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Kestane (Castanea sativa Mill.), Türkiye’de ve tüm dünyada meyvesi, çiçekleri, yaprakları ve kerestesi için yetiştirilen ve ticari öneme sahip meyve türlerinden biridir. İstanbul Beykoz’da doğal olarak yetişen yoğun kestane popülasyonu bulunmaktadır. İlçede Dereseki bölgesinin doğal ormanlık alanlarında çok sayıda genotip bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul Beykoz bölgesinde bulunan kestanelerinin agromorfolojik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada, bölgedeki kestane genotipleri içerisinden 10 genotip ümivar olarak belirlenmiştir. Ümitvar genotiplerin meyve ağırlığı 6.6-12.4 g, eni 23.42-31,56 mm, boyu 12.36-20.22 mm ve yüksekliği 23.11-30.34 mm arasında değişim göstermiştir. 7 genotipin meyve kabuğunun yumuşak, tohum zarının kolay soyulduğu ve tohum kabuğunun tohum içine çoğunlukla girmediği tespit edilmiş ve ümitvar genotiplerin ileride yürütülecek ıslah çalışmaları için bir temel oluşturabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır., Chestnut is one of the important fruit species for commercially to grown with its nut, flower, leaf and timber in Turkey and all over the world. There is a dense natural chestnuts population in Beykoz, Istanbul. There are many genotypes in the natural forest areas of the Dereseki region in the district. In this study, agromorphological characteristics of chestnuts genotypes were determined in Istanbul Beykoz region. In the study, 10 genotypes were determined from chestnut genotypes in the region as promising. Nut weight varied between 6.6-12.4 g, width 23.42-31.56 mm, length 12.36-20.22 mm and height 23.11-30.34 mm in promising genotypes. It was determined that the nut pericarp of 7 genotypes is soft, the seed coat is easily peeled and the seed coat does not penetrate into the seed mostly, and it has been concluded that promising genotypes can form a basis for future breeding studies.

Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a valuable economic plant used worldwide for its wood and nut fruit. In the current study, the genetic variation of 21 selected walnut genotypes from different regions of Iran was described using nut pomological properties, ISSR primers, and DNA analyses based on SSR primers. Nut pomology revealed nut weight of selected genotypes ranged from 12.1 to 17.5 g (OR23). Kernel weight varied from 5.3 to 10.3 g (OR23), and kernel fill percentage ranged from 43.4 to 62.7% (T12). PCR amplification with ISSR primers revealed 112 bands obtained with 91% polymorphism. Numbers of amplified bands ranged from 9 to 14. The highest primer resolving power (Rp), 7.71, was obtained with the UBC.884 primer and highlights the ability of the most informative primers to differentiate between the genotypes. The average band informativeness (AvIb) varied from 0.14 (UBC.886) to 0.62 (UBC.887 and UBC.888). Using the Jaccard coefficient, genetic similarity values among walnut genotypes varied from 0.52 to 0.88. The dendrogram of UPGMA analysis with ISSR primers classified walnuts genotypes in two main groups and three sub-groups. PCoA largely confirmed cluster analysis results. Genotypes collected from Shahrood displayed lower genetic variation and the Tuyserkan and Urmia genotypes were more genetically distant. Unique DNA profiles were established for all studied genotypes based on three distinct microsatellite loci.

Turkey is among the rare countries in terms of plant diversity, and thus, most plant species spread widely throughout the country. Apricot is one of these plant species. Due to the self-incompatibility seen in apricots, it is necessary to use a pollinator variety for a quality and efficient product. With this study carried out in 2021 year, the effects of different pollinators on fruit set and some fruit quality parameters of Casne Drenova, Ninfa and P. de Tyrinthe cultivars were investigated in Kayseri ecological conditions. In the study, early ripening apricot varieties were used as paternal parent. According to the results of the study, it was shown that fruit set values varied between 11.6% and 22.6%. In the pomological parameters examined in the study, in general (except for fruit firmness), differences were found in combinations using different pollinators compared to the open pollinated fruits of the maternal parent. It is foreseen that the results obtained will be guiding especially in the breeding studies to be carried out with these varieties and in the establishment of new orchards.

Bu araştırma 2014-2019 yılları arasında Trabzon ili Maçka ilçesi Esiroğlu bölgesinde Mincane fındığının fiziksel özellikleri bakımından üstün klonlarını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın yürütüldüğü alanda amaca yönelik yürütülen seleksiyon çalışması sonucunda 14 adet Mincane klonu bazı özellikleri bakımından üstün bulunmuştur. Seçilen bu klonlarda verim, çotanaktaki meyve sayısı, kabuklu meyve özellikleri, iç özellikleri, meyve ağırlığı, kabuk kalınlığı, iç ağırlığı, randıman, buruşuk iç oranı, göbek boşluğu, boş iç oranı, çıtlak meyve oranı, siyah uçlu iç, pikola fındık oranı, limonlaşma, ekşi limonlu, urlu iç, dolgun iç, kusurlu iç, liflilik, beyazlama oranı, delikli meyve, duyusal analizler ve renk özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bu incelemeler sonrasında Mincane fındık çeşidi içerisinde fiziksel özellikler bakımından büyük bir varyasyon olduğu görülmüş ve bu farklılık istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur (P˂0.001). Çalışma sonucunda G1, G6, G4 ve G11 klonlarının ümitvar olduğu görülmüş, ayrıca G13 klonunun da dikkatlice takip edilmesinin yararlı olacağı anlaşılmıştır., This study was conducted to identify Mincane cv clones with superior physical traits in the Trabzon province, Maçka district, Esiroğlu region between 2014 and 2019. Selection research in the study area based on the study objective revealed 14 Mincane clones with superior traits. In these selected clones, yield, number of nuts per cluster, nut characteristics, kernel characteristics, nut weight, shell thickness, kernel weight, kernel percentage, shriveled kernel, kernel cavity, blank kernel, split suture, black-tipped kernel, picola nut, lemoning, sour lemon taste, tumor ratio, good kernel, defective kernel, fibrousness, bleaching ability, perforated nut traits, and sensory and color properties were investigated. Physical traits varied greatly within the Mincane cv, and this difference was statistically significant (P˂0.001). It was concluded that the G1, G6, G4, and G11 clones were promising and that it would be useful to closely monitor the G13 clone.

Bu çalışma, Iğdır’da yetiştirilen beş ticari erik çeşidi ve yaygın olan beş yabani erik genotipi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Erik meyvelerinin pomolojik özellikleri, fenolik bileşik içerikleri, organik asit içerikleri ve C vitamini miktarı tespit edilmiştir. Pomolojik özellikler arasında meyve ağırlığı, meyve kalınlığı, meyve boyu ve meyve genişliği Autumn Giant çeşidinde sırasıyla 130.5 g, 56.4 mm, 48.6 mm, 53.3 mm olarak daha yüksek ölçülmüşken, meyve sap uzunluğu Japon çeşidinde 13.7 mm olarak tespit edilmiştir. Fitokimyasallardan; titre edilebilir asitlik Angelino çeşidinde (% 2.1), suda çözünür kuru madde içeriği Can Eriğinde (%21.4), pH Tip 5 genotipinde (3.7), C vitamini Tip 2 genotipinde (29.44 mg 100g-1); organik asitlerden okzalik asit Tip 3 genotipinde (8.043 mg 100g-1), sitrik asit Autumn Giant çeşidinde (27.142 mg 100g-1), malik asit Black Splendor çeşidinde (5.121 mg 100g-1), süksinik asit (5.541 mg 100g-1) ve fumarik asit (7.071 mg 100g-1) Angelino çeşidinde daha yüksek belirlenmiştir. Fenolik bileşiklerden; gallik asit (2.078 mg 100g-1) Tip 4 genotipinde, protokateşuik asit (1.975 mg 100g-1) Angelino çeşidinde, kateşin (6.971 mg 100g-1) Tip 4 genotipinde, klorojenik asit (20.027 mg 100g-1) ve vanilik asit (0.589 mg 100g-1) Autumn Giant çeşidinde, kafeik asit (1.016 mg 100g-1) ve siringik asit (0.982 mg 100g-1) Tip 4 genotipinde, p-kumarik asit (1.712 mg 100g-1) Angelino çeşidinde, ferulik asit (1.647 mg 100g-1) Tip 5 genotipinde, o- kumarik asit (0.388 mg 100g-1) Angelino çeşidinde ve rutin (0.981 mg 100g-1) Black Splendor çeşidinde daha yüksek ölçülmüştür. Erik genotipleri arasında büyük bir çeşitliliğin olduğu görülmüştür., This study was conducted on five commercial plum cultivars are grown in Iğdır province and five wild plum genotypes commonly found in the province. The pomological properties, vitamin C, organic acids contents and phenolic compounds contents of plum fruits were determined. As for the pomological properties, fruit weight was measured as 130.5 g in Autumn Giant cultivar, while fruit thickness was 56.4 mm, fruit length was 48.6 mm, and fruit width was 53.3 mm. The fruit stem length was 13.7 mm in Japanese cultivar. Among phytochemicals; in the highest titratable acidity was detected in Angelino cultivar (2.1%), while the highest soluble solid content was determined in Green Plum (21.4%), the pH in Type 5 genotype (3.7), vitamin C in Type 2 genotype (29.44 mg 100g-1); of organic acids, oxalic acid was determined to be the highest in Type 3 genotype (8.043 mg 100g-1), citric acid in Autumn Giant cultivar (27.142 mg 100g-1), malic acid in Black Splendor cultivar (5.121 mg 100g-1), succinic acid (5.541 mg 100g-1) and fumaric acid (7.071 mg 100g-1) was determined in Angelino cultivar. From phenolic compounds; gallic acid was determined to be the highest in Type 4 genotype (2.078 mg 100g-1), protocatechuic acid in Angelino cultivar (1.975 mg 100g-1), catechin in Type 4 genotype (6.971 mg 100g-1), chlorogenic acid (20.027 mg 100g-1) and vanillic acid (0.589 mg 100g-1) in Autumn Giant cultivar, caffeic acid in Type 4 genotype (1.016 mg 100g-1), syringic acid in Type 4 genotype (0.982 mg 100g-1), p-coumaric acid in Angelino cultivar (1.712 mg 100g-1), ferulic acid in Type 5 genotype (1,647 mg 100g-1), o-coumaric acid in Angelino cultivar (0.388 mg 100g-1), rutin in Black Splendor cultivar (0.981 mg 100g-1). It has been observed that there is a great diversity among the plum genotypes.

The 'Anna' apple is a variety of low requirements of winter chill (250 to 300 chilling hours ≤7.2C). This apple has essential health benefits and remarkable adaptive potential in tropical and subtropical areas affected by climate change. Thus, this review presents the significance of the 'Anna' apple cultivation, the phenological and eco-physiological modifications, and the current state of agronomic management when continuous crops are managed in tropical highlands. The production of this apple in tropical highlands has outstanding potential to obtain cyclical or continuous harvests (two harvests per year) in certain areas with specific environmental conditions, implementing a particular management system. In plantations, it is crucial to carry out some agronomic practices during the reproductive phenology so that the apple tree does not enter into an endodormancy. These are water stress - defoliation - tie-down branches, and the application of dormancy-breaking agents (flower-inducing compounds). In Colombia, ‘Anna’ variety was introduced in 1985 and is grown in areas with temperatures between 14 and 20°C, altitudes between 1700 and 2800 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.), with bimodal and monomodal rain regimes, and solar brightness between 800 and 2000 hours a year. The harvest is between 100 to 120 days after anthesis, with firmness values of 38.38N, a soluble solids content of 8.58°Brix, and total titratable acidity of 0.7% of the fruit. This documentation indicates a good production with great potential in terms of growth and development, earliness, and quality of the 'Anna' apple tree in Colombian highlands. RESUMEN La manzana ‘Anna’ es una variedad de bajo requerimiento térmico (250 a 300 horas frío ≤7,2ºC). Esta posee beneficios importantes para la salud y tiene un gran potencial en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, afectadas por el cambio climático. En esta revisión, se pretende presentar la importancia del cultivo de manzano ‘Anna’, los cambios fenológicos y ecofisiológicos, y el estado actual en el manejo agronómico cuando se trabajan cosechas continuas en condiciones del trópico alto. En zonas altas tropicales, esta variedad de manzano presenta dos cosechas en un año en zonas con condiciones ambientales específicas e implementando un manejo particular. Bajo la producción de estas cosechas continuas, se realizan algunas prácticas agronómicas durante la fenología productiva para que el manzano no ingrese a una endodormancia, dichas prácticas son estrés hídrico - defoliación - agobio de ramas y aplicación de compensadores de frío (inductores de brotación floral). En Colombia, esta variedad fue introducida en 1985 y se cultiva bajo condiciones de temperaturas entre 14 y 20°C, de 1700 a 2800 metros sobre el nivel del mar (m.s.n.m.), precipitación bimodal y monomodal, y brillo solar entre 800 y 2000 horas al año. El desarrollo del fruto y la cosecha es entre 100 a 120 días después de la antesis, con valores de firmeza de 38.38 N, contenido de sólidos solubles de 8.58°Brix y acidez total titulable de 0.7% del fruto. Esta documentación indica una producción favorable y con gran potencial en cuanto al crecimiento y desarrollo, precocidad y calidad del manzano ‘Anna’ en zonas altas colombianas.

Jean Baptiste van Mons (1765-1842), a Belgian horticulturist, physician, and pharmacist, probably the most famous pomologist of his time, studied the active principle of many plants, particularly that Rhus radicans (poison ivy). He gave a detailed description of the plant, of the poison it contained and its effects on the human body, and the chemical analysis and properties of it active principle. Van Mons is particularly known for the extensive research he carried on the development of new varieties of fruit trees, and the theory that rules this process. He run a large tree nursery and developed some basic principles on the proper way to develop a commercial variety of a tree. The fundamental one was that a natural (wild) species of a tree did not vary through its seedlings in the environment where it originated; as long as it remained there it could only reproduce itself or as a sub-species; its purpose was not to produce better fruit but to assure the maintenance of the species; this it achieved by remaining in a state of dynamic equilibrium with its environment. Van Mons carried on the synthesis of a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, among them the fulminates and was one the first scientists supporting the new chemistry of Lavoisier and Franklin's electrical theory, carrying on a large number of experiments to prove their validity.

The article presents information about the new book of the first volume of “Pomology”, prepared at VNIISPK with the participation of scientists from leading horticultural institutions of Russia under the general editorship of Academician E.N. Sedov and reissued at the end of 2020 with the financial support of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The new edition of the volume “Apple” includes more than 200 cultivars included in the State Register over the past 15 years, and about 100 cultivars are excluded. The structure of the book is described, in which there is a substantial introductory part that tells about the history of pomology as a science, its tasks, stages of formation and scientists who made the greatest contribution to its development. The description scheme of the cultivars presented in this volume is built according to a single plan, that allows to compare and test the cultivars. Each description, in addition, contains information about the institutions, in which the cultivars were created, their authors, years and regions of zoning. The main advantages and disadvantages of the described cultivars are indicated, and color photos of the fruits are provided. The book has a section on the origin and evolution of Malus Mill., provides information about the main genetic centers of the origin of the culture. The volume has 633 pages, it describes 400 apple cultivars, 28 clonal rootstocks of various growth strength and 5 intercalary rootstocks for apple trees included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use in the Russian Federation by 2020. The volume has a circulation of 300 copies. The book can be of value to all categories of readers interested in gardening, including scientists, students and postgraduates, as well as to gardeners-practitioners.

Meyvecilikte ekonomik bir üretim için kültürel uygulamaların ve hasadın doğru zamanda yapılması önemlidir. Meyve tür ve çeşitlerinde meyvelerin büyüme, gelişme ve olgunlaşma dönemlerindeki fiziksel ve kimyasal değişimlerin bilinmesi uygulanacak kültürel işlemler ile hasat zamanının belirlenmesinde önem arz eder. Bu çalışmada ülkemizin kayısı üretim ve ihracatında önemli paya sahip Hacıhaliloğlu kayısı çeşidinin; meyve gelişim dönemindeki fiziksel ve kimyasal değişimlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada Hacıhaliloğlu kayısı çeşidinde çiçeklenme sonundan hasada kadar geçen sürenin 110 gün olduğu, bu sürenin ilk bir aylık periyodunda hasattaki meyve boyunun yaklaşık %75’ine, meyve genişliği ve kalınlığının %50’sine ulaşıldığı, meyve ağırlığındaki artışın yaklaşık %50’sinin ise son bir aylık periyotta gerçekleştiği belirlenmiştir. Fitokimyasal analizlerde; meyve olgunluğu arttıkça SÇKM, pH ve toplam şeker içeriğinin arttığı buna karşılık TEA değerinin düştüğü görülmüştür. Meyve kabuk rengi ölçümlerinde; L renk değerinde kısmi bir artış gözlenirken, a ve b renk değerlerinin çağla döneminden hasat dönemine yaklaştıkça yükseldiği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak; Hacıhaliloğlu kayısı çeşidinin meyvelerindeki fiziksel gelişimin büyük bölümü çağla döneminin ilk bir aylık periyodunda gerçekleşirken, meyvelerdeki tatlanma ve renklenme gibi kalite parametrelerinin hasada yakın dönemde yükseldiği belirlenmiştir., For fruit grawing, it is important to carry out cultural practices and harvest at the right time. To know the physical and chemical changes in the growth, development and ripening periods of the fruit species and varieties are important in determining the harvesting time and cultural processes. This study was carried out to determine physical and chemical changes of Hacıhaliloğlu apricot cultivar, which has an important share in apricot production and export of Turkey, in fruit development period.In the study, it was found that the period between flowering and harvesting was 110 days in Hacıhaliloğlu apricot cultivars. In the first month of this period, approximately 75% of the fruit length, 50% of the fruit width and thickness were reached and 50% of the increase in the fruit weight reached in the last month.In phytochemical analyzes; it was observed that the increase in fruit maturity, TSS, pH and total sugar content increased, while TA value decreased. In fruit skin color measurements; it was observed that a and b color values increased, while a partial increase in L color value was observed as fruits approached harvest period.As a result; Most of the physical development of the fruits of Hacıhaliloğlu apricot cultivar was realized in the first one month period of the unripe fruit period, but it was determined that the quality parameters such as sweetening and coloring of fruits increased in the period closed to harvest.

The field experiment on management of pomegranate fruit borer, Deudorix isocrate conducted during Hasta bahar 2016 and 2017 on number and weight basis at the Pomology Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (Maharashtra). The results revealed that all the treatments were superior over control in minimizing infestation of fruit borer. The lowest % fruit infestation on number and weight basis was observed in spinosad 45 SC @ 73 g a.i./ha, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 30 g a.i./ha and flubendamide 39.35 SC which were statistically superior over other treatments. Next superior treatments were cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD @ 75 g a.i./ha and emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 11 g a.i./ha. Maximum fruit infestation was recorded in untreated control.

Jack fruit is one of the important tropical fruit crop belongs to family Moraceace. To avoid large postharvest losses in Jackfruit, it is necessary to do research on innovative processed products. The experiment of preparation of jackfruit instant RTS mix powder was conducted at Pomology laboratory, Fruit processing unit of Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with three treatments T1 (26.17% jackfruit powder + 72.57% sugar + 1.25% citric acid), T2 (31.78% jackfruit powder + 67.05% sugar + 1.17% citric acid) and T3 (37.08% jackfruit powder + 61.84% sugar + 1.08% citric acid) with seven repetitions. Treatment T1 (26.17% jackfruit powder + 72.57% sugar + 1.25% citric acid) was found be best with respect to T.S.S., reducing sugars, titratable acidity, pH and ascorbic acid. Treatment T2 (31.78% jackfruit powder + 67.05% sugar + 1.17% citric acid) found best in sensory evaluation as it recorded maximum score for flavour and overall acceptability after 6 months storage period as well as recorded highest B:C ratio.

The paper is devoted to the centenary of the L.P. Symyrenko Research Station of Pomology foundation. The authors have depicted the main stages of the institution formation and development and elucidated its principal scientific achievements. The history of the station began with the creation of the greatest in Russian Empire nursery farm by the outstanding Ukrainian pomologist Levko Platonovych Symyrenko near Mliiv (the now Cherkasy region). As early as in 1912 the cultivars of different plants numbered almost to 3 thousand here. On November 25, 1920 according to the decision of the Board of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the Ukrainian SSR the Mliiv Horticultural and Truck Gardening Research Station was created on the basis of the above mentioned nursery. Its first director was L.P. Symyrenko’s son Volodymyr Levkovych, who embodied the creative ideas of the great-grandfather, grandfather and father, realized the cause of several generations of the Symyrenkos. He was a real founder of the Ukrainian horticulture, namely: created and developed all the attributes of Ukrainian pomology, systems of research institutions and state nurseries and the State "Pomological Book". V.L. Symyrenko, professors L.M. Ro and V.P. Popov, research worker M.A. Grossheim and others were major organizers of the station. With their direct participation the departments of horticulture, vegetable growing, entomology, agricultural meteorology, phytopathology, technical processing of fruits and small fruits, agrochemistry ets. were founded and functioned by 1927 already. In 1958 the station was named after L.P. Symyrenko. In the April of 1989 on the initiative of its then director M.M. Artemenko and with the support of the scientific collective it was reorganized as the Mliiv L.P. Symyrenko Research Institute of Horticulture of the Lisosteppe of Ukraine, in 1992 in accordance with tho order of the Presidium of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences (UAAS) renamed as Mliiv L.P. Symyrenko Institute of Horticulture of UAAS and in 2006 as L.P. Symyrenko Institute of Pomology of UAAS. In 2017 it was reorganized as the L.P. Symyrenko Research Station of Pomology of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences (NAAS). Today, it is one of the leading scientific institutions of the NAAS system in the horticultural branch. The scientific and research works are carried out in conformity with the four scientific and technical programmes of NAAS: “Genetical Resources of Plants”, “Horticulture and Small-Fruit Growing”, “Plant Protection” and “Agrarian Economics”. The main direction of the institution research activity is the elaboration of the scientific basis of the preservation and spread of the genetic versatility of the fruit, small fruit, nuciferous and minor crops. At present more than 3,000 varieties of fruit, small fruit, nuciferous and ornamental crops are studied in the collectional plantations. That is the valuable genetic fund of Ukraine. Today 72 varieties bred by the Mliiv Research Station have been entered into the State Register of the Plant Cultivars Favourable for the Spread in Ukraine.

Relevance. One of the most important directions in the breeding and variety study of fruits, in particular domestic plum European, is the breeding of cultivars with high commercial and consumer qualities of fruits. In this regard, the assessment of some commercial and consumer qualities of fruits in plum cultivars of the RRIFCB gene pool was of great practical and scientific interest. Material and methods. As objects of research, we used 8 plum cultivars of the RRIFCB gene pool and a control cultivar of the RRIFCB breeding Bolkhovchanka. The studies were carried out on the basis of the laboratory of breeding and variety study of stone fruit crops of RRIFCB in 2015-2019. Determination of color, shape, average weight, taste, size of fruit, size and shape of the stone, density of pulp, separation and length of the stalk, color of the juice were carried out in accordance with the "Program and methodology for the variety study of stone fruit crops" and "Pomology". Results. Most of the studied plum cultivars from the gene pool of the Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crops Breeding have valuable commercial and consumer qualities of fruits, which will allow them to be used in further breeding for this trait. Cultivars Californiyskaya krupnaya, Zarechnaya rannyaya, Volgogradskaya can be recommended for further use in breeding as sources of high fruit mass. Cultivars Californiyskaya krupnaya and Bolkhovchanka can be recommended for further use in breeding as sources of high pulp content in fruits and fruit sizes. On the basis of the tasting assessment of the fresh fruits, the fruits of the cultivar Volgogradskaya stood out positively.

Objective: This research was carried out to determine the fruit and tree characteristics of some important standard cherry varieties grown in Taşova (Amasya) district.Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in a cherry complete orchard belonging to a producer in Yerkozlu Village. The material of the research carried out in 2019 and 2020 was 0900 Ziraat, Early Burlat, Premier Giant and Lambert standard cherry varieties are grown most in the region. The research was planned according to the randomized plots experimental design and with 3 replications, and statistical analyzes were performed by determining the 2019, 2020 and average data of the fruit and tree characteristics of the cultivars.Results: The variation of most of the investigated fruit and tree characteristics according to the cultivars was found to be statistically significant. According to the average data, it was determined that the important fruit characteristics of 0900 Ziraat and Premier Giant cultivars, which are 100 fruit weight, fruit size, fruit volume, fruit firmness, seed weight, fruit stalk thickness and fruit stalk weight, were higher than other cultivars. Among the varieties, Premier Giant had the highest average 100 fruit weight (886.27 g), while Lambert variety had the lowest (609.03 g). On the other hand, Lambert was found to be the highest productive with 75.83 kg of yield per tree, and Premier Giant was the lowest productive with 35.50 kg.Conclusion: As a result, it was determined that the examined cherry cultivars had unique characteristics and showed a good performance in the ecology of the region, Amaç: Bu araştırma Taşova (Amasya) ilçesinde yetiştirilmekte olan bazı önemli standart kiraz çeşitlerine ait meyve ve ağaç özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür.Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışma, Yerkozlu köyünde bir üreticiye ait kapama ticari kiraz bahçesinde yürütülmüştür. 2019 ve 2020 yıllarında yürütülen araştırmanın materyalini bölgede en fazla yetiştirilen 0900 Ziraat, Early Burlat, Premier Giant ve Lambert standart kiraz çeşitleri oluşturmuştur. Araştırma tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre ve 3 tekerrürlü olarak planlanmış olup çeşitlerin meyve ve ağaç özelliklerine ait 2019, 2020 ve ortalama veriler belirlenerek istatistik analizler yapılmıştır. Araştırma Bulguları: İncelenen meyve ve ağaç özelliklerinin çoğunluğunun çeşitlere göre değişimi istatistik olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Ortalama verilere göre 0900 Ziraat ve Premier Giant çeşitlerinde önemli meyve özellikleri olan 100 meyve ağırlığı, meyve iriliği, meyve hacmi, meyve eti sertliği, çekirdek ağırlığı, meyve sap kalınlığı ve meyve sap ağırlığının diğer çeşitlere göre yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çeşitlerden Premier Giant en yüksek ortalama 100 meyve ağırlığına (886.27 g) sahip olurken Lambert çeşidi en düşük (609.03 g) değere sahip olmuştur. Diğer taraftan, verim değeri bakımından 75.83 kg/ağaç ile Lambert en yüksek verimli, 35.50 kg ile de Premier Giant çeşidi en düşük verime sahip çeşit olduğu bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Sonuç olarak incelenen kiraz çeşitlerinin kendilerine özgü özelliklere sahip olduğu ve bölge ekolojisinde iyi bir performans gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.

The almond groves of the eastern Morocco were mainly produced from seedlings known as the “Beldi” type, to which are added plantations of variable sizes made up of selected and productive introduced varieties, mainly with the couple Ferragnès / Ferraduel and sometimes Marcona and Fournat de Breznaud. Thus, in this pomological study, the weight (g), the width (mm), the length (mm), the thickness (mm), the geometric diameter (Dg, mm), the sphericity (%) and the volume (mm3) were measured and / or calculated for the fruits and their kernels of a Beldi ecotype (BL1) in comparison to the four varieties known as introduced and of European origin. The results show that the Ferraduel fruit present the highest value of Width (24.71 mm), Thickness (16.54 mm), Dg (23.90 mm) and volume (7744.44 mm3) respectively, while Fournat de Breznaud have the highest value in Length (36.90 mm). For the almond kernels, Fournat de Breznaud and Ferragnes present the highest value for Weight (1.31g), Width (15.17mm), Length (26.45mm), Thickness (8.31mm), Dg (14.48mm) and Volume (1594.67mm3), whereas Beldi and Marcona show the lowest value for Weight (0.79g), Width (12.42mm), Dg (12.35mm), Volume (1024.87mm3) and Length (19.68mm). Double kernel was not detected for Marcona, Fournat de Breznaud and Ferragnes while Beldi and Ferraduel present 81 and 28% respectively. Pomological traits of almond nuts and kernels present significant difference for the analysed parameters at P, African and Mediterranean Agricultural Journal - Al Awamia, No 134 (2022)

In this study, the important fruit quality characteristics of 11 early ripening and promising apricot hybrids and reference cultivars recently developed in Turkey were analyzed. A large variation was observed between the genotypes in terms of fruit size (fruit weight ranged from 34.28 to 72.53 g). The total soluble solids which is one of the significant fruit quality parameters for the table apricots, was found between 10.07 and 18.27% and fruit flesh/kernel rate was between 9.6 and 18.42. Epicatechin, rutin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin gallate and β-carotene were found to be the highest bioactive compounds. A large variation was also determined among the genotypes in this regard. ABP-4-23 and ABP-7-12 apricot genotypes were rich with respect to catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, rutin and β-carotene. The highest catachin and epicatechin contents were obtained in ABP-4-23 (176.76 and 517.45 mg/kg, respectively). In terms of β-carotene ABP-2-24 and ABP-1-18 presented the highest values (127.45 and 119.54 mg/kg, respectively). Fruit weight was found highly and positively correlated with kernel weight and total soluble solids (r = 0.65 and r = 0.61, respectively). Fruit weight was also found to be moderately correlated with rutin, quercetin, and β-carotene, while corrrelations was negative for rutin and β-carotene. Total acidity was moderately correlated with catechin, epigallocatechin gallate and β-carotene in positive way.

It has been shown that plant morphology and pomology are shaped by their genotype and respective environmental changes. We hypothesize that climate induces variability in Juglans regia (walnut) landraces growing in the un-explored area of Pakistan. ArcGIS modelling and cartographic functions were performed for the indication of variation in temperature, precipitation, mean diurnal range, humidity and precipitation seasonality. Maxent Modelling techniques were used to determine the most important variables responsible for the current distribution of the species. Among the qualitative traits, Broad elliptic leaf shape and dark green leaf color were dominant traits in all three districts, while Ovate Nut shapes were noted in district Swat and Upper Dir and Broad ovate shapes were recorded in district Lower Dir. For quantitative traits the Pearson correlation revealed that leaf width (LW) showing positive significant correlation with nut volume (NV) (r = 0.24) and nut diameter (ND) (r = 0.199) only in district Swat. Descriptive statistics revealed that nut volume (NV) showed high variation i.e. 32.97% in district Upper Dir & 32.54% in District Lower Dir followed by 10 KW (kernel weight) with 27.26% diversity in district Swat. It was found that, genotypes representing 21.09% nut length (NL) and nut diameter (ND) 10.72% variation while mean value 28.32 and 83.96 respectively with the annual rainfall of 75.15 mm in district Swat, but with gradual increase in rainfall (99.17 mm), genotypes in district Lower Dir contained comparatively smaller nut length (NL) 13.21% and nut diameter (ND) 8.38% variation with mean value 32.93 and 86.38 respectively. Consequently, the genotypes with the smallest nut length (NL) and nut diameter (ND) of 10.71% with the mean value of 30.00 and 7.43% variation with mean value 85.88 respectively were recorded in district Upper Dir where the annual rainfall recorded was 109.75 mm. The regression analysis indicates that rainfall significantly (p ≥ .045 and 0.012) affect the Nut length and Nut diameter with r = −0.99* and r = −1.00*, respectively. It was obvious that, gradual increase in rainfall reduced nut length and nut diameter. The study gives insights in probable effects of environmental variables on the walnut morphology.

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the variation in nutritive contents in wild-growing fruits of Emblica officinalis. Fruits of E. officinalis were collected from twenty-eight naturally growing populations in different parts of Garhwal-Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Several fruit properties including number of fruits kg⁻¹, fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit volume, pulp weight, pulp:stone ratio, specific gravity, moisture percent, total soluble solid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, vitamin C, and sugar contents were analyzed to observe the variations among different populations. The results of the study revealed that the average fruit weight varied significantly (P

Coruh Valley located in Northeastern part of Turkey is accepted one of the 34 hotspots for plant biodiversity area by International Union for Conservation of Nature. In this study, 22 seed propagat...

Zones for the distribution of varieties and forms of quince cultivated on the territory of the Shahbuz district of the autonomous republic are defined, their names and synonyms and their type-specific affiliation are specified. Conducted phenological observations on the identified varieties and forms, selected varieties and forms of promising varieties and forms in habitat areas and in the Botanical Gardens. Pomological descriptions of the first-discovered forms of Badamli Zavod-1, Bichenek-2, and Güney Gyshlag-2 are given. Also determined the yield of newly identified varieties and forms, and they are proposed for planting farms and subsidiary farms.

This research was conducted in the central district and villages of Kağızman, Kars province in East Anatolia regionof Turkey between 2015 and 2016. The aims of the study was to determine the walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes with highquality in terms of fruit quality and tree characteristics among the seed grown walnut population. As a result of the weightedrating based on observations and evaluations for two years, 16 walnut genotypes were chosen as promising. In selectedgenotypes the average fruit weight was determined between 10.14-14.98 g, kernel weight was between 5.01-8.08 g, kernelrate was of 41.58-60.20%, and shell thickness was between 2.00-4.53 mm. The interior colors of promising genotypes weredetermined as 'light' in 25%, 'yellow' in 62.50% and 'brown' in 33.33%. Fruit shape of all selected genotypes were round, andfruit size was extra quality. It was determined that 12 genotypes show protandry, and 4 genotypes show flowering in protogenycharacter in terms of flowering. It is suggested that the selected genotypes can be used as parents for future hybridization andbreeding studies., Bu araştırma; 2015-2016 yıllarında Türkiye’nin Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde yer alan Kars’ın Kağızman merkez ilçe veköylerinde yürütülmüş olup, çalışmada tohumdan yetişmiş ceviz (Juglans regia L.) popülasyonu içerisinden, meyve kalitesive ağaç özellikleri bakımından üstün nitelikli ceviz genotiplerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İki yıl süreyle yapılan gözlemve değerlendirmelere göre yapılan tartılı derecelendirme sonucunda 16 ceviz genotipi ümitvar olarak seçilmiştir. Seçilengenotiplerde ortalama meyve ağırlığı 10.14-14.98 g, iç ağırlığı 5.01-8.08 g, iç oranı % 41.58-60.20 ve kabuk kalınlığı 2.00-4.53 mm arasında belirlenmiştir. Ümitvar genotiplerin % 25’inde iç rengi ‘açık’, % 62.50’sinde ‘sarı’ ve % 33.33’ünde ise‘esmer’ renkli olarak tespit edilmiştir. Seçilen genotiplerin tamamı meyve şekli bakımından yuvarlak ve meyve iriliğibakımından ise ekstra kalite sınıfında yer almıştır. Çiçeklenme yönünden 12 genotipin protandri, 4 genotipin ise protogenikarakterde çiçeklenme gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Seçilen genotiplerin gelecekteki melezleme ve ıslah çalışmaları için ebeveynolarak kullanılabileceği önerilmektedir.

Araştırma, Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde bulunan Rio Red altıntop ağaçları kullanılarak 2011 ve 2012 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, deneme bahçesindeki mevcut sulama proğramının değerlendirilmesi ile ağaçlara farklı düzeylerde uygulanan sulama suyu miktarının, verim ile meyve kalite özellikleri (pomoloji) üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Denemede damla sulama sistemi ile 3 farklı miktarda sulama suyu uygulanmıştır (I100); (I70); (I50). Her iki yıl dikkate alındığında sulama suyu miktarları, 332,48 mm (I100) ile 128,69 mm (I50) arasında değişmiştir. Gerçek bitki su tüketimleri ise su bütçesi yöntemine göre 935,6 mm (I100) ile 729,9 mm (I50) arasında gerçekleşmiştir. Denemenin birinci yılında, sulama konularına ilişkin verimler, ağaç başına, 306 (I70) ile 330 (I50) kg, ikinci yıl ise ağaç başına ortalama verim değerlerinin sulama konularına göre, 59,6 kg (I100) ile 108,5 kg (I50) arasında değişmiştir. Toplam su kullanma randımanları, 2011 yılında, WUEET 5,18 kg m-3ile 6,34 kg m-3, 2012 yılında ise; 0,52 kg m-3ile 1,74 kg m-3arasında elde edilmiştir. Sulama suyu kullanma randımanları, 2011 yılında, WUEI 15,85 kg m-3ile 30,69 kg m-3, 2012 yılında ise; 2,17 kg m-3ile 14,27 kg m-3değerleriarasında değişmiştir. Denemenin birinci yılında ortalama suda çözünen kuru madde miktarları, %10,22 (I100) ile %12,91 (I50) arasında; ikinci yılında ise %12,41 (I100) ile %13,47 (I50) arasında değişmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında sulama konularının meyve verimine etkilerinin istatistiksel olarak önemli olmamasından dolayı çifçilere su tasarrufu sağlamak amacıyla yöre için su kısıntısı önerilebilir.

Aim. To determine economic and biological indicators (yield, average weight, palatability) of Viburnum opulus accessions under the conditions of the central forest-steppe of Ukraine. Results and Discussion. V. opulus accessions were studied at the L.P. Symyrenko Experimental Station of Pomology of the Institute of Horticulture of NAAS in 2015-2019. Five cultivars were studied: Koralova, Velykoplidna, Rubinova, Ukrainochka, and Bahriaana. In addition, 21 elite hybrid forms, which had been planted in plots of 4 m x1.5 m in 1998, were investigated. The number of recorded plants per plot was 15 in 3 replications. Measurements and monitoring were performed according to conventional methods. Multi-year breeding resulted in the following cranberry tree cultivars: Koralova, Velykoplidna, Rubinova, Ukrainochka, and Bahriana. Pomological characteristics of the cultivars are given for basic economic and biological features under the conditions of the forest-steppe of Ukraine. The yield capacity is the main criterion in economic evaluation of V. opulus. It to a large extent depends on characteristics of a cultivar, soil and climatic factors, and farming techniques. The fruit size and palatability are major components of the performance determining the fruit quality. Large and uniform berries are more attractive both as fresh and as frozen products. In 2015-2019, the V. opulus yield ranged 6.52 to 9.37 kg per bush and 10.9 to 15.6 tons per hectare. The average berry weight was 0.8 - 1.25 g. Cultivar Bahriana and hybrid form Ch-19500 were the most productive: 9.37 kg and 9.19 kg per bush, respectively. Velykoplidna, Rubinova and Bahriana were distinguished due to the average berry weight: 1.25 g, 1.2 g and 1.2 g, respectively. We built up a working collection of V. opulus accessions by yield capacity and quality. The collection comprises 20 cultivars. All the cultivars are of local origin. The collection is formed by the following traits: yield level, berry size, berry shape, berry after colour, berry hardness, palatability, and the berry number per corymb. Conclusions. The 2015-2019 studies showed that the highest yields were obtained from Bahriana (15.6 t/ha), elite hybrid form Ch-19500 (15.3 t/ha) and elite hybrid form P-19503 (15 t/ha); the highest fruit weight was recorded in Velykoplidna (1.25 g), Rubinova (1.2 g), Bahriana (1.2 g), Ukrainochka (1.15 g), and elite hybrid form P-19503 (1.16 g); the best palatability scores were intrinsic to Koralova (8.5 points), Rubinova (8.5), Ukrainochka (8.3), Bahriana (8.3), elite hybrid form K-19501 (8.3).

Investigation was carried out during two consecutive seasons of 2017 and 2018 on ten grape cultivars namely Thomson Seedless ,Ruby Seedless (KingRuby), Red Roomy, Provano ,Black Moskate , Polomino , Rich Baba,Beauty Seedless, Bez El Naka and Bez El Anza grown in the orchard of Pomology Department at the Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University .This study aimed to evaluate this cultivars regarding vegetative growth .The illustrated data revealed that, the average shoot length progressively increased with increasing the period of time. The last dates of estimation showed a slower increase of shoot length comparing with the earlier dates. Rich Baba and Ruby Seedless represented also higher values (80.41 and 80.1 cm2, respectively) with no significant differences between them, however Bez-El-Anza exhibited the lowest value (49.54 cm2).Provano grape cultivar gave the highest pruning weight followed by Red Roomy and then Bez-El-Naka. The present study revealed that there were great differences between the studied grape cultivars.

The article indicates pomological signs of tangerine: peel and pulp color, number of slices, fruit size, shape, taste, aroma and juiciness of a fruit. Physicochemical characteristics of tangerine fruits are shown: sugar, acidity, dry matter, vitamin C. A comparative biochemical assessment of tangerine fruits growing in the subtropical zone of the Krasnodar Territory and imported ones is carried out. The studies have been carried out in VNIIITsiSK in Sochi.6 tested varieties of imported tangerine fruits were infected with penicillosis (Penicillium expancym Link) and anthracnosis (the pathogenic agent is Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. Fungus). A physiological peta disease (deep pit) was found, which affected fruits on trees and appeared during storage with temperature regime violation [13]. Biochemical analysis revealed a low concentration of ascorbic acid, acidity and an increased content of dry soluble substances in the imported fruits in comparison with fruits grown in the humid subtropics of Russia.

This work was carried out during 2016 and 2017 seasons in post-harvest Lab. Pomology Dept. Cairo University, Egypt. The quality and internal (physical and chemical) changes in apricot fruits (Prunus armeniaca L.) coated with different treatments of Nano chitosan and Nano silicon were studied after different storage periods of cold storage at 1°C and 90-95% (RH). Nano chitosan was prepared with 0.5% concentration and Nano silicon was prepared with 2% concentration, each of them was tested individuallyor in combination with Thiabendazole (TBZ). The changes in fruit firmness, weight loss, discarded fruit percentage, fruit panel, total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), and ascorbic content (Vitamin C) at intervals were estimated during 7 weeks. The results of the two successive seasons indicated that the application of Nano chitosan and silicon coatings maintained fruit firmness compared with the control (dipped in TBZ) without significant differences. The application with 0.5% Nano chitosan + TBZ treatment maintained higher firmness values. On the other hand, Nano-chitosan coating + TBZ treatment maintained fruit acidity, fruit panel test and Vitamin C content more than the uncoated control and other treatments without significant differences. While, all coating treatments increased TSS values and discarded fruit percentage compared with the control without significant differences. The lowest value for each of TSS and fresh weight loss percentage was achieved by Nano chitosan 0.5% + TBZ treatment. Similarly, that treatment significantly decreased fresh weight loss percentage compared with the other treatments.

International audience; The flowering plant family Annonaceae includes important commercially grown tropical crops, but development of promising species is hindered by a lack of genomic resources to build breeding programs. Annonaceae are part of the magnoliids, an ancient lineage of angiosperms for which evolutionary relationships with other major clades remain unclear. To provide resources to breeders and evolutionary researchers, we report a chromosome-level genome assembly of the soursop (Annona muricata). We assembled the genome using 444.32 Gb of DNA sequences (676x sequencing depth) from PacBio and Illumina short-reads, in combination with 10x Genomics and Bionano data (v1). A total of 949 scaffolds were assembled to a final size of 656.77 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 3.43 Mb (v1), and then further improved to seven pseudo-chromosomes using Hi-C sequencing data (v2; scaffold N50: 93.2 Mb, total size in chromosomes: 639.6 Mb). Heterozygosity was very low (0.06%), while repeat sequences accounted for 54.87% of the genome, and 23,375 protein-coding genes with an average of 4.79 exons per gene were annotated using de novo, RNA-seq and homology-based approaches. Reconstruction of the historical population size showed a slow continuous contraction, probably related to Cenozoic climate changes. The soursop is the first genome assembled in Annonaceae, supporting further studies of floral evolution in magnoliids, providing an essential resource for delineating relationships of ancient angiosperm lineages. Both genome-assisted improvement and conservation efforts will be strengthened by the availability of the soursop genome. As a community resource, this assembly will further strengthen the role of Annonaceae as model species for research on the ecology, evolution and domestication potential of tropical species in pomology and agroforestry.

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde yer alan ve incir popülasyonunun yoğunlukta olduğu Siirt ili Eruh ilçesi Mışar Ovası’nda ve Siirt Merkez ilçeye bağlı Gökçebağ beldesinde yetiştirilen yerel incir çeşitleri üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, yörenin incir gen kaynakları araştırılmış, seçilen ağaçlarda morfolojik ve fenolojik gözlemler yapılmış, toplanan meyve örneklerinde pomolojik özellikler incelenmiş ve kimyasal analizler yapılmıştır. Pomolojik ve kimyasal özellikler yönünden incelenen çeşitlerin; meyve ağırlığı 2.31-64.82 g, ortalama meyve boyu 20.00-52.50 mm, ortalama meyve eni 20.00-55.00 mm, meyvelerin suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı % 9.00-32.00, titre edilebilir asitliği % 0.141-0.544 ve pH’sı 3.21-4.68 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Özellikle, Türkiye kurutmalık incir sektöründe ön planda olan sarılop çeşidi ve sofralık incir piyasasında önemli yeri olan Bursa Siyahı çeşidi ile benzer niteliklere sahip olduğu düşünülen genotiplerin varlığı tespit edilmiştir.

This study was conducted on local fig varieties inEruh district, Mişar plain and in Gökçebağ town of the central district ofSiirt province, where an extensive fig population is found, located in theSoutheastern Anatolia of Turkey. In this study, the fig gene sources of theregion were investigated; morphological and phenological observations were madein the selected trees, and pomological properties of the collected fruitsamples were examined, and chemical analyses were performed. Fruit weight2.31-64.82 g, average fruit length 20.00-52.50 mm, average fruit width20.00-55.00 mm, water-soluble dry matter of fruits 9.00-32.00%, titratableacidity 0.141-0.544% and pH ranged between 3.21 and 4.68 for the cultivarsevaluated for pomological and chemical properties. Local genotypes with similarproperties to especially sarılop (an important variety at the forefront ofTurkey's dried fig sector), and Bursa siyahı (an important variety for tablefig sector) were identified., Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin Güneydoğu AnadoluBölgesi’nde yer alan ve incir popülasyonunun yoğunlukta olduğu Siirt ili Eruh ilçesiMışar Ovası’nda ve Siirt Merkez ilçeye bağlı Gökçebağ beldesinde yetiştirilen yerelincir çeşitleri üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, yörenin incir gen kaynaklarıaraştırılmış, seçilenağaçlarda morfolojik ve fenolojik gözlemler yapılmış, toplanan meyveörneklerinde pomolojik özellikler incelenmiş vekimyasal analizler yapılmıştır.Pomolojik ve kimyasal özellikler yönünden incelenen çeşitlerin; meyve ağırlığı 2.31-64.82 g, ortalamameyve boyu 20.00-52.50 mm, ortalama meyve eni 20.00-55.00 mm, meyvelerin suda çözünebilir kuru maddemiktarı % 9.00-32.00, titre edilebilir asitliği % 0.141-0.544 ve pH’sı3.21-4.68 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Özellikle, Türkiye kurutmalık incir sektöründe ön planda olan sarılopçeşidi ve sofralık incir piyasasında önemli yeri olan Bursa Siyahı çeşidi ilebenzer niteliklere sahip olduğu düşünülen genotiplerin varlığı tespitedilmiştir.

The research was conducted in the fruit nursery of the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology (RBIP) Holovousy, Czech Republic in 2015, 2016 and 2017. The efficacy and potential phytotoxic effect of soil herbicides were assessed in spring‑planted and summer‑budded rootstocks M9, MA, Gisela 5 and St. Julien A in seven treatments with the following herbicides: linuron, metazachlor, metamitron, chlorotoluron, dimethenamid‑P, pendimethalin, and combination of pendimethalin and dimethenamid‑P in one product. The effects of the surfactant and simulated rainfall in combination with the pendimethalin + dimethenamid‑P treatment were also assessed. Herbicides were applied twice a season, i.e. in spring after planting and in autumn to control weeds emerging during the season. The efficacy of the herbicide combining both pendimethalin and dimethenamid‑P was the highest in all three seasons. Metazachlor, pendimethalin and dimethenamid‑P provided satisfactory efficacy with adequate soil moisture. Pre‑emergent efficacy of metamitron, linuron and chlorotoluron was not satisfactory, especially in dryer conditions. The synergistic effect of the surfactant and rainfall on the efficacy of pendimethalin in combination with dimethenamid‑P was proved in the dry year only. None of the tested herbicides had a negative effect either on the growth and health status of planted rootstocks or subsequently on budded plants in the following year.

The evaluated sweet cherry genebank was established at the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd. in 1989. Holovousy has an annual temperature of 8.4°C and precipitation of 663.5 mm. Since its establishment, new accessions have continuously supplemented this collection. The collection (three plants representing each cultivar) was planted at an altitude of 320 m with spacing of 6.0×6.0 m on Prunus avium rootstock. Weed-free strips were maintained under the bushes with the application of herbicide. Regularly cut grass was established between the rows. Here, we report the evaluation of economically important characters in 26 early-ripening sweet cherry cultivars in 2015 and 2016. Fruits of early-ripening sweet cherry cultivars ripened in the 1st and 2nd cherry weeks. These early cultivars ripened at the same time as the reference cultivar ‘Burlat’, or 10 days earlier. Vegetative and fruit characters were evaluated. Phenotypic characterisation revealed high diversity among the analysed germplasm. ‘Merchant’ (8.27 g), ‘Valerij Tschkalov’ (8.24 g), and ‘Burlat’ (7.36 g) had the biggest fruits. In contrast, ‘Fruheste der Mark’ (2.45 g) and ‘Moravska rychlice’ (2.94 g) had the smallest fruits. While ‘Early Rivers’, ‘Burlat’, and ‘Merchant’ ranked the highest for taste, ‘Kisinevskaja’, ‘Moravska rychlice’, ‘Munchenberska’, ‘Fruheste der Mark’, ‘Rivan’, ‘Skierniewice 1’, and ‘Skorospielka’ ranked the lowest. The most important sweet cherry cultivars are described in this paper.

Fruit cracking of sweet cherries is a major global problem for growers. The rain protective covering system seems to be the best option to prevent the cracking caused by rain. Although the aim of covering is to protect the cherries against the cracking, there are also cases of cracking without fruit wetting under covers. Despite this fact the covering system is still the profitable option to reduce the fruit cracking induced by rain. An experiment using a rain protective covering system in sweet cherries was done by Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology in Holovousy in 2013-2016. The trial was established in the orchard located in Holovousy (Czech Republic, Eastern Bohemia). Fruit weight, soluble solid content, fruit firmness and percentage of cracked fruits were observed in the cultivars ‘Aranka’, ‘Amid’, ‘Burlat’, ‘Early Korvik’, ‘Horka’, ‘Jacinta’, ‘Justyna’, ‘Kasandra’, ‘Kordia’, ‘Regina’, ‘Sandra’, ‘Tamara’, and ‘Vanda’. The trees of cherry cultivars were grafted on rootstock Gisela 5 and trained as free spindle at 5×1.5 m spacing. Results were compared to a control variation consisting of uncovered trees in the experimental orchard. Rain protective covering of cherry orchard was the most effective in fruit cracking elimination within cultivars ‘Burlat’, ‘Tamara’ and ‘Justyna’. Fruit cracking was affected by weather conditions depending on the year. Although the amount of precipitation mostly affected the fruit cracking in uncovered orchard fruit, cracking was also observed in the covered orchard depending on cultivar. Impact of rain protective covering to quality of fruits due to the evaluation was not evident.

Sweet cherry is a vegetatively propagated, perennial plant with high level of heterozygosity and ancient breeding history. Therefore, it is necessary to keep, conserve and evaluate known genetic resources for future breeding programs and fruit production stability. In present, the utilization of DNA molecular genetic methods is the best suitable method for evaluation of individual accessions, so that we eliminated duplications and characterized genetic relationships. Recently, there are many different molecular methods but the most reliable are SSR markers. In our work, we used PCR primer combinations for 20 SSR and 2 EST-SSR markers for analyses of 82 current, old and local sweet cherry cultivars from Czech genetic resources of the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology in Holovousy. In total, 113 polymorphic markers were amplified which we used for hierarchical cluster analysis of genetic variability. The resulting dendrogram corresponded with genealogical and geobotanical characteristics of individual accessions which were divided into five clusters. The breeding history of several known accessions was also proved.

The research and Breeding Institute of Pomology (RBIP) Holovousy Ltd. holds a fruit germplasm of about 2,500 accessions in field collections. Unfortunately trees in these collections are at permanent risk from environmental conditions, pests and diseases. Germplasm preservation of vegetatively propagated fruit species in field collections may be supplemented using biotechnological methods. In vitro storage under slow-growth conditions is one of these techniques. The experiment with medium term storage of in vitro cultures of strawberry, apple, pear and sweet cherry at a low above zero temperature of 4.0°C was used in RBIP Holovousy Ltd. as a duplicate method to field collections. In vitro cultures were established on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L(-1) 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in aluminium-capped 100-mL Erlenmeyer flasks with five explants 25 mL(-1) of medium. The experiment was successful and viable shoot tips were obtained at the end of storage period. The best overall results were obtained awith sweet cherry rootstock genotype P-HL-A, where 92.0% explants survived without an intervening subculture after seven months. In contrast, the lowest survival was observed with sweet cherry P-HL-C, where only 2.0% of shoots survived 7 months from the beginning of experiment. Remaining genotypes of fruit species used in the experiment had intermediate results. The storage of in vitro cultures at 4°C appears to be a promising technique as a duplicate short- or medium- term conservation method for fruit germplasm, which can considerably reduce labour and material costs. Moreover, in vitro collections are year-long accessible, and enable germplasm distribution among germplasm curators and the user community.

Sweet cherries are self-incompatible determined by a gametophytic self-incompatibility system (GSI). The self-incompatibility is controlled by a multi-allelic S-locus and includes two genes coding for the synthesis of proteins responsible for the incompatibility response. The knowledge about the S-allele constitution of cultivars is very important for fruit growers and breeders. Recently, molecular methods have been developed to distinguish the S-alleles in sweet cherries and different molecular primers for the PCR-based identification of all S-alleles were designed during the last years. In our work, we analyzed S-locus genotypes by 10 universal and specific PCR primer combinations within 82 current, old and local sweet cherry cultivars from Czech genetic resources of Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology in Holovousy. We confirmed previous S-genotyping for 46 accessions except ‘Droganova’, ‘Hedelfingen’, ‘Erika Fruhe Meckenheimer’, ‘Huldra’, ‘Rivan’, ‘Vanda’ and ‘Winkler’. It can be due to mislabeling or mistakes in previous analyses. Newly, S-genotyping was determined for 36 accessions when we found 4 new S-loci combinations. Totally, we detected S-locus combinations in 21 incompatibility groups. The most frequent incompatibility groups were III (S3S4), IV (S2S3), VI (S3S6) and II (S1S3) with 13, 11, 9 and 8 genotypes, respectively.

The sour cherry breeding program at the Research Institute of Horticulture (formerly known as the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture until the end of 2010) in Skierniewice began in 1954. The main objective of this program is to obtain new sour cherry genotypes which are well-suited to the climate and soil conditions in Poland, and which produce typical dessert fruit or fruit for use by the food processing and frozen-food industries. The new cultivars should be characterized by low susceptibility to diseases with economic costs. An important direction of sour cherry breeding is also towards obtaining new genotypes that will facilitate further intensification of fruit production by using combine harvesters. As part of the sour cherry breeding program, studies have also been conducted on selection within the Prunus mahaleb species of new generative rootstocks for sour cherry trees. To date, 11 cultivars and two generative rootstocks have been included in the national register of cultivars. Among these, only the cultivars ‘Sabina’, ‘Wanda’, and ‘Lucyna’, and both the generative rootstocks ‘Popiel’ and ‘Piast’ are used in commercial production. The most recent cultivar submitted for registration is ‘Granda’.

Some important morphological such as fruit weight, fruit external color, fruit shape, the number of berry per cluster, cluster color, plant crown habit, harvest date and biochemical characteristics including sugars, organic acids, total phenolics, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity of thirteen wild grown Caucasian whortleberry sampled from Coruh valley, in northeastern Turkey, were determined. Antioxidant capacity was measured as FRAP assay (ferric reducing antioxidant power). Significantly differences were found among genotypes for most of the selected morphological and biochemical features. The genotypes had in general black fruit color and round shape. Harvest date varied from 2 August to 12 August. Fruit weight ranged from 0.37 to 1.08 g. Genotypes had only fructose and glucose in their fruits as sugars. Citric acid was dominant organic acids and was found between 8.87 and 11.20 g per kg of fresh fruits and followed by tartaric acid (2.85-3.30 g/kg). Fruits of genotypes exhibited very high total phenolic content, which ranged from 3740 to 5541 µg per g on a fresh weight basis. Total anthocyanin contents were between 81 and 172 µg of delphinidin-3-glucoside equivalent in per g fresh fruit indicating great diversity.

The chestnut (Castanea spp.) tree is extremely valuable for it ecological role in the environment as well as its role in the production of sweet, edible nuts, decay resistant timber, and the production of chemical compounds such as tannins. Although native to the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, it has been planted successfully throughout the southern hemisphere including Australia, New Zealand and Chile. Currently, the genus Castanea is represented by 13 species ranging in size from shrubs to large trees. Five species of Castanea are native to East Asia, seven species are native to North America and one species is native to Europe. Many chestnut cultivars have been selected or bred for various purposes such as improving nut or timber quality, increasing yield, enhancing resistance to diseases or pests and winter hardiness. For the purpose of registering new cultivars, distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) of the cultivars need to be described and verified. For this aim, morphological characteristics of the cultivar candidates should be determined. There are many morphological traits used for identifying cultivar candidates. However, reliable characteristics need to be selected and scored. Generally, the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) criteria have been used for this purpose, but we believe the UPOV criteria need to be updated. In this review, various descriptive morphological chestnut parameters are discussed to promote the list of current and new criteria. © 2018 International Society for Horticultural Science. All Rights Reserved.

Growth and yield characteristics of three plum cultivars (Prunus domestica) ‘Elena’, ‘Tophit’ and ‘Cacanska lepotica’ grafted on seven different rootstocks were evaluated in the years 2010-2015. The tested material included St. Julien A as a standard, Jaspi-Fereley, Julior-Ferdor, St Julien 2, Pixy, MY-KL-A and Wangenheim seedling. Furthermore, ‘Tophit’ was assessed also on VVA1. The trees were planted in the experimental orchard of the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy in the Czech Republic. The orchard was established on medium fertile loamy soil in a non-irrigated plot in the autumn 2009. Planting distance was 5.5×2.7 m and the trees were trained to a central leader. The following characteristics were assessed: flowering intensity, yield, trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), crown volume, yield efficiency related to TCSA, yield efficiency related to crown volume, average fruit weight and suckering. We observed significant differences in growth and yields among the rootstock combinations in all of the cultivars. The most vigorous were MY-KL-A, St. Julien 2 and Jaspi-Fereley for all of the cultivars and also Julior-Ferdor for ‘Elena’ and ‘Tophit’. The least vigorous were Wangenheim seedling, Pixy and for ‘Tophit’ also VVA1. The production of suckers was generally at low level and dependent on grafted cultivar. All of the cultivars reached the highest yields on rootstock Jaspi-Fereley. The least productive were the trees on rootstock Pixy and in case of ‘Tophit’ also on VVA1. Similarly, the highest yield efficiency related to TCSA was on Jaspi-Fereley for all of the cultivars. Jaspi-Fereley had also a good yield efficiency related to crown volume and brought fruits of good weight. We concluded that Jaspi-Fereley is the best rootstock in non-irrigated orchards in our conditions for the first years of the growing period. Though it grows more than standard rootstock St. Julien A, it is precocious, highly productive and brings fruits of high weight.

Over past few years, a non-destructive and non-invasive optical imaging technique, called biospeckle analysis has gained enormous popularity due to its versatile applications in medicinal industry, biomedical imaging, pomology, agriculture, and many more. In this lecture, investigations regarding the applicability of biospeckle analysis in different research domains will be discussed.

Eating fruits is good for health and an excellent source of essential vitamins and minerals. But fruits are unfit for intake if they are not fully ripened. Ripening of fruits is an important phase in Pomology based on which the fruits are categorized. In this context, various machine learning techniques were proposed to detect the classification of fruits. This paper provides a special architecture to identify the features of different classes of Durian fruits. Durian, popularly given the name, "king of fruits", is one of the rarest and sweetest fruits grown in South Asia. The model of image processing helps to divide the classification into two parts of the feature extraction part and classification part of the fruit used. In this article, the system is evaluated using the datasets of the Durian Fruit. The datasets is divided into two parts as training and testing. By applying the Edge Detection and color extraction the features of the durian are properly measured. Finally, the performance is measured using Non-Destructive Machine Learning techniques such as SVM, GNB, Random Forest. The results obtained provide the best accuracy of 89.3 % using the SVM technique and 84.3% using Random Forest.

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is an important fruit crop and member of the Prunus genus of the Rosaceae family that is planted in many temperate regions worldwide. The quality of fruit is assessed by many pomological parameters which can serve as a decisive factor in apricot breeding, because the introduction of new cultivars is required. These parameters can differ with climate conditions, geographical location or geographic ecological origin. Similarly, another biological characteristic can be measured depending on these terms. The present study was conducted with the aim of estimating pomological traits together with the nuclear DNA content of 35 apricot cultivars with different geographical origins. Only CV values lower than 5% were considered in flow cytometry analysis. All analyzed cultivars were diploid and the genome size value ranged from 0.587 to 0.644 pg/2C, where Turkish apricots reached the highest value (on average 0.628 pg/2C) followed by the European group (on average 0.625 pg/2C). A Spearman-rank correlation was used and the different correlation was found for specific geographical groups of apricot cultivars. The genome size values of apricots and related botanical species P. mume, P. sibirica and P. ansu showed to be very similar values.

Anastrepha species have been recorded from only three states, Amazonas, Para, and Roraima. Samples of 35 host fruit species belonging to 24 genera and 17 families were collected at three sites in Manaus and in Iranduba, Amazonas state, during the 1991/92 fruit seasons. Of the 35 host species collected, 27 are native to South America or the Antilles and eight are exotic, probably introduced from Africa, Europe, and Asia. Nine fruit fly species were reared: Anastrepha antunesi Lima, A. bahiensis Lima, A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus, A. leptozona Hendel, A. manihoti Lima, A. obliqua, A. serpentina, and A. striata Schiner. The pomology in the Brazilian Amazon is characterized particularly by native fruits. Of almost 180 known fruit tree species in the Brazilian Amazon, one-half are wild and serve as natural repositories for the fruit flies. The highest number of fruit species attacked by fruit flies belonged to the Myrtaceae, of which nine were native species.

Bu çalışma Sakarya yöresinde yürütülen seleksiyon çalışmalarında ümitvar görülen bazı önemli feijoa genotipleri içerisinde pomolojik ve fizikokimyasal özellikleriyle beraber toplam fenolik madde içerikleri ve antioksidan aktiviteleri bakımından üstün olanları belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada doğal şartlarda tohumdan yetişen 300 feijoa genotipi içerisinden seçilen 30 genotip incelenmiştir. İncelenen genotiplerde meyve ağırlığı 6.40 gr ile 33.00 gr arasında, meyve boyu 27.01-49.38 mm, meyve eni 19.37-33.15 mm, Titre Edilebilir Asit Oranı (TAS) %0.65 ile %1.85, pH değeri 3.30 ile 4.31 arasında değişmiştir. Kül oranı %0.25 ile %0.64 arasında, Toplam Kuru Madde Miktarı %17.49 ile %34.38 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Meyvelerde toplam fenolik madde içerikleri 583.03 mg GAE/100 g dw-2.219,51 mg GAE/100 g dw arasında değişirken; antioksidan aktivitesi %14.94-30.49 DPPH arasında değişim göstermiştir. Yapraklarda ise toplam fenolik madde içerikleri 5.967,77 mg GAE/100 g dw ile 11.835,86 mg GAE/100 g dw arasında değişirken; antioksidan aktivitesi %25.00 ile %66.62 DPPH arasında değişim göstermiştir. Çalışma sonucunda genotipler arasında incelenen özellikler bakımından önemli farklılıkların bulunduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Özellikle fenolik madde içerikleri ve antioksidan aktiviteleri bakımından yüksek değerlere sahip genotiplerin var olduğu belirlenmiş ve devam eden ıslah çalışmalarında bu genotiplerin mutlaka üzerinde durulması tavsiye edilmiştir. This study was carried out in order to determine the superior ones with respect to phenolic content and antioxidant activities together with pomological and physicochemical properties in some important feijoa genotypes which look promising in the selection studies carried out in Sakarya Region. In this study, 30 genotypes selected from 300 feijoa genotype grown from seed under natural conditions were investigated. In the genotypes examined, fruit weight ranged from 6.40 g to 33.00 g, fruit length was found to be 27.01-49.38 mm, fruit width was 19.37-33.15 mm, titratable acid ratio (TAS) ranged from 0.65% to 1.85% and pH was between 3.30 and 4.31. The ash content ranged from 0.25% to 0.64% and the total dry matter content ranged from 17.49% to 34.38%. Total phenolic contents in fruits ranged from 583.03 mg GAE/100 g to 2.219,51 mg GAE/100 g dw and antioxidant activity ranged from 14.94 to 30.49% DPPH. In the leaves, the total phenolic substance contents ranged between 5.967,77 mg GAE/100 g dw and 11.835,86 mg GAE/100 g dw, while the antioxidant activity ranged from 25.00% to 66.62% DPPH. As a result of the study, there are significant differences between the genotypes regarding the examined attributes. It has been found that some genotypes have high values especially in terms of phenolic substance contents and antioxidant activities.

Chandler, Kaman-1 ve Midland ceviz çeşitlerinin fenolojik özellikleri 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında incelenmiş, pomolojik özellikleri, toplam yağ ve protein ile yağ asidi kompozisyonları belirlenerek, biyokimyasal karşılaştırılmaları yapılmıştır. Çeşitlerin erkek ve dişi çiçeklenme tarihleri ve süreleri yıllara göre farklılık göstermiştir. Chandler ve Midland çeşitlerinde dikogami tipi her iki yılda protandri olarak sabit kalırken, Kaman-1 çeşidinde protogeniden homogamiye kayma olmuştur. Kaman-1 ve Midland çeşitlerinin çiçeklenme fenolojisi dışında diğer fenolojik özellikler bakımından oldukça benzer oldukları belirlenmiştir. İlkbahardaki uyanma, hasat ve sonbahardaki yaprak dökme tarihleri itibarıyla tüm çeşitlerin bölgedeki vejetasyon uzunluğunda yetiştirilebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Chandler, Kaman-1 ve Midland çeşitlerinde, iki yılın ortalaması olarak, sırasıyla, 31,95 mm, 30,98 mm, 31,33 meyve kalınlığı, 31,63 mm, 28,78 mm, 31,79 mm meyve eni, 38,74 mm, 37,28 mm, 42,31 mm meyve yüksekliği, 0,82, 0,80, 0,75 yuvarlaklık indeksi, 10,27 g, 10,25 g, 11,58 g kabuklu meyve ağırlığı, 4,51 g, 5,50 g, 4,38 g iç ağırlığı,1,05 mm, 1,04 mm, 1,33 mm kabuk kalınlığı, %44, %53, %35 iç randımanı değerleri belirlenmiştir. Meyve boyutları, kabuklu meyve ağırlıkları, iç ağırlıkları, randıman değerleri ve toplam yağ içerikleri çeşitler arasında ve yıllar arasında önemli düzeyde farklılık göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, toplam protein içerikleri çeşitler arasında önemli düzeyde farklılık göstermiş ancak yıllar arasında önemli bir farklılık göstermemiştir. Çeşitler arasında, Kaman-1'in toplam protein, Midland'ın da toplam yağ içeriği bakımından en zengin çeşitler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Chandler'ın yağ asidi kompozisyonu yüksek oranda çoklu doymamış yağ içermesi sebebiyle en sağlıklı olarak bulunmuş, Kaman-1'in yağ asidi kompozisyonu Chandler'a oldukça benzer bulunmuş ve Midland'ın da en yüksek oleik asit konsantrasyonu sebebiyle en kararlı yağ asidi kompozisyonuna sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Chandler çeşidi verim, iç rengi, yağ asidi kompozisyonu, Midland yüksek yağ içeriği ve kararlı yağ asidi bileşeni, Kaman-1 ise yüksek protein içeriği, iç cevizlerinin dolgunluğu ve diğer çeşitleri tozlama kabiliyeti yönleriyle dikkat çekici bulunmuştur. The phenological characteristics of Chandler, Kaman-1 and Midland walnut varieties were examined in two consecutive years, 2017 and 2018. Pomological properties and biochemical contents such as total oil and total protein, fatty acid compositions were determined, and compared. Male and female flowering dates and periods of the cultivars showed significant differences between two years. Chandler and Midland varieties were found protandry and show a stable dichogamy, but Kaman-1 showed a shifted dichogamy from protogyny to homogamy in two years. Kaman-1 and Midland varieties were found quite similar in terms of phenological characteristics except of flowering. In considering the spring budburst, harvest and autumn defoliation dates, it was concluded that all varieties are suitable to be grown at vegetation period of the region. As a result of the two year examination, in mean values, Chandler, Kaman-1 and Midland varieties give 31.95 mm, 30.98 mm, 31.33 nut thickness, 31.63 mm, 28.78 mm, 31.79 mm nut widht, 38.74 mm, 37.28 mm, 42.31 mm nut height, 0.82, 0.80, 0.75 roundness index, 10.27 g, 10.25 g, 11.58 g inshell nut weight, 4.51 g, 5.50 g, 4.38 g kernel weight, 1.05 mm, 1.04 mm, 1.33 mm shell thickness, 44%, 53%, 35% kernel percentage, respectively. Nut sizes, inshell walnut weights, kernel weights, kernel percentages, total oil contents showed a significant difference between varieties and years. However, total protein contents differed significantly between varieties but did not differ significantly between years. Total protein content of Kaman-1 and total oil contents of Midland were found the richest. Chandler's fatty acid composition was found the healthiest due to high PUFA content, and Kaman-1's composition was found very similar to Chandler while Midland's composition was found more stable due to highest oleic acid concentration. Yield, kernel color and fatty acid composition of Chandler, high oil content and stable fatty acid components of Midland, and high protein content, plumpness of kernels and superiority in pollination ability of Kaman-1 were found remarkable. 111

In this study, the molecular, biochemical and agro-morphological characterization of genotypes belonging to hawthorn species collected from Bolu province of Turkey was performed. Inter-priming binding sites (iPBS) markers based on retrotransposons were used for the first time in the molecular properties of hawthorn genotypes in the world. The marker system provided very useful information for revealing the genetic variation of the genotypes. Six iPBS markers amplified 68 fragments, of which 65 were polymorphic (95.59%) with an average of 10.83 polymorphic bands per primer. The polymorphism and resolving power per primers ranged from 0.12 to 0.42 and from 0.78 to 8.11 with the average being 0.32 and 5.95, respectively. Pomological properties of Crataegus tanacetifolia, such as fruit pomology and core weight were determined to higher than those of Crataegus monogyna. Citric acid was determined as the most predominant organic acid, followed by malic and succinic acid in the genotypes of both species. The highest citric acid content (26.745 mg 100 g&minus, 1) was noted for 14BL09 genotype. The vit. C content was recorded ranging from 2.681 to 9.621 mg 100 g&minus, 1. Catechin, chlorogenic, caffeic and rutin contents were varied between 4.140&ndash, 51.393 mg, 2.254&ndash, 42.361 mg, 0.624&ndash, 4.407 mg, and 1.241&ndash, 10.029 mg per 100 g of fruits, respectively. As a result, it has been determined that twenty-five genotypes belonging to different hawthorn species are important genetic resources to be evaluated in horticultural breeding studies in terms of their physical and biochemical contents.

TEZ13120 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2020. Kaynakça (s. 81-89) var. XV, 91 s. :_res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ;_29 cm. Bu çalışmada, 10 farklı turunçgil anacının Rio Red altıntop çeşidinin verim ve meyve kalite özellikleri üzerine etkileri 2018 ve 2019 yıllarında iki yıl süreyle incelenmiş ve bölgeye Rio Red altıntop çeşidi için en uygun anaç veya anaçların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Anaçların Rio Red çeşidinin meyve verimi ve pomolojik özellikleri üzerine önemli etkide bulundukları saptanmıştır. Rio Red altıntopunda Volkameriana, Carrizo sitranjı ve Swingle sitrumelo 4475 anaçları en yüksek verimi sağlarken; FA 517 anacı en düşük verimi göstermiştir. Pomolojik özellikler bakımından en ağır meyveler Volkameriana, Tuzcu 891, FA 5 ve FA 517 anaçlarında bulunurken; en hafif meyveler FAO-SRA anacında görülmüştür. Meyve genişliği en fazla olan meyveler Volkameriana, FA 517 ve Tuzcu anaçlarında iken; çapı en küçük meyveler Flhorag 1 anacında saptanmıştır. Carrizo sitranjı ve FA 517 anaçları meyve kalitesini olumlu yönde etkilerken; Flhorag 1 anacının meyve kalitesini düşürdüğü gözlenmiştir. In this study, effects of 10 different citrus rootstocks on fruit yield and fruit quality of ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit variety were investigated for two years in 2018 and 2019. It was also aimed to determine the most suitable rootstock for Rio Red grapfruit variety in this region. Rootstocks had significant influences of fruit yield and pomological traits of Rio Red variety. Fruit yield of Rio Red was the highest on Volkameriana, Carrizo citrange and Swingle citrumelo 4475 whereas trees grafted on FA517 had the lowest fruit weight. Fruits harvested from trees grafted on Volkameriana, Tuzcu 891, FA5 and FA517 had the highest fruit weight whereas fruit weight was the lowest in fruits sampled from FAO-SRA rootstock. Fruit diameter of samples harvested from trees on Volkameriana, FA517 and Tuzcu 891 were the highest. On the contrary, the lowest fruit weight was determined from trees grafted on Flhorag 1. According to the results of the present study, possitive effects of Carrizo citrange and FA 517 on fruit quality were determined whereas Flhorag 1 reduced the quality of Rio Red grapefruit variety.

This experiment was carried out during the 2012 and 2013 seasons on polyembryonic 'Zebda' mango seeds planted at the nursery of pomology department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt. This study aimed to investigate the effect of quick dipping in different plant growth regulators, namely, GA3, IBA (indole butyric acid) and BAP (benzyl amino burine) at 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm besides the control on seedling yield of mango seeds. The results indicated that GA3 at 500 and 4000 ppm as well as IBA at 500 ppm significantly increased the total seedling yield expressed as number of emerged seedling per seed and germination percent. Seedling length and vigor index were significantly increased by GA3 at 2000 and 4000 ppm compared to the control. Leaf number per seedling increased significantly by GA3 application at 2000 ppm. BAP treatments had a negative effect on most of the studied parameters.