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This paper establishes the importance of studying mediated anger. It first develops a typology of mediated anger, suggesting it is performative, discursively constructed, collective and political. It applies this typology to routine coverage of anger in UK protest coverage during a two-month time period in 2015. The analysis demonstrates that anger serves as a cause of engagement and a barometer of public feeling. It sets out a spectrum of discursive constructions of mediated anger. At one end sits rational and legitimate anger, which forms the basis for social change. Along the spectrum sits aggressive and/or disruptive anger motivated by rational and legitimate concerns. At the other end of the spectrum lies illegitimate and irrational anger. The analysis shows that protesters can be simultaneously angry and rational, peaceful and legitimate. Discourses on protest construct a common-sense theory of political motivation, whereby anger explains the desire for political engagement, but only occasionally brings about other negative emotions or actions. As such, the paper contributes a more nuanced understanding of anger as a political emotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the transformation phase from autocratic to democratic politics, Broadcasting governance experiences policy changes. The fall of communism in the Eastern European states (1980s) and the authoritarian rules in Asia (1990s) brought about changes in the broadcasting system which included a shift of the past state owned broadcasters to a newly public service broadcasting models. This paper discusses PSB models in these shifting regimes, taking Indonesia as a case study. By applying concepts of PSB governance (e.g. remit, ownership, structure and funding), this paper looks at debates surrounding PSB adoption and pays particular attention to the legacies of state intervention to public broadcasters. By comparing PSB systems in both the Western democracies and post-authoritarian states, this study shows how the mixture of democratic ideas and the legacies of authoritarians resulted in a 'hybrid model' of PSB in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 13.6 million heterosexual women in China are married to gay or bisexual men, and they call themselves tongqi. Tongqi are simultaneously members of the co-cultural group (as women and wives) and the dominant group (as heterosexuals). Using narrative analysis, this paper examines 51 stories told by tongqi about their marriages to analyze their co-cultural communication strategies within and outside of their marriages. Furthermore, to understand why these co-cultural communication strategies are used, this paper analyzes how tongqi make sense of their marital relationships by examining how they narratively construct the co-cultural strategies of their gay husbands and the underlying ideological assumptions of such constructions (in terms of gender, orientation, marriage, and family). We argue that it is exactly their internationalization of these ideologies that make them both dominant and co-cultural group members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media sensory curation theory, introduced in this paper, complements theories of informational, emotional, and relational gratifications of media use. Sensory curation theory conceptualizes media devices as tools that help people maintain sensory regulation within the built and natural environments. This paper explicates the constructs of the theory and introduces the Child and Adult Media Sensory Curation Inventories (MediaSCIs), separate measures of child and adult media sensory curation behaviors. A survey of 789 parents of children aged 3 to 14 revealed moderate to strong correlations between general sensory processing and media sensory curation. Controlling time spent with devices, child media sensory curation was a strong predictor of problematic child media use and a moderate predictor of parent-child media conflict frequency. Media conflict was four times as frequent among parent-child pairs with high MediaSCI scores than with low MediaSCI scores. Discussion advocates awareness of children's sensory needs to enable identification of attractive alternate environments that support sensory regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spurred by the increasingly central role of audience metrics in the editorial process, an emerging role is being introduced in the newsroom: the engagement editor. This paper aims to understand what the role of the engagement editor is and to what extent does audience advocacy figure in the editorial choices. This paper draws from a set of 15 in-depth interviews with various engagement editors, social media editors and analytics specialists from different media systems around the world. Two major findings emerge: First, the definition of engagement is almost entirely centered on different types of metrics. Second, while the engagement editor takes part in the editorial process, its role is to help journalists negotiate between the information obtained by their metrics and their journalistic intuition to make editorial decisions. The paper contributes to a growing literature that concerns itself with the pervasiveness of metrics and quantification of journalistic processes, by offering a more nuanced understanding of a new journalistic role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to research on children's participation on social media by analysing children's 'toy unboxing' videos. Toy unboxing videos are a popular genre on the video-sharing platform YouTube, in which children and adults record themselves unpacking various commercial toys. Emerging research in this area has focused on case studies of how these videos are consumed within the home as a means of augmenting offline toys and play practices (Marsh, 2016), or more commonly, on case studies of how these videos fit within YouTube's broader economies of play and performance (Burroughs, 2017; Craig and Cunningham, 2017; Ramos-Serrano and Herrero-Diz, 2016). Here, the focus is on questions of regulation, commerce, and forms of entrepreunarial labour, often through the lens of well-known toy unboxing channels such as EvanTube and how they operate as "brand influencers" (Ramos-Serrano and Herrero-Diz, 2016). Drawing on data produced through a content analysis of 100 recent toy unboxing videos, this paper analyses the place of children in the YouTube genre's "affinity space" (Lange, 2014). The toy unboxing videos were coded across five key categories - production, actors, narration, products, and branding - to analyse variations of expertise, professionalism, and promotion across the genre. The findings indicate that children's modes of production as amateur content producers both shape and are shaped by the shared and standardised conventions of this video genre. While well-known 'professional' channels such as EvanTube often seek to produce a semblance of playful amateur authenticity, the ostensibly 'amateur' child unboxers mimic the production and branding strategies of the 'professional' channels. We argue that this reciprocal relationship between professional and amateur content production can be best understood through the concept of 'mimesis', which characterises the qualities of play and commercialisation within the toy unboxing genre. Such mimetic participation involves children operating as both sites and subjects of imitation within affinity spaces such as YouTube, articulating how "waves of collective imitation" in "brand publics" (Arvidsson and Caliandro, 2015) cut across rigid boundaries of production and consumption, amateur and professional, adult and child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how cultural context influences news content by comparing American and Swedish print and broadcast news stories about the 2003 war in Iraq. Using a theoretical foundation derived from the works of Hall (1980a, 1997) and Hofstede (1979), a theme analysis was conducted of broadcast television news and print news. Results indicate that the news media in Sweden presented a very different picture of the Iraq war as compared to the news media in the U.S. was represented differently in the two countries, simply by emphasizing different aspects. In the U.S., the war was described in terms of strategy, interpreted via a perspective from inside the American troops, and explained as the United States bringing freedom to the Iraqi people. Swedish media interpreted the war from a perspective of the international community and from Iraqi civilians’ point of view. They portrayed the war in terms of suffering civilians and explained it as a failure of the international community. As hypothesized, American media had comparatively more masculine content, while Swedish media had comparatively more feminine content. Implications of this study for future research on news media portrayals of international events are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks into how Public Television Service (PTS), a public-service broadcaster in Taiwan, attempts to find the balance between providing the public good and attracting more audiences through its branding strategies. Through analyzing how PTS develops the programs, selects the shows, and frames the content of television shows produced by foreign television companies, this paper argues that PTS's programming discourses and practices play an important role in maintaining its brand identity and further promoting its brand image in the competitive commercial television environment in Taiwan. Facing structural changes and societal challenges, PTS emphasizes the public interest that it intends to create for the audience and the society through a cosmopolitan discourse. After justifying its direction, PTS integrates more popular cultures and more relevant approaches into its selection and framing of the shows to attract more audience and to enlarge the scope of public interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade we have witnessed a pluralization and augmentation of actors who go beyond using media on the "interface level" by acting on the materiality of media. Two of these initiatives that engage critically, reflective or subversive with the material dimension of media technologies will be in the focus of this paper: the German hacker organization Chaos Computer Club (CCC) and German Repair Cafés. In both cases actors politicize the production, utilization and appropriation of media and develop alternatives to dominant media practices with the aim of co-determining social transformations. The line of argument we will bring forward in this paper is that acting on the materiality of media is a meaningful and significant form of contemporary political engagement that needs further acknowledgment in media and communication studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the proliferation of online social networks, communicative boundaries between Millennials in different regions of Africa have been blurred. The emergence of online platforms lead to social Pan-Africanism which engages in the idea of a future where Africans are engaged in a more unified economic, social, and political self-determination. Utilizing the 2015 #FeesMustFall, South African tuition protests, which occurred both offline and through Twitter, this paper uses the protest as a case study to explore the structure of networked social movements and the extent to which they challenge transnational boundaries for social change. Furthermore, this paper argues that social networks offer a lens to examine relevance to transnational connective action, efforts for decolonization, and a reconfiguration of social movements in the age of the Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a response to Dozier and Lauzen's (2000) call for inquiries of public relations and activism through critical theory. Fitting with the conference theme, such theorizing is a critical intervention for public relations, exploring what considerations of activism as strategic communication can contribute for the meanings, relationships, experiences, and critical crossroads of public relations. This paper provides insights into how transnational activism arises and manifests across national borders and how power is expressed within relationships, pointing to the centrality of culture and context in understanding activism as public relations practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent policy change on population control in China has brought various topics concerning the understanding and practices of reproductive health to the forefront of social discussion. This theoretical paper outlined a feminist epistemological approach for evaluating communicative interventions. Inspired by the feminist works that problematized essentialism, the paper argues that current communication research on health issues focuses heavily on the effectiveness of health promotion; such preoccupation may result in essentialist thinking and narrowing research inquiries. To fill in the gap, the paper advocates researchers to adopt a more socio-cultural perspective that pays attention to the contextual reasons that shape the formations of health perceptions and practices. The paper also prompts researchers to take advantage of new media to gather more organic, layperson discourse to battle essentialist assumptions. Citing substantial feminist works, the paper speaks to the collective academic effort for interdisciplinary research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New advertising formats have specific features that make them particularly appealing to children. They are often digital (e.g. advergames) or hybrid (e.g. ads on smart/connected TV's) and as such, the exact application or interplay of the different regulatory frameworks is complex. Moreover, advertisers collect ever more personal data of children, to target them with tailored advertisements. The protection of minors against certain forms of commercial communication has long been considered an objective of general interest. Accordingly, extensive and detailed requirements exist at both the EU and national level. The regulatory framework on commercial communication aimed at children is fragmented into legislation, on the one hand, and alternative regulatory instruments (i.e. self- and co-regulation), on the other hand. Moreover, several children's rights are at stake in this context, in light of which the regulatory framework needs to be analysed. Accordingly, the paper will touch upon the specific children's rights under the United Nations Convention on Children's Rights that are relevant in this context. Furthermore, it will provide insights into the current regulatory framework on new forms of commercial communication aimed at minors. The paper will also address some of the issues caused by the complexity of the framework and look at the relationship between legislation and selfand co-regulation in this context. Finally, it will offer some guidance and steps forward for policy makers and regulatory bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data-driven journalism has triggered debates that whether these innovative approaches, such as using data analytical and computational methods, better serve the public. Applying the concept of articulation, wherein an array of terms are juxtaposed and expressed together, this paper examined how the term "data-driven journalism" is discursively constructed by ordinary people on social media. Using the Twitter application programming interface (API), this paper harvested all available public tweets (n = 2,597) containing hashtags or keywords related to data-driven journalism within two weeks in late October 2016. Text-mining indicated these tweets focused intensively on data visualization and data analytical techniques. Further analysis on the hashtag co-occurrence network, i.e., a network established via creating edges between two or more hashtags appearing together within the same tweet, revealed that journalism and visualization-related hashtags were located at important positions in the network; in contrast, public-related terms, such as "#opendata" or "#opengovernment," were positioned peripherally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the disease-avoidance model, the current study investigates how the news photo of a headless obese person can provoke the readers' disease avoidance responses such as avoiding physical contacts (i.e., shaking hands) with obese individuals. Further, this paper proposes a conceptual model to investigate how the photo-induced discomfort for physical contacts increase the dehumanizing perceptions of and negative attitudes toward obese individuals. For this purpose, two experimental studies were conducted. Results overall showed that the headless photo of obese individuals triggered the disease avoidance responses, which, in turn, increased the dehumanizing perception of and negative attitudes toward obese individuals. What is unexpected is the finding that this indirect effect of the visual framing was stronger when the gender of the obese person in the news photo and that of the reader match than when they do not match. Detailed discussions and implications of these findings for the usages of the photo in mass communications are included in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper raises questions of the democratic function of post-crisis journalism in covering 'compounded crises' related to extreme weather disaster. Through media analysis, it examines the ways debate over bushfire protection policy was framed and made culturally meaningful, thereby politically consequential, in the wake of the worst bushfires in modern Australian history, Black Saturday (2009). The fires, in which 173 people died, led to a Royal Commission and fierce debate over the use of prescribed burning to reduce bushfire hazard. Longitudinal analysis of local, state and national mainstream media coverage (2009-16) reveals blame games that targeted environmentalists and the government, which near-silenced meaningful discussion of the complexity of fire science, impacts of climate change on weather conditions, and calls for adaptation. By exploring the media's constitutive role in crisis response, the paper highlights the legacy and potency of ideological conflict that shapes the media-policy nexus in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper advances understanding of how far-right parties are using new media to mobilize their supporters in emerging democracy by combining human and computer-mediated content analyses. Theoretical approach uses the framework of connective action logic and results suggest that young and challenger parties are more adoptive of this logic and provide opportunities for personalized engagement to their supporters. Moreover, use of interactive technologies by a party also goes in hand with smaller proportion of opinionated messages in this party's Twitter network. Implications of these findings for future political campaigns research conclude this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper used mixed methods, with in-depth interviews among Harbin's policymakers, secondary government documents, and a survey among Harbin's foreign residents, to examine how Harbin promotes its international image. After examining Harbin's policymakers' international policymaking processes and foreign residents' evaluations of the city, we proposed a model to show Harbin's international image-building efforts. The model consisted of public diplomacy, soft power, city branding strategies, and relationship building with Harbin's residents, investors, and foreign visitors. From the theoretical aspect, this paper not only expands public relations research by applying it to a city's international image promotion, but also enriches current city branding literature by advancing a model in international image promotion. From the practical aspect, cities that are similar to Harbin can refer to this model to enhance their international image, and draw lessons from Harbin's international image promotion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to make apps an environment for safe sex, lately smartphone app providers have incorporated HIV testing result as well as medicine for HIV care and prevention as users' profile options. Engaging the science, technology, and society (STS) scholarship, this paper proposes to turn to objects--an approach of considering the ways in which nonhuman factors evoke philosophical questions regarding technology, embodiment, and sexuality--to reflect upon such phenomenon. In particular, this paper addresses how safe sex is mediated and constructed on the smartphone app. Through analyzing the visual layout of two apps (i.e., Hornet and Scruff), this paper details how HIV disclosure, biomedicine, and app design intersect to yield two safe sex strategies--namely, the embodied and material safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes neighbors' online forum interactions to examine how differing ways of addressing racism result in miscommunication and disagreement among neighbors. Miscommunication among neighbors stems from the use of two differing discourses to discuss racism: folk theory of racism and critical theory of racism (Hill, 2008). Analysis in this paper illustrates that central to the way participants enact each of these discourses are the identities that participants invoke in their interactions. Talk reflecting folk theory, for example, tends to use person referencing practices that address each person as an individual and positions all individuals as equal. Talk reflecting critical theory, on the other hand, tends to reference different groups of people and emphasize inequality among different social groups in the neighborhood. When these discourses come into contact, neighbors who employ folk theory often interpret discussion of inequality among groups (e.g. White people are privileged and minorities are often excluded) as personal insults (e.g. I am White, and I am not privileged). Therefore, despite the well-intentioned efforts of these neighbors to address issues of racism, the discussions seem to exacerbate already existing tensions between White (folk theory) and non-White (critical theory) neighbors and hinder any actions neighbors would want to take to remedy issues of racism in their community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the ever-increasing media outlets and the advance of media technologies, crossplatform media consumption or media multitasking is becoming a common scenario of media use. Among all, the combined use of traditional TV and smartphones is the most popular crossplatform media consumption. Few studies have addressed the underlying motivations of such a phenomenon. To focus more on the questions of why and how instead of studies on what in combined TV-smartphone media consumption, the paper puts forward a model to address the gratifications derived from TV-smartphone consumption. The paper identified four kinds of gratifications in TV-smartphone multitasking: emotional, social, habitual, and participatory/relevance gratification. The paper also found the positive impact of the fear of missing out, social media use, cognitive control, and TVsmartphone usage on four kinds of gratification. But the impact of demographic traits is very limited, indicating the prevalence of TV-smartphone multitasking which is independent of personal traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Western Shoshone protests against U.S. occupation of the Nevada Nuclear Test Site as a means of understanding the deployment of bordering discourses in colonial expansion and indigenous resistance. The protesters have used a variety of strategies that reappropriate artifacts historically controlled by colonial powers such as passports and notrespassing signs to assert their own sovereignty and demand a change to the material conditions of U.S. occupation of land recognized as belonging to the Western Shoshone in the Treaty of Ruby Valley. These protests offer a chance to complicate current scholarly understandings of decolonial protest. This paper analyzes the verbal, visual, and performative elements of these protests and argues that indigenous citizenship and border protests can co-opt and re-appropriate traditionally hegemonic discourses as a means of challenging naturalized assumptions about nationhood, borders, and sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building a discursive leadership perspective on sensemaking and emotions, this paper focuses on how emotions are discussed in the context of strategic change in a large European media corporation. The paper contributes to sensemaking literature and to a discursive understanding of leadership by showing how emotions function as discursive resources in leadership, enabling guided sensemaking, legitimating the strategic change, and engaging organizational members in the change process. Four ways of using emotions as discursive resources for guided sensemaking are identified and elaborated on: 1) expressing one's own emotions, 2) evaluating others' emotions, 3) explaining emotions, whether own or others', as well as 4) eliciting emotions is others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concepts of competence, competency and capability are applied throughout management literature. Some of this material has influenced public relations scholarship. However, critical evaluation reveals profound confusion and interchangeability between these concepts. This paper explores the convergent and divergent uses of these terms and introduces literature from wider fields, such as professional development and human development, which also deploy competency and capability frameworks. The literature from human development represents an intervention in that it emerges from philosophical and economic approaches to well-being rather than organisational profit or advantage. The paper takes a critical approach and is conceptual. This work has been undertaken with two objectives: a) to build a more robust and rigorous foundation for research into capabilities in public relations, as part of a two-year research project with a global organisation representing professional public relations and communication management associations b) to deepen understanding of capability in public relations literature, particularly through the human development theories of Sen and Nussbaum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates user-generated political satire, focusing on fake political accounts. Such fakes, created as social network profiles, satirize politicians or political organizations by impersonating them. Through semi-structured interviews with a sample of Italian fake accounts creators, I explore how the fakes navigate their fakeness vis-à-vis the affordances of social network sites and their public(s). I identify two modes of faking: mimetic and explicit. I map the interactions of the fakes and their public(s) along two axes: one referring to the public's understanding of the satire, the other to the uses that the public makes of the satire. Furthermore, I argue for fakeness as a playful, yet powerful critique of politics and its pretense to authenticity. By focusing on how the creators of fake accounts manage their fakeness and interact with their public(s), this paper provides insights on the participatory nature of satire and on the characteristics of online publics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even as it was nearing the apex of its hype cycle at the beginning of this decade, gamification or "the use of game design elements in non-game contexts" (Deterding et al., 2011) was derided by Game Studies scholars and designers alike. This paper first explores why gamification inspired such vitriol. It finds the incursion of non-game corporations and entities into the field was a threat to the scholars and designers who fought so ardently to legitimize the space and promote a more playful or ludic 21st century. The paper then delves deeper into the literature of play to redefine what occurs when a player engages with a gamified app, such as the social media application Foursquare. In conclusion, it rescripts their activity as "punctuated play" in which the competition, conflict, glory and other aspects of traditional play pierce a particular moment, leaving unexpected and lasting emotional effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical approach for assessing the robustness of local journalism infrastructure and the extent of journalism divides - differences in the availability of journalistic resources across communities. This research grows from calls into the state of local journalism. The goal is to develop an analytical approach that can be largely scaled and feasibly implemented. The approach presented in this paper thus develops indicators that tap into the robustness of local journalism infrastructure at the market level, specifically utilizing the 210 Designated Market Areas (DMAs) in the United States, which enables the exploration of individual communities and their relationship to the robustness of local news media. The results point to the relationship between fundamental economic and demographic characteristics of local media markets and the robustness of the local news media infrastructure within those markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presenting the preliminary findings of a larger project, this paper addresses a knowledge gap concerning small market newspapers in the United States. We address two underlying research questions: what is the state of small market newspapers in the United States and how are these papers adapting to the challenges and opportunities presented by digital technologies? Based on in-depth interviews with experts and practitioners, and drawing on grounded theory for analysis, we argue for the need for a more nuanced language to speak about newspapers and local news. Grouping all newspapers into a single monolithic industry - as is often the case with statistics and general sector analysis - suggests a homogenous experience. That is not the case. Smaller publications face their own sets of challenges and opportunities; and they define success and innovation on their own terms. This reality needs to be better understood and taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With China's burgeoning economy, more and more environmental issues have emerged and generated public concern. While social movements may seem to be difficult to take place in China given the country's authoritarian regime, in recent years the central government's environmental policies have shown some decentralization of power by encouraging public participation. However, when implemented locally, the results could be very different. Hence, this paper first discusses the current political opportunity for Chinese civil society by looking into the refined environmental policies, and then examines two cases of anti-PX protests in the city of Xiamen in 2007 and Maoming in 2014, in order to demonstrate the heterogeneous outcomes of environmental movements in China caused by varied political opportunities, resources, ecological factors, etc. at the local level. Moreover, this paper emphasizes the significant role that new media technology has played in environmental movements in China, thus identifying its advantages and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the heightened relevance of international contexts, governments increasingly aim to communicate with foreign audiences to convince them of their policies. These strategies can be regarded as part of a nation's public diplomacy. More specifically, they can be called mediated public diplomacy since it is their main goal to distribute messages through foreign media. This paper analyzes the communication during the European migrant crisis as one of the most salient transnational issues in 2015/16. Herein, the paper compares Germany's and Hungary's mediated public diplomacy, their main topics, frames, and their reliance on information subsidies. Through a comparison with the related coverage in CNN and Al- Jazeera it shows that there is a relationship between the (1) reliance on information subsidies and a (2) correspondence between media agenda and the agenda in the mediated public diplomacy. The media's frame building, however, seems to be unaffected by the application of information subsidies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the problem of knowledge posed by 'girls'. Apart from Girls Studies, girls are relatively scattered or absent in formal knowledge systems. But girls are all over the internet and social media, as producers, users and as representations in discourse. How might formal disciplines - scientific and cultural - integrate with social media to answer the questions: what are girls, where did they come from, and how do we know? The paper works through some of the issues at stake in order to set up a distinctive and hopefully useful approach for answering them. It is organised into two parts: 'Girls in the wild' and 'Girls in the world'. It concludes that girls are a culture-made group, evolving - not without struggle - into a self-organising, self-conscious, global class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is situated in a night market consisting of unlicensed hawkers in Hong Kong. The existing research on informal economies has presumed the relation of place and class as a given backdrop: an informal economy is a static workplace for the poor. To problematize this presumption, this paper uses Cultural Discourse Analysis (Carbaugh, 2007, 2016) to explore how hawkers constitute their identities and the meanings of place. Drawing from the participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 15 hawkers conducted between 2015 and 2016, two cultural terms of class identifications (i.e. the poor and businessman); and a term relating to the power dynamics in place, giving face, have been identified. The analysis shows these terms and associated practices constitute hawkers as precarious beings in place. This paper hopes to contribute to highlighting the constitutive role of place-based communication practice in making everyday precarity in place and contextualize precarity in developing Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On social media, people (in)directly discuss issues that are related to the government. At the same time governments have difficulties taking a meaningful role in these discussions due to issues of e.g. privacy and (in)equality. This paper aims to obtain insight into the way government can deal with this dilemma. In order to do so, a Dutch Twitter case through qualitative, quantitative and network analysis to obtain insight into the interactions that take place on social media as well as the sources of structure and outcomes related to these interactions. The paper uses (Adaptive) Structuration Theory is used as a theoretical basis. Cognitive dissonance, Framing and Social Capital provide the theoretical lenses to understand the online interactions. Results show that interactions take place in subgroups that discuss the issue from different angles. Based on these insights, we develop a strategy that helps governments to connect to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THEORY PAPER: Much of the extant media psychology research on video games and emotions has focused on aggression-related affect. Although useful and social relevant, such a focus seems myopic in the larger panacea of emotions that can be sparked by gameplay. Moreover, this research borrows heavily from a traditional media effects paradigm, without fully integrating empirical and theoretical developments in the larger areas of emotion and emotion regulation. The current paper engages the broader area of emotion scholarship, and connects this literature with theoretical and empirical evidence supporting the probability that video games are potent evokers of emotions broadly, and that their play can facilitate emotion regulation. Finally, future research directions are suggested aimed at bridging the gap between these as-yet largely isolated literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the communicative architecture of the border during Europe's 2015-16 "migration crisis". Drawing on fieldwork on the Greek island of Chios, the second biggest migrant entry point in South-Eastern Europe, the paper focusses on the border as a site where refugee and migrant reception takes place and where the parameters of Europe's ethico-political response to the "crisis" are set. The paper demonstrates that the continent's double norm of 'security and care' produces a new and highly ambivalent moral order, hospitability. Constituted through techno-symbolic networks of mediation, hospitability re-affirms dominant theorizations of the border as an order of power and exclusion but goes beyond these in highlighting micro-connections of compassion and solidarity that simultaneously co-exist with and attempt to challenge this order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided by the community ecology theory, this paper maps the interorganizational alliance networks among 104 immigrant-serving NGOs in California. By identifying key organizationaland community-level factors that influence the formation of alliance ties, this paper investigates how community-level interdependence, especially the interdependence derived from the overlap of resource and identity niche among the diverse immigrant-serving NGO populations, may impact individual organizations' online alliance reporting. ERGM analysis results suggest that the overlap of resource niche significantly and positively predicts the formation of alliance relationships, whereas the overlap of identity niche has more complicated effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2011, mobile chat applications have gained significant popularity worldwide and the leading chat apps have surpassed social networking platforms in user numbers. These apps have become the hosts for everyday communication among a wide variety of users, and (thanks to the functionalities of certain chat apps) have taken on significance in reporting. Especially in Asia, journalists have turned to those apps to complement face-to-face interactions to gather the news. Drawing on in-depth interviews with foreign correspondents based in China and Hong Kong, this article examines journalistic sourcing practices on mobile chat applications in contexts of surveillance and censorship. In light of theories of journalistic norms, this paper discusses three approaches journalists have taken when sourcing on chat apps: trust, master, or abandon the network. By studying journalistic practices using these three prisms, this paper provides an understanding of how journalists have constructed journalistic trust with sources using chat apps. This paper offers an exploratory study of how foreign correspondents socially constructed mobile chat apps as tools of reportage and as essential links in journalists' networks of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore the concept of expertise and its role within contemporary cultural work. Specifically, I look at how artists signal expertise on social media, and the role of the act of signalling in cultural labour. Expertise is a crucial issue given the rise of the 'knowledge society' and 'information economy' (Fleck, 1998). The internet and social media platforms are distinct spaces where "knowledge, information and expertise are the major factors of production" (Fleck, 1998:144) and yet how expertise can be presented on these platforms is underscrutinised. In this paper I discuss three implications of signalling expertise for cultural labour: the pressure to keep their online presence up to date; the display of recognition; and signalling as expertise. Signalling expertise is integral to the cultural labour of artists and present certain dilemmas which must be considered in relation to the pressures of contemporary cultural work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to improve upon lobby theory by learning from a failed lobby campaign in which the lobbyist managed to annoy and anger key constituencies. A qualitative case study was conducted on attempts made by the Norwegian oil industry in 2002-2004 to achieve a tax amendment. Qualitative interviews were carried out with oil industry representatives, two former ministers, political advisors, and members of parliament, and with journalists who had followed the campaign. The main argument being put forward in this paper is that lobbyists should use insights from stakeholder theory. Combining lobby theory with an approach suggested by stakeholder theory might temper single-minded advocacy that is too preoccupied with getting immediate political results, and help organizations to remember that it is important to develop good long-term relations with stakeholders. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses developments over the past three years in the stock photography industry, the global multi-billion dollar business that manufactures the majority of advertising and marketing images, and an increasing number of editorial and news photographs. Focusing on how the industry shapes the visual background to our lives - and the 'monopoly of appearance' (Debord 1970: 12) of our societies - the paper critically examines stock photography's place at the very frontier of contemporary cultural dynamics: technological change, globalization, struggles over the legal and social definitions of intellectual 'property' and cultural authority, the aestheticization of the lifeworld, and the apparently ceaseless conquest of material and virtual spaces by increasing numbers of visual images. It does this by briefly looking in turn at three interlinked questions: 1) how does the industry currently organize representational power and cultural authority; 2) what is the reach of the industry, geographically, historically (control over archives) and in terms of economic sector (in relation to other cultural industries); 3) what does 'the spectacle' look like - what visual regime characterizes the stock industry and the domains it supplies? ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a straightforward normative benchmark and a new method to evaluate the contribution of interpersonal political discussions to democratic processes. The key idea is to evaluate the contribution of political discussions to the quality of democracy via their ability to assist participants to emulate what their voting behavior would be if they were fully informed. While this benchmark is not relevant for all the relevant aspects of deliberative processes, it nevertheless captures a key idea that goes back to Lazarsfeld and Berelson's studies of political communications, but remained understudied afterwards. The paper uses panel survey data and simulations to demonstrate the potential of the new simulation method proposed. The results suggest that participation in interpersonal political discussions does indeed increase one's ability to offer an opinion on political matters, but may not lead to any gains in factual knowledge. Moreover, participants' ability to vote "as I they were fully informed" is not affected by their information level. It is suggested that the reason for this may be that the conditions for ideal deliberations are rarely present in the circumstances of everyday political communication. Thus, further research may be directed on identifying the conditions and contexts where interpersonal communication can successfully perform this function for democratic processes. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paid dailies in Western Europe and Northern America have seen their circulation decline in the last decade. During the same period free daily newspapers have seen their circulation go up to more than 30 million. In this paper the relation between the two developments is studied in 14 European markets. Circulation development before and after the introduction of free papers was compared. Also data from countries without free papers were used to assess whether non-free dallies markets also suffered. Media substitution, however, seems to be modest at least. Other factors may be more important causes for the decline in paid newspaper circulation. Long term effects, however, are not yet clear. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper interrogates the semiotic processes by which semiological codes operate to construct female sexuality in a top-circulating fashion and beauty magazine targeted to adolescents. While a number of studies have found the representations of femininity and sexuality in teen media to be restrictive, unrealistic and conservative, this paper fills a gap in the literature by presenting a close analysis of the strategies by which sexuality is constructed. Given that there is a documented difference between the real-world exigencies of girls' sexual lives and the representation of sexuality in teen media, this paper uses Barthes' concept of myth and Debord's understanding of spectacle to frame media rhetorics of sexuality. For Barthes, a myth is a rhetorical figure that supports ideological social beliefs; for Debord, the spectacle is a system of capitalism that manifests itself via mediated images. On the basis of these ideas, the paper claims the semiological method of myth analysis as a feminist practice. Using myth analysis, patterns of representation of adolescent female sexuality in the 2006 issues of Seventeen magazine were analyzed. The analysis uncovered four overarching myths of girls' sexuality in the magazine: the myth of sexuality as a function of body hierarchies, the myth of sexuality as spectacle, the myth of sexuality as a heterosexual male domain, and the myth of girls as sexual victims. The paper calls for myth analysis as a media literacy strategy that offers feminist emancipatory potential. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the control structures and protocols that regulate the creation and incubation of a wiki page, this study examines how it seeds a global communication through peer reviews, critiques, and content modification. This paper traces the evolution of the Lage Raho Munnabhai (LRM) wiki page from its inception in June 2006. This paper discusses the multiple roles of five archetypal collaborators in sustaining the wiki page. The paper argues that these archetypal contributors/collaboration form the basis of a self-governing control units, Communication Control Unit (CCU), and proliferate in the asynchronous, online communication environments made possible by server technology, such as, wiki. While studying the phenomenon of CCU, this paper analyzes the strengths and drawbacks of CCU and their evolving roles in the content and control of online communication. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journalism's adaptation to television fundamentally changed the nature and shape of journalistic work. This paper addresses one of the ways in which journalism changed as a result of the introduction of television technology: the focus on the appearance of TV journalists. This is an element of the journalist's job that is unsettled within the American journalistic community and with which the community continues to grapple. The journalist's appearance became central to the journalist's job through the visual imagery of television, marking a departure from the attributes commonly associated with journalists more generally. Of all those practicing journalism in the television era, the struggle between the time-honored principles of print and radio journalism and these new elements introduced by television is experienced to the greatest degree by the TV news anchors themselves. The television news anchor embodies the effect of television technology on journalism through traits associated with his or her visual presence, qualities related to personalization, and other aspects of a particular kind of relay of news to audiences. Anchors are also important to consider, for when it comes to anchors, the journalistic community is schizophrenic; externally, it uses anchors for community promotion and reaps the positive benefits of power, adulation, and affirmation of authority that anchors afford. But internally, the community feels that anchors, and the appearance of anchors in particular, undermine many key journalistic values. This paper uses the anchor as a lens through which to examine the journalistic community's struggle brought on by the wedding of journalism and television technology, as manifested in discussion about anchors' appearances. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is partially inspired by an actual incident that brought to light of a cell phone video recording of a strip-down body search of a woman in a police detention center. Using this example as a starting point, the paper explored the use of Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon metaphor in the current study of surveillance. Most of the scholarly works reviewed used the Foucauldian model of power, premising on the assumption of the Big Brother keeping a constant watch on the people. However, it became obvious that the use of new mobile technology, that assumption does not fall strictly into the traditional notion of the 'panoptic gaze.' Instead of a top-down surveillance structure, the example offered the possibility of a bottom-up surveillance, that is, the people doing the surveillance on the Big Brother. This paper proposes an Inverted Panopticon as a more accurate description of phenomenon. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining the course of online and offline anti-Japanese protests in China that purported to oppose Japan's ascension into the United Nation Security Council in 2005, this paper attempts to interrogate the role Internet could play in the communication of international affairs with regard to the two themes of nationalism and civil society in Chinese society. This paper argues that, even though the Internet could facilitate the formation of public opinion, the orchestration of popular political movements and the production of a transnational public sphere, it does not necessarily mean a promotion to the growth of domestic civil society in Mainland China. This contradiction exists because the crucial element underlying all these popular political communication is nationalism, which is indeed a double-edged sword to the Communist Party. The fact that the survivability of public opinion and popular nationalism can only exist when it is aligned with the interest of the state strongly demonstrates the function of the Internet as a state activation apparatus in online international political communication-a device by which the PRC government can employ to activate or make use of what is activated by the citizens through the medium of the internet to advance national interest in the international arena. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate ways public relations theory can contribute to development communication. The paper proposes an integrated approach to development communication that is based on four dimensions of public relations-asymmetry versus symmetry, one-way versus two-way communication, mediated versus interpersonal communication, and communication ethics. The paper suggests that a contextually based application of the four dimensions helps in overcoming weaknesses related to the currently dominant development communication approaches-diffusion of innovations and participatory communication. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes audience responses to four makeover shows: The Biggest Loser, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, Starting Over, and What Not to Wear. Since fall, 2005, we have collected almost 1,800 survey responses and conducted more than 60 interviews with viewers of at least one of these shows. The data presented here concern audiences' conceptions of the "inner" and "outer" self and the relations between these. Viewers frequently express a reflexive process of transformation, when inner change prompts external change, and vice versa. In most cases, however, viewers assume that there must be congruence between the inner and outer self, and that congruence is evidence of authentic and lasting change. The paper considers how makeover shows encourage candidates to change in line with dominant social norms, and how they interject commercial appeals into the processes of change. It concludes with an engagement with post-structuralist gender, queer, and transgender theory to investigate the usefulness of these approaches to the body for the analysis of makeover audience responses. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper strives to put information and communication technologies (ICT) development in China at the crossroads of global and local forces. By synthesizing data from trade journals, news reports, government publications and secondary sources, this paper argues that in the globalization paradigm, the Chinese state actively pursues a nationalist ICT development. Given China's status as the potentially largest and most important ICT consumer market for global ICT manufacturers, the nationalist strategy is feasible, because the state maneuvers amidst the fierce competition among transnational players. Internally, the state forms working partnerships with domestic enterprises and uses its monopolistic ownership of the end-user service sector to protect domestic market. Externally, the state adopts a selective FDI policy to facilitate technology transfer and to upgrade the ICT production structure. As the Chinese national development is defined within globalization, developing globally competitive ICT manufacturing capacities is a crucial issue in China's globalization strategy. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]