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Ren is a Chinese term referring to the primary and foundational virtue of the moral philosophy of Confucianism. While ren is often translated literally as "benevolence," its more accurate meaning reflects a concept of shared humanity exemplified by displaying kindness to the wider human community. In Confucian thought, ren can describe both the source of all human virtues and one of five specific fundamental virtues. Ren is said to spring from kindness toward one's family, as goodwill shown at home is believed to transform into compassion in the community and the world.

First postulated during the feudal period in China (771-221 b.c.e.), Confucian ethics sought to effect peace and harmony in Chinese society. Starting with simple maxims, the school gradually developed into a comprehensive system of ethics that was primarily political but also emphasized social and religious conduct. Never a popular religion, its rites and ethical dictates were practiced by elites in several East Asian countries.

The rujia, or school of literati, commonly referred to as Confucianism in the West, has been a dominant force in Chinese political and social thought for more than two millennia. Centered on the teachings of Confucius and the Wujing (Five Classics), Confucianism serves as far more than a religion or philosophical tradition. In fact, many scholars dispute whether it can actually be referred to as a religion. Although Confucianism contains certain elements that lend themselves to such a characterization, such as sacrifices to Heaven and ancestor veneration, the scope of its impact on Chinese—and East Asian civilization as a whole—goes far beyond its religious practices. Without exaggeration, it is fair to say that the tradition represents and embodies a unique way of life and a traditional system of values. It has affected the religious, philosophical, political, social, ethical, and cultural values of countless millions, and although it is no longer the dominant force it once was, Confucianism continues to demand the attention of philosophers, diplomats, and theoreticians.