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The present article enquires whether arbitral “precedent” plays any part in the identification of the applicable standard of review by arbitral tribunals. It does so by surveying a selected sample of arbitral awards that displayed a remarkable degree of uniformity and that might have encouraged arbitral tribunals to resort to previous case law when applying a specific standard of review. This sample consists of regulatory disputes initiated against Spain for alleged violations of the fair and equitable standard provided by Article 10(1) of the Energy Charter Treaty. The article initially gives an account of the relevance of the standard of review doctrine and of the role of precedent in international investment arbitration. It then moves to investigate the possibility that previous case law has served as the legal basis for determining the appropriate standard of review in the regulatory disputes against Spain. Based on the analysis of the Spanish cases, the article finally elaborates on the role of precedent in the identification of the applicable standard of review in general terms.

Resumo O presente trabalho discute os modelos de constitucionalismo não escrito do common law, e suas principais características que instituem novas possibilidades representativas da constituição. Usualmente, cria-se uma distopia divisória do elo entre o escrito com o não escrito, enxergando o texto constitucional como um dogma e uma previsibilidade nas decisões judiciais. Contudo, se os direitos humanos e fundamentais são abertos e abstratos, a mera codificação não restringe seu entendimento. Desse modo, este trabalho busca apresentar novos caminhos interpretativos da constituição, a partir da ênfase nos princípios não escritos, da coerência aos precedentes judiciais, e na possibilidade de uma constituição viva. O método de pesquisa foi funcionalista do direito constitucional comparado. Os resultados alcançados demonstram que a dimensão não escrita do texto constitucional permite definir a constituição como um instrumento vivo, e em constante evolução. Abstract This paper discusses the models of unwritten or common law constitutionalism and their main features that institute new representative possibilities of the constitution. Usually, a dystopia is created by dividing the link between the written and the unwritten, seeing the constitutional text as a dogma and predictability in judicial decisions. However, if human and fundamental rights are open and abstract, mere codification does not restrict their understanding. This paper intends to present new interpretative paths of the constitution based on the emphasis on unwritten principles, the coherence of precedents, and the possibility of a living constitution. The research method was the functional method of comparative constitutional law. Results indicate that the unwritten dimension of the constitutional text allows for defining the constitution as a living and constantly evolving instrument.

In this paper I discuss a particular conception of legal inquiry and how it demonstrate how it can shed light on well-established types of legal argument. I do so (i) by unpacking Del Mar's account of legal inquiry, and then (ii) demonstrating that one common and important judicial argumentative practice (the judicial use of inferences to the best legal explanation) cannot be fully captured within the limits set out by a doctrine of binding precedent and, finally, (iii) showing how a more expansive notion of legal inquiry (like Del Mar's) can help us make sense of that particular argumentative practice.

In modern conditions, the study of the sources of constitutional law of foreign countries is extremely relevant. The scientific article determined that judicial precedent is the main source of constitutional law of the states of the Anglo-Saxon legal system and an auxiliary source of constitutional law in the Romano-Germanic legal system. The scientific article also focuses on the fact that on February 23, 2006, a fundamental Law was adopted in Ukraine – the Law of Ukraine «On the Implementation of Decisions and Application of the Practice of the European Court of Human Rights». It was determined that the adoption of the above-mentioned legislative act had at one time not only a theoretical significance for legal science, but primarily a practical significance for the functioning of the courts, since the requirement of this legislative act is the strict implementation of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, which in turn recognizes precedential law. The work also determined that earlier, court precedent in Ukraine was not a universally recognized source of constitutional law. However, over time, court precedent began to take on extremely important importance, and domestic courts increasingly operate with the practice of higher courts when making certain decisions. Therefore, the scientific article substantiates the importance of the study of judicial precedent as a source of constitutional law in foreign countries, since the relationship to this source of constitutional law in common law states and continental law states is fundamentally different. Also, in the scientific article, special attention is paid to issues related to the practice of applying judicial precedent in each of the modern legal systems. In particular, it is determined what influence the court precedent had on the development of constitutional law, whether courts act as subjects of judicial law-making or not, the main aspects of the court precedent and its relationship with judicial practice are determined. The scientific article also highlights how judicial precedent is applied in France, Germany, Great Britain, as well as specific features of its application in Ukraine. As a result, it was determined that judicial precedent is determined by law as a special source of constitutional law of foreign countries, and therefore for Ukraine it should also occupy a particularly important place in the system of sources of constitutional law, although at the same time it is inferior to the normative legal act as a fundamental source of constitutional law - the German legal system, which includes Ukraine., У сучасних умовах дослідження джерел конституційного права зарубіжних країн є надзвичайно актуальним. В статті визначено, що судовий прецедент є основним джерелом конституційного права держав англосаксонської правової системи та допоміжним джерелом конституційного права в романо-германській правовій системі. Також акцентовано увагу на тому, що 23 лютого 2006 року в Україні було прийнято фундаментальний Закон – Закон України «Про виконання рішень та застосування практики Європейського суду з прав людини». Визначено, що прийняття вищезазначеного законодавчого акту мало свого часу не тільки теоретичне значення для юридичної науки, але насамперед практичне значення для функціонування судів, оскільки вимогою даного законодавчого акту є неухильне виконання рішень Європейського Суду з прав людини, який в свою чергу визнає прецедентне право. У роботі визначено, що раніше, судовий прецедент в Україні не був загальновизнаним джерелом конституційного права. Проте, з часом судовий прецедент почав посідати надзвичайно важливе значення і вітчизняні суди все частіше оперують практикою вищестоящих судів при ухваленні тих чи інших рішень. Тому, в науковій статті обґрунтовано важливість дослідження судового прецедента як джерела конституційного права в зарубіжних країнах, оскільки відношення до даного джерела конституційного права в державах загального права і державах континентального права кардинально відрізняється. Також в науковій статті особливу увагу приділено питанням, пов’язаним із практикою застосування судового прецедента у кожній із правових систем сучасності. Зокрема, визначено який вплив мав судовий прецедент на розвиток конституційного права, чи виступають суди суб’єктами судової правотворчості чи ні, визначено основні аспекти судового прецедента та його співвідношення з судовою практикою. В науковій статті також висвітлено яким чином застосовується судовий прецедент в Франції, Німеччині, Великобританії, а також окремі особливості його застосування в Україні. В підсумку визначено, що судовий прецедент по праву визначається особливим джерелом конституційного права зарубіжних країн, а тому для України він також повинен зайняти особливо важливе місце в системі джерел конституційного права, хоча при цьому він і поступається нормативно-правовому акту як фундаментальному джерелу конституційного права романо-германської правової системи, до складу якої входить і Україна.

In his Ethics of 1901, Wilhelm Herrmann describes the way from a natural form of morality to a Christian-moral life. Thereby religion seems to be the sheer consequence of morality. But that is only the first impression you get, when you analyze the theological concept of Herrmann's Ethics. Discussing the most central terms used by Hermann, such as "experience" and "trust", as well as the Christological concept, the article intends to detect morality as a necessary but insufficient prerequisite of faith. By identifying the method of Herrmann's Ethics as phenomenological, the genesis of faith can only be understood exemplarily. But - if faith in its origin is only an exemplary phenomenon - how can the content of theology be claimed to be true? The article deals with this question in its final part, where an interpretation of Herrmann's Ethics as a reconstruction of originating faith is outlined.

In Canada (Attorney General) v Fairmont Hotels Inc 2016 SCC 56 the Supreme Court of Canada corrected a wrong turn in the Canadian law of rectification, returning it to a position of harmony with the approach taken in English and Australian law. This note examines the case and explores the position adopted in two leading Commonwealth jurisdictions: England and Australia.

Socialist courts are supposed to apply the law, not make it, and socialist legality denies judicial decisions any precedential status. In 2011, the Chinese Supreme People's Court designated selected decisions as Guiding Cases to be referred to by all judges when adjudicating similar disputes. One decade on, the paucity of citations to Guiding Cases has been taken as demonstrating the incongruity of case-based adjudication and the socialist legal tradition. Citations are, however, an imperfect measure of influence. Reproduction of language uniquely traceable to Guiding Cases can also be evidence of their impact on judicial decision-making. We employ a local alignment tool to detect unattributed text reuse of Guiding Cases in local court decisions. Our findings suggest that Guiding Cases are more consequential than commonly assumed, thereby complicating prevailing narratives about the antagonism of socialist legality to case law., ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LAW

This study arises from the basic idea that an expert's admissibility record may have downstream effects. Most notably in recent years, courts appear to cite previous admissions or exclusions in deciding whether to admit or exclude an expert. In addition, anecdotally, experts have expressed fear that even a single exclusion can negatively impact their future ability to testify (and therefore their future livelihood as a testifying expert). This study, part of a broader paper on expert histories, attempts to em- pirically test whether an expert's probability of exclusion is constant, or whether previous exclusions negatively affect an expert's chances of being admitted in future cases. It also asks whether previous exclusions negatively affect an expert's chances of being retained in the future. To do so, the study uses an existing database on expert history compiled and maintained by Expert Profi?ler, LLC. Expert Profi?ler is a consulting service typically hired by litigants to research the prior admissibility records of experts. Their database contains the results of these consulting efforts, which scour the public record (and not just the published case law) for previous pro?ers and challenges of selected experts. The paper uses both a newly developed method for discrete-time recurrence analysis as well as more conventional discrete-time survival analysis.

This paper contributes to an ongoing debate concerning the perceived judicial activism of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). It argues that the output of the Court should be better viewed as the phenomenon of judicial law-making, not unlike in domestic jurisdictions. However, unlike many domestic legal systems, the European Convention on Human Rights framework promotes large quantities of judge-made law. This outcome results from a combination of objective factors that, taken together, enhance the process of judicial law-making by the ECtHR. Those factors include the applied mode of interpretation of the Convention, the approach to its construction, the weak textual basis, the existence of positive obligations, the lack of the doctrine of precedent, the extremely high case law and judicial turnovers, the concurrent legislative inactivity, the existence of the inter-state jurisdiction and the doctrine of autonomous meaning. At the same time, the judicial law-making is only hindered by the doctrine of subsidiarity, the principle of margin of appreciation and the Fourth Instance doctrine. As a consequence of this overwhelming dominance of the factors enhancing the process of judicial law-making over those that hinder it, the ECtHR produces large quantities of judge-made law.

This article reflects on whether the administrative precedents of the registry court are the result only of the interpretation assigned to the legislation, or if its preparation takes into consideration other elements that are typical of the sector, such as the principles of traffic safety, legal security, pro-registration principle, and fundamental rights. To do this, we resort to the analysis of precedents where the registry court has modified its interpretative criterion, which allows us to appreciate the reasons for the variation of criterion., El presente artículo, reflexiona si los precedentes administrativos del tribunal registral son resultado solamente de la interpretación que se le asigna a la legislación, o si su confección tiene en consideración otros elementos que son propios del sector, tales como los principios de seguridad de tráfico, seguridad jurídica, principio pro inscripción, y derechos fundamentales. Para ello, se recurre al análisis de unos precedentes donde el tribunal registral, ha modificado su criterio interpretativo, lo que nos permite apreciar las razones de la variación de criterio.

This article makes several different observations about the Free Speech Clause and intellectual property law, in light of some recent doctrinal developments: (1) the Court's decision about copyright in Eldred v. Ashcroft; (2) the Court's evolving commercial speech jurisprudence in cases such as 44 Liquormart v. Rhode Island, which is relevant to trademark dilution law; (3) the California Supreme Court's right of publicity decision in Comedy III Productions v. Saderup; and (4) the Court's decision in Bartnicki v. Vopper, which indirectly bears on trade secret law.

This article examines the influence of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights on the development of the civil procedural law of Ukraine and the practice of applying its norms by domestic courts. The concept and essence of the precedent nature of decisions (decisions) of the European Court of Human Rights, their place in the system of so-called "judicial sources" of civil procedural law are defined. The shortcomings of the Law of Ukraine "On the implementation of decisions and application of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights" are indicated, which recognizes the practice of the European Court of Human Rights as a source of law and the position of domestic courts regarding this deficiency. It is noted that the source of law according to the Law of Ukraine "On the Execution of Decisions and Application of the Practice of the European Court of Human Rights" is also the practice of the European Commission on Human Rights and its role in the procedure for considering complaints about violations of the Convention is determined. The directions of the influence of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights on civil proceedings are outlined, where it is concluded that a precedent can be formed on any procedural issue due to the dynamic interpretation by the specified court of the provisions of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 and its protocols . It is noted that the practice of the European Court of Human Rights generally constructs legal ideas regarding the principles of civil procedure and the right to a fair trial. On the example of a separate decision of the European Court of Human Rights, the law enforcement and regulatory influence on the results of consideration and resolution of a civil case and the development of the civil procedural law of Ukraine, respectively, are analyzed. The importance of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights for the civil justice of Ukraine is summarized. In particular, taking into account the precedent practice of the ECtHR during the consideration and resolution of civil cases will eliminate the factors that serve as the reason for the appeal to the Court and will introduce European standards of protection of human rights and freedoms into Ukrainian civil proceedings. As a result, the impact of the decisions of the ECtHR will reduce the need to appeal to an international judicial institution in search of just satisfaction, which will accelerate the protection of the rights and freedoms of the parties to a civil case within the framework of national judicial jurisdiction., У даній статті розглядається вплив рішень Європейського суду з прав людини на розвиток цивільного процесуального права України та практику застосування його норм вітчизняними судами. Визначається поняття та сутність прецедентного характеру рішень (ухвал) Європейського суду з прав людини, їх місце в системі так званих «судових джерел» цивільного процесуального права. Вказується на недоліки Закону України «Про виконання рішень та застосування практики Європейського суду з прав людини», який визнає джерелом права практику Європейського суду з прав людини та позицію вітчизняних судів стосовно даного недоліку. Зауважується, що джерелом права згідно Закону України «Про виконання рішень та застосування практики Європейського суду з прав людини» виступає також практика Європейської комісії з прав людини та визначається її роль у процедурі розгляду скарг на порушення Конвенції. Окреслюються напрямки впливу практики Європейського суду з прав людини на цивільне судочинство, де робиться висновок, що прецедент може бути сформований по будь-якому процесуальному питанні в силу динамічного тлумачення вказаним судом положень конвенції про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод 1950 р. та протоколів до неї. Зазначається, що практика Європейського суду з прав людини загалом конструює правові ідеї щодо принципів цивільного процесу та права на справедливий суд. На прикладі окремого рішення Європейського суду з прав людини аналізується правозастосовчий і нормативний вплив на результати розгляду та вирішення цивільної справи і розвиток цивільного процесуального права України відповідно. Узагальнюється значення практики Європейського суду з прав людини для цивільного судочинства України. Зокрема, врахування прецедентної практики ЄСПЛ під час розгляду і вирішення цивільних справ усуне ті фактори, які служать причиною звернення до Суду та впровадить в українське цивільне судочинство європейські стандарти захисту прав і свобод людини. В підсумку вплив рішень ЄСПЛ зменшить необхідність звернень до міжнародної судової установи за пошуком справедливої сатисфакції, що прискорить захист прав і свобод сторін цивільної справи в рамках органів національної судової юрисдикції.

Pričujoče delo obravnava vprašanje, ali je Ustavno sodišče vezano na svoje odločitve. V prvem poglavju predstavim dve pojmovanji vloge preteklih sodnih odločitev v razlogovanju sodišč. V skladu s prvim pogledom je sodišče na preteklo odločitev vezano tako, da lahko od nje odstopi le, če so za to podani razlogi posebne vrste ali teže, ne pa vselej, kadar meni, da je odločitev napačna. Drugo pojmovanje pa sodišču nudi več manevrskega prostora: svoje pravno stališče lahko spremeni, če za to ponudi razumno utemeljitev. Preostanek dela je posvečen ovrednotenju treh argumentov v prid tezi, da prvi pogled najbolje opisuje držo, ki bi jo Ustavno sodišče pravno gledano moralo zavzeti do svojih odločitev. V drugem poglavju obravnavam možnost utemeljitve takšne obveznosti z zavezujočo naravo ustavnosodnih odločitev. Tretje poglavje se osredotoča na utemeljitev, ki se naslanja na 22. člen Ustave (enako varstvo pravic). Četrto poglavje obravnava hipotetičen poskus obrambe vezanosti Ustavnega sodišča na lastne odločitve, ki se ne opira na kodificiran pravni vir, kot je Ustava, temveč na dolgotrajno prakso Ustavnega sodišča. The aim of this thesis is to explore the question of whether the Slovenian Constitutional Court is legally bound by its own decisions. In the first chapter, I distinguish two alternative conceptions of how past judicial decisions may be relevant to the decision-making of a later court. On the first account, the court is bound by a previous decision in the sense of only being permitted to depart from it when reasons of special kind or weight obtain, not whenever it deems that decision wrong. On the second view, the court has more latitude: it may always change its mind on a legal issue as long as it provides a reasonable justification for doing so. In the remainder of the thesis, I evaluate three arguments in favour of the claim that the first view most faithfully describes the attitude which the Constitutional Court legally ought to adopt towards its own decisions. The second chapter examines the possibility of grounding such an obligation in the binding nature of the decisions of the Constitutional Court. The third chapter focuses on the justification based on the Article 22 of the Constitution (equal protection of rights). The fourth chapter considers a hypothetical attempt to justify the obligation of the Constitutional Court to follow its own decisions by relying on the long-standing practices of the Court rather than on a codified legal source such as the Constitution.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the scope of the rescission action for violation of the judicial precedent, specifically in contained list of art. 927, CPC15. Having verified this, a proposal arises to apply the same rule to arbitration awards. Based on the specialized literature on the subject, it is possible to affirm both the admissibility of rescission action in jurisdictional judgments, and of annulment action in arbitral judgments that violate judicial precedents. Therefore, the activity of the arbitral court is equivalent to the judicial pronouncements, it is not being correct to admit that, on the one hand the court is subject to the precedent and, on the other hand, the arbitral court is free from its observance.

The problem of research of business processes related to the organization and management of projects to create the new complex technical products in aerospace, shipbuilding, and other fields of mechanical engineering is stated and solved. The relevance of the study is related to the planning of a set of business processes, taking into account the architectural representation of the complex product being created. The study aims to develop a new method of synthesis of the multilevel complex of business processes to manage the creation of new technology, taking into account the multi-component representation of the complex product architecture. Much attention is paid to the complex product architecture, which is presented as a set of interconnected components. The following component types are outlined: components that can be reused; components that can be adapted to the requirements of the new product; innovative components. The types of components are studied in terms of the building of the set of business processes on their creation, taking into account the main indicators (costs, execution time, risks). Using the positive experience of past developments in the form of ready-to-use business processes helps to minimize the risks, and the new business solutions in their turn ensure the competitiveness of the complex product. The information base of positive past business processes in the form of precedents base is being built. The precedents base is used to find the close analogs of ready-to-use business processes. The set of business processes related to the management of complex product creation is formed. It has a multilevel representation that fully corresponds to the tree-like component architecture of the complex product. The method to synthesize the complexity of business processes that are planned to perform the tasks on the management of projects on creation of complex products for the developing enterprise is constructed. It is based on the “from top to bottom” system design principle. The optimization model to find the minimum costs, time, and risks in the process of business processes creation that takes into account the multilevel structure of the business process is built. The simulation event-based model in the form of a related agent set is used to study the successful execution of planned business processes related to the creation of the complex product. The results of this study should be used in the practice of creating innovative technical products that have a complex multi-level component architecture for the organization and planning of business processes related to development management. Mathematical methods used: systems analysis, precedent theory, lexicographic ordering, component design, integer optimization, simulation modeling.

This article offers the justification for a type of carbon customs union in which countries with a diverse range of high-ambition domestic climate measures would adopt a common external tariff on carbon intensive imports from countries outside the union. We explain why any pragmatic approach to carbon border measures (CBMs) is likely to create problems under prevailing interpretations of the World Trade Organization's (WTO) primary rules. Given the urgency of the climate crisis and the fact that the legality of a CBM – no matter how designed – will be a question of first impression for any WTO dispute panel, WTO consistency should take a backseat to considerations of domestic legal and political feasibility in designing a CBM. Instead of trying to fit a CBM into current understandings of WTO rules, WTO members should renegotiate WTO rules to permit a range of aggressive, but likely trade-restrictive, decarbonization measures. Having said that, we also recognize that WTO negotiations may take longer than optimal from a decarbonization standpoint. We therefore suggest an approach that would allow WTO members to take advantage of flexibilities that existing WTO rules afford.

Tryphonin, Papinian and the regard for immaterial losses in the law of obligations. Contrary to the first impression given by the sources, there is no dispute among late classical lawyers as to whether a creditor can obtain compensation for an immaterial loss. Rather, the only disputed issue is whether a creditor can demand compensation for performance of monetary value even if it had benefitted a third party. Papinian and Paul affirm this with reference to the precept of bona fides. Tryphonin focuses on the creditor’s freedom of disposal: If the creditor can claim his interest in a hypothetical sale of the object of performance, he must also be entitled to do so if he wants to pass it on free of charge and thus prove his generosity.

The main purpose of modern information systems (IS) is to support the procedures of controlling many business processes (BP) of an enterprise. At the same time, due to a weak formalization of BP, processes of development, reengineering of various service-oriented IS and IT services are a complex problem. To address this problem, the task to improve the method for choosing IT services that meet an assigned set of functional and non-functional limitations was stated. The specific features of the original method for choosing IT services were analyzed, its main shortcomings were identified. The model of the BP precedent was modified to establish the relationship between descriptions of the precedent, functional requirements, and the used IT services. The method for selecting IT services for the IS was improved by adding the functions of requirements analysis and searching for descriptions of IT services that partially meet the stated functional requirements. In the method, the adaptive linear associator of the mADALIN neuron was used to quantify the degree of match of the functional requirement and the description of the function of the IT service. These proposals were the basis for the improved method for selecting the IT service that best fits the set of constraints that are formed. Based on the result of the conducted research, an experimental test of the improved method for selecting an IT service to solve the problem of automation of the activities of sale force of the electronic policy OSAGO was carried out. The information technology implementing the original method for choosing IT services was compared to the improved method. It was shown that the improved method makes it possible to identify situations of a match of functional requirements of a customer and the descriptions of IT services. This makes it possible to select those IT services that match the functional requirements to a degree above the assigned minimum limit

Courts may reason using precedents in various ways, but not all of them satisfy the rule of law. This article provides two ways that are compatible with this ideal and one which is not. In doing so, the article aims to explain the practice of following precedent in law and to offer criteria for evaluating its value. Two claims are defended. First, courts always have a reason to decide precedent-governed disputes by following precedent. This reason is a minimum requirement of the rule of law, and in some cases this reason may be reinforced in the form of an obligation. Secondly, depending on whether courts have a reason or an obligation to follow precedent, two modes of precedential reasoning may be identified. The article explains them in detail. The modes, together with the considerations that are reasons in favour of them or against them, provide a valuable philosophical foundation of precedent-following in law.

ilustraciones, graficas La extensión de jurisprudencia, fue concebida como un mecanismo eficaz para contribuir con la descongestión judicial e impedir litigios innecesarios en la jurisdicción de lo contencioso administrativo, para lograr el reconocimiento de reclamaciones en sede administrativa, y para fortalecer el respeto de los precedentes judiciales por parte de los funcionarios administrativos del Estado. Sin embargo, estos objetivos y fines para los cuales se diseñó la figura, han tenido ciertos inconvenientes para su materialización, debido a varios factores que no se consideraron durante su formulación e implementación, tales como la rigidez injustificada y otras conductas desplegadas por parte de las autoridades administrativas. Por lo anterior, mediante el presente trabajo de investigación se pretende determinar si las actuaciones que desarrollan las actividades administrativas en sede administrativa desnaturalizan las finalidades de la petición de extensión de jurisprudencia del consejo de estado a terceros. (Texto tomado de la fuente) The extension of jurisprudence was conceived as an effective mechanism to contribute to judicial decongestion and prevent unnecessary litigation in the administrative jurisdiction, to achieve the recognition of claims in the administrative venue, and to strengthen the respect of judicial precedents by the State's administrative officials. However, these objectives and purposes for which the legal instrument was designed, have had certain drawbacks for its materialization, due to several factors that were not considered during its formulation and implementation, such as unjustified rigidity and other behaviors deployed by the administrative authorities. Therefore, the purpose of this research work is to determine whether the actions carried out by the administrative activities distort the purposes of the petition for extension of the jurisprudence of the Council of State to third parties. Maestría Magíster en Derecho Se trata de una investigación explicativa se encarga de buscar el porqué de los hechos mediante el establecimiento de relaciones causa-efecto. La información que sirvió de base para la investigación se recopiló a partir de la búsqueda de fuentes primarias y secundarias. En este sentido se revisaron las principales fuentes bibliográficas a fines de establecer las principales características de la Extensión de Jurisprudencia del Consejo de Estado. Asimismo, se revisaron los pronunciamientos emitidos por las entidades que intervienen de manera directa en la aplicación de la Extensión de Jurisprudencia a terceros (Autoridades Administrativas, Agencia Nacional de Defensa Jurídica del Estado, Consejo de Estado etc.) con el fin de saber cuáles eran sus posturas, asimismo se revisaron las sentencias emitidas por la Corte Constitucional frente a la procedibilidad y constitucionalidad de la extensión de Jurisprudencia a terceros por parte del Consejo de Estado. Adicionalmente se elaboraron peticiones a las autoridades administrativas legalmente competentes que podrían extender los efectos de una sentencia de unificación con el fin de saber en qué casos han accedido y cuáles no. En ese sentido, esta investigación está estructurada en capítulos, y cada uno a la vez en subcapítulos que tienen como objeto responder la pregunta de investigación. Derecho Administrativo

Resumen El artículo examina las instituciones introducidas en el sistema legal colombiano con la Ley 1437 de 2011 en torno a la fuerza vinculante del precedente judicial, para analizar si la reforma integral a estas instituciones, producida en la Ley 2080 de 2021, abordó o solucionó de alguna forma algunas de las principales problemáticas que surgieron en el uso del precedente administrativo. Esto a consecuencia de vacíos regulatorios sobre el tema originados en la decisión de positivización de la Ley 1437 de 2011. A través de un estudio de caso en el que se manifiestan los problemas producidos por estos vacíos regulatorios, el escrito concluye que debido al tinte procesalista con el que se concibió la reforma, la Ley 2080 de 2021 no afrontó los problemas interpretativos de naturaleza teórica-sustantiva que se han originado en relación con las sentencias de unificación y los demás instrumentos que se crearon en la Ley 1437 para hacer exigibles como precedentes judiciales las sentencias de unificación. Por último, el artículo pone de presente que la reforma tampoco abordó discusiones de fondo en relación con los controles al papel de creación de los jueces en nuestro contexto, aun a pesar de que continuó por la senda que se había trazado desde el año de 2011 para fortalecer estas competencias de los jueces. Abstract This article examines the institutions introduced in the Colombian legal system by Law 1437/2011 on the binding force of the precedent. It also verifies whether the comprehensive reform of these institutions under Law 2080/2021 addresses or solves the main problems arising from using the precedent because of regulatory gaps on the subject. Through a case study manifesting the issues produced by these regulatory gaps, we conclude that due to the procedural narrative under which this reform was conceived, Law 2080/2021 did not address the substantive interpretive problems related to the unification judgments and other instruments created by administrative authorities to positivize precedents in Colombia. Finally, the article clarifies that the reform did not address any substantive discussions about controls on judges' role in law-making, even though it continued the path traced since 2011 to strengthen judges' competence. Resumo Este artigo examina as instituições introduzidas no sistema legal colombiano com a Lei 1.437 de 2011 sobre a força vinculatória do precedente judicial para analisar se a reforma integral dessas instituições, produzida na Lei 2.080 de 2021, abordou ou solucionou de alguma forma algumas das principais problemáticas que surgiram no uso do precedente administrativo. Isso à consequência de lacunas regulamentares sobre o tema originadas na decisão de positivação da Lei 1.437 de 2011. Por meio de um estudo de caso no qual foram manifestos os problemas produzidos por essas lacunas, este texto conclui que, devido ao teor processualista com o qual a reforma foi concebida, a Lei 2.080 de 2021 não enfrentou os problemas interpretativos de natureza teórico-substantiva que foram originados quanto às sentenças de unificação e aos demais instrumentos que foram criados na Lei 1.437 para tornar exigíveis como precedentes judiciais as sentenças de unificação. Por último, o artigo evidencia que a reforma também não abordou discussões de fundo com relação aos controles do papel de criação dos juízes em nosso contexto, ainda apesar de continuar pelo caminho que tinha sido estabelecido desde 2011 para fortalecer essas competências dos juízes.

Введение. Прецедентность представляет собой весьма значимое явление для современной лингвистической науки. Прецедентность и прецедентные феномены изучаются лингвистами в различных аспектах и сферах. Исследуется прецедентность в политическом дискурсе. Целью является сопоставительное исследование национально-прецедентных феноменов, функционирующих в русскоязычном политическом дискурсе, а также в переводе на английский язык. Задачи исследования состоят в определении методологии, осуществлении отбора материала и определении наиболее адекватных способов перевода прецедентных феноменов русскоязычной культуры на английский язык. Материал и методы. Методология исследования основывается на теории когнитивной лингвистики с применением методов когнитивного моделирования, дискурсивного анализа, сопоставительного анализа. Для отбора материала исследования использовался метод сплошной выборки. При обобщении, систематизации и анализе материала применялся также описательный метод. Материалом исследования послужили тексты выступлений В. В. Путина, опубликованные на официальном сетевом ресурсе Президента РФ. Результаты и обсуждение. В результате проведенного исследования было обнаружено, что политический дискурс является весьма продуктивным для создания национально-прецедентных феноменов в силу своей специфики. Прецедентные феномены в политическом дискурсе обладают своей спецификой, как правило, источником прецедентности служит сфера политики либо исторические события конкретной национально-культурной общности. Прецедентные феномены в политической лингвистике сравнительно недолговечны. Наиболее часто они представлены прецедентными текстами, именами и высказываниями. При переводе национально-прецедентных феноменов для создания эквивалентного перевода применяются конкретизация, поиск фразеологических эквивалентов и аналогов. В некоторых случаях прецедентность при переводе полностью утрачивается, но в любом случае для интерпретации национально-прецедентных феноменов необходимы знания о национально-специфичных культурных источниках прецедентности. Заключение. Таким образом, национально-прецедентные феномены представляют собой значимую характеристику политического дискурса, служат связующим звеном между адресатом и адресантом, придают живость и образность речи в политическом дискурсе. С другой стороны, их национальная специфика служит дополнительной сложностью при переводе и часто требует наличия некоторых экстралингвистических знаний для их дешифровки и адекватного восприятия.

International audience; Why are project leaders of radioactive waste geological disposal centre projects interested in the Giza pyramids, tsunami markers or time capsules? What are they looking for as they venture into the fields of landscape archaeology, archival science and the cognitive processes of intergenerational transmission? Based on a study of the reports produced by the teams of researchers mobilized in the early 1990s by the US Department of Energy and those from the Nuclear Energy Agency's international Preservation of Records, Knowledge and Memory across Generations program, this article aims to better understand the ways in which the actors involved in such projects try to ensure a memory capable of withstanding the multi-millennia durations engaged by certain types of radioactive waste.

The present essay examines the nature of the creation activities contained in the decisions listed in article 927 of the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code of 2015 (BCPC/15) and its possible consequences for the Brazilian constitutional jurisdiction, as well as its central function seeking to separate between traditional jurisdiction (centered in the application and only secondarily in the creation of law) and the activities listed in article 927 of the BCPC/15 (centered in the creation of law).

A decision maker makes a ruling on a random case in each period. She is uncertain about the correct ruling until conducting a costly investigation. A ruling establishes a precedent, which cannot be violated under binding precedent. We compare the information acquisition incentives, the evolution of standards and the social welfare under nonbinding and binding precedents. Compared to nonbinding precedent, under binding precedent, information acquisition incentives are stronger in earlier periods, but become weaker as more precedents are established. Although erroneous rulings may be perpetuated under binding precedent, welfare can be higher because of the more intensive investigation early on.

В статье рассматриваются особенности неписаной Конституции Великобритании, вопрос о существовании конституции в этой стране, спорные моменты. Автор считает, что неписаная конституция имеет право на существование. Некоторые правоведы и юристы не считают английскую конституцию неписаной, поскольку и прецеденты, и статуты изложены в письменной форме. Таким образом, Соединенное Королевство имеет письменную, но некодифицированную конституцию. Особенность ее в том, что она состоит из статутного права, общего права и конституционных соглашений, является живым, подвижным актом и в настоящее время не завершена, продолжает развиваться и меняться., The article discusses the features of the unwritten Constitution of Great Britain, the question of the existence of a constitution in this country, controversial issues. The author believes that the unwritten constitution has the right to exist. Some legal scholars and lawyers do not consider the English constitution to be unwritten, since both precedents and statutes are set out in writing. Thus the United Kingdom has a written but uncodified constitution. Its peculiarity is that it consists of statutory law, common law and constitutional agreements, is a living, mobile act and is currently not completed, continues to develop and change.

La natura della corte di cassazione italiana � oggi oggetto di profondi cambiamenti. La presente Tesi di Dottorato cerca di leggere in maniera consapevole questa metamorfosi ripercorrendo gli accadimenti che hanno condotto al formarsi del modello della cassation francese, in ancien r�gime e nel contesto rivoluzionario, e a quello dello stare decisis, strutturatosi a partire dalle vicende del Seicento inglese e affermatosi nel XIX secolo in coerenza con la riforma delle strutture giudiziarie.

Το θέμα της διπλωματικής μου εργασίας είναι «Το δεδικασμένο στην διοικητική δίκη». Η νομική έρευνα της εργασίας αποτυπώνεται, όπως φαίνεται και από τα περιεχόμενα της εργασίας, σε 4 κεφάλαια. Το δεδικασμένο, συνιστά μία κατεξοχήν δικονομική έννοια, που συνεπάγεται την δέσμευση του Δικαστηρίου για την εξαγωγή κρίσης που δεν δύναται να διαφοροποιείται από προηγούμενη δικαστική απόφαση, εφόσον συντρέχουν οι προϋποθέσεις που προβλέπονται από τις διατάξεις του νόμου, ενώ περαιτέρω το δεδικασμένο διακατέχει σαφή λειτουργία, εγγυητική και δικαιοκρατική, υπό την έννοια ότι παρέχει εγγύηση πως τα όσα κρίθηκαν ισχύουν και τηρούνται για τα πρόσωπα που καταλαμβάνονται από την δέσμευση της δικαστικής κρίσης, ενισχύοντας σαφέστατα την αρχή της ασφάλειας του δικαίου. Το δεδικασμένο διακρίνεται από τις υπόλοιπες έννομες συνέπειες των διοικητικών αποφάσεων, καθώς το χαρακτηρίζουν συγκεκριμένες προϋποθέσεις. Βασική προϋπόθεση για την δημιουργία δεδικασμένου αποτελεί η ύπαρξη δικαστικής απόφασης οριστικής ή τελεσίδικης. Δεύτερη βασική προϋπόθεση δημιουργίας του δεδικασμένου είναι η ταυτότητα της διαφοράς ή η σχέση προδικαστικότητας. Τρίτη και τελευταία προϋπόθεση δημιουργίας δεδικασμένου αποτελεί η ταυτότητα των υποκειμένων της δίκης άλλως των διαδίκων. Το δεδικασμένο που παράγεται στο πλαίσιο της διοικητικής δίκης, αφορά διοικητική διαφορά και συνιστά θεσμό που θεμελιώνεται μεν δικονομικά, οι συνέπειές του, ωστόσο, αναπτύσσονται ουσιαστικά, αφορώσες το αντικείμενο, την ουσία της διοικητικής διαφοράς. Η τυπική πτυχή του δεδικασμένου που σχετίζεται στενά με την τελεσιδικία των δικαστικών αποφάσεων φαίνεται πως συνδέεται με την δικονομική έννοια του δεδικασμένου, γιατί και οι δύο έννοιες σχετίζονται με την διαδικασία της διοικητικής δίκης, άλλως αφορούν τις λεγόμενες διαδικαστικές προϋποθέσεις αυτής. Απεναντίας, η ουσιαστική πτυχή του δεδικασμένου αποτελεί πλέον την δεσμευτική ενέργεια της δικαιοδοτικής κρίσεως, λαμβάνοντας έτσι μία πιο δημιουργική μορφή. Το δεδικασμένο δεν ταυτίζεται με την έννοια του αντικειμένου της δίκης, καθότι η τελευταία παρουσιάζεται ευρύτερη. Κύρια διαφορά τους είναι ότι η νομική αιτία, η οποία για το μεν δεδικασμένο είναι καθοριστικής σημασίας, για δε το αντικείμενο της διαφοράς και τον καθορισμό του δεν αποτελεί αναπόσπαστο στοιχείο. Εν κατακλείδι, η έννοια του δεδικασμένου στην διοικητική δίκη αποτελεί ένδειξη της εξέλιξης του πρόσφατου σχετικά δημοσίου δικαίου – συγκριτικά πάντα με τους λοιπούς δικαιοδοτικούς κλάδους – ενισχύοντας το κράτος δικαίου και την αξιοπιστία της δικαιοδοτικής λειτουργίας, The topic of my thesis is "The precedent in the administrative proceedings". The legal research of the paper is reflected, as it appears from the contents of the thesis, in 4 chapters. The precedent constitutes a predominantly procedural concept, which implies the obligation of the Court to deliver a judgment that cannot be differentiated from a previous award, in case that the conditions provided by the provisions of the law are met, while further the precedent has a clear function, guaranteeing and justifying, in the sense that it provides a guarantee that what has been judged is valid and respected for the persons occupied by the commitment of the judicial judgment,, clearly strengthening the principle of legal certainty. The precedent is distinguished from the rest of the legal consequences of the administrative litigation, as it is characterized by specific conditions. The basic precondition for the creation of a precedent is the existence of a final or definitive court decision. A second basic condition is the identity of the dispute or the preliminary ruling. The third and last condition is the identity of the litigants. The precedent produced in α case before the administrative court, concerns an administrative dispute and constitutes an institution that is established procedurally, its consequences, however, develop substantially. The precedent, which is closely related to the finality of the award seems to be linked to the procedural concept of res judicata, because both concepts are related to the procedure of administrative proceedings, otherwise they refer to the so-called procedural requirements of such proceedings. On the contrary, the substantial aspect of the precedent is now the binding action of the award, thus taking a more creative form. The precedent (res judicata) is not identical with the concept of the subject-matter of the proceedings, since the latter is broader. Their main difference is that the legal cause of action, which is of decisive importance for res judicata on the one hand, but which is not an integral part of the subject-matter of the dispute and its determination, on the other hand, is not an integral part of the precedent. In conclusion, the concept of the precedent (res judicata) in administrative proceedings is an indication of the evolution of recent relatively public law - always in comparison with the other jurisdictional branches - reinforcing the rule of law and the credibility of the judicial function

The icc represents a legal laboratory that is still consolidating itself, with multiple unclarities in evidence and procedural law requiring resolution through jurisprudence. Our paper draws on interaction analysis to unpack this process, focusing on the jurisprudential construction of ‘dual status’ victim participant testimony. To elucidate how this evidentiary/procedural element is locally negotiated, we examine an excerpt from the Ongwen hearing transcripts, in which the defense objects against the testimony by a dual status witness called by the victim participants’ legal representative. The analysis traces how the defense counsel’s objection is anchored in a trajectory of prior decisions, and demonstrates that the implementation of the criteria drawn from these decisions is mediated by deep-rooted common-sense assumptions about the ‘ownership’ of testimony. These unspoken assumptions open up a discursive space in which trial actors can discuss the interactional quality of testimony, which adds an element of contingency to the final decision.

Настоящее научное исследование посвящено раскрытию сущностных положений и проблематик ответственности юридического лица или гражданина за вред, причиненный его работником. Автор научного исследования, в целях наиболее полного раскрытия сущностных аспектов проблематик ответственности юридического лица или гражданина за вред, причиненный его работником, отображает общую характеристику обозначенного института, с раскрытием структуры каждого признака. Структурированный подход к систематизации общих положений и проблематик ответственности юридического лица или гражданина за вред, причиненный его работником, направлен на выявление особенностей соответствующего вида гражданского права. В заключительной части научной работы отображается вывод, что согласно гражданскому законодательству Российской Федерации и устоявшийся прецедентной практики российских судов, юридическое или физическое лицо обязано возместить вред, причинённый его работником при выполнении служебных и должностных обязанностей., This scientific study is devoted to the disclosure of the essential provisions and issues of responsibility of a legal entity or citizen for harm caused by its employee. The author of a scientific study, in order to most fully disclose the essential aspects of the issues of responsibility of a legal entity or citizen for the harm caused by its employee, displays the general characteristics of the designated institution, with the disclosure of the structure of each feature. A structured approach to the systematization of general provisions and problems of responsibility of a legal entity or a citizen for harm caused by its employee is aimed at identifying the features of the corresponding type of civil law. The final part of the scientific work displays the conclusion that, according to the civil legislation of the Russian Federation and the well-established case law of Russian courts, a legal or natural person is obliged to compensate for the harm caused by its employee in the performance of official and official duties., Вестник научной мысли, Выпуск 4 2022, Pages 304-307

В данной статье в контексте педагогики совместной деятельности на эмпирическом материале, а также на основе анализа литературы обосновывается необходимость построения понятия авторской позиции в профессиональной деятельности школьного учителя. На основе таких характеристик, как прецедентность, направленность, продуктивность, результативность педагогических действий, отношение к прецедентам и тип базового способа деятельности проводится различение авторской и субъектной позиции. Кроме того, обосновывается гипотеза о том, что наличие у педагога авторской позиции способствует формированию внутреннего интереса к профессии школьного учителя и исследовательского интереса к собственной профессиональной деятельности, преодолению профессионального выгорания и формализации деятельности по внедрению инноваций в образовательный процесс и организации школьной жизни как пространства инноваций., In this article in the context of collaborative pedagogy on the basis of empirical material as well as literature analysis the necessity of constructing the concept of authorial position in professional activity of a schoolteacher is substantiated. Based on such characteristics as precedence, direction, productivity, efficiency, pedagogical actions, relation to precedents and basic mode of activity type a distinction of author and subject position is made. In addition, the hypothesis is substantiated that the teacher᾿s authorial position contributes to solving such problems as the formation of internal interest in the profession of schoolteacher and the formation of research interest in own professional activity, professional burnout, formalization of activities to implement innovations in the educational process and the organization of school life as a space of innovation.

El arbitraje como sistema de resolución de conflictos se está extendiendo internacionalmente, lo que provoca su asentamiento en España. No es la única alternativa posible para la resolución de problemas, por lo que se analizarán las diferencias existentes entre la vía judicial y la vía arbitral. Asimismo, se examinará el procedimiento a seguir para el ejercicio de la acción de anulación del laudo arbitral y cuales son los motivos que permiten su interposición. Por último, se estudiará la posibilidad de regular una segunda instancia dentro del propio procedimiento arbitral. En definitiva, este trabajo se basará en la naturaleza, procedimiento y causas de la acción de anulación, así como en el análisis de las distintas resoluciones de los tribunales que abordan este tema. Arbitration like a resolution of conflicts system is settling in Spain because of its internationally growing. It is not the only way to resolve issues, consequently the differences between the jurisdictional way and the arbitration one will be analysed. Additionally, the action for annulment procedure of the arbitral award and the causes for its using will be studied in this document. Finally, another matter which will be kept in mind is the second arbitral instance. To sum up, this project is based on the analysis of the constitution, procedure and causes of action for annulment of the arbitral award and the predecent’s examination which focus on this annulment action. Máster Universitario en Acceso a la Abogacía por la Universidad Pública de Navarra Abokatutzarako Sarbiderako Unibertsitate Masterra Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

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La legalización de la marihuana está ligada a los aspectos tanto éticos, morales, y luchas de poder. Incluso toda su historia está cargada de racismo, miedo, amarillismo, y corrupción en los legisladores (Cortizo, 2018). En cuanto a la legalidad, el primer país en dejar precedente fue Uruguay en el año 2013, este suceso fue muy importante ya que significa un impulso para que otros países debatieran el tema al respecto, y más adelante por los resultados beneficiosos que se evidenciaban en la parte económica y social. Vanegas (2014) encontró que, en el país chileno, el espíritu del legislador contemplaba al consumidor como un paciente, sin criminalizar el porte para consumo personal y privado. En Colombia el estado legal del cannabis es solo de uso medicinal, en un periodo de tiempo corto y con dosis mínima, pero fue reducido por otra ley que permite a las fuerzas policiales decomisar la sustancia y destruirla. Objetivos: Analizar los referentes doctrinales y normativos acerca del uso del Cannabis y sus consecuencias jurídicas en la sociedad colombiana. Materiales y Métodos: En esta investigación mixta, el método a seguir es el inductivo y deductivo. Por otra parte, se resalta que las técnicas de recolección de información permiten contabilizar, atributos, elementos, tales como, las entrevistas, encuestas, observación y revisión de documentos. Objective: Analyze the doctrinal and normative references about the use of Cannabis and its legal consequences in Colombian society. Materials and Methods: since we are facing a mixed investigation, the method to follow will be the inductive one in the qualitative part and the deductive one in the quantitative part. Materials, Quantitative information collection techniques, allow accounting, attributes, elements, or behaviors of individuals, this to ratify or refute a hypothesis, these techniques can be: probabilistic sampling, interviews, surveys, observation and review of documents, in the case of the investigation that we are working on the investigative type, the interview will be used since it is a direct way of obtaining information from the interviewees.

This article investigates the role of precedent and interlocutory appeal in Brazilian Law and, then, combining both institutes, analyze the Theme 988 of the STJ to according social function of precedents and the historical evolution of the offense. Theoretical inconsistencies behind the decision under discussion are pointed out, based on the constitutional and infra-constitutional values that surround contemporary procedural science. It is concluded, at the end, that the thesis signed on Theme 988 of the STJ needs to be overcome. O presente artigo investiga o papel do precedente e do agravo de instrumento no Direito Brasileiro para, então, conjugando ambos os institutos, analisar o Tema 988 do STJ à luz da função social dos precedentes e da evolução histórica do agravo. Apontam-se as inconsistências teóricas por trás da decisão em comento com base nos valores constitucionais e infraconstitucionais que guarnecem a ciência processual contemporânea. Conclui-se, ao final, que a tese firmada sobre Tema 988 do STJ necessita ser superada.

This article seeks to analyze the divergences and congruencies of the common law and civil law systems, in order to observe how the elements of the first one were incorporated in the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure issued in 2015. Having established these theoretical bases and Based on the analysis of Themes 99 and 112, ruled by the Superior Court of Justice through the procedure of repetitive appeals, this study aims to observe how the case law elements are normally applied Brazil. O presente artigo busca analisar as divergências e congruências dos sistemas de common law e civil law, para observar de que maneira os elementos do sistema de precedentes foram incorporados ao Código de Processo de 2015. Estabelecidas essas bases teóricas, busca-se observar como esses institutos foram aplicados na prática. A partir da análise dos Temas 99 e 112 dos recursos especiais repetitivos, busca-se contribuir com o debate da existência, ou não, de sistema de precedentes brasileiro e recepção dos institutos do common law no Brasil.

This paper argues that precedent should play a fundamental role in the development of sustainable homes. It will describe how the design of two energy efficient family homes in Winchester, England, adopt a distinctive approach to environmental precedent. The modern house is substantially a product of numerical calculation, such as the modelling of performance data and cost-benefit analysis. Construction (materials, u-values) and processes (energy use, assembly, airtightness) are quantified and assessed to ensure they achieve design objectives based on recognised standards of performance (Energy Performance Certificate: A; Code for Sustainable Homes: level 4). However this technical analysis alone cannot inform the initial creative idea. The design of these houses was informed by intuitive reference to a range of diverse precedents, including the work of Alvar Aalto, Sverre Fehn, Robert Venturi and Roelof Uytenbogaardt. The asymmetric roofs of Aalto’s Housing for ex-service men in Tampere (1941) define thresholds to front and side doors, and a sheltered private space to the back overlooking the garden. Fehn’s Villa Norrköping (1964) was designed around circadian rhythms, with day and night-time spaces defined by glazed corners (’eyes’) and alcoves, animated by daylight and shadow. Venturi’s Mother’s House (1964) symbolises in its idiosyncratic form and modest material treatment the pragmatic and egalitarian promise of a home and identity of one’s own. House Uytenbogaardt (1993) exploits solar orientation and the topography of its location to the utmost, framing views of the horizon and sunsets over the ocean. The house is part fortified tower house, part bespoke wooden cabinet, responding to the unique atmosphere and light of the Western Cape coastline. This paper will describe how these two subtly different Winchester houses borrow from each of these examples to reconcile technical requirements with the poetic possibilities inherent in imagining other environments, informed by the specific climate and conditions of the site.

The counterclaim institute is one of crucial legal defense options during the dispute settlement in domestic and international jurisdictions; investment arbitration is not an exception. The most famous dispute settlement platform is International centre for settlement of investment disputes (ICSID). One of the key ideas of establishment of such a dispute settlement instrument was an implementation of autonomous and objective system of Investor-states dispte sttlement (ISDS) by the “independent forum”. While procedural rights of ISDS parties are conceptually equal. However, the concept of equal procedural rights of ISDS parties has not been translated into reality. Notwithstanding the fact that the counterclaim institute is an important instrument of ensuring the objectivity and comprehensiveness of the dispute settlement, tribunal`s approaches are “restrictive” and “cautious”.Taking into account that States are “perpetual respondent” in ICSID, problematic issues of submitting of counterclaims influence the realization of interest of the State in ICSID. Problematic issues of submitting of counterclaims clearly show the imbalance of the exercise of procedural rights by the respondent-state.The article is intended to draw the attention of readers to problematic issues of submitting of counterclaims in ICSID and on the alternative view of the isuue., Институт встречного иска является одним из ключевых инструментов правовой защиты при рассмотрении коммерческих споров в национальных и международных юрисдикциях, не является исключением и инвестиционный арбитраж. Самой известной площадкой решения международных инвестиционных споров является Международный центр по урегулированию инвестиционных споров (далее – МЦУИС). Одной из ключевых идей создания такого инструмента разрешения споров было внедрение независимой и объективной системы решения международных инвестиционных споров на «независимом форуме». Но концептуально процессуальные права участников инвестиционного спора являются равными. Однако на практике концепцию процессуального равенства прав сторон спора не было реализовано в полном объеме. Несмотря на то, что институт встречного иска является важным инструментом обеспечения объективности и всесторонности рассмотрения спора, подходы трибуналов к толкованию приемлемости встречных исков в рамках МЦУИС является достаточно «ограничительными» и «осторожными». Учитывая, что государство является «вечным ответчиком» в МЦУИС, проблематика подачи встречных исков безусловно влияет на реализацию интересов государства в рамках учреждения.Проблематика обращения государства со встречным иском в МЦУИС наглядно демонстрирует дисбаланс в реализации процессуальных прав государством-ответчиком.Статья призвана обратить внимание читателей на проблемные вопросы подачи встречного иска в МЦУИС и на альтернативный взгляд на эту проблематику., Інститут зустрічного позову є одним із ключових інструментів правового захисту під час розгляду комерційних спорів у національних та міжнародних юрисдикціях, не є винятком і інвестиційний арбітраж. Найбільш відомим форумом вирішення міжнародних інвестиційних спорів є Міжнародний центр врегулювання інвестиційних спорів (далі – МЦВІС). Однією з ключових ідей створення такого інструменту вирішення спорів було впровадження незалежної та об’єктивної системи вирішення міжнародних інвестиційних спорів на «незалежному форумі». Водночас концептуально процесуальні права учасників інвестиційного спору є рівними. Однак на практиці концепцію процесуальної рівності прав сторін спору не було реалізовано в повному обсязі. Хоча інститут зустрічного позову є важливим інструментом забезпечення об’єктивності та всебічності розгляду спору, підходи трибуналів до тлумачення прийнятності зустрічних позовів у рамках МЦВІС є досить «обмежувальним» та «обережним». Ураховуючи, що держава є «вічним відповідачем» у МЦВІС, проблематика подання зустрічних позовів безумовно впливає на реалізацію інтересів держави в рамках установи. Проблематика звернення держави із зустрічним позовом у МЦВІС наочно демонструє дисбаланс у реалізації процесуальних прав державою-відповідачем. Стаття покликана звернути увагу читачів на проблемні питання подання зустрічного позову в МЦВІС і відображає альтернативний погляд на дану проблематику.

The counterclaim institute is one of crucial legal defense options during the dispute settlement in domestic and international jurisdictions; investment arbitration is not an exception. The most famous dispute settlement platform is International centre for settlement of investment disputes (ICSID). One of the key ideas of establishment of such a dispute settlement instrument was an implementation of autonomous and objective system of Investor-states dispte sttlement (ISDS) by the “independent forum”. While procedural rights of ISDS parties are conceptually equal. However, the concept of equal procedural rights of ISDS parties has not been translated into reality. Notwithstanding the fact that the counterclaim institute is an important instrument of ensuring theobjectivity and comprehensiveness of the dispute settlement, tribunal`s approaches are “restrictive” and “cautious”.Taking into account that States are “perpetual respondent” in ICSID, problematic issues of submitting of counterclaims influence the realization of interest of the State in ICSID. Problematic issues of submitting of counterclaims clearly show the imbalance of the exercise of procedural rights by the respondent-state.The article is intended to draw the attention of readers to problematic issues of submitting of counterclaims in ICSID and on the alternative view of the isuue

The aim of this article is to show difficulties arising when courts judge the negligence of dog owners in absence of precise legislation and typical precedents. We analyze the elements of a crime in two cases where children were objects of canine aggression, and show how the courts constructed the issue of dog owners’ negligence. In Case 1 the Court of Appeal found that a foster parent was not negligent when leaving a boy with specific needs alone with a heavily built dog that then repeatedly bit the boy to death despite the owners attempt to pull away the dog. The court also ignored the signs of substandard animal husbandry including previous severe incidents where the dog owner also was injured. In Case 2, the Court of Appeal instead found that the breed of the dog also matter, and that not even adult presence is enough to protect a child from dog attack. Because both the child and the dog could behave unpredictably, continuous observation and supervision was required. In both cases, measures to prevent the incident were available and would have been easy to carry out.

The scarcity of craftsmanship in our society is the result of modernist philosophies that celebrate mass production, mechanized industry, exponential economic gain and a corporate/developer-led economy. This relatively recent rupture in thousands of years of human history has led to the loss of generations of valuable knowledge and of an understanding of life stretching beyond material face value. A reconciliation between the traditional values of craftsmanship and contemporary technological advances has been at the core of my practice for over three decades. Here, the need for the “Architect Craftsman” is presented as an alternative approach to the egocentric modernist figure of the “Architect Artist” that has in recent times so widely informed our ways of building.

This article explores the overlap between the unlawful termination of a contract of employment and the unfair dismissal of an employee. The Supreme Court of Appeal has in a sequence of cases developed the common-law contract of employment to include the implied right to a pre-dismissal hearing. Owing to the fact that labour legislation already regulates unfair dismissal law, this in effect creates a dual system of dispute resolution in relation to the termination of contracts of employment. The focus of this contribution is on the factors that allure dismissed employees to the civil courts and it highlights the problems that are associated with the overlap of the High Court’s and the Labour Court’s jurisdictions. Future developments are traversed and the Constitutional Court is called upon to bring an end to the development of parallel dispute resolution systems in respect of dismissal disputes.

On first impression, one could be inclined to think that the Swiss military experts learned something from the experiences of the last years e.g. Prague 1968, the discussion about Civilian Defence, the increasing use of non-violent actions in conflicts pertaining to home affairs. Indeed, their ideas about the role and meaning of non-violent actions of resistance as part of the total defence conception did change. As parts of the civilian national defence, which constitutes together with the military and psychological components the complete national defence, are only acknowledged: No domain contains indications about an active, non-violent resistance of the population. However, the multiplicity of methods of non-violent resistance in Czechoslovakia, which led in the first weeks after the intervention the Warsaw Pact nations into difficulties and hence appear to Swiss military men as 'admirable', is given only peripheral treatment.

The Author provides the results of a comparative analysis of two classically differentiated by legal scholars national legal systems – the American and Russian systems. Obviously, the announced legal systems represent two of the main categories of legal systems: common law and Roman law. Considered traditionally as part of common law, the Author investigates distinctive attributes of American federal and state law, proving the fact of integration of significant features of Continental Europe and Anglo-Saxon legal systems. The article also contains an analysis of the legal nature of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and its distinguished place as a precedent (which is the main common law attribute) and source of law in the Russian Federation.

Studies employing network analysis to reveal hidden mechanisms in judicial decision making, both in common law as well as civil law countries often use rather vague concepts of ‘importance’ of judicial decisions, concepts that are not always thoroughly explained, tend towards certain relativity and are used together with other similar words [(legal) relevance, (legal) significance…], with or without attempting explanation of these concepts, or relying purely on operationalization. This paper argues that in the context of legal systems that do not recognize a doctrine of precedent this approach is either oversimplified, or even erroneous. It further shows that ‘importance’ of past case-law is essentially a matter of the judge’s choice. Approaching this concept in this manner allows me to show that this choice is explainable within the theoretical framework provided by theories of relevance. This paper focuses on two major approaches to relevance: linguistic pragmatism and information retrieval, and shows that the concept of optimal relevance, as understood by theories of relevance, may serve well as an underlying explanatory framework for answering the question of why judges tend to argue by referring to past case-law even in those legal systems that do not recognize a doctrine of binding precedent.

It is known that precedent, as a form of justification endowed with the authority of those who pass it, invariably unfolds upon the juridical phenomenon, especially regarding legal reasoning, and serves, to a greater or lesser extent, to conform the ruling of analog future cases. Under this notion that it was once established the maxim of treat like cases alike, which in turn serves as a rational mainstay for the system commonly referred to as stare decisis. If, then, precedent’s ability to conform is a given, it remains, however, to comprehend what is exactly a precedent; what makes a past court decision be materially a precedent for future judgments. It is endeavoring to answer this question that this essay aims to define precedent so as to ultimately assert that precedent will be that decision in which, at the moment of its interpretation by the later judge, it is identified: a pretension of universalizability based on Kant’s categorical imperative’s principle of universalizability, and the occurrence of an operative interpretative exercise capable of enriching the legal rules of which positive law avails itself. With these two criteria one can identify to which decisions should be assigned the quality of precedent in order to then be made possible to systematize the model of judicial precedents established by the 2015’s Code of Civil Procedure.

This text is about a proposal to rationalize the Brazilian appellate system, aligning the binding precedents to the compliance of the constitutional complaint. In this line, an analysis will be carried out from the formation of judicial decisions, in the light of integrity, up to the formation of precedents and their consequent application and binding to other ordinary instances.

The article focuses on the problem of expert examination of electronic educational resources (EER), which present complex information and pedagogical systems as they are, from a viewpoint of searching and resolving inconsistencies between their components. To look for contradictions we propose the PN-method as a tool, which originates in the theory of solving inventive problems and is a further systemic development of its most famous part regarding a deal with inconsistency in innovative solutions. The choice of the PN-method is made due to its logical rigor and great potential for solving creative problems. These factors qualitatively distinguish the method from previously known approaches applied to similar problem situations that are based on other methods of identifying and resolving a narrow circle of inconsistency. The adaptation of the terms “contradiction in space” and “a contradiction in time” to expert examination of EER is explained. We also describe algorithms of searching for inconsistencies based on the PN-method in information and pedagogical systems, consider inconsistencies in the complete didactic cycle of mastering learning material presented in the EER, taking into account all the significant components of the teaching process and cause-effect relationships between them. The article exhibits tools for resolving inconsistency using methods based on the counterargument procedure and the technology of training on precedents, as well as examples of their use in practice.