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Background: Training is required to achieve proficiency in airway management. Simulators are of utmost importance not only for the purpose of training novices, but also for evaluating newer airway devices and techniques. Growing evidence supports inadequate anatomic airway reproduction in adult and pediatric manikins. Methods: We conducted an observational study comparing 17 radiological anatomic airway measurements obtained via the computed tomography of three commercially available manikins with the same measurements obtained from a population of newborns/infant (range: 0–3 months) undergoing magnetic resonance imaging for diagnostic purposes. According to the reference (mean and standard deviation (SD) of the pediatric population), each manikin measurement was defined as adequate, partially adequate or inadequate (difference between means: ≤±1, 1.0–1.96 or >1.96 SD, respectively). The primary outcome was the number of measurements with an adequate reproduction of airways. Results: We included 27 pediatric patients (21 ± 19 days, 48% males, 46.6 ± 3.5 cm, 2.7 ± 0.5 Kg and 12.6 ± 2.9 kg/m2). All manikins had n = 11/17 measurements with inadequate airway anatomic reproduction. The three measurements with more adequate reproduction were the height of the soft palate, retropalatal airspace volume and tongue volume (adequate in two manikins, and partially adequate in the remaining one). Conclusions: In three manikins commonly used for training in pediatric airways, static dimensions do not seem anatomically correct in relation to those of pediatric patients. Such inaccuracies may introduce biases in airway device development as well as in training.

This research aims to study the possibility of designing expressive fashion on the mannequin as a wearable art inspired by the architectural heritage of of Saudi Arabia using recycled materials, to find new artistic features characterized by originality and modernity, and highlighting the artistic and aesthetic features of heritage buildings according to each region with an expressive technical nature compatible with the art Fashion design. The research followed the descriptive analytical method in studying the concept of wearable art, its beginnings and its historical and creative development, and in analyzing and describing the styles of traditional buildings in Saudi Arabia:1- Hijaz style (Hijaz house - Hijaz palaces)2- Najdi style (Najdi House - Al-Duryia Buildings)3- The Southern style (Asiri House - Al Asha Al Jawizah)In addition to the applied study that resulted in eight designs of expressive costumes on the mannequin as a wearable art that mimics the architectural heritage of Saudi Arabia with recycled materials and materials (paper - cardboard - fabric scraps - stones - wood - buttons - threads - burlap - wicker).The arbitrators agreed that the designs are actual applications of wearable art, and clearly indicate the traditional buildings borrowed from them. The relationship between wearable art and heritage is also present to reflect the diversity of cultures, geographical locations, nature and human mood in past times.The research recommended organizing local art competitions between universities in the field of wearable fashion and arts, and then elevating them to international partnerships, and taking advantage of historical study to stimulate this type of arts and support it commercially in exhibitions and events and scientifically by including it in the curricula and scientific research.

Background: This randomised crossover mannequin study aimed to compare the insertion time for the newly developed SingularityTM Air and the Ambu® AuraGainTM. The SingularityTM Air includes a bendable tube in order to allow optimal passform. Methods: Fifty anaesthetists with a minimum of 100 supraglottic airway device insertions were recruited and randomly assigned to start either with the SingularityTM Air or with the Ambu® AuraGainTM. Participants watched a tutorial video the day before the assessment and received a standardized introduction immediately before the assessment. The primary outcome was the time for successful insertion. Secondary parameters were the overall insertion success rate, the numbers of insertion attempts (maximum three), the glottic view through a flexible bronchoscope, and the success rate for gastric tube insertion. Results: Fifty participants were eventually recruited and randomly assigned to insert both devices according to the randomization. The insertion time was 24 s for SingularityTM Air as compared to 20 s for Ambu® AuraGainTM (p < 0.001). Overall insertion rate was 92% for the SingularityTM Air as compared to 100% for the Ambu® AuraGainTM (p could not be derived as one variable is a constant). The primary insertion success rate was better for the Ambu® AuraGainTM than for the SingularityTM Air (94% versus 68%; p: 0.002, respectively). Conclusion: The time for successful insertion and the insertion success rate for the newly developed SingularityTM Air is inferior to that for the Ambu® AuraGainTM.

The effectiveness of skin-to-skin care (SSC) notably depends on the delivery room air temperature (Ta), the thermal insulation provided by the fabrics or clothes covering the mother and the neonate (Icl), and the neonate’s metabolism (M). The objective of the present study was to model the influence of these variables on the effectiveness of SSC for premature newborns. To this end, we used an appropriate thermal mannequin and applied a mathematical model of body heat exchanges. We performed experiments at Ta values (20.9 °C and 25.9 °C) and two Icl values (sheet only and sheet + blanket). At a Ta of 25.9 °C, normothermia was estimated after one hour of SSC with the sheet (Icl = 0.15 m2 °C/W; 36.52 °C) and the sheet + blanket (Icl = 0.21 m2 °C/W; 37.09 °C) but only with the highest value of M (2.70 W/kg). With a Ta of 20.9 °C, moderate hypothermia (requiring monitoring of the neonate’s thermal status) was estimated—except for M = 2.70 W/kg and Icl = 0.21 m2 °C/W. During early SSC, homeothermy can be maintained when Ta is 25 °C (the temperature recommended by the World Health Organization) but only when the neonate’s tissue insulation is high (Icl ≥ 0.15 m2 °C/W) and when the level of metabolic heat production is high.

International audience; Ce récit auto-ethnographique relate huit années d’expérience en tant que mannequin au sein de l’industrie de la mode de luxe. Comment comprendre la soumission volontaire au système de gestion spécifique d’un métier glamour mais aliénant, et comment s’en dégager ?Le milieu du mannequinat professionnel pour hommes est un environnement difficile d’accès. Pourtant, les images luxueuses de la mode attirent toujours plus de jeunes et rares sont les élus d’un système de gestion qui normalise l’injustice : journée de travail de 14 heures, humiliations publiques, travail gratuit… La mode est souvent pointée du doigt pour ses excès, ses scandales et pour la violence qu’elle couve. Mais la mode c’est aussi la lumière, un instant de jouissance à vivre sur le podium des défilés pour lequel les mannequins sont prêts à tous les sacrifices. L’emprise de la mode sur eux est si forte que la question de leur émancipation devient urgente. Le récit confesse l’intimité de cette expérience et donne à voir les enjeux affectifs, émotionnels, corporels, groupaux, organisationnels et imaginaires à travers les sensations, les descriptions et le récit de l’auteur.

Exposure to blast is one of the major causes of death and disability in recent military conflicts. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the protective capability of the ballistic-proof equipment worn by soldiers against the effects of blast overpressure (i.e., primary blast injuries). A focus will be made on thoracic protective equipment (TPE). An anthropomorphic mannequin, called BOPMAN, and anesthetized swine both wearing soft, hard or no ballistic protection, were subjected to an open-field high-intensity blast. For swine, thoracic wall motion (acceleration and velocity) was recorded during blast exposure and severity of lung injury was evaluated postmortem. Different data were collected from BOPMAN thoracic responses, including reflected and internal pressure, as well as the force at the rear face of the instrumented part. The severity of blast-induced lung injuries (contusion extent, Axelsson Severity Scale) and the thoracic wall motion were decreased in animals protected with thoracic ceramic hard plates as compared to those wearing soft or no protection. There was a clear trend towards greater lung injury in animals protected with the soft body armor used, even when compared to unprotected animals. In line with these experimental data, the measured force as well as the force impulse measured using BOPMAN were also decreased with a ceramic hard plate protection and increased when a soft ballistic pack was used compared to no protection. Comparison of data collected on BOPMAN and swine equipped with the same protection level revealed that those two force parameters were well correlated with the level of blast-induced lung injury (force, R2 = 0.74 and force impulse, R2 = 0.77, p < 0.05). Taken together, our results suggest that the force and the force impulse data from BOPMAN may help estimate the efficiency of existing TPE regarding lung protection under blast exposure and may represent an important tool for development of future TPE.

Visual merchandising is a presentation of merchandise as well as the store in order to attract the customer. In addition, it is an eye-catching technique by which the seller can appeal to more customers and convey the message to the customer what the store represents and offers to its potential customers. Currently, retailers are using various merchandising techniques to differentiate themselves from other competitors and to achieve market dominance by attracting the customers more effectively. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the antecedents of store management strategies and visual merchandising techniques on the in-store engagement of consumer goods buyers. The study was conducted to test how visual merchandising and exterior factors impact the store image and customer buying behavior. It is found that window display, fixture, color, and lightning are significantly associated with consumer buying behavior. Hence, in order to survive in a highly competitive market, it is important for retailers to use creative designs to efficiently present their stores to customers. The sample size of 1200 respondents was collected through primary and secondary data sources and was analyzed to achieve the aims of the study.

Adam Wiśniewski-Snerg (1937-1995) was a Polish science fiction writer. In his novel Robot (1973), he made an attempt at a literary visualization of a machine acquiring human identity. In this article I would like to follow the ethical consequences of such situations in created literary worlds. It is worth remembering, however, that these artistic worlds often serve to test non-literary reality. In his novel, Wiśniewski-Snerg also dealt with the problem of human feelings (e.g. moral dilemmas) in a thinking machine, which is formed in the image and likeness of a human being. Such literary reflection is valuable, partly because it enters into an interesting dialogue with the work of Bruno Schulz (1892- 1942), one of the most important Polish writers of the 20th century. It is also one of the first attempts in Polish literature to address the issue of sentient machines, and is a kind of preview of contemporary dilemmas connected with the work on the creation of artificial intelligence. An example of such a dilemma is the issue of the sentient machine’s perception of the tasks imposed on it by the human-constructor. Perhaps it will start to experience them as a kind of unethical oppression. In Wiśniewski-Snerg’s writing this problem of is, of course, expressed in a metaphorical way.

International audience

À la fin du XIXe siècle, la mode à Berlin s’ouvre aux classes moyennes sous l’impulsion de la confection sérielle et de la grande distribution. Le présent article appréhende le lien entre cette ouverture sociale, la production sérielle de vêtements en tailles standardisées, la grande distribution et la présentation des corps féminins en tant que mannequins. Pour ce faire, il met en parallèle l’évolution de la presse de mode du point de vue de son accessibilité et de l’esthétique des illustrations et les modalités de présentation de nouvelles modes dans le secteur de la confection et dans les grands magasins et magasins spécialisés. Il apparaît alors que les acteurs économiques de la mode berlinoise autour de 1900 participent à forger une esthétique qui accentue le corps féminin. At the end of the 19th century, Berlin fashion opened up to the middle-classes under the impetus of serial production and department stores. This article examines the link between this social change, the production of ready-made clothes in standardized sizes (Konfektion), mass distribution and the presentation of women's bodies by mannequins. To do so, this article examines the evolution of the fashion press from the point of view of its accessibility and the aesthetics of its illustrations, as well as the ways in which new fashions are presented in the clothing industry and in retailing. It thus appears that the economic actors of Berlin fashion in the 1900s participated in forging an aesthetic that accentuates the female body. Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wird die Berliner Mode mit dem Aufstieg der seriellen Konfektion und der Warenhäuser der gehobenen Mittelschicht zugänglich. Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen diesem gesellschaftlichen Wandel, der seriellen Produktion von Kleidung in Standardgrößen, dem Großhandel und der Präsentation von Frauenkörpern als Vorführdamen. Es werden dabei die Entwicklung der Modepresse im Hinblick auf ihre Zugänglichkeit und die Ästhetik der Illustrationen sowie die Art und Weise, wie neue Moden in der Berliner Konfektion und den Kauf- und Warenhäusern präsentiert werden, verglichen. Deutlich wird, dass die wirtschaftlichen Akteure der Berliner Mode um 1900 am Entstehen einer Ästhetik beteiligt waren, die den weiblichen Körper betont.

Sudden cardiac arrest is one of the leading causes of death globally. The recommended clinical management in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cases is the immediate initiation of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Training mannequins should be combined with technology that provides students with detailed immediate feedback on the quality of CPR performance. This study aimed to verify the impacts of the type of feedback (basic or detailed) the responders receive from the device while learning CPR and how it influences the quality of their performance and the motivation to improve their skills. The study was conducted at the Medical University of Lublin among 694 multi-professional health students during first aid classes on basic life support (BLS). The students first practiced on an adult mannequin with a basic control panel, afterward, the same mannequin was connected to a laptop, ensuring a detailed record of the performed activities through a projector. Next, the participants expressed their subjective opinion on how the feedback provided during the classes, basic vs. detailed, motivated them to improve the quality of their CPR performance. Additionally, during the classes, the instructor conducted an extended observation of students’ work and behavior. In the students’ opinion, the CPR training with detailed feedback devices provided motivation for learning and improving CPR proficiency than that with a basic control panel. Furthermore, the comments given from devices seemed to be more acceptable to the students, who did not see any bias in the device’s evaluation compared to that of the instructor. Detailed device feedback motivates student health practitioners to learn and improve the overall quality of CPR. The use of mannequins that provide detailed feedback during BLS courses can improve survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Human patient simulation uses technology to add advancements to learning that traditional learning methods cannot. Many programs are fast-paced and do not provide students with many hands-on experiences before clinical experiences. The literature notes the benefits of human patient simulation in other healthcare programs, yet limited studies exist in occupational therapy. This study examined student perspectives on the use of human patient simulators in occupational therapy curriculum. 146 first year master of occupational therapy students completed an open-ended survey after an evaluation experience with a physiologically based human patient simulator. Responses were collected during four consecutive years. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Four themes emerged and centered on the value of hands-on learning, team and family dynamics, the human experience, and relevance of clinically applicable skills. Findings indicate that students perceive this type of learning as beneficial before taking the next step towards fieldwork, and programs should consider offering a variety of simulated patient cases throughout the curriculum.

Fındık, Meliha (Balikesir Author), Background: Video laryngoscopy (VL) has recently been put into clinical use to minimize the limitations of direct laryngoscopy and assist physicians interested in airway management. However, the high cost is the biggest constraint especially in countries with limited resources. To lower the cost, a custom-made VL obtained by attaching a USB-endoscope camera ($8.5) to the Macintosh laryngoscope (USB-L) can be used. Material and Methods: All intubations were performed in a difficult intubation model. Intubations were carried out by two emergency physicians. A Glidescope as a VL and a custom-made USB-L were used. In addition to these devices, one bougie to facilitate the advancement of the tube was used. The total intubation time was evaluated. Results: Correct tube placement for both operators was 100% for both devices. A difference between the operators in the duration of intubations could not be found. Also, there is no difference in the duration of intubations between the devices for both operators. Conclusion: It was concluded that the USB-L and VL are not statistically different in terms of intubation time in the difficult intubation model using bougie. For countries with limited resources, the low-cost USB-L has come to the forefront due to the high cost of VL and difficulty of access. © 2021 Via Medica.

En 1856, Baudelaire traduisait ces mots de Poe : « La mort d'une belle femme est incontestablement le plus poétique sujet du monde ». Ce travail de mémoire cherche à problématiser la manière dont la littérature francophone fin de siècle – représentée ici par les œuvres Monsieur Vénus, L'Ève future et Bruges-la-Morte – a fait sienne cette assertion de Poe, qui avance l'efficacité narrative, « poétique », du sacrifice des personnages féminins, tout en l'articulant au mythe antique de Pygmalion devenu, par l'essentialisation de la relation hiérarchique de pouvoir, et la réduction des rôles des personnages à leurs plus simples traits, volontairement atemporel et universalisant – tout en restant genré. Du mythe de Pygmalion, on ne retient souvent que le sculpteur et sa statue. Or, si la statue apparaît en relief dans le récit, comme idéal féminin, unique modèle d'amour fidèle et de pudicité, c'est bien grâce au contraste que lui offre la figure des Propétides, contre-modèle aux nombreux visages, à la féminité inquiétante et à la sexualité débordante. C'est à partir de cette tension d'une féminité vue comme double, binaire, depuis un point de vue masculin, entre cette féminité idéale et son contraire qu'elle nécessite pour exister et être mise en valeur, que le présent travail élabore ses réflexions, puisant à même les variations décadentes du mythe de Pygmalion qui, dans toute l'étendue de son paradoxe, mène tragiquement à la mort de ses personnages féminins secondaires – à leur sacrifice narratif.

For the development of programs for three-dimensional clothing design, the topical task is to establish links between the properties of fabrics and the three-dimensional shape of clothing in the system "mannequin-clothing" and the formation of a and mechanical properties of fabric samples, from which the models are made are determined: thickness, surface density, flexural stiffness and draping coefficient. The analysis of the nature of the distribution of the increase along the waist line in the products of a straight silhouette depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the fabrics of the costume group is performed. It is established that the change in the values ​​of projection increments is influenced by the drapeability of the fabric, as well as the stiffness of the fabric when bending along the weft. The issues of topological transformation of horizontal sections of clothes for the purpose of geometric modeling of their surfaces are considered, graphic and analytical algorithms of construction of horizontal sections of surfaces of garments on examples of samples of fabrics with various coefficients of drapery are developed. The developed recommendations for taking into account the properties of fabrics in the development of women's shoulder clothing can be used in the design of clothing models, including for the visualization of garments in three-dimensional clothing design systems., Виконано аналіз величин проекційних прибавок на різних ділянках горизонтального перерізу в системі «манекен-одяг» на рівні лінії талії, а також встановлено взаємозв’язки між фізико-механічними властивостями тканин костюмної групи і розподілом прибавки по лінії талії в жіночому плечовому одязі прямого силуету. Розглянуто топологічне перетворення горизонтальної лінії перерізу манекену на рівні талії у лінію перерізу одягу. Проведені експериментальні дослідження дозволили визначити зміну кривизни лінії перерізу одягу залежно від властивостей тканин.

Introduction: Physiology, the foundation for medicine, learnt by animal experiments have long been replaced by computer or simulation or mannequin based teaching. Mannequin usage for Electrocardiogram (ECG) session, with case based discussion session provides hands-on practice to first year medical students without compromising patient care and safety. Case discussion improves critical thinking in a team. Objective: To evaluate the perception and learning for physiological basis of ECG using mannequin based teaching approach for first year medical students. Method: Observational, cross sectional study of first year student from 2017-18 batch in Sumandeep Vidyapeeth. Theoretical aspect of ECG was explained by interactive lecture series followed by 3hours practical session in groups (25 students per group) on “Heartsim 200” mannequin with clinical cases based on variation in ECG parameter as per cardiac disorder. Result: Statistically significant learning outcome was observed from pre-post analysis. Students agreed to a have a deeper understanding of the concepts, other than enjoyed this learning activity. Usage of this type of activity for other clinical practical session was strongly agreed by majority of the students. Although, limited time and large group of students were highlighted as limitations for the study. Conclusion: Mannequin is a useful learning tool for deeper understanding of clinical cases and practical during first year of medical teaching program.

This article traces the origins of the mannequin and challenges the gender assumptions it has been cloaked in. In nineteenth-century Paris, the fashion mannequin became a key technology in the construction of normative bodies, a principal “actor” in shaping current clothing cultures, and literally embodied debates over creativity and commodification. It locates the origins of the mannequin and the advent of live male fashion models in the bespoke tailoring practices of the 1820s, several decades before the female fashion model appeared on the scene. It ties the mannequin to larger shifts in the mass-production, standardization, and literal dehumanization of clothing production and consumption. As male tailors were put out of business by the proliferation of mass-produced clothing in standardized sizes, innovators like Alexis Lavigne and his daughter Alice Guerre-Lavigne made, marketed, and mass-produced feminized mannequins and taught tailoring techniques to and for a new generation of women. Starting in the 1870s and 80s, seamstresses used these new workshop tools to construct and drape innovative garments. Despite the vilification of the mannequin as a cipher for the superficiality and lack of individuality of fashionable displays in the modern urban landscape, early twentieth-century couturières like Callot Soeurs and Madeleine Vionnet ultimately used mannequins to produce genuinely creative clothing that freed the elite female body and allowed it new forms of mobility.

Es significativo que los estudios que han proliferado durante las últimas décadas sobre la importancia del aprendizaje de la anatomía en la formación artística se hayan centrado, casi exclusivamente, en la problemática en torno a la trascendencia del papel de los modelos vivos, descuidando, en cambio, la relevancia del maniquí en esta tarea, a pesar de que, durante más de cinco siglos, este ha desempeñado, entre el rechazo absoluto y la reivindicación entusiasta, la función de sustituto de aquel en el proceso creativo. En este trabajo se abordará la controvertida cuestión que, a través de la representación del maniquí, se manifiesta entre realidad y artificio en la pintura europea de la primera mitad del siglo XX: desde el gesto provocador que entraña la confrontación deliberada en el lienzo del maniquí con el modelo vivo hasta el rol evocador e incluso subversivo que este artilugio, versátil e inquietante, desempeñará en la producción pictórica de las vanguardias. During the last few decades, the proliferation of countless papers on the importance of the nude in the study of anatomy as a part of artistic training stands in stark contrasts to the scant critical attention paid to the mannequin, in spite of serving as a substitute for the live model in artistic creation for more than five centuries, whether completely rejected or enthusiastically vindicated at the time. This work will address the controversial question of reality versus artifice in European painting of the first half of the 20th century, from the deliberate confrontation of the mannequin with the live model to the evocative even subversive character that this device, at once versatile and disturbing, will perform, in the oeuvre of the avant-garde.

During the last few decades, the proliferation of countless papers on the importance of the nude in the study of anatomy as a part of artistic training stands in stark contrasts to the scant critical attention paid to the mannequin, in spite of serving as a substitute for the live model in artistic creation for more than five centuries, whether completely rejected or enthusiastically vindicated at the time. This work will address the controversial question of reality versus artifice in European painting of the first half of the 20th century, from the deliberate confrontation of the mannequin with the live model to the evocative even subversive character that this device, at once versatile and disturbing, will perform, in the oeuvre of the avant-garde. Es significativo que los estudios que han proliferado durante las últimas décadas sobre la importancia del aprendizaje de la anatomía en la formación artística se hayan centrado, casi exclusivamente, en la problemática en torno a la trascendencia del papel de los modelos vivos, descuidando, en cambio, la relevancia del maniquí en esta tarea, a pesar de que, durante más de cinco siglos, este ha desempeñado, entre el rechazo absoluto y la reivindicación entusiasta, la función de sustituto de aquel en el proceso creativo. En este trabajo se abordará la controvertida cuestión que, a través de la representación del maniquí, se manifiesta entre realidad y artificio en la pintura europea de la primera mitad del siglo XX: desde el gesto provocador que entraña la confrontación deliberada en el lienzo del maniquí con el modelo vivo hasta el rol evocador e incluso subversivo que este artilugio, versátil e inquietante, desempeñará en la producción pictórica de las vanguardias.

Ali A Alsaad,1 Swetha Davuluri,2 Vandana Y Bhide,3 Amy M Lannen,4 Michael J Maniaci3 1Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 2University of Miami, Coral Gables, 3Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, 4J. Wayne and Delores Barr Weaver Simulation Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL,USA Background: Conducting simulations of rapidly decompensating patients are a key part of internal medicine (IM) residency training. Traditionally, mannequins have been the simulation tool used in these scenarios. Objective: To compare IM residents’ performance and assess realism in specific-simulated decompensating patient scenarios using standardized patients (SPs) as compared to mannequin. Methods: Nineteen IM residents were randomized to undergo simulations using either a mannequin or an SP. Each resident in the two groups underwent four different simulation scenarios (calcium channel blocker overdose, severe sepsis, severe asthma exacerbation, and acute bacterial meningitis). Residents completed pretest and post-test evaluations as well as a questionnaire to assess the reality perception (realism score). Results: Nine residents completed mannequin-based scenarios, whereas 10 completed SP-based scenarios. Improvement in the post-test scores was seen in both groups. However, there were significantly higher post-test scores achieved with SP simulations in three out of the four scenarios (P=0.01). When compared with the mannequin group, the SP simulation group showed a significantly higher average realism score (P=0.002). Conclusions: Applying SP-based specific-simulation scenarios in IM residency training may result in better performance and a higher sense of a realistic experience by medical residents. Keywords: simulation, standardized patient, satisfaction, mannequin, assessment, resident education

Rhinopharyngeal swab collection is used to test patients for COVID-19; unfortunately, the false negative rate is around 30% in symptomatic patients, and maybe even higher in asymptomatic ones. A correct swab collection is consequently critical. Swabs are usually performed by dedicated personnel, but at the present moment, the methods for its training are not standardized. In a Letter to the Editor recently published in the European Archives of Otorhinolaringology, Tagliabue et al. describe the training method used in their Institution: the personnel dedicated to swab collection increases its confidence with the procedure by observing endoscopic anatomy, while an otolaryngologist performs rigid endoscopy. Although we found this paper interesting, we think that the author's proposal has timing and financial drawbacks that should be considered in daily activity, especially in an emergency period like the pandemic we are experiencing. In this Letter to the Editor, we discuss some pre-analytic and analytic issues that should be considered while performing rhinopharyngeal swabs, and we propose the use of a mannequin to train personnel, thus reducing the risk of infection for health workers, and patient's discomfort.

Background Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that can increase survival after a cardiac arrest. Performing CPR effectively requires both procedural knowledge and manual skills. Traditional CPR training methodology includes lessons led by instructors and supervised practice on mannequins, thus requiring considerable resources. Objective This paper proposes a new methodology for low-cost CPR training based on virtual reality (VR) with and without the addition of a physical mannequin. Moreover, it describes an experimental evaluation of the methodology that assessed gain in manual skills during training, transfer of procedural knowledge and manual skills in a final assessment, and changes in self-efficacy with three measurements over time (pre-training, post-training, and post-assessment). Methods We implemented a VR application that supports the proposed methodology, and can thus be used with or without a mannequin. The experimental evaluation involved 30 participants who tried CPR in VR twice, performing two repetitions of 30 chest compressions per trial. Half participants tried the VR application with the mannequin and half without it. Final assessment required all participants to perform CPR on the mannequin without the assistance of VR. To assess self-efficacy, participants filled in a questionnaire at the three times of measurement. Results Mixed-design ANOVAs showed effects of repetition, effects of group, or interaction between the two variables on manual skills assessed during training. In the final assessment, participants in both groups correctly remembered most of the steps of the procedure. ANOVAs revealed differences between the two groups only in pressure-related skills (better with mannequin) and in the number of wrong steps added to the procedure (better without mannequin). Mixed-design ANOVA showed a self-efficacy increase in both groups after training, which was maintained after final assessment. Conclusions The proposed VR methodology for CPR training has a positive effect on procedural knowledge, manual skills, and self-efficacy, with as well as without the physical mannequin. Trials on a mannequin are required to understand the correct pressure for chest compression. This supports the adoption of the proposed VR methodology to reduce instructor and mannequin time required to teach CPR to trainees.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur två svenska modeföretag, Modefabriken och Klädverket, som båda påstår sig vara kroppspositiva visar detta i praktiken. Studien är genomförd inom ämnet textilt management. Studien är ur ett företagsperspektiv, men har även genererat inblickar från ett konsumentperspektiv. Data har samlats in genom primär- och sekundärdata. Studiens sekundära data har genererat ett teoretiskt ramverk som återfinns inom studier av ett västerländskt smalhetsideal och massmedias påverkan, modeindustrin och storlekar, vardagliga modeller och retuscherade modeller, kroppsideal och kroppspositivism. Studiens primära data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer, strukturerade observationer i butik samt analys av fyra produktkategorier online. Studiens insamlade data har resulterat i en modifierad kommunikationsmodell för att undersöka hur företagen använder sig av provdockor i butik och modeller online för att visa sitt storleksspann. Judith Butlers Queerteori appliceras för att se om företagen har brutit sig loss från smalhetsidealet. Studiens resultat visar att både Modefabriken och Klädverket använder sig av provdockor i två storlekar, en normativ och en över norm. Båda dessa visar plagg med ett storleksspann från den minsta till den största storleken som företagen har. Slutsatsen av studien är att Klädverket visar sin kroppspositiva inställning i större utsträckning än Modefabriken, detta främst genom att använda sig av fler större modeller online, men även större provdockor i butik. Förslag till vidare forskning är att göra en liknande studie men ur ett konsumentperspektiv. Detta för att komplettera studiens resultat med hur konsumenter uppfattar användandet av större provdockor och modeller. The purpose of this study is to investigate how two Swedish fashion companies, Modefabriken and Klädverket, who claims to be body positive shows that in practice. The study is conducted within the subject Textile Management. The study is from a corporate perspective but has also generated some insights from a customer perspective. The data has been collected through primary and secondary data. The studies secondary data has generated a theoretical framework which includes a western society ideal of being skinny and the impact of media, the fashion industry and sizes, everyday models and edited models, body ideals and body activism. The primary data of the study has been collected through semi structured interviews, structured observations in store as well as analysis of four different product categories online. The collected data of the study has resulted in a modified communications model to investigate how companies uses mannequins in store and models online to show their range of sizes. Judith Butlers Queer theory is applied to see if companies have broken away from the skinny ideal. The result of the study shows that both Modefabriken and Klädverket use mannequins in two sizes. In their stores and online, they use one normative size and one size above the norm. Both shows garments with a size range from the smallest to the biggest size that the companies offer. The conclusion of the study is that Klädverket shows their body positive approach in greater extent than Modefabriken, mainly by using more plus sized models online but also bigger mannequins in store.

Purpose of the study Pleural diseases are common in clinical practice. Doctors in training often encounter these patients and are expected to perform diagnostic and therapeutic pleural procedures with confidence and safely. However, pleural procedures can be associated with significant complications, especially when performed by less experienced. Structured training such as use of training manikin and procedural skills workshop may help trainee doctors to achieve competence. However, high costs involved in acquiring simulation technology or attending a workshop may be a hurdle. We hereby describe a training model using a simple manikin developed in our institution and provide an effective way to document skill acquisition and assessment among trainee medical officers. Study design This was a prospective observational study. The need for training, competence and confidence of trainees in performing pleural procedures was assessed through an online survey. Trainees underwent structured simulation training through a simple manikin developed at our institute. Follow-up survey after the training was then performed to access confidence and competence in performing pleural procedures. Results Forty-seven trainees responded to an online survey and 91% of those expressed that they would like further training in pleural procedure skills. 81% and 85% of responders, respectively, indicated preferred method of training is either practising on manikin or performing the procedure under supervision. Follow-up survey showed improvement in the confidence and competence. Conclusion Our pleural procedure training manikin model is a reliable, novel and cost-effective method for acquiring competences in pleural procedures.

Objetivos: Comparar as técnicas de compressão torácica com Dois Dedos (DD) e com Dois Polegares (DP) em manequins lactentes em ambiente extra-hospitalar em relação à eficácia das compressões, dor e fadiga do socorrista. Metodologia: Estudo, randomizado, cruzado (crossover) com 78 estudantes de medicina que realizaram 2 minutos de reanimação cardiopulmonar (RCP) em manequim lactente de aproximadamente 3 meses com ventilação boca-boca-nariz com dispositivo de barreira na proporção 30:2 com a técnica de DD e DP. Foram avaliadas frequência e profundidade das compressões torácicas, posição correta das mãos, retorno completo do tórax a cada compressão, tempo em segundos sem realizar compressões torácicas, volume de ar corrente e número de ventilações através do manequim Ressuci Baby QCPR equipado com SkillReporting (Laerdal, Stavanger, Norway). Após as intervenções, foram aplicados questionários padrão Likert e escala analógica para dor e fadiga. As variáveis foram comparadas através do teste t pareado ou Wilcoxon quando apropriado. Resultados: Setenta e oito alunos participaram do estudo e realizaram 156 intervenções completas. Durante a técnica DP observou-se maior profundidade das compressões torácicas (42 versus 39,7mm; p< 0,01), e maior porcentagem de compressões torácicas com a profundidade adequada (89,5% versus 77%; p

L’obstétrique est un pilier de la médecine vétérinaire. Son enseignement dans les écoles vétérinaires repose essentiellement sur des cours théoriques avec un apprentissage pratique en conditions réelles au cours de stages cliniques. Pour améliorer cet enseignement, l’ENVT a construit un simulateur de vêlage sur la base du modèle développé par le GDS Bretagne. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer les performances de ce simulateur pour la formation des étudiants vétérinaires. Les 140 étudiants de 4e année ayant testé le simulateur ont évalué ses performances via une enquête. Ce simulateur offre un environnement d’apprentissage favorable pour l’acquisition des compétences obstétricales. La majorité des étudiants a apprécié la séance de simulation qui leur permet d’apprendre les gestes à leur rythme, en l’absence des stress existants en situation réelle. Il reste à déterminer si les compétences acquises avec ce modèle seront suffisantes pour faire face à des situations réelles.

Tematem artykułu są związki między teatrem Tadeusza Kantora, teatrem Michela de Ghelderode’a i teatrem Maurice’a Maeterlincka, szczególnie w sposobie przedstawiania śmierci w ich dziełach scenicznych i dramatycznych. Analiza wybranych scen ze spektaklu Wielopole, Wielopole, z dwóch dramatów Ghelderode’a Wyjście aktora [Sortie de l’acteur] i Szkoła błaznów [Ecole des bouffons] i z "pierwszego teatru" Maeterlincka ukaże w jaki sposób manekin i postaci o charakterze marionety, wraz z całą swoją materialnością, są używane do stworzenia obrazów nieustannego przekraczania granicy między śmiercią a życiem. The purpose of the article is to show the affinities between Tadeusz Kantor, Michel de Ghelderode and Maurice Maeterlinck’s stage and dramatic works, mainly in their representation of death. The author focuses on the analysis of scenes chosen from the performance Wielopole-Wielopole by Kantor, plays Sortie de l’acteur and Ecole des bouffons by Ghelderode, as well as Maeterlinck’s "first theatre". Czerska refers the way in which the mannequin and the marionnette character, with all their materiality, are being used. It makes the verge between life and death in the above mentioned dramas constantly being crossed. L’article pose la question des affinités entre les théâtres de Tadeusz Kantor, Michel de Ghelderode et Maurice Maeterlinck, notamment en ce qui concerne la représentation de la mort dans leurs œuvres scéniques et dramatiques. En analysant les scènes choisies du spectacle Wielopole-Wielopole, des deux drames ghelderodiens Sortie de l’acteur et École des bouffons ainsi que du "premier théâtre" de Maeterlinck, l’on démontre comment le mannequin et le personnage de caractère marionnettique, avec toute leur matérialité, sont utilisés pour créer des images du passage constant entre la mort et la vie.

Le présent article se propose d’examiner deux principaux éléments du cinéma de Jean Vigo peu étudiés jusqu’à présent : l’usage de poupées, mannequins et automates qui jouent un rôle central dans la mise en scène de Vigo et son statut de cinéaste de passage négociant le changement du cinéma muet au cinéma sonore. L’auteur soutient que les poupées de Vigo fonctionnent souvent comme des figurations suggestives du désir, de la consommation capitaliste et de la pensée automatique qui permettent d’analyser le comportement de leurs équivalents humains ainsi que les systèmes politique et économique qu’ils habitent. De plus, Vigo infuse ces associations avec un fort sous-texte anti-colonial de répression et d’exploitation en soulevant le voile des dimensions politiques tacites du régime colonial français, de l’idolâtrie moderniste du primitivisme et de la libération sexuelle en vogue dans les années 1920 en France. Enfin, le surchargement symbolique des poupées de Vigo est réinscrit dans les synergies audiovisuelles de ses films. Situés entre silence et son, les films de Vigo développent un registre d’intonation complexe qui s’attaque à l’écologie médiatique et, de fait, interroge le statut du cinéma comme spectacle sonore. Ses poupées et ses automates ne peuvent être entendus non comme des résidus du cinéma muet, mais plutôt comme des mannequins sots qui résistent à la nouvelle commercialisation du son ainsi que le rétrécissement des possibilités esthétiques craint (du moins) par l’avant-garde. En tant que corps sans voix, ils vocalisent leur cinématicité intrinsèque non par le son, mais par leur matérialité déformée, leurs faces grotesques et leur mobilité instable. This essay focuses on two central elements of the cinema of Jean Vigo that have received little attention to date: Vigo’s use of puppets, manikins, and automata as a central part in his mise-en-scène, and Vigo’s status as a transitional film maker negotiating the threshold from silence to sound. I argue that Vigo’s puppets often function as suggestive figurations of desire, capitalist consumption, and automated thinking, and hence variously comment on the behavior of their human counterparts and the political and economic system they inhabit. Secondarily, Vigo inflects these associations with a strong anti-colonial subtext of repression and exploitation by laying bare the unspoken political dimensions of French colonial rule and the modernist cult(ure) of primitivism and sexual liberation en vogue in 1920s France. The symbolic surcharge of Vigo’s puppets is, further, reinscribed in the audio-visual synergies of his films. Situated on the cusp of film’s transition from silence to sound, Vigo develops a complex register of intonation that engages the modernist media ecology and, in effect, interrogates the status of cinema as a synch-sound spectacle. His puppets and automata can be understood not as convenient leftovers of silent-era film-making, but as dumb dummies resisting the emerging commercialization of sound and its perceived narrowing of aesthetic possibilities (certainly among the avant-garde). Bodies without voice, they vocalize their inherent cinematicity not through the detour of sound, but through their contorted materiality, facial grotesqueness and jerky mobility.

El presente trabajo va encaminado a valorar la importancia del soporte conservativo en el ámbito de la preservación textil. Para ello se han recopilado y estudiado los materiales y técnicas de construcción más comúnmente utilizadas para la construcción de este tipo de soportes expositivos, en base a los resultados obtenidos de la encuesta realizada a aquellas instituciones de mayor relevancia en la elaboración de este tipo de soportes. Esta revisión ha puesto de manifiesto la utilización de un nuevo material denominado FOSSHAPE®, cuyas características específicas amplía la gama de posibilidades en la construcción de maniquíes y soportes conservativos, específicamente para aquellos de menor tamaño, que no necesitan estructuras internas rígidas para su construcción. Con el objetivo de determinar las características específicas de este material se ha realizado un estudio comparando dos espesores, FOSSHAPE® 300 y FOSSHAPE® 600, por medio de microscopía óptica, medición de pH, análisis colorimétrico y FTIR-ATR, antes y después de su envejecimiento artificial acelerado por radiación UV para evaluar su respuesta ante este factor de degradación. Esta investigación plantea un estudio preliminar de este nuevo material (FOSSHAPE®) con el objetivo de evaluar, por un lado, su interacción a nivel físico-químico con los estratos conservativos superiores y, en definitiva, determinar su idoneidad como soporte para la conservación (almacenaje y exhibición) de piezas textiles. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian un mejor comportamiento del FOSSHAPE® 300 que del FOSSHAPE® 600 frente a la radiación UV., The aim of this research is to assess the importance of textile storage and exhibition supportsused for textile conservation. For this purpose, most commonly materials and construction techniques worldwide used for this purpose have been compiled and review based on the results obtained of the survey propose to those Museums and Institutions well-known for the use and construction of this kind of conservative supports. This review has revealed the use of a new material called Fosshape®, whose specific characteristics extend the range of possibilities in the construction of mannequins and conservative supports, more specifically for those of smaller size, which don¿t need rigid internal structures for their construction. In order to determine the specific characteristics of this material an extensive study was carried out comparing both thicknesses, Fosshape® 300 and Fosshape® 600, by means of optical microscopy, pH measurements, colorimetric analysis and FTIR-ATR, before and after UV accelerated artificial aging to evaluate the degradation induced by light. This research proposes a preliminary study of this new material (FOSSHAPE®) in order to assess its physico-chemical influence regarding upper conservative layers and more specifically, to determine its suitability as a storage and exhibition support for textile conservation, to conclude, the results obtained show a better behaviour of FOSSHAPE® 300 than FOSSHAPE® 600 after UV radiation.

Globally, motorcycle road accidents are increasing annually. Among the efforts in overcoming this dire scenario, motorcycle simulators were developed. The Postura MotergoTM which was developed by researchers at the Motorcycle Engineering Technology Lab (METAL) is an example of such simulators. The Postura MotergoTM has a unique capability in replicating various riding postures according to the Riding Posture Classification (RIPOC) system. However, there is the need for a novel database that gives information on the workstation design parameters of various motorcycles. Hence, a specifically built mannequin (the D5EM110N) was developed as a tool to measure various workstation dimensions on actual motorcycles. As of April 2015, the mannequin's design is being filed for an intellectual property (IP) protection. The motorcycles’ design parameters which were collected via the D5EM110N mannequin was then tabulated into the Motorcycle Design Parameter Database (MDPD). The database is then could be utilized to set up the Postura MotergoTM to accurately replicate the desired motorcycle model's workstation design parameters. This is vital in ensuring that the motorcycle simulator could accurately simulate an immersive user experience to the subject in utilizing the desired motorcycle model. By having this novel database and mannequin design, researchers have greater opportunity in conducting various studies in a controlled laboratory setting with respect to motorcycle workstation designs and its possible connection with road accidents.

La protection des usagers des transports : une approche biomécanique de la prédiction du risque lésionnel présente une synthèse de mes travaux de recherche menés à l'Inrets puis à l'Ifsttar, au sein du Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Mécanique des Chocs, unité mixte de recherche, avec l'Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1. La problématique de la protection des usagers des transports d'un point de vue de la sécurité secondaire et passive est expliquée en introduction, ainsi que l'apport de la biomécanique humaine pour traiter cette question. Cette approche biomécanique, c'est focalisé sur le tronc et mes travaux de recherche ont concerné le choc frontal sur le thorax et l'abdomen. Chacun de ces segments corporels se verra consacrer un chapitre. Je donne en introduction de chacun, des éléments de contexte et les enjeux liés à ces parties du corps en cas d'accidents de la route. Les questions de recherche liées et mon approche méthodologique sont présentées et discutées. Celles-ci reposent sur une approche couplée expérimentations/simulations qui est illustrée par quelques résultats emblématiques et des discussions étayées par la littérature sur le sujet. L'accent est mis sur les divers paradigmes expérimentaux et simulations d'un choc frontal avec systèmes de retenue que j'ai imaginé et mise en oeuvre avec l'aide des jeunes chercheurs, doctorants ou autres, qui ont participé à ces travaux. Enfin des résultats sur le développement d'outils d'évaluation du risque lésionnel sont discutés, que ce soit les mannequins de crash-tests, les modèles numériques ou les critères lésionnels. Le problème récurrent : mannequin de choc versus modèle numérique du corps humain est aussi abordé, notamment à travers des comparaisons avec les données expérimentales sur corps humain et mannequins que j'ai acquises et des simulations numériques. L'évolution de l'évaluation du risque dans les transports est présentée et discutées dans un chapitre de perspective. Je me focalise sur un sujet précis à savoir l'évaluation virtuelle de la protection des usagers des transports et plus largement de la mobilité à travers le projet fédérateur de l'Ifsttar « Voyageur Virtuel » que j'ai imaginé et pilote. Ma réflexion, ma vision, sur la protection des usagers versus véhicule à délégation de conduite sera présentée. L'arrivée de ces véhicules autonomes nous est présentée comme la fin des accidents. Quand est-il vraiment de ce nouveau paradigme de la mobilité ? C'est un vaste débat que je ne prétends pas résoudre ici, mais dont, je pense, fournir quelques éléments intéressants pour l'alimenter. Un second temps, plus lié à mes nombreuses activités de management de la recherche, permet de mettre en avant certains aspects que je pense indispensable dans la carrière d'un chercheur. Le premier aspect consiste à expliquer ma vision du pilotage de la recherche à travers les diverses missions de direction que j'ai exercées que ce soit comme directeur de l'UMR LBMC ou, actuellement, comme directeur adjoint du département transports santé sécurité de l'Ifsttar. Le second présente mes activités internationales guidées par un objectif d'harmonisation des pratiques en évaluation de la protection des usagers des transports. Le dernier aspect est consacré aux partages des savoirs et ouverture vers la société civile et économique. Je suis, en effet, convaincu qu'un chercheur a le devoir, cela relève de la déontologie, de diffuser largement ses connaissances, pas seulement à sa communauté, mais à l'ensemble de la société civile. Des discussions autour de l'expérimentation sur sujets humains sont également faites. Ce problème complexe à la fois d'un point de vue technique, éthique et moral mériter d'être abordé ne serait-ce que pour rendre hommage à toutes ces personnes qui ont et donnent leur corps à la Science et sans qui aucune des recherches présentées ou référencées dans ce mémoire n'aurait été possible. Pour finir, et de manière très classique, mon curriculum vitae détaillé figurera en fin du document avec la liste exhaustive de ma production scientifique.

At the beginning of the twenty-first century British costume museums were failing to attract audiences; consequently, all but the Gallery of Costume, Manchester and the Fashion Museum, Bath were closed to the public. This thesis has sought to examine the traditional display methodologies of historic costume museums, using the Gallery of Costume as its primary case study of practice. This investigation problematises the theoretical assumptions upon which the gallery’s display methodologies are founded and compares its approaches to those taken in contemporary displays of historic dress. The findings of this investigation have been used to propose new approaches to the display of historic dress that aim to engage contemporary audiences.Using the research methods of participant observation, interviews and archival research the first chapter of this thesis outlines the development of the Gallery of Costume’s display methodologies, highlighting the agency of individual curators. The next two chapters explore the ways in which curators of dress reconstruct the bodies and personalities that give form to worn dress in the museum. The thesis moves on to examine both the methods by which the Gallery of Costume’s constructed history in its displays of history and the theoretical assumptions underlying its historiography. This chapter is followed by an exploration of the performance of fashion within the museum, attending to the way in which exhibitions can express dress as ‘living’ concept within accepted conservation guidelines. Finally, this thesis outlines a framework upon which reflexive exhibitions of historic dress can be built.

Frontal crashes are the most common car accidents and the abdomen is one of the body regions to suffer the most fatal injuries [2]. However, there is no current requirement for the abdomen protection in frontal collisions and crash test dummy abdomen biofidelity still needs to be improved. The aim of this study was to validate the Finite Element (FE) model of a prototype abdomen equipped with Abdominal Pressure Twin Sensors® (APTS) for the THOR dummy.

Abdominal injuries represent a small proportion (5%) of road crash injuries but their proportion increases considerably with regard to serious and severe injuries (16%). The abdomen of the Test device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR), intended to be used in future frontal impact assessments, needs further developments regarding its biofidelity and injury criterion. The work performed in this thesis project was in three folds: Firstly, the main parameters of the THOR and Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) abdomen responses under impactor and seatbelt loadings were identified using a lumped element model. The comparison between the THOR and the PMHS mechanical parameters highlighted desired changes for THOR abdomen biofidelity improvement. It was found that THOR material viscosity should be increased by 5 and that interaction with the pelvis flesh should be modified as it increased by 8 the abdomen stiffness. These changes were included in the Finite Element (FE) model of an existing abdomen prototype which is equipped with Abdominal Pressure Twin Sensors (APTS) to quantify the abdomen load. Secondly, the response of the prototype was evaluated in sled test simulations which showed that the prototype abdomen had little influence on the dummy overall kinematics but that the torso flexion could increase the pressure in the APTS. This led to additional recommendations regarding the abdomen design. Finally, for the abdominal injury criterion definition, the APTS pressure was correlated with organ injuries as reported in published PMHS tests or as predicted by THUMS human FE model., Les blessures de l'abdomen représentent une faible proportion (5%) des blessures lors d'accidents de la route mais elle augmente fortement pour les blessures sérieuses à séÏres (16%). L'abdomen du mannequin THOR (Test device for Human Occupant Restraint), qui va être utilisé dans les futures réglementations de choc frontal, nécessite des améliorations de sa biofidélité et un critère de blessure. Le travail présenté est en trois parties : Premièrement, les paramètres principaux de la réponse mécanique de l'abdomen du THOR et de Sujets Humain Post Mortem (SHPM) sous chargements impacteur et ceinture furent identifiés à l'aide d'un modèle mécanique simplifié. La comparaison des paramètres mécaniques du THOR et des SHPM a mis en évidence les changements nécessaires pour l'amélioration de la biofidélité de l'abdomen du THOR. Il apparaît que la viscosité quivalente du THOR doit être augmentée d'un facteur 5 et que l'interaction avec la pièce bassin doit être modifiée du fait qu'elle augmentait la rigidité d'un facteur 8. Ces changements furent inclus dans le modèle Éléments Finis (EF) d'un abdomen prototype incluant des capteurs de pression APTS (Abdominal Pressure Twin Sensors) pour caractériser le chargement de l'abdomen. Deuxièmement, la réponse mécanique du prototype a été évaluée en simulations d'essais chariot, ce qui a montré que l'abdomen prototype a peu d'influence sur la cinématique globale du mannequin mais que la flexion du tronc peut faire augmenter la pression dans les APTS. Cela a mené à des recommandations supplémentaires au niveau de la conception de l'abdomen. Finalement, en vue de définir un critère de blessure pour l'abdomen, la pression des APTS a été corrélée aux blessures des organes décrites dans les études sur SHPM de la littérature ou prédites par le modèle EF humain THUMS.

In the field of reverse engineering and creative industries, applying 3D scanning process to obtain geometric forms of the objects is a mature and common technique. For instance, organic objects such as faces and nonorganic objects such as products could be scanned to acquire the geometric information for further application. However, although the data resolution of 3D scanning device is increasing and there are more and more abundant complementary applications, the penetration rate of 3D scanning for the public is still limited by the relative high price of the devices. On the other hand, Kinect, released by Microsoft, is known for its powerful functions, considerably low price, and complete technology and database support. Therefore, related studies can be done with the applying of Kinect under acceptable cost and data precision. Due to the fact that Kinect utilizes optical mechanism to extracting depth information, limitations are found due to the reason of the straight path of the light. Thus, various angles are required sequentially to obtain the complete 3D information of the object when applying a single Kinect for 3D scanning. The integration process which combines the 3D data from different angles by certain algorithms is also required. This sequential scanning process costs much time and the complex integration process often encounter some technical problems. Therefore, this paper aimed to apply multiple Kinects simultaneously on the field of developing a rapid 3D mannequin scan platform and proposed suggestions on the number and angles of Kinects. In the content, a method of establishing the coordination based on the relation between mannequin and the specifications of Kinect is proposed, and a suggestion of angles and number of Kinects is also described. An experiment of applying multiple Kinect on the scanning of 3D mannequin is constructed by Microsoft API, and the results show that the time required for scanning and technical threshold can be reduced in the industries of fashion and garment design., {"references":["Rodrigo Ibañez, Álvaro Soria, Alfredo Teyseyre, Marcelo Campo, \"Easy gesture recognition for Kinect,\" Advances in Engineering Software, Volume 76, 2014, Pages 171-180.","Andrea Sanna, Fabrizio Lamberti, Gianluca Paravati, Federico Manuri, \"A Kinect-based natural interface for quadrotor control,\" Entertainment Computing, Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 179-186.","Koji Yamaoka, Masataka Uehara, Takeshi Shima, Yasuhisa Tamura, \"Feedback of Flying Disc Throw with Kinect and its Evaluation,\" Procedia Computer Science, Volume 22, 2013, Pages 912-920.","Jose Antonio Diego-Mas, Jorge Alcaide-Marzal, \"Using Kinect sensor in observational methods for assessing postures at work,\" Applied Ergonomics, Volume 45, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 976-985.","L.C. Ebert, G. Hatch, M.J. Thali, S. Ross, \"Invisible touch—Control of a DICOM viewer with finger gestures using the Kinect depth camera,\" Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 10-14.","Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 10-14.","João Gameiro, Tiago Cardoso, Yves Rybarczyk, \"Kinect-Sign, Teaching sign language to \"listeners\" through a game,\" Procedia Technology, Volume 17, 2014, Pages 384-391.","Benjamin F. Mentiplay, Luke G. Perraton, Kelly J. Bower, Yong-Hao Pua, Rebekah McGaw, Sophie Heywood, Ross A. Clark, \"Gait assessment using the Microsoft Xbox One Kinect: Concurrent validity and inter-day reliability of spatiotemporal and kinematic variables,\" Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 48, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 2166-2170.","Sharon Nissimov, Jacob Goldberger, Victor Alchanatis, \"Obstacle detection in a greenhouse environment using the Kinect sensor,\" Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 113, 2015, Pages 104-115.\n[10]\tJørgen Kongsro, \"Estimation of pig weight using a Microsoft Kinect prototype imaging system,\" Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 109, 2014, Pages 32-35.\n[11]\tSophia Stavrakakis, Wei Li, Jonathan H. Guy, Graham Morgan, Gary Ushaw, Garth R. Johnson, Sandra A. Edwards, \"Validity of the Microsoft Kinect sensor for assessment of normal walking patterns in pigs,\" Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 117, 2015, Pages 1-7.\n[12]\tHamed Sarbolandi, Damien Lefloch, Andreas Kolb,\" Kinect range sensing: Structured-light versus Time-of-Flight Kinect,\" Computer Vision and Image Understanding, Volume 139, 2015, Pages 1-20.\n[13]\tRicardo Alves, Aldric Negrier, Luís Sousa, João M.F. Rodrigues, Paulo Felisberto, Miguel Gomes, Paulo Bica, \"Interactive 180◦ Rear Projection Public Relations,\" Procedia Computer Science, Volume 51, 2015, Pages 592-601.\n[14]\tC.K. Au, M.M.F. Yuen, \"Feature-based reverse engineering of Mannequin for garment design,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 31, Issue 12, 1999, Pages 751-759.\n[15]\tC.K. Au, M.M.F. Yuen, \"A semantic feature language for sculptured object modelling,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 32, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 63-74.\n[16]\tSung Min Kim, Tae Jin Kang, \"Garment pattern generation from body scan data,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 35, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 611-618.\n[17]\tCharlie C.L. Wang, Terry K.K. Chang, Matthew M.F. Yuen,\" From laser-scanned data to feature human model: a system based on fuzzy logic concept,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 35, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 241-253.\n[18]\tCharlie C.L. Wang, Yu Wang, Terry K.K. Chang, Matthew M.F. Yuen,\" Virtual human modeling from photographs for garment industry,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 35, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 577-589.\n[19]\tCharlie C.L. Wang, \"Parameterization and parametric design of mannequins,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 37, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 83-98.\n[20]\tCharlie C.L. Wang, Yu Wang, Matthew M.F. Yuen, \"Feature based 3D garment design through 2D sketches,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 35, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 659-672.\n[21]\tCharlie C.L. Wang, Yu Wang, Matthew M.F. Yuen, \"Design automation for customized apparel products,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 37, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 675-691.\n[22]\tJin Wang, Guodong Lu, Weilong Li, Long Chen, Yoshiyuki Sakaguti, \"Interactive 3D garment design with constrained contour curves and style curves,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 41, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 614-625.\n[23]\tYinling Ke, Shuqian Fan, Weidong Zhu, An Li, Fengshan Liu, Xiquan Shi, \"Feature-based reverse modeling strategies,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 38, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 485-506.\n[24]\tYinglin Ke, Weidong Zhu, Fengshan Liu, Xiquan Shi, \"Constrained fitting for 2D profile-based reverse modeling,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 38, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 101-114.\n[25]\tCarlos F. Borges, Tim Pastva, \"Total least squares fitting of Bézier and B-spline curves to ordered data,\" Computer Aided Geometric Design, Volume 19, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 275-289.\n[26]\tHuaiping Yang, Wenping Wang, Jiaguang Sun, \"Control point adjustment for B-spline curve approximation,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 36, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 639-652.\n[27]\tShih-Wen Hsiao, Jiun-Chau Chuang, \"A reverse engineering based approach for product form design,\" Design Studies, Volume 24, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 155-171.\n[28]\tKC Hui, Yadong Li, \"A feature-based shape blending technique for industrial design,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 30, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 823-834.\n[29]\tShih-Wen Hsiao, Rong-Qi Chen, \"A study of surface reconstruction for 3D mannequins based on feature curves,\" Computer-Aided Design, Volume 45, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 1426-1441."]}

In the article the issue concerning driver’s workspaces of existing vehicles and vehicles to be designed is being researched in order to increase the efficiently of human resources.

An expanding trend in health science education is to replace time spent in traditional clinical settings with high fidelity simulation (HFS). Utilizing a ethnographic methodology to observe students as they engaged in HFS and exploratory interviews to uncover student perceptions, this qualitative work sought to further understand the implications of this trend by exploring what students experienced when they interacted with HFS mannequins in simulated environments. Twenty five students attending a large Ontario community college participated in the twenty two HFS scenarios that were evaluated in this study. While the numerous benefits of HFS identified in the literature were also evident in this work, the results emerging from this study suggested that students do not perceive HFS as they do real life. The implications of this perception on the trend to replace time in clinical learning environments with HFS are presented in the discussion.

EnglishTogether with her Mannequin, the bright dancer, protagonist of these surrealistic tales, is travelling around the world, visiting in artistic cities, but disappears, it seems, from the scene, especially through the food, the “aliment”, which becomes alate-mental occasions for dreaming and culture in designed atmospheres. And her diary, source of tales, exceeds the limits of the scene... italianoLa ballerina, protagonista dei racconti, insieme al Manichino, suo compagno di viaggio, si sottrae alla scena propriamente detta specialmente attraverso il cibo, sia per la scelta dei locali che fanno da sfondo, sia per la selezione degli alimenti, che sembrano smaterializzarsi in “ali” e in “menti”, ossia in evasione, sogno e cultura. E il suo diario, origine del racconto, sconfina oltre le quinte...

Abdominal injuries represent a small proportion (5%) of road crash injuries but their proportion increases considerably with regard to serious and severe injuries (16%). The abdomen of the Test device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR), intended to be used in future frontal impact assessments, needs further developments regarding its biofidelity and injury criterion. The work performed in this thesis project was in three folds: Firstly, the main parameters of the THOR and Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) abdomen responses under impactor and seatbelt loadings were identified using a lumped element model. The comparison between the THOR and the PMHS mechanical parameters highlighted desired changes for THOR abdomen biofidelity improvement. It was found that THOR material viscosity should be increased by 5 and that interaction with the pelvis flesh should be modified as it increased by 8 the abdomen stiffness. These changes were included in the Finite Element (FE) model of an existing abdomen prototype which is equipped with Abdominal Pressure Twin Sensors (APTS) to quantify the abdomen load. Secondly, the response of the prototype was evaluated in sled test simulations which showed that the prototype abdomen had little influence on the dummy overall kinematics but that the torso flexion could increase the pressure in the APTS. This led to additional recommendations regarding the abdomen design. Finally, for the abdominal injury criterion definition, the APTS pressure was correlated with organ injuries as reported in published PMHS tests or as predicted by THUMS human FE model, Les blessures de l'abdomen représentent une faible proportion (5%) des blessures lors d'accidents de la route mais elle augmente fortement pour les blessures sérieuses à sévères (16%). L'abdomen du mannequin THOR (Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint), destiné aux futures réglementations de choc frontal, nécessite des améliorations de sa biofidélité et un critère de blessure. Le travail présenté est en trois parties :Premièrement, les paramètres principaux de la réponse mécanique de l'abdomen du THOR et de Sujets Humain Post Mortem (SHPM) sous chargements impacteur et ceinture furent identifiés à l'aide d'un modèle mécanique simplifié. La comparaison des paramètres mécaniques du THOR et des SHPM a mis en évidence les changements nécessaires pour l'amélioration de la biofidélité. Il apparaît que la viscosité équivalente du THOR doit être augmentée d'un facteur 5 et que l'interaction avec la pièce bassin doit être modifiée du fait qu'elle augmentait la rigidité d'un facteur 8. Ces changements furent inclus dans le modèle Éléments Finis (EF) d'un abdomen prototype incluant des capteurs de pression APTS (Abdominal Pressure Twin Sensors) pour caractériser le chargement de l'abdomen.Deuxièmement, la réponse mécanique du prototype a été évaluée en simulations d'essais charriot, ce qui a montré que l'abdomen prototype a peu d'influence sur la cinématique globale du mannequin mais que la flexion du tronc peut faire augmenter la pression dans les APTS. Cela a mené à des recommandations supplémentaires au niveau de la conception de l'abdomen.Finalement, en vue de définir un critère de blessure pour l'abdomen, la pression des APTS a été corrélée aux blessures des organes décrites dans les études sur SHPM de la littérature ou prédites par le modèle EF humain THUMS

La ballerina, protagonista dei racconti, insieme al Manichino, suo compagno di viaggio, si sottrae alla scena propriamente detta specialmente attraverso il cibo, sia per la scelta dei locali che fanno da sfondo, sia per la selezione degli alimenti, che sembrano smaterializzarsi in “ali” e in “menti”, ossia in evasione, sogno e cultura. E il suo diario, origine del racconto, sconfina oltre le quinte... Together with her Mannequin, the bright dancer, protagonist of these surrealistic tales, is travelling around the world, visiting in artistic cities, but disappears, it seems, from the scene, especially through the food, the “aliment”, which becomes alate-mental occasions for dreaming and culture in designed atmospheres. And her diary, source of tales, exceeds the limits of the scene...

One of the tropes of these early years of the twenty-first century is that of the avatar, a virtual representation of a human being used for entertainment , educational, technical, or scientific purposes. The avatar is a product of digital culture, but its origins are coeval with those of the human being and its evolution is affected by material conditions and the level of technology currently achieved by a given society. The origin of the word " avatar " has a spiritual connotation: It was associated with Hinduism and used to describe a deity who took a terrestrial form. More generally, however, whether in terms of religion or computing, we could define the avatar as a surrogate, a body—real or virtual—that replaces another. The origins of the avatar in Western societies date back to the modern era, which was founded on mechanical technology and marked by the birth of urban culture. At that time, between the nineteenth and early twentieth century, a typical surrogate for the human body was the mannequin. Mannequins were displayed in shopping windows, bearers of fashion trends and styles. They later became a symbol of conformity that reached a peak under totalitarian governments, embodying those values of efficiency that put the human body on the same level as machines, both the machine of industrial production and the war machine. As a substitute, the mannequin in society played a purely functional role, taking the place of the human body in activities that the human being, out of dignity or resistance, wouldn't perform. These included mannequins used for commercial purposes as well as those later used for testing in the automotive industry and military engineering. Other mannequins, meanwhile, had a completely different fate: They became the subject of photographs and paintings, employed as cultural artifacts, fetishes or symbols of a mass culture that artists were either fascinated by or wanted to criticize.

Background Trivial pain or minor soreness commonly follows neck manipulation and has been estimated at one in three treatments. In addition, rare catastrophic events can occur. Some of these incidents have been ascribed to poor technique where the neck is rotated too far. The aims of this study were to design an instrument to measure competency of neck manipulation in beginning students when using a simulation mannequin, and then examine the suitability of using a simulation mannequin to teach the early psychomotor skills for neck chiropractic manipulative therapy. Methods We developed an initial set of questionnaire items and then used an expert panel to assess an instrument for neck manipulation competency among chiropractic students. The study sample comprised all 41 fourth year 2014 chiropractic students at Murdoch University. Students were randomly allocated into either a usual learning or mannequin group. All participants crossed over to undertake the alternative learning method after four weeks. A chi-square test was used to examine differences between groups in the proportion of students achieving an overall pass mark at baseline, four weeks, and eight weeks. Results This study was conducted between January and March 2014. We successfully developed an instrument of measurement to assess neck manipulation competency in chiropractic students. We then randomised 41 participants to first undertake either “usual learning” (n = 19) or “mannequin learning” (n = 22) for early neck manipulation training. There were no significant differences between groups in the overall pass rate at baseline (χ2 = 0.10, p = 0.75), four weeks (χ2 = 0.40, p = 0.53), and eight weeks (χ2 = 0.07, p = 0.79). Conclusions This study demonstrates that the use of a mannequin does not affect the manipulation competency grades of early learning students at short term follow up. Our findings have potentially important safety implications as the results indicate that students could initially gain competence in neck manipulation by using mannequins before proceeding to perform neck manipulation on each other.

In this research work we made a fashion style Garment called one piece garment having four panels by using new techniques of Draping without making any kind of pattern stitched by Overlock machine. After selection of the mannequin and fashion style for making fashion Garment, the first and basic process started line taping in which mannequin has to divided into two part (i.e. front and back body) and then front side of the body divided into two parts left front and right front, similarly back side of the body divided into two parts i.e. left back and right back side. Then made new design by using Draping techniques and made new style of fashion Garment stitched by Overlock machine only and also that garment may be used any party wear as well because of flare, The results shows that the Fashion Garment produced by Draping techniques looks very good in normal appearing on the body and also satisfied to produce fitted Garment as per body.

There are limited data on the effectiveness of mannequin-based simulations in pediatrics. This study developed a training program using a high-fidelity child mannequin to simulate critical cases in an emergency department, and examined the learning gains derived from this simulation. Eighteen pediatric residents, as pairs, participated in a high-fidelity simulation pretest, training session and a posttest. The training session, developed based on participants' pretest performance, included videotape review, feedback, and hands-on practice, and focused on the improvement of management skills for shock and tachydyspnea. The pre- and posttest performances were scored for task-specific technical skills and behaviors. The learning gains between the pre- and posttests were significant (p0.001) for task-specific technical skills (from 64 +/- 15% to 93 +/- 4%) and behaviors (from 65 +/- 18% to 85 +/- 12%). This study suggests that high-fidelity simulation can enhance learning about how to manage critical cases in the pediatric emergency department.

This report describes the design and evaluation of the Q10 child dummy which is the latest extension to the new generation of child dummies called Q-dummies. The Q-dummies were developed to replace the P-dummies in the UN Regulation 44 and in consumer testing. EEVC Working Groups 12 (Biomechanics) and 18 (Child Safety) collaborated on joint research to evaluate the Q-Series and recommended that they replace the P-Series in UN Regulation 44 (Wismans et al., 2008, [1]). This 2008 report also proposed injury criteria and injury assessment reference values for use with the dummies in the Regulation. In 2008 the Q-Series comprised Q0, Q1, Q1.5, Q3 and Q6 dummies only; there was no dummy to represent older children in the highest mass group specified in UN Regulation 44. The Q10 was developed in the European project EPOCh (Enabling Protection for Older Children, 2009-2011 [2]) and was extensively evaluated by the EPOCh partners and a number of interested stakeholders during a large programme of third-party testing. With the introduction of this new dummy, the UN Informal Group on child restraint systems asked EEVC to provide a recommendation on its use in legislative testing.

Objective: Three-dimensional (3D) soft tissue (ST) changes from orthodontic treatment can now be evaluated with the development of 3D photography. However, the accuracy and reliability of this method is still in question. This study aims to 1) evaluate the accuracy of 3dMD imaging using caliper, surface, and 3D morphometrics and 2) find standard facial expressions that can be best reproduced by 3dMD imaging for soft tissue analysis.Methods: Three-dimensional (3D) ST facial landmarks were obtained from 40 adults not undergoing orthodontic treatment through the use of 3dMD facial photographic software. A total of 16 landmarks were used and 21 parameters were measured for surface distances (6 in vertical, 10 in anterior posterior, and 5 in transverse). 3dMD images of four different facial expressions (repose (R), maximum intercuspation (MIP), posed smile (S), and smile with lips closed (SLC)) were taken at 0hr, 1hr, 24hr, 1wk, 2wk, 3wk, and 4wk time intervals. As a feasibility test, these measurements were taken on a mannequin at the above time intervals. Superimposition of seven 3dMD images for each facial posture per subject was performed for analysis. Error magnitude statistics: mean absolute difference (MAD), standard deviation of the error (SD), Root MeanSquare Error (RMSE), relative error magnitude (REM), technical error magnitude (TEM), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used.3D morphometrics, seven images were taken of mannequin and subjects posing in MIP and posed smile. These images were loaded into an initial software pipeline to generate a closed mesh. Closed mesh were traced for surface curves and finally loaded into a dual pipeline to average those seven images. Color-coded displacement maps were generated from the dual pipeline images to evaluate changes across the seven time points. T-stats was performed to quantify these changes.Results: Measurements on a mannequin confirmed the reliability of all the landmarks and parameters used in this study. For 40 subjects, 3dMD measurements between ST landmarks were reproducible with a random error lower than 1mm except for the distance from cheilion to cheilion (2.79mm). Comparing across the four facial postures, MIP showed the smallest variation with mean absolute difference (MAD) (2.03mm) and SD (0.81mm). S posture had the largest variation with MAD (2.79mm) and SD (1.28mm). For 3D morphometrics, mannequin showed that the t-stats are at near zero on the face. When applying 3D morphometrics for MIP and posed smile, areas around exocanthion, cheilion, and pronasale showed slight variation.Conclusion: 3dMD can perform ST analysis with both accuracy and reproducibility and can be utilized for evaluating ST changes with dental treatment when using advanced technology like 3D morphometrics. Cheilion, alar base, and exocanthion might not be an appropriate landmark to use for ST analysis. R and MIP facial postures are recommended over smile (S or SLC) for more consistent parameter measurements.

Ce mémoire constitue une synthèse des travaux de recherche que j'ai menés à l'Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (Inrets) puis à l'Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (Ifsttar) au sein du Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Mécanique des Chocs (LBMC) depuis janvier 1991. Ils portent essentiellement sur la biomécanique des chocs appliquée à la sécurité passive pour améliorer la protection des usagers des transports routiers. J'ai appliqué mes compétences pour l'évaluation des mannequins de choc. J'ai contribué à apporter des connaissances en biomécanique grâce à des expérimentations sur des corps entiers légués à la science (ex vivo) et sur des pièces anatomiques (côtes, cartilage costal...). Ces expérimentations m'ont permis l'acquisition de résultats en tolérance humaine au choc. J'ai complété ces expérimentations sur corps légués à la science par des observations sur des sujets volontaires in vivo à des niveaux de sollicitations infra lésionnelles, après approbation par les comités d'éthique et de protection des personnes. Ce document synthétise mes travaux qui visent à apporter de nouvelles connaissances en biomécanique des chocs. Ils sont nécessaires pour l'élaboration des normes françaises et internationales, des Directives Européennes, des règlements internationaux, et contribue in fine à l'amélioration de la sécurité routière. Ils contribueront aussi à faire le lien entre le comportement biomécanique ex vivo et in vivo des usagers des transports lors de chargements rapides. Biomechanical behavior of transport users during dynamic loads ex vivo and in vivo