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The accumulation of organic pollutants in vegetables is a major global food safety issue. The concentrations of pollutants in vegetables usually differ across different tissues because of different transport and accumulation pathways. However, owing to the limitations of conventional methods, in situ localization of typical organic pollutants such as phthalate esters (PAEs) in plant tissues has not yet been studied. Here, we developed a quick and efficient method for in situ detection and imaging of the spatial distribution of PAEs in a typical root vegetable, carrot, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). The use of a 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid matrix with a spray-sublimation coating method led to the successful identification of PAEs ion signals. The IMS results showed that a typical PAE-di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was broadly distributed in the cortex, phloem, and metaxylem, but was barely detectable in the cambium and protoxylem. Interestingly, MALDI-IMS data also revealed for the first time the spatial distribution of sugars and β-carotene in carrots. In summary, the developed method offers a new and practical methodology for the in situ analysis of PAEs and plant metabolites in plant tissues. As a result, it could provide a more intuitive understanding of the movement and transformation of organic pollutants in soil-plant systems.

Three garden vegetables—radish, carrot and lettuce—were cultivated in a pot experiment using two soils from the Příbram area polluted mainly by cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). The soils of the Příbram district, Czech Republic, are heavily polluted as a result of the atmospheric deposition of toxic elements originating from historic lead–silver mining and smelting activities. The results showed that lettuce absorbed the highest amounts of toxic elements (Cd 28 and 30, Cr 12 and 13, Zn 92 and 205 mg·kg−1 DW), except Pb, which was higher in radish (30 and 49 mg·kg−1 DW). Changes in macronutrient contents in edible parts were not found, except for sulfur. A higher total free amino acids (fAAs) accumulation was shown in all vegetables in more contaminated soil, with the highest fAA content being in radish. A group of essential fAAs reached 7–24% of total fAAs in vegetables. The risk to human health was characterized using the target hazard quotient and total hazard index (HI). The cumulative effect of the consumption of vegetables with HI > 1 showed possible non-carcinogenic health effects for lettuce and carrot. HI decreased in the order Cd > Pb > Cr > Zn. The carcinogenic risk of toxic elements decreased in the order Cd > Cr > Pb (0.00054, 0.00026, 0.00003). These values showed a carcinogenic risk from the consumption of lettuce and carrot and confirmed that the adult population of the studied area is at high risk if lettuce and carrot cultivated in this area are consumed daily.

Diabetes is a group of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by a high level of glucose in urine. Evidence supports the use of whole-grain foods, vegetables, and fruits, and foods with a low glycemic index in the management of diabetes. Ten (10) blends of wheat-sorghum flour supplemented with mung bean malt and carrot flour were used for bread production and evaluated for proximate composition. Three bread samples with protein contents of 18% or higher were tested for antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Bread samples containing 30% mung bean malt and 5% carrot flour had the highest protein (22.88%), ash (2.41%), and fiber (3.60%) contents that differed significantly (

Parthenium hysterophorus is conventionally used to treat urinary tract infections, joint pain, and hyperglycaemia. This study evaluates the reno-curative effects of methanolic extract of P. hysterophorus (MEPH) in paracetamol-induced nephrotoxic rabbits. Thirty male rabbits were divided into V groups: Group I served as the negative control. Group-II to V were treated with 2 g/kg of paracetamol to induce nephrotoxicity. Group II served as paracetamol (PCM) intoxicated control. Group III till V were fed orally with the following treatments: III paracetamol (PCM) 40 mg/kg MEPH; IV PCM+80 mg/kg MEPH; V PCM+Cystone (5 ml/kg), respectively, for 14 days. The body weight of all animals was recorded on days 1, 7 and 14. All the animals were dissected on the 14th day and blood, urine and kidneys were collected. The results showed that P. hysterophorus had no effect on body weight but lowered urea and creatinine levels and brought urine parameters back to the normal range in experimental groups of PCM-induced nephrotoxic rabbits. The 80 mg/kg dose of MEPH reduced urea and creatinine levels and normalized urine parameters more effectively compared to low doses of MEPH and the standard drug, i.e., Cystone. Kidney histopathological studies exhibited that 80 mg/kg of MEPH repaired paracetamol-induced renal damage, whereas Cystone only provided reno protection as no repair in damaged tissue was investigated in histopathology of Cystone treated animals. The results suggested that P. hysterophorus exhibited significant reno-curative activity on paracetamol-induced nephrotoxic rabbits.

Herein, we investigate the phytogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) by using aqueous extract of seed coat of almond as a novel resource which can acts as a stabilizing and reducing agents. Successful biosynthesis of ZnO-NPs was observed by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) showing peak at ~272 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques confirm the circular shape with an average size of ~20 nm. Applications of ZnO-NPs were observed on carrot (Daucus carota) plant infected with pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Spray with 50 ppm and 100 ppm ZnO-NPs caused significant increase in plant growth attributes and photosynthetic pigments of carrot plants. It has been reported that the synthesized ZnO-NPs demonstrated an inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungus R. solani and reduces disease in carrot plants. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy indicated adverse effect of ZnO-NPs on pathogens. Antifungal efficiency of ZnO-NPs was further explained with help of molecular docking analysis. Conformation with highest negative binding energy was used to predict binding site of receptor with NPs to know mechanistic approach. ZnO-NPs are likely to interact with the pathogens by mechanical enfolding which may be one of the major toxicity actions against R. solani by ZnO-NPs. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using waste material from the coat of almond seeds. Images from SEM, TEM, and related techniques like EDS and SAED revealed the irregularity of the ZnO NPs as well as their atom composition. FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the formation and the presence of crystalline ZnO NPs in nature. Biogenic ZnONPs were found to be effective against the plant pathogenic fungus R. solani. A spray of 50 ppm and 100 ppm ZnO-NPs significantly increased carrot plant growth characteristics and photosynthetic pigments.

The present study characterized a genetically and phenotypically diverse collection of 27 purple and two non-purple (one orange and one yellow) carrot accessions for concentration of root anthocyanins, phenolics, and carotenoids, and antioxidant capacity estimated by four different methods (ORAC, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP), in a partially replicated experimental design comprising data from two growing seasons (2018 and 2019). Broad and significant (p < 0.0001) variation was found among the accessions for all the traits. Acylated anthocyanins (AA) predominated over non-acylated anthocyanins (NAA) in all the accessions and years analyzed, with AA accounting for 55.5–100% of the total anthocyanin content (TAC). Anthocyanins acylated with ferulic acid and coumaric acid were the most abundant carrot anthocyanins. In general, black or solid purple carrots had the greatest TAC and total phenolic content (TPC), and the strongest antioxidant capacities, measured by all methods. Antioxidant capacity, estimated by all methods, was significantly, positively, and moderately-to-strongly correlated with the content of all individual anthocyanins pigments, TAC, and TPC, in both years (r = 0.59–0.90, p < 0.0001), but not with the carotenoid pigments lutein and β-carotene; suggesting that anthocyanins and other phenolics, but not carotenoids, are major contributors of the antioxidant capacity in purple carrots. We identified accessions with high concentration of chemically stable AA, with potential value for the production of food dyes, and accessions with relatively high content of bioavailable NAA that can be selected for increased nutraceutical value (e.g., for fresh consumption).

Discovering new medicinal sources from food wastes is a beneficial and valuable way instead of their disposal. Fruits and vegetables waste can be an inexpensive and readily available source of bioactive compounds to be used in pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study is to highlight the in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities of the total extracts of banana peels (Musa acuminate), carrot peels (Daucus carota) and golden berry husk (Physalis peruviana) besides evaluating their in vivo acute and chronic toxicity profiles as well as their antimutagenic activity. Also, we investigated their phenolic and flavonoid contents spectrophotometrically and by HPLC. Results showed that D. carota peels revealed the highest antioxidant activity (29.903 mg TE/g) using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Cytotoxic outcomes (SulphoRhodamine-B method) showed that the highest cytotoxic activity of M. acuminate peels (IC50: 20.7 μg/mL) was exerted on HEPG2 cell line, where D. carota peels (IC50: 18.8 μg/mL) showed the highest cytotoxic activity on PC-3 cell line. In addition, pH. peruviana husk (IC50: 10.5 ± 1.0 μg/mL) showed a potent cytotoxic activity on HCT-116 that is non-significant from the standard Doxorubicin (IC50: 11.5 ± 0.8 μg/mL). For the antimicrobial activity (agar diffusion assay), most of the total extracts revealed notable activities against all tested pathogens relative to the standards; ciprofloxacin and ketoconazole, specially Ph. peruviana husk that showed a potent inhibitory activity (inhibition zone diameter of 29 mm.) against C. albicans even more than the standard ketoconazole (inhibition zone diameter of 28 mm.). These promising biological activities are mainly related to the high content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds identified and quantified in their total extracts. Moreover, the three extracts proved their in vivo safety on the short and long terms as well as their possible antimutagenic effect on the genotoxicity of the drug cyclophosphamide (CP) in both bone marrow cells and spermatocyte cells.

Inhibiting α-glucosidase activity is important in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia and, thus, helping to manage type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the present study, we purified a hypothetical protein of carrots called DCHP (Daucus Carrot hypoglycemic peptide), and their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase, as well as related mechanisms, were investigated. The recombinant DCHP protein with a molecular weight of 8 kDa showed strong inhibitory activity against α-glycosidase and maintained good stability in solution. DCHP exhibited no inhibitory activity but was tolerant to trypsin and chymotrypsin. Cellular experiments demonstrated that glucose consumption and lactic acid production increased rapidly when treated with DCHP in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells. DCHP crystal was generated, and the crystal structure, which was similar to that of rBTI and consisted of a central α-helix and a two-stranded β-sheet with a unique loop region. The interaction between DCHP and α-glycosidase was investigated by molecular docking and site-directed mutation, which revealed that Glu43, Pro46, Thr47 Thr48 and Gln49 are the key residues in DCHP that inhibit α-glycosidase activity. This work provides potential bioactive peptides as functional foods or nutraceutical supplements in preventing and managing T2DM.

‘BRS Paranoá’ was obtained by the carrot breeding program of Embrapa Hortaliças, aiming to obtain a cultivar adapted to most carrot-producing regions in an organic system. It was developed through selection of half-sib progenies and validated in Brazil. ‘BRS Paranoá’ is indicated for sowing in the spring/summer seasons especially because it displays high resistance to leaf blight caused by the fungal and bacterial association (Alternaria dauci, Cercospora carotae, and Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae) with defoliation between 20 to 25% at 100 days after planting (DAP), eliminating the need to control this disease with chemical pesticides. In addition, it shows high production stability and an outstanding production exceeding 32 t ha-1. ‘BRS Paranoá’ is an early maturity cultivar, and the harvest can be carried out from 85 DAP when the commercial roots range from 16 to 22 cm, 3 cm diameter, intense orange color, cylindrical shape, and no external or internal physiological defects. The postharvest quality was evaluated and the titratable acidity found was 0.20%, 6.9oBrix soluble solids, 78.40 µg g-1 total carotenoids, and 22.69 µg g-1 ß-carotene (provitamin A). ‘BRS Paranoá’ was registered and protected by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply and its seeds have been marketed by the main vegetable seeds companies in Brazil. RESUMO A ‘BRS Paranoá’ foi obtida pelo programa de melhoramento genético de cenoura da Embrapa Hortaliças, visando obter uma cultivar adaptada à maioria das regiões produtoras de cenoura em sistema orgânico. Essa cultivar foi desenvolvida através de seleção de progênies meias-irmãs e validada no Brasil. A ‘BRS Paranoá’ é indicada para semeadura nas estações primavera/verão. Essa cultivar apresenta elevada resistência à queima das folhas causada pela associação fungo e bactéria (Alternaria dauci, Cercospora carotae e Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae) com desfolhamento entre 20 a 25% aos 100 dias após o plantio (DAP). Além disso, apresenta elevada estabilidade de produção e elevado teto produtivo, superando 32 t ha-1. A ‘BRS Paranoá’ possui ciclo precoce, com a colheita podendo ser realizada a partir dos 85 DAP. As raízes apresentam comprimento variando de 16 a 22 cm, diâmetro de 3 cm, coloração alaranjada intensa, formato cilíndrico e ausência de defeitos fisiológicos externos ou internos. A qualidade pós-colheita foi avaliada e a acidez titulável encontrada foi de 0,20%, sólidos solúveis de 6,9oBrix, carotenoides totais de 78,40 µg g-1 e ß-caroteno (pró-vitamina A) de 22,69 µg g-1. A ‘BRS Paranoá’ foi registrada e protegida pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento e suas sementes têm sido comercializadas pelas principais empresas de sementes de hortaliças no Brasil.

It was the focus of attention that probiotic control drink was packed with prebiotic nutrients and lactic acid bacteria. So, this study is aimed at revealing that the fermented carrot pulp regulation and protection function to the intestinal microecological disorders usually induced by antibiotic treatment. First, we study on lactobacillus fermentation conditions and effects on the secondary metabolism of fermented carrot juice, get its phenolic acids up, and get its flavonoids down. Then, establishment of the dysbacteriosis mouse model was used to validate the fermented carrot pulp prevention and treatment of intestinal microbiota imbalance. After the antibiotic treatment, the mice showed impotence, laziness, slow movement, weight loss, thin feces, dull hair, and anal redness, while the mice in the control group were all normal in terms of the mental state, diet, weight, and bowl movement. Along with the treatment, the abnormal conditions of the mice in the model group and natural recovery group improved in different degrees, indicating that the fermentation treatment is of help to the intestinal microbiota recovery. The fermentation-treated group of mice recovered close to normal that the diarrhea disappeared, and the weight gain, mental state, and the feces became normal. The serum antioxidant (SOD, GSH, and MDA) levels of the mice were checked. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and glutathione (GSH) levels in the ordinary fermentation-treated group and probiotic fermentation-treated group were significantly increased compare to the natural recovery group. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels showed great differences between the fermentation-treated groups and the blank group. At last, the 16sRNA analysis revealed that the microbiota richness and diversity in probiotic fermentation (J) are much higher than those in the model group (H), ordinary fermentation group (I), and blank group (G). Groups J and I are of significantly higher antioxidant level than group H; however, only the glutathione (GSH) level in group J increased dramatically but not those in the other three groups. Antibiotic treatment-induced mouse intestinal microecological disorder reduce the microbiota richness and diversity. Prebiotics fermented carrot pulp treatment can help in the recovery from the microbiota richness and diversity level prior to the antibiotic treatment, which suggests it can regulate and protect the murine intestinal microbiome.

Epidemiological data suggest that consuming diets rich in carotenoids can reduce the risk of developing several non-communicable diseases. Thus, we investigated the extent to which carotenoid contents of foods can be increased by the choice of food matrices with naturally high carotenoid contents and thermal processing methods that maintain their stability. For this purpose, carotenoids of 15 carrot (

We report the discovery of a new flavi-like virus identified in wild carrots (Daucus carota subsp. carota), using a double-stranded (ds)RNA high-throughput sequencing (HTS) approach. The new virus, tentatively named "carrot flavi-like virus 1" (CtFLV-1), has a large genome of 21.8 kb that harbours a single open reading frame encoding a 7,078-aa polyprotein with conserved RNA helicase (Hel) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains. The new virus is phylogenetically related to recently described flavi-like viruses from arthropods, but its closest relative is a plant-associated virus, gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus (GKSaV). A pairwise comparison showed that these two viruses share 38.4% amino acid (aa) sequence identity in their polyproteins and 73% and 47.8% aa sequence identity in their conserved RdRp and Hel domains, respectively. Based on their similar genome organization and phylogenetic relationship, GKSaV and CtFLV-1 could form the basis for a new genus of plant-associated viruses, possibly within the family Flaviviridae, for which the name "Koshovirus" is proposed.

Carrot (Daucus carota) cells have been used to effectively manufacture recombinant biopharmaceuticals such as cytokines, vaccines, and antibodies. We generated the carrot cell line Z4, genetically modified to produce the LTB-Syn antigen, which is a fusion protein proposed for immunotherapy against synucleinopathies. In this work, the Z4 cell suspension line was cultivated to produce the LTB-Syn protein in a 250 mL shake flask and 2 L airlift bioreactor cultures grown for 45 and 30 days, respectively. Maximum biomass was obtained on day 15 in both the airlift bioreactor (35.00 ± 0.04 g/L DW) and shake flasks (17.00 ± 0.04 g/L DW). In the bioreactor, the highest LTB-Syn protein yield (1.52 ± 0.03 µg/g FW) was obtained on day 15; while the same occurred on day 18 for shake flasks (0.92 ± 0.02 µg/g FW). LTB-Syn protein levels were analyzed by GM1-ELISA and western blot. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the transgene in the Z4 line. The obtained data demonstrate that the carrot Z4 cell suspension line grown in airlift bioreactors shows promise for a scale-up cultivation producing an oral LTB-Syn antigen.

The overuse of cisplatin (>50 mg/m2) is limited to nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, gastrotoxicity, myelosuppression, and allergic reactions. The objective of this study was to investigate the nephroprotective effects of Daucus carota and Eclipta prostrata extracts on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The study involved male Wistar albino rats of 8 weeks weighing 220–270 g. A single injection of 5 mg/kg was injected into the rats for nephrotoxicity. Rats were divided into four groups based on dose conentrations. Blood and urine samples of rats were collected on the 0, 7th, 14th, and 21st days for nephrological analysis. The results showed that Cis + DC/Cis + EP (600 mg/kg) significantly (p

BACKGROUND The effects of fermentation time (17-48 h) and pH (3.37-4.50) on qualities of fermented beverages (FBs) produced from black carrot juice (BCJ) were monitored during storage at 4 °C for 20 weeks. RESULTS Fermentation and adjusting the pH level provided significant increases (up to 22%) in anthocyanin content and the absorbance value at λmax (Amax ). Moreover, the stability of anthocyanins, color density, and Amax in FBs was somewhat higher than those in BCJ. Lactic acid showed a co-pigmentation effect on cyanidin-3-galactoside-xyloside-glucoside-sinapic acid and cyanidin-3-galactoside-xyloside-glucoside-ferulic acid. Sucrose was degraded much faster at pH 4.50 (17 h) and 4.35 (48 h) than at lower pH levels. During storage, pH 4.35 caused a balanced distribution between counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts, and antioxidant activity of all FBs increased. Fermented beverages at 4.35 and 3.90 were found to be more palatable by panelists. CONCLUSION We recommend FB production at pH 4.35 after 48 h fermentation due to the balanced distribution of probiotics, high color enhancement, and consumer preference. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Carotenoids are important natural pigments that give bright colors to plants. The difference in the accumulation of carotenoids is one of the key factors in the formation of various colors in carrot taproots. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), including CCD and nine-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), are the main enzymes involved in the cleavage of carotenoids in plants. Seven CCD genes have been annotated from the carrot genome. In this study, through expression analysis, we found that the expression level of DcCCD4 was significantly higher in the taproot of white carrot (low carotenoid content) than orange carrot (high carotenoid content). The overexpression of DcCCD4 in orange carrots caused the taproot color to be pale yellow, and the contents of α-carotene and s-carotene decreased sharply. Mutant carrot with loss of DcCCD4 function exhibited yellow color (the taproot of the control carrot was white). The accumulation of s-carotene was also detected in taproot. Functional analysis of the DcCCD4 enzyme in vitro showed that it was able to cleave α-carotene and s-carotene at the 9, 10 (9', 10') double bonds. In addition, the number of colored chromoplasts in the taproot cells of transgenic carrots overexpressing DcCCD4 was significantly reduced compared with that in normal orange carrots. Results demonstrated that DcCCD4 affects the accumulation of carotenoids through cleavage of α-carotene and s-carotene in carrot taproot.

The research task was focused on an important type of root vegetable – carrot (Daucus carota L.), cultivar ´Romance F1´ (family: Apiaceae). The main goal was to verify the application of soil biostimulant Agriful (based on humic and fulvic acids) and its impact on the yield potential and quality of carrot roots. Nowadays, it is the common need to intensify and increase crop production because of the growing human population and look for environmentally friendly cultivation methods. In general, biostimulants are biologically based products and their purpose is to stimulate the natural nutritional processes in cultivated crops. In the realized experiment, Agriful (treatment of 5 L/300 L water/ha) was applied twice per vegetation period by spraying over the pivot. The increase of average root weight after the application of Agriful was found, concretely about +4.47% compared to the control variant. The higher root weight after Agriful application resulted in a higher total yield of carrot about +2.84% compared to the control variant. The quality of consumable parts of carrots were evaluated based on the classification of roots into quality classes according to the valid standard for fresh carrot marketing (UNECE FFV-10). In the ´Extra class´, there was an increase in the average yield after the application of Agriful about +5.4%; The average carrot yield in ´Class I´ was decreased about -1.0% and the root ratio in the ´Class II´ decreased about -1.9%. The ratio of ´Non-standard´ carrot roots was lower about -2.5%. Based on evaluating qualitative substance content (total carotenoids, refractometric dry matter), the positive influence of the effect of Agriful application was found. The content of total carotenoids was higher about +8.7% compared to the control variant. The refractometric dry matter was higher about +4.1% compared to the control variant. The obtained results can be used in further research on biostimulants and it is possible to create clear recommendations for using Agriful for small growers. It should be useful to verify these results in another vegetation period for recommendation to large-scale producers of carrots.

In this study, Ficus religiosa leaves (FRLs) and Daucus carota pomace (DCP) were used effectively for the removal of carcinogenic and non-biodegradable Crystal Violet dye from the aqueous medium on the batch scale as low-cost and environment-friendly biosorbents. Certain experimental conditions such as adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, and temperature were studied for thermodynamic and isothermal data investigations and optimized conditions for F. religiosa leaves and D. carota pomace were: adsorbent dose; 0.8 and 1.8 g, contact time; 30 and 25 min, pH; 9 and 3 and temperature; 70 °C and 30 °C, respectively. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and D-R isotherms were studied, and the sorption process indicated chemisorption mode is predominant. The same is supported by kinetic investigation of equilibrium data. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for F. religiosa leaves and D. carota pomace was obtained as 2.4 and 27 mg/g, respectively, which showed that D. carota pomace (DCP) is more effective adsorbent than F. religiosa leaves (FRLs) for removal of CV dye. Exothermic nature and intraparticle diffusion mode are more predominant during the removal of CV dye by these biomaterials, which can be recycled using ethanol.[Figure: see text]Novelty statement: Ficus religiosa and Daucus carota biowaste was explored here for removing an anionic dye. This study will be helpful for exploring the waste potential for phytoremediation of toxic substances using indigenous resources in an ecofriendly way.

In this study, the effects of exogenous silicon dioxide applications (0.5, 1, 1.5 mM SiO2) on the germination parameters of carrot seeds were investigated under salt stress conditions (150, 200 mM NaCl). For this purpose, germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination rate coefficient (CVG), germination rate index (GRI), germination index (GI), seedling viability index (SVI), leaf number, shoot and root lengths (mm) and plant fresh weight (g) were determined. Germination parameters of yellow carrot, sensitive to salt stress, were adversely affected by 150 mM NaCl application and shoot and root lengths were reduced by 80%. Especially SiO2 applications had a positive effect on germination parameters for the cultivar. In 150 mM NaCl application, the germination of the seeds treated with 0.5 mM SiO2 increased approximately two times (23%), and 15% germination was obtained in 200 mM NaCl, which did not germinate in the control. Although the black carrot cultivar tolerated salt stress, silicon dioxide treatments had a stimulating effect on germination and development. It was determined that especially 1.5 mM SiO2 application in black carrot seeds had a positive effect on germination parameters. Germination percentage increased to 93% in seeds treated with 1.5 mM SiO2 in 150 mM NaCl, and 86% at 200 mM NaCl concentration, reaching higher values compared to the control group. The results showed that pre-treatment with appropriate silicon concentrations significantly improved germination performance and promoted tolerance to the salt stress.

Background Carrot (Daucus carota L.), an important root vegetable, is very popular among consumers as its taproot is rich in various nutrients. Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt, and low temperature, are the main factors that restrict the growth and development of carrots. Non-heme carotene hydroxylase (BCH) is a key regulatory enzyme in the β-branch of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, upstream of the abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis pathway. Results In this study, we characterized a carrot BCH encoding gene, DcBCH1. The expression of DcBCH1 was induced by drought treatment. The overexpression of DcBCH1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in enhanced tolerance to drought, as demonstrated by higher antioxidant capacity and lower malondialdehyde content after drought treatment. Under drought stress, the endogenous ABA level in transgenic A. thaliana was higher than that in wild-type (WT) plants. Additionally, the contents of lutein and β-carotene in transgenic A. thaliana were lower than those in WT, whereas the expression levels of most endogenous carotenogenic genes were significantly increased after drought treatment. Conclusions DcBCH1 can increase the antioxidant capacity and promote endogenous ABA levels of plants by regulating the synthesis rate of carotenoids, thereby regulating the drought resistance of plants. These results will help to provide potential candidate genes for plant drought tolerance breeding.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation and co-inoculation with Bacillussubtilis and Pseudomonasfluorescens on carrots with reduced nitrogen use. A field experiment was carried on, with five treatments and five replicates, evaluating the growth and yield responses of inoculated carrots. Responses were observed in height only two weeks before harvesting, and the number of leaves was most affected from the beginning to the middle of the cultivation cycle. Although the fresh shoot mass was negatively affected by the inoculation treatments, the dry shoot mass did not respond to the rhizobacteria. The length of roots inoculated with P.fluorescens or co-inoculated with both bacteria increased from 21 cm, without inoculation, to 25 cm. The root volume and dry mass values were the same across the treatments. However, the fresh root mass was improved by between 70 and 81.8% with P. fluorescens and co-inoculation, respectively. More positive responses to inoculation were observed with reduced nitrogen levels, suggesting a potential in the rhizobacteria strains for use in reduced-input agricultural practices. Moreover, based on the findings, Pseudomonas fluorescens can be recommended as a plant growth-promoting microorganism in carrot cultivation. RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de inoculación y co-inoculación de Bacillussubtilis y Pseudomonasfluorescens en plantas de zanahoria con uso reducido de nitrógeno. Se realizó un experimento de campo, con cinco tratamientos y cinco repeticiones, evaluando las respuestas de crecimiento y rendimiento de la zanahoria a la inoculación. Las respuestas sobre la altura se observaron solo dos semanas antes de la cosecha, pero el número de hojas se vio afectado principalmente desde el comienzo hasta la mitad del ciclo de cultivo. Aunque la masa de brotes frescos se vio afectada negativamente por los tratamientos de inoculación, la masa de brotes secos no respondió a las rizobacterias. La longitud de las raíces inoculadas con P. fluorescens o co-inoculadas con ambas bacterias aumentó de 21 cm, sin inoculación, a 25 cm. Los valores del volumen de la raíz y la masa seca fueron los mismos en todos los tratamientos. Sin embargo, la masa de raíces frescas mejoró entre 70 y 81.8% por P. fluorescens y co-inoculación, respectivamente. La mayoría de las respuestas positivas a la inoculación se observaron con niveles reducidos de nitrógeno, lo que sugiere el potencial de estas cepas de rizobacterias para ser utilizadas en prácticas agrícolas de insumos reducidos. Además, nuestros hallazgos respaldan la recomendación de Pseudomonas fluorescens como microorganismo promotor del crecimiento de las plantas utilizado para el cultivo de zanahorias.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of black oat (Avena strigosa) straw on the period prior to the interference (PPI) of weeds in the 'Alvorada' carrot (Daucus carota) crop. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, in a 2×5 factorial arrangement, with five replicates. The following two factors were evaluated in the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 crop years: soil cover, with and without 10 Mg ha1 black oat straw; and periods of coexistence with weeds – 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 days after emergence (DAE). To determine the PPI, a loss of 5% in the commercial yield of carrot roots was considered as acceptable. At the end of the crop cycle, straw reduced the total dry mass of weeds by 43.5 and 67.5%, respectively, in the first and second crop years. The PPI of the crops with and without straw was, respectively, 2.0 and 1.5 DAE in the first crop year and 17 and 6.0 DAE in the second. The use of black oat straw increases the PPI for the 'Alvorada' carrot crop. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da palhada de aveiapreta (Avena strigosa) sobre o período anterior à interferência (PAI) de plantas daninhas na cultura da cenoura 'Alvorada' (Daucus carota). O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2×5, com cinco repetições. Os dois seguintes fatores foram avaliados nos anos de cultivo de 2016/2017 e 2017/2018: cobertura de solo com e sem 10 Mg ha1 de palhada de aveia-preta; e períodos de coexistência com as plantas daninhas – 0, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias após a emergência (DAE). Para determinar o PAI, considerou-se como aceitável a perda de 5% na produtividade comercial de raízes da cenoura. Ao final do ciclo da cultura, a palhada reduziu a massa seca total de plantas daninhas em 43,5 e 67,5%, respectivamente, no primeiro e no segundo ano de cultivo. O PAI dos cultivos com e sem palhada foi, respectivamente, de 2,0 e 1,5 DAE no primeiro ano e de 17 e 6,0 DAE no segundo. O uso da palhada de aveia-preta aumenta o PAI para cultura da cenoura 'Alvorada'.

Daucus carota roots were chosen for this study in order to examine both their phytochemicals and antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging activity). Ethanol was used to extract the plant's roots' powder sample. n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol were used to macerate the crude ethanol extract, which was then screened for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and water-soluble phenols. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis was performed on the crude extract as well as on the other fractions. For the optimum separation of the phytochemicals present in the fractions, solvent systems were designed. Chloroform:Ethyl Acetate was chosen as the solvent system for TLC of the n-hexane, methanol, and ethanol fractions (1:1). 100% of chloroform was used for the chloroform fraction. The phytochemical analysis established the presence of water-soluble phenols, saponins, and flavonoids. The results of the TLC study have shown different spots. According to the results of the antioxidant activity test, the ethanol fraction has a higher level of antioxidant activity than the other fractions. Keywords: Daucus carota, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant activity, Thin layer chromatography (TLC). Title: Phytochemicals Investigation, Chromatographic Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity Assay on the Root Extract of Carrot (Daucus carota) Author: Kamalu Garba Sulaiman, Abubakar Suraja Ibrahim, Aminu Rabi'u Doguwa International Journal of Novel Research in Physics Chemistry & Mathematics ISSN 2394-9651 Vol. 9, Issue 3, September 2022 - December 2022 Page No: 61-65 Novelty Journals Website: www.noveltyjournals.com Published Date: 09-November-2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7307749 Paper Download link (Source) https://www.noveltyjournals.com/upload/paper/Phytochemicals%20Investigation-09112022-3.pdf, International Journal of Novel Research in Physics Chemistry & Mathematics, ISSN 2394-9651, Novelty Journals, Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

The surface of fresh-cut carrots is apt to white blush, however the physiological and molecular mechanism for this process is not yet fully understood. In this study, exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene separately promoted and inhibited the white-blush formation after three days after treatment, respectively. Metabolome analysis found that white-blush components mainly consist of p-hydroxyphenyl lignin and guaiacyl lignin. Transcriptome analysis found an increase in the whiteness values was consistent with the higher expression of genes encoding O-methyltransferase, trans-anol O-methyltransferase, bergaptol O-methyltransferase, caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and ferulate-5-hydroxylase, together with the lower expression of genes encoding cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase and 5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate 3′-monooxygenase. In conclusion, ABA plays an important role in lignin biosynthesis essential to the formation of white blush in fresh-cut carrots. This is the first report that uncovers the physiological and molecular causes of white blush in fresh-cut carrots, providing a basis for white-blush control in fresh-cut carrots.

An adequate and balanced supply of nutrients is essential for maintaining health, and an optimal immune response is fast, contained and properly controlled, curbing infections quickly while minimizing damage. Several micronutrients contribute to normal immune function and certain dietary fibers, for example pectic polysaccharides, can play an important role in educating and regulating immune cell responses. The aim of this paper is to elaborate on our initial findings that dietary supplementation with carrot-derived rhamnogalacturonan-I (cRG-I) accelerates and augments local innate immune and anti-viral interferon response to a rhinovirus-16 (RV16) infection and reduces the severity and duration of symptoms in humans. Dietary intake of cRG-I also enhanced immune responses to this respiratory viral infection as measured by ex vivo stimulation of whole blood with the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and NK cell function. Consumption of cRG-I also reduced the negative effects of this common cold infection on quality of life as assessed by individual symptom scores. RG-I from carrot is a safe, sustainable, and economically viable solution that could easily be integrated into food products and dietary supplements aiming to support immune fitness and wellbeing.

One of the main phytopathogens that cause enormous economic losses in several agricultural species, including carrots, are the root-knot nematodes belonging to the genus Meloidogyne. Thus, in order to identify the best population level for inoculum of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) for maximum expression of symptoms of this nematode attack on carrots, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the carrot cultivar Brasília (CBR) and the population Pop-750 (CRO). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Embrapa Vegetable, Brasília-DF, in 5 L pots, with six replications, in a 4x2 factorial scheme in a completely randomized design, in the dosages of 0, 1, 5 and 10 thousand eggs and occasional juveniles of 2nd stage (E+J2R). ‘Rutgers’ susceptible tomato cultivar was used as control to verify inoculum efficiency. Inoculation was carried out 30 days after sowing and evaluation 60 days after inoculation. Gall index (GI), egg mass index (EMI), number of eggs plus occasional second stage juveniles per gram of root (E+J2R) and reproduction factor (RF) were performed. There were differences between genotypes and between inoculum levels for all variables evaluated. For CRO, inoculum levels of M. incognita from 1,000 E+J2 the plants already manifested symptoms and changes in all evaluated variables, with ideal levels around 5 to 7 thousand E+J2R, above 7 thousand E+J2R nematode multiplication to express symptoms decreased. For CBR the response variables E+J2 at root and RF inoculum levels close to 5 thousand E+J2R also present the best results, but when the characterization is based on the evaluation of GI and EMI, suitable inoculum levels would be close to 9 and 12 thousand E+J2R. RESUMO Um dos principais fitopatógenos que causam prejuízos econômicos em diversas espécies agrícolas, inclusive cenoura, são os nematoides-das-galhas, pertencentes ao gênero Meloidogyne. Assim, com o objetivo de identificar o melhor nível populacional de inóculo de Meloidogyne incognita para a máxima expressão de sintomas do ataque de nematoides-das-galhas em cenoura, foi realizado um experimento que avaliou os genótipos de cenoura cv. Brasília (CBR) e a população Pop-750 (CRO). O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília-DF em vasos de 5 L, com seis repetições, em esquema fatorial 4x2 em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, nas dosagens de 0, 1, 5 e 10 mil ovos e eventuais juvenis de segundo estádio (O+J2R). O tomateiro suscetível ‘Rutgers’ foi utilizado como testemunha para verificar eficiência do inóculo. A inoculação foi realizada 30 dias após a semeadura e, a avaliação, 60 dias após a inoculação. Foi realizada a avaliação dos índices de galhas (IG) e de massas de ovos (IMO), do número de ovos mais eventuais juvenis de segundo estádio por grama de raiz (O+J2R) e do fator de reprodução (FR). Houve diferenças entre os genótipos e entre os níveis de inóculo para todas as variáveis avaliadas. Para CRO, os níveis de inóculo de M. incognita a partir de mil O+J2 as plantas já manifestaram sintomas e alterações para todas as variáveis avaliadas, com os níveis ideais em torno de 5 a 7 mil O+J2R, sendo que acima de 7 mil O+J2R a multiplicação do nematoide para expressar sintomas diminuiu. Para a CBR, as variáveis índices O+J2R na raiz e FR, os níveis de inóculo próximos a 5 mil O+J2R também apresentam os melhores resultados. Quando a caracterização for baseada na avaliação da formação de galha (IG) e massa de ovos (IMO), os níveis de inóculo adequados seriam entre 9 e 12 mil O+J2R.

When hemoglobin (Hb) is fully saturated with oxygen, the additional gain in oxygen delivery (DO2) achieved by increasing the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) is often considered clinically insignificant. In this study, we evaluated the change in DO2, interrogated by mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), in response to a change in FiO2 of 0.5 during cardiac surgery. When patients were hemodynamically stable, FiO2 was alternated between 0.5 and 1.0 in on-pump cardiac surgery patients (pilot study), and between 0.3 and 0.8 in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting patients (substudy of the CARROT trial). After the patient had stabilized, a blood gas analysis was performed to measure SvO2. The observed change in SvO2 (ΔSvO2) was compared to the expected ΔSvO2 calculated using Fick’s equation. A total 106 changes in FiO2 (two changes per patient; total 53 patients; on-pump, n = 36; off-pump, n = 17) were finally analyzed. While Hb saturation remained near 100% (on-pump, 100%; off-pump, mean [SD] = 98.1% [1.5] when FiO2 was 0.3 and 99.9% [0.2] when FiO2 was 0.8), SvO2 changed significantly as FiO2 was changed (the first and second changes in on-pump, 7.7%p [3.8] and 7.6%p [3.5], respectively; off-pump, 7.9%p [4.9] and 6.2%p [3.9]; all P 2 after the FiO2 change of 0.5 was ≥ 5%p in 82 (77.4%) changes and ≥ 10%p in 31 (29.2%) changes (mean [SD], 7.5%p [3.9]). Hb concentration was not correlated with the observed ΔSvO2 (the first changes, r = − 0.06, P = 0.677; the second changes, r = − 0.21, P = 0.138). The mean (SD) residual ΔSvO2 (observed − expected ΔSvO2) was 0%p (4). Residual ΔSvO2 was more than 5%p in 14 (13.2%) changes and exceeded 10%p in 2 (1.9%) changes. Residual ΔSvO2 was greater in patients with chronic kidney disease than in those without (median [IQR], 5%p [0 to 7] vs. 0%p [− 3 to 2]; P = 0.049). DO2, interrogated by SvO2, may increase to a clinically significant degree as FiO2 is increased during cardiac surgery, and the increase of SvO2 is not related to Hb concentration. SvO2 increases more than expected in patients with chronic kidney disease. Increasing FiO2 can be used to increase DO2 during cardiac surgery.

Background: Daucus gracilis Steinh belongs to the Apiaceae family. The flowers of this plant have been used by the population of western Algeria for the treatment of mouth ulcers. However, very few studies exist concerning the biological properties of essential oil of Daucus gracilis Steinh flowers. Objectives: The purpose of this work was to study the chemical composition of the essential oil of Daucus gracilis flowers and to evaluate their antimicrobial, insecticidal and anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: The distilled essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated using two methods i) diffusion method, and ii) micro dilution technique. The insecticidal activity of essential oil was evaluated against adults of Tribolium confusum by fumigant test. The in vitro assessment of the anti-inflammatory property of essential oil was assessed by the protein denaturation method. Results: Daucus gracilis flowers essential oil mainly represented oxygenated monoterpenes such as geranyl acetate (18.3%), lavandulyl acetate (15.2%), lavandulyl isobutyrate (13.6%) and citronellyl isobutyrate (6.8%). According to the results of antimicrobial activity, the essential oil of flowers presented prominent inhibitory action against Aspergillus flavus (0.06 μg/mL), followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia faecalis, Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans with MIC values of 0.125 μg/mL. The Daucus gracilis essential oil flowers proved to be very biocidal toward adults of Tribolium confusum; mortality of 100% of the population was noted with a dose of 2 μl/L air after 24 hours of exposure. Furthermore, the oil has shown a very good inhibition of protein denaturation comparable to Diclofenac at a concentration of 30 μL/mL. Conclusion: Daucus gracilis essential oil can be used as a pharmacological tools for inflammatory, antimicrobial and insecticidal properties.

Carrot (Daucus carota) production has increased in North Florida and South Georgia since 2015. Deep sandy soils, moderate winter climate, availability of irrigation water, and proximity to eastern markets are favorable for carrot production in the region. Nitrogen (N) is required for successful carrot production, and the current recommended N application rate in Florida is 196 kg·ha−1. The objective of this study was to verify the recommended N rate for the sandy soils of North Florida using current industry standard cultivars and practices. Carrot cultivars for the whole carrot fresh market, Choctaw and Maverick, and cultivars for the cut-and-peel market, Triton and Uppercut 25, were direct seeded on 102-cm-wide pressed bed tops on 29 Oct. 2016 and 2 Nov. 2017 in Live Oak, FL. Eight N application rates (56, 112, 168, 224, 280, 336, 392, and 448 kg·ha−1) were tested, and all N applications were placed on the bed top. N rates were split and timed to increase N use efficiency. Regression analyses were used to determine the optimal N rate for carrots in North Florida. A quadratic plateau regression for both seasons combined indicated 206 kg·ha−1 N was the optimal rate for carrots, with marketable yield of 71.3 Mg·ha−1, regardless of cultivar. All four cultivars attained acceptable yield including Uppercut 25, which exhibited significant foliage damage following freezing temperatures. This study resulted in updated information on best management practices for carrot production in Florida, especially nutrient stewardship.

Apiaceae is a major family from Apiales and includes many important vegetable and medicinal crops. Heat shock transcription factors (Hsf) play important roles in heat tolerance during plant development. Here, we conducted systematic analyses of the Hsf gene family in three Apiaceae species, including 17 Apium graveolens (celery), 32 Coriandrum sativum (coriander), and 14 Daucus carota (carrot). A total of 73 Hsf genes were identified in three representative species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Vitis vinifera, and Lactuca sativa. Whole-genome duplication played important roles in the Hsf gene family's expansion within Apiaceae. Interestingly, we found that coriander had more Hsf genes than celery and carrot due to greater expansion and fewer losses. Twenty-seven branches of the phylogenetic tree underwent considerable positive selection in these Apiaceae species. We also explored the expression patterns of Hsf genes in three plant organs. Collectively, this study will serve as a rich gene resource for exploring the molecular mechanisms of heat tolerance. Additionally, this is the first study to report on the Hsf gene family in Apiaceae; thus, our research will provide guidance for future comparative and functional genomic studies on the Hsf gene family and others in Apiaceae.

Aim: This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents of Carrot fruit juice (CFJ) and its hepatoprotective property in CCl4-induced liver cirrhotic rats. Study Design: Sixty male rats of weight ranging from 150-180 g were completely randomized into six groups. All rats were administered 0.5 ml/kg CCl4 subcutaneously thrice weekly except groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 while rats in groups 3 and 6 and groups 4 and 5 orally received 2.5 and 5.0 ml/kg of CFJ on daily basis for 12 weeks. Results: The preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening of extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrate, saponin, phenolic compound and tannins. The extract treated groups significantly revealed an increase in liver cirrhotic emaciated body weight and reduction in the liver index, a reversal of liver marker enzymes activities, an increase in enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants with a decrease in malondialdehyde level reduction in C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, alpha-fetoprotein, and carcinoembryonic antigen. Exposure of animal to CCl4 induces oxidative stress, increases the generation of reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidase activity, and reduces cell viability but was reversed by the CFJ. Conclusion: The result showed that CFJ is a promising therapeutic option for treating liver failure.

Background Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Black carrots) are underutilized in context to their nutritional properties. In this study, Kanji, a naturally fermented probiotic beverage, was prepared using Daucus carota subsp. sativus (var. Punjab Black Beauty). Analysis of the physicochemical and microbiological profile of the naturally fermented Kanji was investigated to boost its utilization for commercial purpose. Results The physicochemical parameters observed in the fermented Kanji beverage were pH 3.47, total soluble solids 3°B, lactic acid 0.99%, total sugars 36.32 mg/mL, total reducing sugars 27.16 mg/mL, flavonoids 38.14 mg/mL, phenols 40.8 mg/mL, antioxidant activity 79.96% and ascorbic acid 110 mg/100 mL. The microbiological analysis revealed an exponential increase in lactic acid bacterial count from 3.96 to 8.33 log CFU/mL. Out of 11 bacterial strains isolated from Kanji, the bacterial strain with high growth potential was genotypically characterized as Pediococcus acidilactici with accession number MK028218. Conclusion The lactic acid bacterial Kanji beverage was characterized as a potential plant-based probiotic with high antioxidant activity. This functional autochthonous starter from the Kanji can be used for selective fermentation of black carrots for Kanji ascertaining its microbiological safety, unique flavor and aroma, and consumption as a commercial non-dairy-based probiotic beverage.

During the current study, the effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (5 mmol/L) were observed on the growth and mineral nutrients of Daucus carota under lead (Pb) stress. The results demonstrated that Pb stress decreased the growth and photosynthetic rate of D. carota plants. Furthermore, Pb stressed plants showed decreased uptake of mineral nutrients including Zn, Na, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, K, and Cu. Similarly, Pb stressed plants showed enhanced electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. However, magnesium oxide nanoparticles detoxified ROS to mitigate Pb stress and improved the growth of plants. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles also escalated the activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT). A higher amount of Pb content was observed in the roots as compared to the shoot of plants. Lead toxicity reduced manganese accumulation in D. carota plants. The increased concentration of iron, manganese, copper, and zinc advocates stress the ameliorative role of Pb stress in plants. Novelty statementThe role of MgONPs in the alleviation of Pb-toxicity in Daucus carota has never been exploited. In addition, the potential of MgONPs to enhance nutritional content in D. carota via modulation in antioxidant system and polyamines have never been reported.

The Or and CH genes are necessary for the accumulation of high amounts of β-carotene and other carotenoid pigments in carrot roots, in addition to the Y and Y2 genes. Carrot taproot color results from the accumulation of various carotenoid and anthocyanin pigments. Recently, the Or gene was identified as a candidate gene associated with the accumulation of β-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids in roots. The specific molecular mechanisms involved with this process, as well as the interactions between Or and the other genes involved in this process are not well understood. In order to better characterize the effect that Or alleles have on conditioning the accumulation of carotenoids in roots, we analyzed an F3 family fixed homozygous recessive for y and y2, derived from a cross between an orange carrot and a white wild carrot, segregating for the two known Or alleles, which we name Orc and Orw. QTL mapping across three different environments revealed that the accumulation of several carotenoids was associated with the Orc allele, with consistent patterns across environments. A second QTL on chromosome 7, harboring a carotene hydroxylase gene homologous to Lut5 in Arabidopsis, was also associated with the accumulation of several carotenoids. Two alleles for this gene, which we name CHc and CHw, were discovered to be segregating in this population. Our study provides further evidence that Or and CH are likely involved with controlling the accumulation of β-carotene and may be involved with modulating carotenoid flux in carrot, demonstrating that both were important domestication genes in carrot.

Herbal cosmetics are defined as beauty products which possess desirable physiological movement like recuperating, smoothing appearance, improving and molding properties due to the natural fixing.. Herbal Cream is a polyherbal plan that comprises of the concentrates of Aloe barbadensis, Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica and Curcuma longa, Cedro oil, Myristica fragrans, Olium rosae (Rose Oil), Orange Oil, Daucus carota, Prunus dulcis and Ocimum sanctum.. Herbs such as aloe vera leaf, turmeric, banana, neem, papaya, cucumber and other plants are used as herbs in cosmetics. In the current exploration article, the polyherbal face cream is ready by utilizing following fixing that is concentrate of Curcuma longa, Solanum lycoperisum, Carica papaya, Daucus carota, rose oil, olive oil, almond oil, refined water. Solanum lycoperisum is utilized as an enemy of oxidant and forestalls the skin maturing.Olive oil moistures the skin, papaya nourishes the skin and curcumin acts as an antimicrobial agent. The skin maturing is essentially brought about by annihilation of collagen layer in skin which can be forestalled by utilizing almond oil. The pre-arranged polyherbal cream was assessed for the pH, spreadability, homogeneity, thickness, extrudability, invitro dissemination examines, color test, expulsion test, skin bothering and antimicrobial investigations. Among every one of the pre-arranged creams F2 and F3 is discovered to be best details as contrast with another. The total percent drug discharge from the pre-arranged polyherbal cream is discovered to be the 93%.

Protoplasts are single cells isolated from tissues or organs and are considered a suitable system for cell studies in plants. Embryogenic cells are totipotent stem cells, but their regeneration ability decreases or becomes lost altogether with extension of the culture period. In this study, we isolated and cultured EC-derived protoplasts (EC-pts) from carrots and compared them with non-EC-derived protoplasts (NEC-pts) with respect to their totipotency. The protoplast isolation conditions were optimized, and the EC-pts and NEC-pts were characterized by their cell size and types. Both types of protoplasts were then embedded using the alginate layer (TAL) method, and the resulting EC-pt-TALs and NEC-pt-TALs were cultured for further regeneration. The expression of the EC-specific genes

CarrotOmics (https://carrotomics.org/) is a comprehensive database for carrot (Daucus carota L.) breeding and research. CarrotOmics was developed using resources available at the MainLab Bioinformatics core (https://www.bioinfo.wsu.edu/) and is implemented using Tripal with Drupal modules. The database delivers access to download or visualize the carrot reference genome with gene predictions, gene annotations and sequence assembly. Other genomic resources include information for 11 224 genetic markers from 73 linkage maps or genotyping-by-sequencing and descriptions of 371 mapped loci. There are records for 1601 Apiales species (or subspecies) and descriptions of 9408 accessions from 11 germplasm collections representing more than 600 of these species. Additionally, 204 Apiales species have phenotypic information, totaling 28 517 observations from 10 041 biological samples. Resources on CarrotOmics are freely available, search functions are provided to find data of interest and video tutorials are available to describe the search functions and genomic tools. CarrotOmics is a timely resource for the Apiaceae research community and for carrot geneticists developing improved cultivars with novel traits addressing challenges including an expanding acreage in tropical climates, an evolving consumer interested in sustainably grown vegetables and a dynamic environment due to climate change. Data from CarrotOmics can be applied in genomic-assisted selection and genetic research to improve basic research and carrot breeding efficiency. Database URL https://carrotomics.org/

ALFIN-like transcription factors (ALs) are involved in several physiological processes such as seed germination, root development and abiotic stress responses in plants. In carrot (

Carrot is a popular vegetable consumed by people of all age groups and is used in various food products because of its high nutritional content, especially vitamin A.In the present study, colorful fresh carrot juices of 12 carrot varieties were investigated for in vitro antidiabetic, anti-aging, and anti-obesity activities with antioxidant potential by ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (ferric reducing ability of plasma) assays. The studied juices were also compared for physicochemical characteristics: titratable acidity, pH, pectin content, total soluble solids, dry mass, ash, viscosity, turbidity, osmolality, and color. The results of the study showed that normal purple carrot juice exhibited the best activities in all biological and antioxidant tests, except for anti-α-glucosidase activity. Normal purple carrot juice also had the highest total mineral content with elevated results for titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, dry mass, ash, viscosity, and osmolality.Purple carrot juices demonstrated elevated health-promoting activities and could be used in blended beverage recipes to attract children's attention. The results of sensorial characteristics (appearance, color, and taste) of juices, however, showed that people are more familiar with orange carrot products. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Distinct plastid types and ultrastructural changes are associated with differences in carotenoid pigment profiles in differently coloured carrots, and a variant of the OR gene, DcOR3

Climate change is altering the habits of the population. Extensive drought periods and overuse of potable water led to significant water shortages in many different places. Therefore, new water sources are necessary for usage in applications where the microbiological and chemical water quality demands are less stringent, as for agriculture. In this study, we planted, germinated, and grew vegetables/fruits (cherry tomato, lettuce, and carrot) using three types of potential waters for irrigation: secondary-treated wastewater, chlorine-treated wastewater, and green wall-treated greywater, to observe potential health risks of foodstuff consumption. In this study the waters and crops were analyzed for three taxonomic groups: bacteria, enteric viruses, and protozoa. Enteric viruses, human Norovirus I (hNoVGI) and Enterovirus (EntV), were detected in tomato and carrots irrigated with secondary-treated and chlorine-treated wastewater, in concentrations as high as 2.63 log genome units (GU)/g. On the other hand, Aichi viruses were detected in lettuce. Bacteria and protozoa remained undetected in all fresh produce although being detected in both types of wastewaters. Fresh produce irrigated with green wall-treated greywater were free from the chosen pathogens. This suggests that green wall-treated greywater may be a valuable option for crop irrigation, directly impacting the cities of the future vision, and the circular and green economy concepts. On the other hand, this work demonstrates that further advancement is still necessary to improve reclaimed water to the point where it no longer constitutes risk of foodborne diseases and to human health.

Fortifying yoghurt or dairy products with fibres and probiotic bacteria is an increasing interest to create functional foods with health benefits and improve their functionality. In this study milk fermented with acacia exudate gum and black carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus var. atrorubens alef) pulp components had a significantly shorter fermentation time than the others in milk fermented with Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. Potential prebiotic addition increased the cohesiveness, index of viscosity and decreased the index of syneresis in synbiotic yoghurt samples. Sensory evaluation showed that incorporation of functional components increased satisfactory texture, and had sensory characteristics with high scores during cold storage.

Resumen Antecedentes: la asociación del alto consumo de carnes rojas procesadas con el cáncer colorrectal hace que los consumidores empiecen a demandar productos cárnicos con un perfil nutricional mejorado. Objetivo: diseñar una carne de hamburguesa comercializable, a base de pechuga de pollo, fuente de fibra y baja en grasa con buena aceptación por los consumidores. Materiales y métodos: con base en una formulación estándar de hamburguesa, se hicieron tres formulaciones con adición de fibra como reemplazante de grasa: F1 contenía fibra de cidra (Sechium edule); F2, de zanahoria (Daucus carota); y F3, de inulina. Se calculó la composición nutricional teórica y se realizó una prueba de aceptación por consumidores con una escala de nueve puntos. Resultados: la formulación más aceptada y con mayor contenido de fibra fue la que contenía inulina, con un puntaje de 7,7±1,4 y diferencias significativas, según la prueba T3 de Dunett, con las formulaciones F2 (p=0,001) y F1 (p=0,000), cuyos promedios de aceptación fueron similares: 6,0±2,5 puntos para F2 y 5,9±2,2 para F1 (p=0,931). Las formulaciones con fibra contenían menos grasa y calorías que la formulación control. Conclusión: es posible lograr derivados cárnicos con reducción del contenido de grasa y aporte de fibra sensorialmente aceptados. Abstract Background: The association between increased consumption of processed red meat and colorectal cancer has driven the demand for meat products with improved nutritional profiles. Objective: To design commercialized hamburger meat that contains chicken breast as the base, fiber, reduced fat, and is accepted by consumers. Materials and Methods: Three formulations were created with a standard hamburger base and additional fiber as a fat replacement: F1 contained fiber from citron (Sechium edule); F2, from carrots (Daucus carota); and F3 from inulin. The theoretical nutritional composition was calculated and a consumer acceptance test was performed on a scale of nine points. Results: The most accepted formulation by consumers with the highest fiber content was the hamburger containing inulin, rated at 7.7±1.4 points. According to the Dunett T3 test, significant differences were reached by F1 (p=0.000) and F2 (p=0.001). They also had similar acceptance averages: F1 (5.9±2.2 points; p=0,000) and F2 (6.0±2.5 points; p=0.001) (p=0.931). The formulations containing added fiber were lowest in fat and calories when compared to the control formulation. Conclusion: It is possible to achieve meat derivatives with reduced fat and added fiber that are sensorily accepted by consumers.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder which result from either absolute or relative insulin deficiency and may lead to dysfunction in some organ systems. Pancreatic α- glucosidase and α- amylase inhibition are an effective strategy to decrease levels of postprandial hyperglycemia through starch control breakdown. The aim of the study is to assess the in vitro antidiabetic activities of fractions from Daucus carota seed extract, a plant used traditionally for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aqueous extract (AQE) of Daucus carota seed was partitioned in ethyl acetate (EAE), n – hexane (HEX) and diethyl ether (DEE) to obtain the various fractions. The AQE and EAE expressed significant α – amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 637.0±18.6 μg/mL and 603.0±25.8 μg/mL respectively. AQE, EAE, HEX and DEE expressed α – glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 135.85±1.21, 147.59±0.57, 132.64±1.17, and 143.56±0.49 μg/mL respective compared with acarbose (ACA) with 5.42±0.20 μg/mL. Furthermore, DEE fraction expressed inhibitory effects on % glucose uptake in yeast cell comparable with metronidazole. All Daucus carota fractions expressed various inhibitory effects on haemoglobin glycosylation at a concentration of 200 – 1000 μg/mL. The results show that fractions from the aqueous seed extract of Daucus carota possess in vitro antidiabetic potentials with EAE and HEX fractions having most promising inhibitory activities against α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively.