivation, their attitude and positive disposition towards developing this kind of tourism cannot be ignored and may play a decisive role in its success. The paper explores the residents' attitude and their rational and emotional response to Oleotourism. The cognitive and affective factors are tested in a sample of 378 individuals using an online survey. Data have been analyzed with structural equations models (PLS-SEM). The results confirm that the rational perceived benefits induce the locals' supportive attitude, but affective and emotional elements are also influential that is the practices that locals love to do are also likely to be supported by them. These results show essential implications for the tourism management of olive-growing areas that seek the diversification of local economies through tourism practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews existing concepts and frameworks to propose a business model innovation process (BMIP) applicable to tourism businesses. A comprehensive literature review and content analysis is conducted by selecting, studying and coding applicable articles. The authors have reviewed 41 business model innovation (BMI) related papers, of which 14 are BMIP specific and four examine the phases of innovation in detail. Noting the lack of scholarly resolution about the most appropriate approach to business model innovation, the paper seeks to enhance current theories. A fifth and additional step is proposed to accommodate an essential extension of the existing model into the tourism context – continuous evaluation and improvement. The proposal offers business leaders the potential to benefit from a comprehensive understanding of the business model innovation process, including how to adapt to new conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While tourism was halted by the COVID-19 pandemic, scholars published articles reflecting on tourism and what should or would be tourism during and after the pandemic. Situating this corpus of tourism studies scientific discourses within the larger crisis of social science, the paper exposes through discourse analysis two poles of arguments on (re)thinking tourism or (re)inventing tourism. In the continuity of the debate between pro-growth-industry prone and pro social-community prone vision of tourism that was already happening before the pandemic, the debate on tourism during and after the pandemic is challenging the fundamentals of tourism – (re)think; and finds ways to make tourism recover-(re)invent, while not considering the possibility of no tourism. The analysis identified that while there is opposition between those two poles, there is an overlap at the confrontation of (re)think and (re)invent. This overlap doesn't solve opposition and the risk of fragmentations of the field of tourism studies, but show some possibilities of a symbiotic cohabitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of tourism studies has entered an epoch of manifold vulnerabilities, a period in which the academic community will have to respond to the environmental and planetary crises and consider the wellbeing of not just humans but also nonhumans and multispecies. In these momentous times, it is imperative not to overlook tourism studies' ontological, epistemological, and axiological vulnerabilities and to survey the potential viabilities. Although the blossoming criticalities in the field have greatly fuelled the urgency to correct, rectify, and recalibrate existing relational arrangements and replace these by more sustainable, just, and inclusive visions for/versions of tourism, there is still a pressing need for more conceptually, theoretically, and philosophically malleable architecture. Inspired by Donna Haraway's scholarship on broader planetary matters, this contribution offers 'kinmaking' as a critico-creative, disruptive space and fitting thoughtscape for transitioning into more-than-tourism (studies). Among the key ideas covered in this paper are the dangers of epistemocentricism, the necessity for sympoietic approaches, the rise of postdisciplinary and posthuman acumen, and the overall ripeness of tourism studies to become a domain of critical relationalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism Studies cannot rely upon studies of tourism alone to cover its range. While the anthropology of tourism had once sustained a revival, disciplinary inertia suggests a renewal is again overdue and anthropology might justify a reconstruction. The possibilities of tourism as 'study' perhaps remain unfulfilled, despite significant antecedents in Malcolm Crick's work, where anthropology exactly glosses as travel plus study. This builds upon the desire to know worlds, to contribute to human togetherness across differences, economic disparity, languages, faiths, and political inclinations. Thus, calling for engagement with the political, postcolonial, and ontological concepts of anthropology, including multi-site 'fieldwork' methodologies, reanimates tourism studies via the critical idealism of study as priority for anthropologists, workers and tourists. Alongside questions of privilege, re-booting tourism studies through anthropology in the service of knowledge posits tourism as much more than study tours, finding out about heritage sites, or guides with stories to tell. Crick's credo of 'going to have a look for yourself' could be a rallying cry for participatory ethnography in tourism. In a more vulnerable world, anticipating future ethnographic work in Vietnam, the paper seeks insights and opportunities for a new engagement in the study of anthropology as tourism studies and tourism more widely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism academics are institutionalised to enhance values determined to be of benefit to some greater good, and to play their assigned roles in both conscious and unconscious ways. Many find themselves in different faculties, colleges, and schools, doing their jobs based on values determined by their institutional belonging, but also based on their personal beliefs, and educational backgrounds. This interplay of academic roles is important because it creates worlds, real and imagined, that students, colleagues, and community members build theirs from. Worlds are made and evaluated quite naturally, they form and are formed by the academics' values in interplay with the values of their contexts. Each tourism academic should therefore ask themselves: Why is tourism taught? This question might highlight vulnerabilities and viabilities of tourism studies. This article presents an investigation of tourism degrees offered at universities in the five Nordic countries. The data exposes what values dominate tourism education, but the significance of the argument in this paper arises from the theoretical framework, which is an axiological development of Jafar Jafari's original Platforms model and its later adaptions. The conclusion drawn is that current tourism studies ought to be enriched axiologically, rather than ontologically or epistemologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst there is an increasing literature about managing local Indigenous values in land-based settings for visitor experiences there is limited knowledge around how Indigenous values contribute to tourism development in marine environments. This paper explores how Indigenous knowledge and practices are integrated into scuba diving tourism development. In-depth face-to-face conversations with 49 Indigenous tourism stakeholders in Misool, Raja Ampat, Indonesia were conducted. Following narrative analysis, findings revealed five features of Misoolese knowledge and practices of the local communities: locating and attracting marine species, reading the signs of nature, respecting sacred sites, fish taboo, and marine sasi, a form of traditional marine resource management. The findings make a theoretical contribution as they explain how integrating Indigenous knowledge into successful tourism development can be achieved. It is argued that these Indigenous practices are instrumental for culturally sustainable tourism development in marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the issue of memorable tourism experience (MTE) has garnered increasing attention from scholars and tourism practitioners. This paper provides a systematic review of 52 articles on MTE listed on the SCOPUS and WOS databases from 2012 to 2020. Qualitative analysis of the literature identified nine main categories of topics in MTE-related articles. Results showed that the largest proportion of articles focused on how MTEs influenced tourists' perceptions and behaviours and how they shaped destination marketing. Co-occurrence analysis was performed to investigate trends in the keywords used by academics over the past five years. The geographic location of studies, research methods and theories applied in these articles were also analysed. Most articles were published in the current decade and China was the geographic setting for the highest number of articles in the review. The review concludes with the theoretical and practical implications of the study as well as the directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Birdwatching is one of the fastest growing sectors of ecotourism. Managing this nature-based activity requires understanding birdwatchers' attitudes and behaviour towards the natural environment. This paper proposes assessing these attitudes and the link to behavioural intentions by combining the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) with a criterion-based segmentation method, the chi-squared automatic interaction detector (CHAID). This methodology was applied through a survey questionnaire to birdwatchers in the Ria Formosa Natural Park, a wetland located in South Portugal. The amount birdwatchers were willing to pay for an improvement in the environmental quality of the site, a behavioural intention variable, was used as the criterion in the CHAID analysis. Two birdwatcher segments willing to pay above average were identified and labelled as 'environmental stewards' and 'birdwatching fans'. A key result that emerged from our study is that the NEP score is not a significant predictor of the willingness to pay for environmental improvement in the CHAID analysis. Hence, there is a missing link, as pro-environmental attitudes do not translate into pro-environmental behavioural intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviews the literature at the intersection between outer-space and tourism to obtain an overview of space tourism publications. A systematic literature review method was employed to retrieve and analyse relevant journal articles published in the past two decades. A total of 109 papers were identified based on the review protocol and analysed by the year of publication, journal distribution, research method, and leading author. Meanwhile, a hybrid thematic analysis was conducted to categorise all the articles according to tourism research domains. The results showed a rising trend of space tourism publications and an increasing emergence of studies in tourism-oriented journals. It was also found that existing studies are mostly conceptual papers while empirical studies are scant and limited to market research. The implications for ensuing studies were further discussed. This is the first systematic literature review that provides an overview of space tourism publications and the synthesis of research domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of tourism and hospitality management through exploring the perceptions of and the application of emotional intelligence (EI) in the practices of managers. The effect of EI on improving business performance is widely acknowledged in business and management studies. However, there is limited research in the context of tourism and hospitality industries. The paper contributes to the literature through a qualitative study of the perceptions and experiences of middle-level managers. Data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted in tourism and hospitality organisations in the UK. The findings of the study reveal that EI can have a positive contribution to improving staff satisfaction, motivation and overall business productivity. They highlight the importance of building quality relationships among staff and the critical role middle management has in an organisation. Based on the finding from the qualitative inquiry, the authors propose a model conceptualising the role of managers' EI in creating a competitive advantage for the organisation. Practical implications are discussed and recommendations for further research are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the progression of animal welfare within the tourism literature and the industry itself, a significant change in public behaviour remains to be seen. Anthropocentric views of animals as objects are still widespread. This paper proposes a new approach to engaging the public in ethical behaviours by meeting visitors where they are in terms of their values and priorities. Drawing on Susan Wolf's work, we propose a realistic line of attack to ethics that offers an opportunity for researchers and advocates to think more critically about the many ways that people might relate to morality, particularly regarding animals encountered in travel. We suggest that this approach may serve to better the lives of the animals by appealing to tourists' nuanced ethical stances regarding animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the advent of the experience economy, conceptualisations of authenticity are often both perplexing and uncertain. This paper argues for a nuanced understanding of the multi-dimensional nature of authenticity of restaurant experiences from the production perspective. It does this by proposing a framework to produce authenticity using the interrelationships of three fundamental elements of a restaurant experience, the Consumer, the Provider, and the Experience, and by discussing the consumers' experiential outcomes resulting from such interrelationships. By applying the interrelationships to reconceptualise the existing authenticity approaches in tourism and hospitality contexts, this paper suggests that direct interaction between the provider and the consumer can enhance authenticity of restaurant experiences. As a result, incorporating such direct interaction supports the multi-dimensional approach to authenticity in restaurants. The three outcomes resulting from the interrelationships can further strengthen perceptions of authenticity in restaurant experiences. The paper offers both theoretical and practical insights which advance the production of authenticity in restaurants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By adopting the conceptual model from Altinay et al.'s study of 2012 on the influence of family tradition and psychological traits on entrepreneurial intention, the current paper aims to investigate the effects of reportedly most cited psychological traits including; locus of control, innovativeness, need for achievement, tolerance for ambiguity, and risk-taking tendency along with entrepreneurial family background or family tradition on entrepreneurial intent of tourism and hospitality students in Iran. The adoption of this holistic approach in a country characterized by economic and political instability would enrich the literature on entrepreneurial traits, family tradition, and risk-taking propensity. Making use of improved survey instruments of some of the constructs, the study also provides the possibility of more accurate measurements including between-groups comparison of students' entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, applying percentile bootstrapping approach, more valid estimations of mediating relationships were achieved. The findings indicate that while enterprise intent is low with those from entrepreneurial families, the intent was significantly and positively affected by tolerance of ambiguity, need for achievement, and risk-taking propensity but not by locus of control and innovativeness. Concerning the mediating effects of risk-taking, only need for achievement and tolerance for ambiguity were able to indirectly influence the intent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a proliferation of academic articles asserting that COVID-19 presents an opportunity to transform tourism. However, the impact on Indigenous Peoples and their involvement in a tourism reset has not received in-depth consideration. In this paper, we analyse the vulnerability and responses of Indigenous Peoples to the COVID-19 pandemic and explore the merits of an Indigenous rights-based approach to the reimagining of post-COVID-19 tourism. Indigenous Peoples are in a position of vulnerability in respect of COVID-19 due to several factors, not least because they are often in a socio-economically disadvantaged position as a result of colonialism and neoliberal policies. Meanwhile, they have been the subject of tourism interest, with versions of their culture offered up as part of tourism products, for many decades. In many contexts, Indigenous people have moved away from traditional livelihoods to dependence on the tourism sector, deepening the impacts of the loss of tourism on Indigenous communities. Our analysis confirms the need for Indigenous People's wellbeing to be explicitly considered when reconstructing tourism post-COVID-19. This paper asserts that Indigenous voices are critical so that Indigenous aspirations are realised and can inform more resilient development for Indigenous Peoples in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural soundscape is an under-researched topic of study in tourism literature. More so, research lacks empirical examination on the antecedents and outcomes of natural soundscape perceptions. Drawing on the extant literature, the present study investigates the interplay of tourist engagement, soundscape perceptions, memorable tourism experiences (MTEs), satisfaction and electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM). Using responses from 221 overland tourists in African destinations who posted their experiences on Instagram, the study employs partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modelling to test the relationships. The results reveal that engagement positively influenced natural soundscape perceptions, which, in turn, positively influenced memorable tourism experiences, satisfaction, and e-WOM. Also, MTEs predicted satisfaction and e-WOM. The results did not support the antecedent effects of engagement on memorable tourism experiences, nor of satisfaction on e-WOM. The paper discusses the theoretical and practical implications of the findings and suggests areas for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kazakhstan is the location of some of the most important Gulag heritage from the Soviet period of domination. However, commemoration, conservation and interpretation of Gulag sites is at best partial, visitation low and the attitude to this element of Kazakh history is ambiguous. This paper considers key heritage sites and museums in Kazakhstan and a qualitative case study approach is adopted based on a combination of interviews with twenty-four key stakeholders involved in the development and operation of Gulag tourism. Direct observations and qualitative document analysis of the major national Gulag museums and other important Gulag heritage sites was also undertaken. This research questions the orthodoxy inherent in the supposed attraction of dark tourism sites and seeks to ascertain why domestic and international visitation remains low given the scale and importance of the Gulag narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adapts a 'sense of place' framework to investigate varying preferences for the physical and cultural offerings of arts centres using a choice experiment. An on-site survey was conducted of local residents and tourists about the Esplanade-Theatres-on-the-Bay, Singapore's national performing arts centre. Results indicate that sustainability requires an 'inside out' strategy – arts content over supporting structures such as amenities and knowledge enhancing workshops should be pursued. However, there was a divergence in the arts appetite of locals and tourists. Computations show that enhancing aspects of the arts centre aligned to the tastes of locals provides a total worth of at least US$130 million which is 50% more than the nationwide worth generated by catering to tourists' tastes. Thus with respect to market development, developing the local market is a more sustainable strategy than targeting tourists alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper performs a systematic review of the research literature in the field of agritourism. In the study, using a structured literature review methodology, established as well as emerging research clusters have been identified for epistemological analysis. Such analysis helps in the identification of key research topics, interrelations, and collaboration patterns in the field of agritourism and other research areas involving similar concepts. Graphical mapping of the agritourism research field is done using visualization of similarities (VOS). VOS software analyzed bibliographic data of 459 research publications obtained from Web of Science and Scopus databases from a period of 1980–2019. This graphical mapping illustrated the authors' and countries' contributions, their collaboration, and publication pattern over the period. This paper gives insights about majorly studied research themes and also identified common areas of current research interest and potential directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of incident occurrence in recreational protected areas, there is a need to consider larger questions of risk and responsibility for visitor safety. Whether visitors in national parks think that their safety lies in the hands of themselves or others has important implications for the prevention of accidents. This paper sought to explore the visitor perspective of responsibility in Western Australian national parks. A visitor survey was administered over an eight-month period in 2017–2018 in four parks identified as high in visitor risk. Using data from 1059 questionnaires, a cluster analysis revealed four visitor groups who differ in their views on who is responsible for safety: the Shared Responsibility, the Individual Responsibility, the Management Responsibility, and the Indifference to Responsibility group. Further analysis revealed that visitors' sense of responsibility was found to relate to risk perceptions, risk propensity and preparedness in parks. The results of this paper have important implications for management agencies, indicating that visitors vary in their expectations on how risks should be managed in parks. Avenues for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourists have a tendency to seek novelty, meaning that they are attracted by the foreign atmosphere or culture that they barely experience in daily-life. It thus opens tourism opportunities for countries rich in colonial background or exotic resources. While international tourists' novelty-seeking behaviours have been well-investigated, far less attention has been paid to domestic exotic travelling experience. Hence, this paper examines how young tourists from Macau and Mainland China process the exotic/non-exotic Greater-Bay-Area landmarks by means of eye-tracking technology. Visual data, supplemented by a survey, was obtained to understand how differing exoticness affects tourists' visit intentions. Results suggest an overwhelming attention and preference towards exotic landmarks; yet, the exotic appeal in intra-national destinations is only present in the absence of place familiarity. In practice, the findings provided important implications and directions to several stakeholders such as the Chinese government and destination marketing organizations with its help to marketing promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community-based ecotourism in developing countries is often regarded as a rural community development tool, and its value in Malaysia has been acknowledged by the Malaysian government. This paper presents the case one of the pioneer ecotourism destinations in Sabah, called Bilit village, and its role as the catalyst to rural community development. Using qualitative research methods, this article explored the empowerment indicators gained by the local community from the economic, socio-cultural and environmental aspects, through its active participation in community-based ecotourism. The study discovered that community-based ecotourism helped improve the local community and afforded them an alternative livelihood in their rural destination. However, the sustainability of community-based ecotourism projects in rural destinations is still questionable if the relevant stakeholders fail to consider the community's vision and aspirations. Finally, the study extends an empowerment framework with the novel concept of 'socio-cultural empowerment'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking an inductive approach, this paper explores a key question with respect to tourists' meaning creation: What is the role of servicescapes in the development of place meanings for tourists? The research is situated in place and appropriation theory and leverages a large two-phase qualitative study on tourists' restaurant experiences in Brittany, an important tourism destination in the North-West of France. Analysis of the narrative data uncovers four dimensions of restaurant servicescapes that contribute to place meaning. These are: The Interior Environment; The Service Offer; The Social Environment, and the Restaurant Exterior. Furthermore, the research provides insights into the ways tourists connect servicescapes to destinations through physical and sensorial immersion, investigation, and learning. This research can help practioners in creating more meaningful holiday experiences and in branding and promoting tourism destinations. It opens the way for the exploration of the role other tourism services in the development of meaningful tourism experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper investigates the impact of FoodPorn, or food photographs, on user-generated content (UGC) and its role in influencing the perceptions of 'food trippers' toward local culinary precincts in a metropolitan area in Australia. Adopting a mix-methods approach, 20 semi-structured interviews with food trippers revealed four antecedents of why they gaze upon FoodPorn on UGC, including usefulness, ease of use, affective gratifications and source credibility. Findings from interviews informed a large-scale online survey investigating residents' perceptions of three local culinary precincts. Data (n = 593) were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results from SEM revealed that the effectiveness of UGC in relation to FoodPorn and culinary precinct attractiveness largely depends on the benefits food trippers perceive when gazing upon the food imagery. This research advances our understanding of how gazing upon FoodPorn enhances culinary destination consumer-based brand equity. This study developed an extension of a model that measures culinary precinct destination attractiveness, and the role of FoodPorn in influencing perceptions held by Brisbane consumers of culinary precincts. Findings provide important recommendations for destination marketing organisations (DMOs) both in Australia and worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastronomic tourism is a growing niche in tourism, hospitality, marketing, regional development, and education. The paper entitled 'Co-creative Tourism Experiences - a conceptual framework and its application to Food & Wine Tourism' by Carvalho, Kastenholz and Carneiro analyzes the academic literature to identify the main experience dimensions to be considered within the scope of co-creation in tourism, particularly food and wine tourism-related, using an integrative literature review approach. Tourism and gastronomy: Gastronomy's influence in how tourists experience a destination. To evaluate gastronomic experiences and their implications for experiential marketing, we have focused on those studies that transcend the boundaries of gastronomic and culinary tourism experiences so that the broader scope of food tourism experiences can be examined. [Extracted from the article]