Search

Activists assert that despite recent increases in the percentage of handicapped workers in sectors like finance, progress in ensuring that disabled individuals may find employment in India is painfully slow and that statutory targets are required to compel private enterprises to engage more impaired talent. Despite legislation encouraging diversity in the workplace, people with disabilities still do not have the same access to employment opportunities as individuals without impairments. One billion, or 15%, of the world's population, are thought to have impairments. 80 percent of the population is working age. But it's common for people with disabilities to be denied their right to respectable employment. There are significant psychological, physical, and informational hurdles that prevent people with disabilities, especially women, from enjoying equal chances in the workplace.

Para taekwondo is a combat sport martial art that requires fast reaction times for successful defense during fighting. The current classification system is based on the function and the effective length of the upper limbs, which affects the athlete’s ability to block. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the differences between the different classes in the athlete’s ability to block and move around the ring. A total of 87 Para taekwondo (K42, K43, and K44) athletes’ data were analyzed. Each participant engaged in the blocking reaction time test in a fighting stance with the left leg in front, the right leg in front, and the legs parallel in random order. A foot-stepping reaction test was performed to anlyze how the athletes moved in various directions. The results indicated no significant differences between the classes for the lower body foot stepping reaction times and the upper body blocking performance times. The stimulated blocking time of the Para taekwondo athletes ranged from 0.79 to 0.97 s Furthermore, the neurological group (0.86 ± 0.09 s) was significantly slower than the amputation/dysmelia group (0.81 ± 0.07 s). We thus concluded that the neurologically impaired athletes were disadvantaged and therefore belonged in a separate class.

Background Physical and functional losses due to aging and diseases decrease human mobility, independence, and quality of life. This study is aimed at summarizing and quantifying these losses in order to motivate solutions to overcome them with a special focus on the possibilities by using lower limb exoskeletons. Methods A narrative literature review was performed to determine a broad range of mobility-related physical and functional measures that are affected by aging and selected cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and neurological diseases. Results The study identified that decreases in limb maximum muscle force and power (33% and 49%, respectively, 25–75 yrs) and in maximum oxygen consumption (40%, 20–80 yrs) occur for older adults compared to young adults. Reaction times more than double (18–90 yrs) and losses in the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems were reported. Additionally, we found decreases in steps per day (75%, 60–85 yrs), maximum walking speed (24% 25–75 yrs), and maximum six-minute and self-selected walking speed (38% and 21%, respectively, 20–85 yrs), while we found increases in the number of falls relative to the number of steps per day (800%), injuries due to falls (472%, 30–90 yrs) and deaths caused by fall (4000%, 65–90 yrs). Measures were identified to be worse for individuals with impaired mobility. Additional detrimental effects identified for them were the loss of upright standing and locomotion, freezing in movement, joint stress, pain, and changes in gait patterns. Discussion This review shows that aging and chronic conditions result in wide-ranging losses in physical and sensory capabilities. While the impact of these losses are relatively modest for level walking, they become limiting during more demanding tasks such as walking on inclined ground, climbing stairs, or walking over longer periods, and especially when coupled with a debilitating disease. As the physical and functional parameters are closely related, we believe that lost functional capabilities can be indirectly improved by training of the physical capabilities. However, assistive devices can supplement the lost functional capabilities directly by compensating for losses with propulsion, weight support, and balance support. Conclusions Exoskeletons are a new generation of assistive devices that have the potential to provide both, training capabilities and functional compensation, to enhance human mobility. ISSN:1743-0003

Living with a hearing impairment can have a large impact on a person’slife. There already exists many different aids to help in their life, butas technology advances new solutions can be created to further improvethe life quality for everyone. Two technologies that have advanced andbecome more affordable are Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality(AR). A potential aid for those with a hearing impairment could bea system where speech is converted to text and presented in AR to theuser. Such a system must have an easily read and legible text. In this master thesis legibility and user perception are studied for differenttext presentation in VR. The VR enables a more controlled environmentthan AR. Reading speed, subjective scoring and eye-movementdata are used to analyze the presentations. Lastly, some design recommendationsbased on the findings are presented. The result showed that the legibility was affected by many factors.Middle-layers (layer between the fore- and background) improved thelegibility, especially over complex backgrounds. The size of the textalso affected legibility where the larger text performed the worst. Theoptimal number of lines of text seems to be two. There were variationsbetween the preferred presentations, indicating that a future systemmight seek to accommodate this by some level of customization.

Purpose: Safety data on commonly used herbal medicinal (HM) products (HMPs) and marketed in Ghana are scarce. We assessed the sub-chronic toxicity of three most-patronised commercial antimalarial HMPs in Kumasi, Ghana. Method: Top three HMPs (designated as herbal products ‘A’ (HPA), ‘B’ (HPB) and ‘C’ (HPC)) were selected after a mini-survey and sub-chronic toxicity evaluation conducted in accordance with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 407 guidelines. Control rats received clean water while test groups received daily adult human dose (DAHD), 5× DAHD or 10× DAHD of either HPA, HPB or HPC for 30 days. Rats were killed on day 31 to obtain biochemical, haematology and histology samples for analysis. Data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey’s test. Results: The three HMPs produced alterations in liver morphology predominantly characterised by prominent foci of fatty change with scattered hepatocytes containing intracytoplasmic fat globules and congested central veins and sinusoids. The lungs showed alveolar with evidence of inflammation and foci of epithelial sloughing. Alveolar spaces were also obscured by debris and inflammatory cells. HPA and HPC produced scattered intensely congested heart vessels while HPB(10) produced haemorrhage and amorphous exudates within the heart. All HMPs produced neither treatment-related deaths nor significant change in haematological and biochemical parameters, except for HPA and HPB which decreased (P

Background To date, it is unclear if consumer wearable activity trackers (CWATs), with or without behaviour multi-component strategies, effectively improve adherence to physical activity and health outcomes under free living conditions in populations with chronic diseases. Therefore, we systematically evaluated the efficacy of CWAT-based interventions to promote physical activity levels and cardiometabolic health in populations with chronic diseases. Methods Randomised controlled trials were collected from five bibliographic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and CINAHL). Studies were eligible for inclusion if they evaluated a CWAT-based counselling intervention versus control intervention among patients with chronic respiratory diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, overweight/obesity, cognitive disorders, or sedentary older adults. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Results After deduplication 8147 were identified of which 35 studies met inclusion criteria (chronic respiratory diseases: 7, type 2 diabetes mellitus: 12, cardiovascular diseases: 6, overweight/obesity: 3, cognitive disorders: 1, sedentary older adults: 6). Compared to control groups, CWAT-based interventions significantly increased physical activity by 2123 steps per day (95% confidence interval [CI], [1605–2641]; p p p = 0.002). Conclusion CWAT-based interventions increase physical activity and have beneficial effects on important health-related outcomes such as systolic blood pressure, waist circumference and LDL cholesterol concentration in patients with chronic diseases.

Introduction: Enzymatic debridement for mixed depth and full thickness burns is gaining recognition as an important technique available to the burns surgeon. Reductions in blood loss, the need for autologous skin grafting and the number of wounds requiring surgical excision are among the benefits of this evolving treatment modality. We present a case of successful treatment using enzymatic debridement of mixed depth flame burns in a young patient with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Methods: A 24-year-old man with rapidly progressive limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis suffered approximately 6% mixed depth flame burns to the right leg including areas of likely deep partial thickness burn totalling approximately 2% total body surface area (TBSA). Enzymatic debridement using Nexobrid™ was performed under spinal anaesthesia in accordance with unit protocol. Pain was well controlled and at 4 h the Nexobrid™ was removed and replaced with saline-soaked gauze initially then simple dressings. After liaison with Rheumatology, he was also started on iloprost infusions over five days. He was discharged home on day 9 and completely healed by day 31. Scarring was minimal, the skin was soft and full, and pain-free range of movement of the right knee was maintained. Discussion and Conclusion: This case demonstrates the safety and effectiveness of enzymatic debridement of mixed depth burns in a patient with very compromised wound healing. Enzymatic debridement combined with iloprost infusion provided maximum preservation of viable dermis. The authors recommend that this treatment strategy is considered in similar cases., Lay summary This case report describes a patient with a flame burn injury to the leg who was successfully treated using an enzyme-based topical formulation. This product is increasingly being used to treat burn injuries of varying severity. The patient had a pre-existing medical condition (scleroderma) which means that they have a significantly impaired ability to heal wounds following injury. The patient was also treated with a drug (iloporost) which can help wound healing in patients with this medical condition. The topical enzyme used in this case is likely to have preserved all the viable tissue in the injured leg. This combined with the drug treatment (iloprost) helped heal the burn successfully with no complications and possibly eliminated the need for surgery.

В статті представлені індикатори палеотиску для осадочних порід. Розроблений коефіцієнт пластичності (питомої порушеності, Кпл, мм-1) та коефіцієнт відносної порушеності (Кп, %). Ці показники фіксують максимальні напруги, які витримали породи в зоні найбільшого стискування. Їх можна використовувати для визначення порушених зон, виділення підстадій катагенезу, стадіального аналізу. Для підвищення якості виділення мікродеформацій розроблений метод бокового освітлення, суть якого викладена в статті., В статье представлены индикаторы палеодавлений для осадочных пород. Разработан коэффициент пластичности (удельной нарушенности, Кпл, мм-1) и коэффициент относительной нарушенности (Кн, %). Эти показатели фиксируют максимальные напряжения, которые претерпела порода в зоне наибольшего сжатия. Их можно использовать для определения нарушенных зон, выделения подстадий катагенеза, стадиального анализа. Для повышения качества выделения микродеформаций разработан метод бокового освещения, суть которого изложена в статье., The article presents the indicators of paleosuppression for sedimentary rocks. The coefficient of ductility (specific impairment, Kpl, mm-1) and the coefficient of relative impairment (Кi,%) have been developed. These indicators fix the maximum stresses that the rock under the greatest compression has undergone. They can be used to identify disturbed zones, the selection of substages of catagenesis, and staging. To improve the quality of microdeformation, a lateral lighting method has been developed, the essence of which is set forth in the article..

The aim of this research is to explore visually impaired children's balance characteristics and determine whether a difference occurs in the static and dynamic balance of visually impaired children who do not make sport. The example taken to conduct and swimming team between the ages 13-15 who participate in tournaments, 10 male students who engage in sport comprised the test group and 10 youths who did not sport were the control group. To retrieve information regarding the static and dynamic function of visually impaired youths, the flamingo balance test one foot balance test balance board test, jumping test, balance maintaining test and dynamic balance test were applied.3 static 3 dynamic test batteries were used during the chosen test.In the research that was conducted ,whereas little difference was noted in the flamingo balance test , one foot balance test, balance board test, jumping test and dynamic balance test(p

The main goal of early detection of hearing impairment in children is early intervention. There is growing interest in early detection of hearing impairment in developing countries. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the spoken language development in severe to profound hearing impaired children and compared their speech intelligibility with normal hearing children at the same age. Nine severe to profound hearing impaired children below 2 years old out of the primer 42 cases were selected for this survey. They receive aural habilitation and also speech therapy after beginning the speech production. Speech intelligibility test of these children was recorded on audio-tape, when they read five questions which can be answered with one word only, at the age of 4, 5 and 6 in comparison with 27 normal hearing children at the same age. At the age of 4 the mean speech intelligibility score of the studied group was 31.77% (SD 12.17) and the control was %96 (SD 2.23). At the age of 5, this score was %51.22 (SD 14.42), the control one 97.85% (SD 1.93). Finally at age 6 it was 72% (SD 18.97) for hearing–impaired group and 99.22% (SD 1.18) in control one. Severe to profound hearing impaired children acquired spoken language but not at the same level. In general, their speech development showed about 2 to 3 years delay. Their speech intelligibility was acceptable for severe group around the age 6 but almost semi–intelligible for profound group at the same age.

Ausgangslage: Geistig behinderte Kinder leiden häufiger an Schmerzen als kognitiv intakte Kinder. Die Schmerzen von geistig behinderten Kindern sind schwer zu erfassen, da sie nicht in der Lage sind adäquate Schmerz-Äusserungen zumachen. IhreSchmerzen müssen daher anhand ihres Verhaltens analysiert werden. Fragestellung und Ziel: Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit drei Assessmentinstrumenten für behinderte Kinder im postoperativen Setting (NCCPC-PV, (r)FLACC, PPP). Die Fragestellung der Arbeit lautet: „Welche Schmerz-Assessmentinstrumente sind für Kinder im postoperativen Setting im Alter von 4 bis 18 Jahren mit einer schweren geistigen Behinderung geeignet?“. Die Arbeit hat zum Ziel eine Empfehlung für die Praxis abgeben zu können. Methode: Anhand einer Literaturrecherche wurden die drei häufigsten Assessmentinstrumente eruiert und es zeigten sich pro Assessmentinstrument zwei geeignete evidenzbasierte Studien. Relevante Ergebnisse: Alle drei Assessmentinstrumente sind valide und reliabel. Die Assessmentinstrumente haben einen ähnlichen Aufbau. In vielen Studien wirdeine Schwierigkeit bezüglich des Assessments anhand der Extremitäten und ein gute Übereinstimmung bezüglich des Assessments anhand des Gesichts festgestellt. Einige Studien zeigen auf, dass viele behinderte Kinder individuelle Schmerz-Verhaltensmuster aufweisen. Schlussfolgerung: Alle analysierten Assessmentinstrumentesind für das postoperative Setting geeignet. Für die Praxisempfiehlt sich ein Assessmentinstrument, welches über eine Standardisierung verfügt undindividuelle Schmerz-Verhaltensmuster integrieren kann.

Yüksek Lisans Tezi Yök Merkezi No:407220, Özür/engel realitesi, kökleri insanlık tarihi kadar eskilere dayanan ve fakat tarih boyu belki de en fazla ihmal görmüş bir vakıadır. O kadar ki geçmişte pek çok inanç engellileri toplumun sırtında bir yük olarak telakki ederken, bazı inançlara göre de engelliler lanetlenmiş kişiler demek olduğu için öldürülmüşlerdir. İlkesel olarak adalet ve kolaylık prensiplerini düstur edinen İslam dininin emirleri, mükelleflerin takat ve yeterlilikleri düzeyindedir. Nitekim bu ilkenin bir iz düşümü olarak, İslam Hukukunda özür sahiplerinin durumları dikkate alınmış, insanların özürleri nispetince mükellefiyetlerinde kolaylıklar sağlanmıştır. Zira İslam, engel mefhumunu kul açısından bir imtihan şekli olarak görmekte, ayrıca sağladığı kolaylıklarla engellileri ötelemeyip muhatap aldığını, dolayısıyla bu bireylere verdiği değeri ortaya koymaktadır. Görme engelinin yaygın dört mezhep ekseninde hükme tesir boyutunun incelendiği bu çalışmada; söz konusu engelin ibâdetler, medeni hukuk, ceza hukuku, cihad, kurban kesme, cizye, kadılık ve devlet başkanlığı sahalarında etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir., The reality of disabled people as old as the history of mankind and yet is a fact that is perhaps neglected throughout history. So much so that in the history according to some beliefs impaired people were regarded as a burden on the society, and according to some others peoples with disabilities were killed because they were regarded as cursed. Islamic religious orders, that have the principles of justice and ease in their core, are according to the capacity and competence of human beings. Indeed, as a projection of this principle disabilities have been taken into account in Islamic law and people's with disabilities are provided a considerable proportion of ease. According to Islam, the notion of disability is seen as a trial for human beings and Islam addresses people with disabilities with ease and thus reveals the value given to these individuals. This dissertation examines the effect of visual impairment on legal rulings according to the four schools of law in Islam. It was determined that the effect of visual impairment has an effect on the ruling regarding the fields of worship, civil law, criminal law, jihad, sacrifice, jizyah, judiciary and head of the state.

El proceso lector es una de las habilidades cognitivas que permiten al ser humano desentrañar el mensaje que proporcionan los autores, a través de signos gráficos, en un texto determinado. Aprehender esos signos representa un acto intelectivo importante, que se inicia por la receptación a través de los exteroceptores; estos como terminaciones nerviosas responden a estímulos provenientes del exterior. Las sensaciones son percibidas por medio de los corpúsculos, fundamentalmente los de Meissner, receptores que están en cápsulas de tejido conjuntivo y están distribuidos entre las distintas capas de la piel. Los videntes lo hacen a través del ojo, encargado de convertir vibraciones electromagnéticas de la luz en impulsos nerviosos específicos que son transmitidos al cerebro a través del nervio óptico. Así entonces, se ha tratado de explicar, desde la literatura científica, médica, cómo, con apoyo en los dedos, los invidentes realizan el proceso de lectura. The reading process is one of the cognitive abilities that enable humans to unravel the message provided by the authors, through graphic signs in a given text. Apprehend those signs represent an important intellectual act, which is initiated by the receiving through exteroceptors; such as nerve endings respond to stimuli from abroad. The sensations are perceived by the corpuscles, mainly those of Meissner receptors which are conjunctive tissue capsule and distributed between the different layers of the skin. Seers make it through the eye responsible for converting electromagnetic vibrations of light in specific nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. So then, he has tried to explain, from a scientific, medical literature, how to support the fingers, the blind made the reading process. Le processus de lecture est une des capacités cognitives qui permet aux êtres-humains de démêler le message fourni par les auteurs, grâce à des signes graphiques dans un texte quelconque. Appréhender ces signes est un acte intellectuel important, qui est initiée par la réception d’extérocepteurs; ceci en tant que terminaisons nerveuses qui répondent à des stimuli extérieurs. Les sensations sont perçues par de corpuscules, principalement ceux de Meissnern, récepteurs qui se trouvent dans les capsules de tissu conjonctif et qui sont réparties entre les différentes couches de la peau. Les personnes à vison normal le font à travers l’œil qui est le responsable de la conversion des vibrations électromagnétiques de la lumière en impulsions nerveuses spécifiques qui après sont transmises au cerveau par le nerf optique. De cette façon, il est possible d’expliquer, à partir d’une littérature médicale scientifique, de quelle façon et avec l’appui des doigts, les aveugles réalisent le processus de lecture. 74-92 adriancontreras@ula.ve rafaell@ula.ve

Purpose: to develop information technology for technical and tactical training of skilled basketball players with hearing impairments. Material : the study involved 24 women's national team athletes Ukrainian Basketball hearing impaired (age - 25-30 years). Technical protocols were processed 12 games from the World Cup and Europe, XXII Summer Deaflympics. Fixed number of shots and hit free throws, steals, rebounds and on its offensive rebounds, fouls and errors. Results : the developed system of tactical training basketball players with hearing impairments. Accentuation was made of the prevalence of method visibility while developing tactical interactions. The main result was the development of the author's method of video tutorials with animated illustrations. Also, use the lamp LS Line-3-65-12-C to control the training process athletes. Conclusions : there was a significant improvement in competitive activity athletes. Athletes performed significantly more hits from the foul line and successful shots from long range compared to main rivals. Also increased the number of interceptions in games. Application of information technology had an impact on the competitive result: basketball team of Ukraine took the second place in the Deaflympics in Sofia in 2013., Цель: разработать информационные технологии для технико-тактической подготовки квалифицированных баскетболисток с нарушением слуха. Материал: в исследовании приняли участие 24 спортсменки женской сборной команды Украины по баскетболу с нарушениями слуха(возраст - 25-30 лет). Были обработаны технические протоколы 12 игр с Чемпионата мира и Европы, XXII летних Дефлимпийских игр. Фиксировалось количество бросков и попаданий штрафных, перехватов, подборов на своем и на чужом щите, ошибок и фолов. Результаты: разработана система тактической подготовки баскетболисток с нарушением слуха. Была сделана акцентуация на преобладание метода наглядности при освоении тактических взаимодействий. Основным результатом метода стала разработка авторского видеопособия с анимационными иллюстрациями. Также использование светильника LS Line-3-65-12-C для управления тренировочным процессом спортсменок. Выводы: наблюдалось достоверное улучшение показателей соревновательной деятельности спортсменок. Спортсменки достоверно больше выполнили попаданий со штрафной линии и успешных бросков с дальней дистанции по сравнению с основными соперниками. Также повысилось количество перехватов в играх. Применение информационных технологий отразилось и на соревновательном результате: баскетболистки сборной команды Украины заняли второе место на Дефлимпийских играх в Софии 2013 года., Мета: розробити інформаційні технології для техніко-тактичної підготовки кваліфікованих баскетболісток з порушенням слуху. Матеріал : у дослідженні взяли участь 24 спортсменки жіночої збірної команди України з баскетболу з порушеннями слуху (вік - 25-30 років). Були оброблені технічні протоколи 12 ігор з Чемпіонату світу та Європи, XXII літніх Дефлімпійських ігор. Фіксувалося кількість кидків і влучень штрафних, перехоплень, підбирань на своєму і на чужому щиті, помилок і фолів. Результати : розроблено систему тактичної підготовки баскетболісток з порушенням слуху. Була зроблена акцентуація на переважання методу наочності при освоєнні тактичних взаємодій. Основним результатом методу стала розробка авторського відеопосібника з анімаційними ілюстраціями. Також використання світильника LS Line-3-65-12-C для керування тренувальним процесом спортсменок. Висновки : спостерігалося достовірне поліпшення показників змагальної діяльності спортсменок. Спортсменки достовірно більше виконали влучень зі штрафної лінії і успішних кидків з дальньої дистанції в порівнянні з основними суперниками. Також підвищилася кількість перехоплень в іграх. Застосування інформаційних технологій відбилося і на змагальному результаті: баскетболістки збірної команди України посіли друге місце на Дефлімпійських іграх у Софії 2013 року.

https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cpd_blog/1239/thumbnail.jpg

The main idea in this rehabilitation program, that we wont to present, is it imitate the development of the usual children's population. Since 1978. this program was apply during the rehabilitation process in ORL Clinic at Department for Audiology rehabilitation. This program have three phases adaptation, development of the communication and speech development. Authors wants to introduce concept that based on the verbal method, by conception very similar to John Tracy Clinic and Galoudet College in USA (individual treatment, parent as active member of the rehabilitation teem...) and some elements of Piaget's Theory of Senzorimotori (Cognitive) Development. The results are related on 600 hearing impaired children's, at 7 year old rehabilitated by this program. We are going to show a number of children which they start education in regular schools (which we are observed as criteria for successful results at this age) with normal hearing population. Osnovna ideja na kojoj je bazirana rana rehabilitacija dece oštećenog sluha prema konceptu koji želimo da prikažemo u ovom radu, je oponašanje razvoja dece opšte populacije. Proces rahabilitacije prema konceptu koji prikazujemo i koji se koristi od 1979. god na ORL Klinici, odeljenje za Audiološku rehabilitaciju, (tj. u modifikovanoj formi, od 1967. g i formiranja Centra za sluh i govor Sveti Sava, i prvih projekata na temu karakteristika i aspekata gluvoće i nagluvosti). Prema ovom programu rana rehabilitacija odvija se u tri faze: adaptacija, razvoj komunikacije i razvoj govora i jezika. Cilj ovog rada je da podsetimo i ukažemo na inovacije u teorijskom i programskom konceptu sistema rehabilitacije, verbalnom metodom, koja se konceptualno oslanja na način rada Džon Trejsi klinike i Galodet Koledža (individualan rad, roditelj aktivan učesnik, itd), a zasnovana je na elementima Pijažeovoe teorije senzomotornog razvoja. Osim toga, ukazaćemo na program, ciljeve i trajanje svake faze u rehabilitaciji i na promene do kojih je dovelo pomeranje uzrasta detekcije i dijagnostike patologije sluha. Rezultati se odnose na oko 300 do sada rehabilitovane dece oštećenog sluha po ovom programu, na uzrastu do sedme godine starosti. Osim toga biće prikazani i podaci o učestalosti upisa ove dece u redovnu školu, što se posmatra kao stepen uspešnosti rehabilitacije na ovom uzrastu.

Jau XVIII-XIX amžių sandūroje Lietuvoje filantropiniais pagrindais buvo pradėta rūpintis vaikų, turinčių klausos sutrikimų, specialiuoju ugdymu, jų socialine adaptacija. Vis dėlto Lietuva, sutikdama XX amžių, neturėjo neįgaliesiems skirtų ugdymo įstaigų. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama apžvelgti neįgaliųjų vaikų ir kitų asmenų socialinę padėtį ir jų specialiojo ugdymo organizavimą: tarpukario Lietuvos nepriklausomybės metais, pirmaisiais sovietų ir nacių okupacijos, antrosios sovietinės okupacijos metais ir po Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atgavimo 1990 m. iki XX a. pabaigos. Darbas su neįgaliaisiais bei rūpinimasis neįgaliųjų specialiuoju ugdymu nenutrūko visais šiais periodais. Net sovietinės okupacijos metais vyko spartus specialiųjų ikimokyklinių ir mokyklinių įstaigų steigimas. Buvo organizuojamas mokslinis tiriamasis, mokslinis metodinis darbas specialiosios pedagogikos bei psichologijos srityse. Atgimimo metais neįgaliųjų specialusis ugdymas pradėtas organizuoti Vakarų Europos, Skandinavijos šalių, JAV, Kanados ir kitų šalių pavyzdžiu. Pereita nuo standartizuoto prie individualizuoto, integruoto neįgaliųjų specialiojo ugdymo organizavimo. Special education and social adaptation of hearing impaired children in Lithuania started at the turn of the 19th century on philanthropic grounds. Nevertheless, Lithuania met the 20th century with no educational institution for the impaired. The paper seeks to survey the social situation of the impaired and other persons through the organization of their special education: in the period of Lithuania‘s independence (1918-1940), first Soviet and Nazis occupation (1940-1944), the second Soviet occupation (1944-1990) and after the restoration of independence in 1990 until the end of the 20th c. Concern for the education and care of children with impaired hearing was evident in all the periods. Even in the Soviet period special pre-school and school institutions for such children were established for which special teachers were prepared and research work was carried out in the fields of special education and psychology. After the restoration of independence training of the impaired was organized on the example of Western countries with greater attention to individualized rather than standardized treatment.

Background Physical and functional losses due to aging and diseases decrease human mobility, independence, and quality of life. This study is aimed at summarizing and quantifying these losses in order to motivate solutions to overcome them with a special focus on the possibilities by using lower limb exoskeletons. Methods A narrative literature review was performed to determine a broad range of mobility-related physical and functional measures that are affected by aging and selected cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and neurological diseases. Results The study identified that decreases in limb maximum muscle force and power (33% and 49%, respectively, 25–75 yrs) and in maximum oxygen consumption (40%, 20–80 yrs) occur for older adults compared to young adults. Reaction times more than double (18–90 yrs) and losses in the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems were reported. Additionally, we found decreases in steps per day (75%, 60–85 yrs), maximum walking speed (24% 25–75 yrs), and maximum six-minute and self-selected walking speed (38% and 21%, respectively, 20–85 yrs), while we found increases in the number of falls relative to the number of steps per day (800%), injuries due to falls (472%, 30–90 yrs) and deaths caused by fall (4000%, 65–90 yrs). Measures were identified to be worse for individuals with impaired mobility. Additional detrimental effects identified for them were the loss of upright standing and locomotion, freezing in movement, joint stress, pain, and changes in gait patterns. Discussion This review shows that aging and chronic conditions result in wide-ranging losses in physical and sensory capabilities. While the impact of these losses are relatively modest for level walking, they become limiting during more demanding tasks such as walking on inclined ground, climbing stairs, or walking over longer periods, and especially when coupled with a debilitating disease. As the physical and functional parameters are closely related, we believe that lost functional capabilities can be indirectly improved by training of the physical capabilities. However, assistive devices can supplement the lost functional capabilities directly by compensating for losses with propulsion, weight support, and balance support. Conclusions Exoskeletons are a new generation of assistive devices that have the potential to provide both, training capabilities and functional compensation, to enhance human mobility., Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 16 (1), ISSN:1743-0003