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В статье изучена связь таких понятий, как «война», «вооруженный конфликт» и «патриотизм». Патриотизм является основой морального фактора, формирующего не только боевой дух войск, но и национальное самосознание граждан той или иной страны — участницы боевых действий. Целью данной статьи стало проведение сравнительного анализа, изучение и осмысление различных по своей сути проявлений патриотизма в периоды Первой и Второй мировых войн, а также 1-й и 2-й Карабахских войн. Патриотизм — явление социальное и политическое. Ярким примером ложного патриотизма, основанного на оборонительной политике, пропагандируемой населению, является Германия времен как Первой, так и Второй мировых войн. Этапы формирования патриотизма в различных политических формациях существенно отличаются друг от друга. Основным показателем выступает воспитание подрастающего поколения в духе патриотизма и любви к своей Родине. Нагорный Карабах являлся спорной территорией, которая не раз становилась причиной начала кровопролитных стычек между представителями Азербайджана и Армении. В статье рассмотрены военные столкновения, проходившие на этой территории в 1992—1994 гг. и в сентябре — ноябре 2020 г. (44-дневная война), проведено сравнение патриотического настроения граждан Азербайджана. И можно утверждать, что моральный дух, а вместе с тем и патриотизм граждан страны в военное время прямо пропорционален степени внешней угрозы государству: чем она выше, тем сильнее мобилизуется патриотический ресурс, выражающийся в чувстве любви к своему Отечеству, желании его защитить и отстоять родную культуру, быт, обычаи, семью., The article explores the connection between such concepts as “war”, “armed conflict” and “patriotism”. Patriotism is the basis of the moral factor that forms not only the fighting spirit of the troops, but also the national consciousness of the citizens of one or another country participating in the hostilities. The purpose of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis, study and comprehend various manifestations of patriotism in their essence during the First and Second World wars, as well as the First and Second Karabakh wars. Patriotism is a social and political phenomenon. A striking example of false patriotism based on a defensive policy propagated to the population is Germany during both World Wars I and II. The stages of the formation of patriotism in various political formations differ significantly from each other. The main indicator is the upbringing of the younger generation in the spirit of patriotism and love for their homeland. Nagorno-Karabakh was a disputed territory, which more than once became the reason for the beginning of bloody clashes between representatives of Azerbaijan and Armenia. The article examines the military clashes that took place in this territory in 1992—1994 and in September — November 2020 (44-day war), comparisons are made of the patriotic mood of Azerbaijani citizens. And it can be argued that the morale, and at the same time the patriotism of the citizens of the country in wartime is directly proportional to the degree of external threat to the state: the higher it is, the more the patriotic resource is mobilized, expressed in the feeling of love for their Fatherland, the desire to protect it and defend their native culture, life, customs, family., Бизнес. Образование. Право, Выпуск 1 (58) 2022

Military rabbis in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) are an integral part of the army and currently posted in almost all army units. The role of the military rabbi has undergone fundamental changes since the founding of the State and the IDF, most notably in the past generation. While the formal definition of the military rabbi&rsquo, s role has remained relatively stable, in practice it has undergone dramatic changes on the backdrop of processes in the IDF Military Rabbinate and in the religious-Zionist sector in Israel. Whereas in the past military rabbis were viewed as religious service providers, during the term of Chief Military Rabbi Rontzky (2010&ndash, 2016) they viewed themselves in the role of a &ldquo, Kohen anointed for war&rdquo, (Meshuach Milchama). Harking back to the biblical description of the Kohanim who strengthen the people at a time of war, this military figure is entrusted with strengthening soldiers, morally and spiritually, before they go into battle. Nonetheless, a return to the religious services provider model can be discerned in recent years, mainly in response to the contention of religionization in the military. The article focuses on the changing role of the IDF military rabbi and identifies three major explanatory factors of these changes: (a) Differences between the formative period of the IDF Military Rabbinate and later periods, (b) Demographic changes in the composition of the IDF, mainly the growing number of soldiers from the national-religious sector, (c) The changing character of the Chief Military Rabbi&rsquo, s background which affected the nature of the military rabbi&rsquo, s role. The article aims to show that the Military Rabbinate has not been immune to the struggle over the collective Jewish identity of the State of Israel, and its underlying processes reflect the complexity and diversity of Israeli society.

Here have been conducted analyses the correlation categories of the “morale spirit” and “moral psychological state”. It defines essence, content, estimate and sense of morale spirit of personnel. It has been determined the main directions of the personnels achievements and maintenance of a high morale spirit., Проведено аналіз співвідношення категорій “моральний дух” і “морально-психологічний стан”. Розглянуто сутність, зміст, оцінювання та значення морального духу особового складу. Визначено основні напрями досягнення та підтримання високого морального духу особового складу.

Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka och skapa djupare förståelse för hur begreppet grit framställs som motiv i klassisk barnlitteratur. Grit kan definieras som "the disposition to pursue long-term goals with sustained interest and effort over time" (Duckworth et al, 2014, s. 2). Analysens utgångspunkt är bland annat Angela Duckworths teorier om grit och Ethan Ris diskursanalys av grit. Undersökningen har ett litteratursociologiskt perspektiv och begagnar sig av speglingsteorin, som handlar om hur litteraturen speglar samhället. Det här är ett examensarbete som skrivs inom lärarprogrammet, därför studeras också vilken koppling grit har till studier i litteraturen. De frågor som ställs är hur grit framställs i persongestaltningen av karaktärerna, samt vilka samband som finns mellan grit, social klass och genus i texterna. De klassiska barnböcker som analyseras är Huckleberry Finns äventyr, Huset vid Plommonån, En liten prinsessa och Kulla-Gulla. Resultatet av analysen är att klassikerna har didaktisk användbarhet, både i skolans värdegrundsarbete och för att inspirera till grit. Motivet grit tycks dyka upp som mest när karaktärerna brottas med fattigdom och gestaltas ofta som ett utövande av självkontroll. Skönlitteraturen innehåller även oväntade och intressanta skildringar av strategier för grit. The purpose of this study is to investigate and create a deeper understanding of how the concept of grit is portrayed as a motif in classical children's literature. Grit can be defined as "the disposition to pursue long-term goals with sustained interest and effort over time" (Duckworth et al, 2014, p. 2). The analysis is, among other things, based on Angela Duckworths theories on grit and Ethan Ris' analysis of the discourse of grit. The study has a perspective of literary sociology and applies the mirror theory, which describes how literature mirrors society. This is a thesis written within the teacher's education and therefore the literary connection between grit and academic studies will be investigated as well. The questions asked are how grit is portrayed in the forming of the characters, and what the connections are between grit, social class and gender in the texts. The classical children's books analyzed are the following: Huckleberry Finn, On the Banks of Plum Creek, A Little Princess and Anna All Alone. The result of the analysis is that the classics have didactic usefulness, both in the school's work with core ethical values and in order to inspire grit. The motif grit seems to appear the most when the characters struggle with poverty and is often portrayed as an exercise of self-control. The fiction also contains unexpected and interesting depictions of strategies for grit.

The psychological impact of a cancer diagnosis can extend through treatment, well into cancer survivorship and can be influenced by a range of psychosocial resources. At different stages in this trajectory, optimism is known to affect wellbeing directly. This study focusing upon the potential to flourish after cancer, investigates the relationship between optimism and positive affect during cancer survivorship together with four possible mediators: social support, fighting spirit, internal health locus of control and cancer worry, all of which have been shown to be important predictors of well-being in cancer patients. Participants (n = 102) from online cancer forums completed standardized questionnaires, and path analysis confirmed that optimism had a direct effect on positive affect in cancer survivors. Social support and fighting spirit were also shown to be significant mediators of this relationship, accounting collectively for 50% of the variance in positive affect.Whilst cancer worry and internal health locus of control could be predicted from levels of optimism, they did notmediate the optimism–positive affect relationship. Efforts to promote optimismand thus encourage fighting spirit at diagnosis through treatment may be worthwhile interventions, as would ensuring appropriate social support through the trajectory.

The aggressiveness of Roman soldiers and the frequent exposure of their bodies in battle are often accounted for by the ancient ideal of uirtus. Ancient texts however present a more balanced image of the consequences of such behaviors. The relationship between fighting glory and wounds is complex and the wounded soldier was more often suspected of wrongdoing than praised for his bravery. This article aims at revealing that military and political priorities are underestimated in the elaboration of bodily norms. The need for self-protection is an obsession which is considered as particularly Roman. The preservation of a symbolic “citizen’s body” even appears in political language. A reappraisal of the Roman outlook on the soldier’s body shows that only specific kinds of soldiers were allowed to take risks and that common soldiers were simply ordered to hold their positions., L’idéal de la uirtus est souvent convoqué afin de souligner l’agressivité des soldats romains et l’exposition fréquente de leurs corps au cœur de la violence de guerre. Toutefois, les récits antiques livrent une image plus nuancée des conséquences de tels comportements. Les rapports entre gloire combattante et blessures sont complexes et le soldat estropié porte fréquemment en sa chair le soupçon de la faute, plus que de la bravoure. Cette analyse entend donc montrer que les impératifs militaires et politiques ne doivent pas être sous-estimés dans l’élaboration des normes corporelles. Ainsi, la nécessité de se protéger est une obsession présentée comme proprement romaine. La préservation d’un « corps du citoyen » plus symbolique pénètre la phraséologie politique. Réévaluer le regard romain sur le corps du soldat permet de mettre en exergue des divergences entre les prescriptions faites aux meneurs d’hommes et à la troupe.