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Production potential of cow dung for the generation of electricity was investigated using microbial fuel cell (MFC). Cow dung was collected from FUTA farm and Ilesha Garage farm in Akure. Voltage and current was measured per day for 21 days and the electrode used for the set up are carbon-carbon and carbon-aluminium electrode. Proximate, physico-chemical and mineral composition were determined using standard methods. Isolation and identification of microorganisms present in the cow dung were determined before and after generation of voltage and current using microbiological techniques. The microorganisms isolated wereProvidencia alcalifaciens, P. rettgeri, P. stuartti, Escherichia coli, E. fergusonii, Morganella morganii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus,S. aureus,Micrococcus luteus,Fusarium solani, Saccharomyces cerevisiaeandMucor mucedo. The highest voltage 0.737±0 mV and electric current 1.265±0 mA were generated from FUTA cow dung. The pH ranged between 7.3 to 9.9 and the temperature ranged between 25 ˚C to 33 ˚C during generation of voltage and current. This study has shown that cow dung is a potential substrate for generation of electric current using fabricated double chamber MFC.

Motor bearings are prone to different degrees of performance degradation, fatigue damage and failure undergoing complex and harsh environments. Vibration signal analysis is a mature method for diagnosing motor bearing faults, while it is not applicable for installing additional vibration sensors on many occasions. Practically, the fault of motor bearings changes the air gap flux between the rotor and stator, which leads to harmonic fluctuations in the stator current. The current signals can be used to diagnose the motor bearing faults without additional sensors. Inevitably the harmonics caused by the motor bearing faults will be coupled with the original signals. This paper combines bi-spectrum and Convolution Neural Network (CNN) to analyze the current signals of motor bearing faults. The CNN diagnosis model is trained based on the local bi-spectrum of current, and the CNN parameters are optimized. Diagnose and analyze motor bearing faults with different fault implantation methods, working conditions, fault degrees and fault locations. The diagnostic accuracy reaches more than 80%.

This article contains the analytical model of the drift of a separate ice field under the action of wind and current, in which velocities and directions can vary over time. The model takes into account the mass of ice, added mass of seawater, and the effects of the wind and current on the ice field in forming the friction on its upper and underwater surfaces and the frontal resistance on its end (forward and backward) surfaces. Simulation of the wind drift of the ice field showed the drift velocity exceeds the considerable known velocity of a compact ice cover drift. A drifting ice field has a certain kinetic energy that should be released when a collision occurs with an unmovable obstacle, and spent on brittle breakdown of a quantity of the ice field. The volume of formed small ice pieces (fragments of ice field) was estimated by comparison of the specific energy of the sea ice brittle destruction and the kinetic energy of the drifting ice field. The article presents the results of the estimation of the possible volume of the ice pieces and the scales of formed piles as a result of a collision with an obstacle, depending on the initial dimensions of the ice field and wind speed. Developed models and the results of computer modeling can be used to estimate the ice pile sizes near the stationary platforms and terminals on the Arctic seas.

Ice melting plays a crucial role in ocean circulation and global climate. Laboratory experiments were used to study the dynamic mechanisms of the influence of waves and currents on ice melting. The results showed that under near stable air temperature and water temperature conditions, the ice melting rate was significantly greater with waves than that without waves, as well as the higher the wave height, the greater the melting rate. This is related to the increase in the contact area between ice and water by waves. Further research was carried out to observe the flow field at different locations on the ice bottom, ice sides, and behind the ice by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and dyeing experiments. At different flow velocities, the changes in the side melting rate and bottom melting rate were not the same. Meltwater is attached to the bottom in the form of plume at low background flow velocity, which leads to the slowness of the heat exchange between the ice with a higher ambient temperature. Therefore, the melting of the ice bottom and the ice side were slower at low flow velocity. At high background flow velocity, there is strong shear instability and vortex at the ice bottom and behind the ice. The dissipation and mixing effects caused by vortices accelerate the melting of the ice bottom and the ice back. The thermodynamic factors, such as air temperature and water temperature, had significant impacts in the experiments. Further research needs to improve the accuracy of temperature control of experimental equipment. Computational fluid dynamics and sensitive tests of numerical simulation may also be carried out on ice melting.

Con los conocimientos adquiridos durante la carrera se va a realizar el cálculo y diseño de una línea aérea de alta tensión (55kV) de interconexión entre las subestaciones de Tanos y San Vicente de Toranzo mediante un cable L.A 280 y apoyos metálicos de celosía cumpliendo la normativa del reglamento L.A.T vigente y la compañía distribuidora. Con el siguiente proyecto se pretende favorecer el abastecimiento eléctrico de las poblaciones cercanas a San Vicente de Toranzo y Tanos, creando una nueva línea de distribución que aumente la estabilidad del suministro eléctrico en ambas regiones, aseguré el abastecimiento en caso de avería y haga frente a una hipotética crecida de la demanda en los años venideros. With the knowledge acquired during the course, the calculation and design of a high voltage overhead line (55KV) of interconnection between the substations of Tanos and San Vicente de Toranzo by means of a L.A 280 cable and metallic lattice supports, complying with the current L.A.T. regulations and the distribution company, is going to be carried out. The following project aims to improve the electricity supply to the towns near San Vicente de Toranzo and Tanos, creating a new distribution line that will increase the stability of the electricity supply in both regions, ensure supply in the event of a breakdown and cope with a hypothetical increase in demand in the coming years. Grado en Ingeniería en Tecnologías Industriales

Protections are suggested on the basis of a current relay with two capacitors and a reed switch, which is mounted at a safe distance from a busbar inside the busduct enclosure. The relay does not need in current transformers thus saving copper, steel, and insulating materials. It differs from reed switch based analogs in the noise immunity due to signaling after two actuations of the reed switch; non-operation in the case of sealing (due to the control of duration of breaker contact); the presence of a reed switch fastening structure, and built-in test diagnostics by mean of current supply into the reed switch winding. A technique for selecting protection parameters and assessing their sensitivity is presented. The inductions of magnetic fields which affect the reed switch are calculated with the use of the simplest formulas for the shielding coefficient and of the Bio–Savart–Laplace law, where experimentally derived correcting coefficients are introduced. Examples of the calculation of the induction of protection operation and of reed switch selection are presented along with an oscillogram which confirms the cutoff operability and speed.

Aluminum 5454 alloys are considered a subject in this research, widely used in the industry, to develop die tools, molds, engine blocks, aircraft structural components, and many other commercial products. In this research, the WEDM process parameters effects on the Aluminum 5454 alloy tapered workpiece have been investigated. Tapered workpieces with angles of 30°, 45° and 60° are prepared, in which slots are generated using the WEDM process. The taper angle, peak discharge current and pulse-off time are selected as the controllable parameters in this research. Whereas other parameters are kept constant. Impact of the parameters over; kerf width, surface finish, MRR and wire have been investigated. ANOVA is applied to statistically analyze the influence of the factors over the four variables. Regression models for the four variables are determined and the Genetic Algorithm is applied to determine the feasible WEDM process parameters for the desirable magnitudes of the four variables. The regression models and optimized parameter values for different taper angles workpieces of Aluminum 5454 alloy can be used in the industry to increase the productivity and enhanced results.

The deformation behavior of duplex stainless steel under tension and bending, accompanied by a pulsed current and when heated by an external source, is investigated. The stress–strain curves are compared at the same temperatures. The contribution to the decrease in flow stresses is greater when using a multi-pulse current at the same temperature, compared to external heating. This confirms the presence of an electroplastic effect. An increase in the strain rate by an order of magnitude reduces the contribution of the electroplastic effect from single pulses to the reduction in flow stresses by 20%. An increase in the strain rate by an order of magnitude reduces the contribution of the electroplastic effect from single pulses to the reduction in flow stresses by 20%. However, in the case of a multi-pulse current, the strain rate effect is not observed. Introducing a multi-pulse current during bending reduces the bending strength by a factor of two and the springback angle to 6.5.

The solar photovoltaic is the important energy for many countries in Africa nowadays. But the quality of the commercial photovoltaic (PV) module is a real obstruction of progress of this energy despite the large availability of solar radiation. The main purpose of this work is to contribute to the understanding of external load resitance (RL) influence on a comercial PV module. Hence, an experimental study is leaded to evaluate the effects of the RL on the output current, the output voltage, the output electric power, the serie resistance (Rs) and the shunt resistance (Rsh) of a comercial PV module. This study has allowed to observe that the behavior of theses five electrical parameters under real condition. Then, the optimum electric power is obtained for the weak RL.

In experimental observations of the relationship between the electric current generated and the distance of the light source on the Planck constant device, it can show a comparison between the electric current generated and the variable distance of the light source. The experimental equipment specifications use the Planck constant experimental set with a 12v/35w tungsten halogen lamp, output 15v, accuracy +-0.2%, power requirement 220V, fuse rating 0.5A and red filter. Experiments using the concept of the photoelectric effect phenomenon begin by irradiating metal materials with constant photon light and then the light passes through a red light filter with a wavelength of 635 nm. The use of a filter is done by placing a 635 nm light filter on the light propagation path to the metal material, so that the light that passes through the filter is only light with a wavelength of 635 nm. The choice of the red filter is due to the fact that the frequency of light with a wavelength of 635 nm can cause electrons to come out of the metal as a result of photons hitting electrons in the metal. After the metal material is irradiated with photon light, the electron charges on the metal will be disturbed and come out of the metal. The movement of these electrons produces an electric current whose value can be seen. By testing distances of 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30 cm, the results of a current value of 0.528 are obtained; 0.382; 0.295; 0.232; 0.182 and 0.154. From these experiments it was shown that the further away the light source, the smaller the electric current generated due to the light. This is because the closer the distance to the light source, the more light intensity hitting the metal, this results in a greater number of photons hitting the metal.

Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices. Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter

Energi merupakan bagian penting dalam keberlangsungan hidup. Kehidupan manusia tidak bisa lepas dari energi, terutama energi yang sering digunakan oleh masyarakat adalah energi listrik. Pemakaian listrik sering tidak diperhatikan oleh masyarakat yang menyebakan pembengkakan biaya. Tujuan dari alat ini dibuat adalah membantu masyarakat agar dapat memantau pola penggunaan daya pada perangkat elektronik di rumah dan biaya yang dihasilkan dari perangkat tersebut. Dengan menggunakan teknologi Internet of Things, masyarakat tidak perlu kesulitan dalam memantau biaya, hanya dengan memasang aplikasi pada smartphone. Teknologi Internet of Things yang diterapkan disini adalah menggunakan sensor PZEM-004T sebagai aktuator dan ESP8266 sebagai perangkat mikrokontroler pengendali. Data yang dipantau adalah penggunaan daya, arus, tegangan, dan biaya yang dihasilkan selama 5 hari percobaan. Pengujian dilakukan untuk mendapatkan pola penggunaan daya dari perangkat elektronik yang diuji dan menentukan working periode dari perangkat tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukan tingkat akurasi alat ini mencapai diatas 95% dan perbandingan antara standar deviasi dengan reratai rill melebihi 95% Energy is an important part of survival. Human life cannot be separated from energy, especially the energy that is often used by society is electrical energy. The use of electricity is often not considered by the community which causes cost overruns. The purpose of this tool is to help people monitor power usage patterns on electronic devices at home and the costs generated from these devices. By using Internet of Things technology, people don't need to have trouble monitoring costs, just by installing an application on a smartphone. The Internet of Things technology applied here uses the PZEM-004T sensor as the actuator and the ESP8266 as the controlling microcontroller device. The monitored data is the use of power, current, voltage, and costs generated during the 5 trial days. Tests are carried out to obtain patterns of power usage from the tested electronic devices and determine the working period of these devices. The results showed that the accuracy of this tool reached above 95% and the comparison between the standard deviation and the real average exceeded 95%.

The non-singlet helicity quark parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the nucleon are determined from lattice QCD, by jointly leveraging pseudo-distributions and the distillation spatial smearing paradigm. A Lorentz decomposition of appropriately isolated space-like matrix elements reveals pseudo-distributions that contain information on the leading-twist helicity PDFs, as well as an invariant amplitude that induces an additional $z^2$ contamination of the leading-twist signal. An analysis of the short-distance behavior of the space-like matrix elements using matching coefficients computed to next-to-leading order (NLO) exposes the desired PDF up to this additional $z^2$ contamination. Due to the non-conservation of the axial current, we elect to isolate the helicity PDFs normalized by the nucleon axial charge at the same scale $\mu^2$. The leading-twist helicity PDFs as well as several sources of systematic error, including higher-twist effects, discretization errors, and the aforementioned $z^2$ contaminating amplitude are jointly determined by characterizing the computed pseudo-distribution in a basis of Jacobi polynomials. The Akaike Information Criterion is exploited to effectively average over distinct model parameterizations and cuts on the pseudo-distribution. Encouraging agreement is observed with recent global analyses of each non-singlet quark helicity PDF, notably a rather small non-singlet anti-quark helicity PDF for all quark momentum fractions., Comment: 32 pages, 38 figures

169 p. [ES] Esta tesis doctoral se aborda el diseño de una arquitectura de control para un regulador Flyback de hasta 1.2 kilovatios. Su principal potencial aplicación la constituyen los sistemas de carga de baterías. Los sistemas de carga de baterías han de poder adaptarse a un amplio rango de voltajes debido a que cada batería está formada por la unión de diferentes células elementales para obtener el voltaje y/o la corriente de salida deseados. La unión células en su conexión serie – paralelo, propicia que no todos los grupos de células se carguen al mismo voltaje. Por esta razón se han integrar sistemas de balance que se encarguen de equilibrar los voltajes de las células hasta niveles óptimos. Estos sistemas balance han de operar en rangos de voltaje amplios dependiendo del número de células a su cargo. Esta característica funcional hace necesario, en los sistemas actuales, el uso diferentes piezas de hardware, lo que es complejo y caro. En esta tesis doctoral se propone una arquitectura alternativa a las actualmente empleadas que minimiza el uso de componentes pasivos y mejora su adaptabilidad. La metodología y procedimiento de estudio detallan todo el proceso de análisis, conceptualización y verificación. Cada una de las fases han sido diseñadas y verificadas con herramientas de software e instrumentación específica, como osciloscopios, generadores señal, piezas de hardware y fuentes de alimentación de alta potencia. Para llevar a cabo este estudio y analizar la viabilidad tecnológica de la propuesta se han establecido ocho objetivos, cuatro principales y cuadro secundarios. Los objetivos desarrollados permiten cubrir diferentes aspectos tecnológicos como son: - Arquitectura funcional basada en interrupciones específicas.: Este estudio propone un método de control innovador basado en interrupciones. Las interrupciones, poseen latencias que pueden impactar en el funcionamiento final. Este estudio propone técnicas para solventar estos problemas. - Arquitectura de buses y periféricos: La selección de periféricos, así como su organización interna, se trata de manera específica, maximizando los recursos para crear un sistema adaptable en tiempo real. - Sincronización de cores: La arquitectura propuesta está formada por dos unidades centrales de procesado específicas. Los objetivos de este bloque están centrados en el estudio de la arquitectura de sincronización de ambas unidades de procesado para maximizar los recursos de hardware. - Sincronización de controladores: La sincronización de diferentes controladores permite incrementar los rangos de corriente y mejorar la integración de la arquitectura propuesta. Cada uno de estos objetivos se ha abordado desde un punto de vista experimental, detallándose en esta tesis el procedimiento utilizado y los resultados experimentales conseguidos. Dichos resultados experimentales han sido obtenidos sobre una placa de circuito impreso diseñada y elaborada específicamente para este propósito. [EN] This PhD. Thesis describes the design of a control architecture for a Flyback controller for a power range up to 1.2 Kilowatts. The main potential application of this proposal is in battery charging systems. The battery charging system have to get adapted to multiple voltage ranges due to that the batteries are formed by different cells connected to reach the desired current and voltage outputs. The connection of different cells in parallel or series generates voltage drifts between cells. For this reason the battery packs have integrated battery balancing systems. The battery balancing must able to operate in wide voltage ranges depending on the number of cell managed by it. The functional feature makes necessary the integration of complex and expensive hardware elements. This PhD thesis proposes a novel architectural solution which minimizes the integration of passive components and improves its adaptability. The research procedure of this PhD and its methodology details the full conceptualisation and analysis process for this architecture. Each of its phases have been designed and verified with software tolls and specialized instrumentation, as oscilloscopes, signal generators, hardware elements and high power supplies. During the process of this PhD research have been stablished four key objectives and four secondary ones. These objectives have allowed defining and understanding the different technological aspects of the proposed architecture as they are: - The functional behaviour of the proposed architecture based on digital interruptions. The digital interruptions have latencies which can impact in the final behaviour. This study proposes different techniques to minimize their technological weaknesses. - Hardware architecture of buses and peripherals. The selection of peripherals and its internal distribution is specifically studied with the objective of maximizing the hardware resources to be able to create a real time adaptable system. - The synchronization of different cores: the proposed architecture is formed by two central processing units. The objectives of this research block were oriented in the study of the synchronization of both central processing units to maximize the hardware resources. - The synchronization of different controllers: The synchronization of different controllers allows increasing the current ranges and improving the integration of this architecture in multiple charging environments. Each o this objectives have been experimentally investigated, with a deep description of the procedure selected and the results of each research topic. These experimental results have been generated by using and specific evaluation board designed for the purpose of the PhD.

With the aim of reducing environmental, energy and quality problems in the field of farming of animal species, laboratory for agricultural technique in animal husbandry, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, integrally develops a system for wet air purification, wet scrubber, and its energy control. The goal of electrical measurements in a wet scrubber is to determine instantaneous and interval-accurate values of electrical quantities, defined by physical methods. Devices for electrical measurements give precise values of basic electrical quantities: current, electromotive force, voltage, impedance, electrical work, power, and energy. Simple periodic voltages and currents are crucial for wet scrubber drive elements. They are determined by three quantities: amplitude, frequency, and phase. The paper presents the basic patterns for the measured values of wet scrubber drive elements: AC operation, AC power, AC power with active resistances in the circuit and AC power with impedance in the electric circuit. The presence of many drive elements for partial operational actions in a wet scrubber is the basic reason for choosing a central atomizer, as the object of methodologically original energy analysis of this work.

1. INTRODUCCIÓN................................................................2 2. MATERIALES Y METODOS.........................................................4 2.1. Diseño experimental............................................4 2.2. Material biológico..........................................................5 2.2.1. Caracterización de los residuos del plátano...................5 2.2.2. Obtención y procesamiento de la biomasa...................5 2.3. Preparación del medio nutritivo...............................6 2.4. Determinación de la eficiencia de la CCM...................7 2.4.1. Evaluación del desempeño electroquímico.............7 2.4.2. Construcción y operación de la CCM.......................7 2.5. Análisis de datos.........................................................8 2.6. Análisis estadístico de datos...........................9 3. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN............................................10 3.1. Estimación de los residuos de la postcosecha del cultivo de plátano.......10 3.2. Rendimiento energético de las CCM..................11 3.3. Análisis estadístico de los datos obtenidos........................17 4. CONCLUSIONES ...................................................17 El aumento de la población a nivel mundial conlleva un aumento en el consumo de energía eléctrica, por lo que actualmente se hace necesario buscar fuentes de energía que contribuyan a suplir la demanda energética con el menor impacto ambiental. Teniendo en cuenta que los residuos más abundantes a la hora de la postcosecha del cultivo de plátano es el pseudotallo se utilizó este como sustrato. Se evaluó el efecto de la variación de parámetros como la concentración de biomasa el cual fue de 5,2 g/l y 10g/l, y el electrolito en el puente salino los cuales fueron NaCl y KCl en la generación de potencia. La energía total generada y la potencia máxima alcanzada por las configuraciones 5,2 g/l NaCl fue de 8,66 kj/kg y 1,33e-5 W, para 10 g/l NaCl fue 3,96 kj/kg y 9,02e-6 W, para 5,2 g/l KCl fue de 2,06 kj/kg y 1,08e-5 W, y para la configuración 10 g/l KCl fueron de 3,98 kj/kg y un máximo de potencia de 1,15e-5 W. Se obtuvo que la configuración más óptima bajo estas condiciones fue la de 5,2 g/l NaCl debido a que esta produjo una mayor cantidad de energía, así como la mayor potencia. Esto indica que a bajas concentraciones de biomasa el NaCl produce más energía durante el tiempo de generación, mientras que para concentraciones bajas el KCl produce más energía que el NaCl. Se determinó mediante un análisis ANOVA que la concentración de biomasa, electrolito utilizado en el puente salino y la interacción entre estos dos factores afectan significativamente a la variable respuesta, energía total generada por unidad de masa en cada celda de combustible microbiana. Pregrado Ingeniero(a) Mecánico(a) Artículo

Following the publication of the new measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, the discrepancy between experiment and the theory prediction from the $g-2$ theory initiative has increased to $4.2\,\sigma$. Recent lattice QCD calculations predict values for the hadronic vacuum polarization contribution that are larger than the data-driven estimates, bringing the Standard Model prediction closer to the experimental measurement. Euclidean time windows in the time-momentum representation of the hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the muon $g-2$ can help clarify the discrepancy between the phenomenological and lattice predictions. We present our calculation of the intermediate distance window contribution using $N_\mathrm{f}=2+1$ flavors of O$(a)$ improved Wilson quarks. We employ ensembles at six lattice spacings below $0.1\,$fm and pion masses down to the physical value. We present a detailed study of the continuum limit, using two discretizations of the vector current and two independent sets of improvement coefficients. Our result at the physical point displays a tension of $3.9\,\sigma$ with a recent evaluation of the intermediate window based on the data-driven method., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, Proceedings of the 39th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, 8th-13th August 2022, Bonn, Germany

Выполнена оценка влияния условий и режима эксплуатации литий-ионного аккумулятора на его параметры. Установлено, что наибольшее влияние на параметры литий-ионного аккумулятора оказывает температура — его устойчивое функционирование обеспечивается в диапазоне от 55 °С до –25 °С. Исследования доказали, что быстрый заряд литий-ионного аккумулятора потенциально может отрицательно повлиять на его параметры. Наиболее энергоэффективный режим функционирования аккумулятора осуществляется при токе заряда 0,1 и 0,2 C. Нецелесообразно увеличивать ток заряда более 1,0 С, поскольку даже незначительное сокращение продолжительности заряда приводит к значительному снижению ёмкости и, как следствие, ресурса работы аккумулятора., A dependence of the parameters of lithium-ion batteries on conditions and mode of their operation is studied. It is shown that the temperature has the greatest impact on the parameters of the lithium-ion battery and ensures a stable operation of the battery within the temperature range from 55 °C to –25 °C. The results obtained have proved that a fast charge of lithium-ion battery can potentially affect the parameters of the battery and contribute to their degradation. The most energy-efficient mode of the battery operation is implemented at charge currents of 0.1 and 0.2 C. An increase of the battery charge mode above 1.0 C appeared inexpedient since a slight reduction in the charge time leads to a significant reduction in the capacity and, as a consequence, in the battery life., Промышленная энергетика, Выпуск 5 2023, Pages 35-45

We present results for the hadronic running of the electromagnetic coupling and the weak mixing angle from simulations of lattice QCD with $N_f=2+1$ flavours of $O(a)$-improved Wilson fermions. Using two different discretisations of the vector current, we compute the quark-connected and -disconnected contributions to the hadronic vacuum polarisation (HVP) functions $\bar{\Pi}^{\gamma\gamma}$ and $\bar{\Pi}^{Z\gamma}$ for spacelike squared momenta $Q^2\leq 7$ $\mathrm{GeV}^2$. Our results are extrapolated to the physical point using ensembles at four lattice spacings, with pion masses ranging from 130 to 420 MeV. We observe a tension of up to 3.5 standard deviations between our lattice results for $\Delta\alpha_{\rm had}^{(5)}(-Q^2)$ and estimates based on the $\textit{R}$-ratio for space-like momenta in the range $Q^2=3-7\,\rm GeV^2$. To obtain an estimate for $\Delta\alpha_\mathrm{had}^{(5)}(M_Z^2)$, we employ the Euclidean split technique. The implications for comparison with global electroweak fits are assessed., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, proceedings of the 39th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, 8th-13th August 2022, Bonn, Germany

In the past, cheese was produced on a small scale on farms; today, it is produced on a global level, either for consumption as a food on its own or as a food ingredient. In this respect, the characteristics of cheeses at elevated temperatures are significant factors for quality evaluation. Furthermore, the structure of cheese is altered by heating, which affects its functional characteristics. Therefore, the melting of cheese is a major commercial attribute because it is the primary determinant in evaluating quality for specific applications. Thus, the assessment of the melt and flow characteristics of cheese is particularly crucial for the successful use of cheese as an ingredient. This review presents an overview of cheese melting, from the fundamentals of phase transitions to heat-induced changes in cheese. Also, the mechanisms underlying these changes and the current information on melting measurement methods are explained, along with their strengths and limitations. © 2023 The Author(s)

High automation, high speed and high efficiency are the advantages of laser welding metallurgical products. It is a great significance to study the quality of laser welding. In the paper, the input current and pulse width of laser are used as variables to improve the tensile strength of welding samples. Firstly, the effect of current and pulse width on tensile strength is obtained through experiments. Then the fitting formula and cureve of experimental data are obtained by orthogonal regression method. Finally, the prediction and optimization of tensile strength are carried out, and the error of the results is less than 12,5 %, indicating that they have a certain guiding role.

Проведён анализ структуры энергоблоков большой мощности атомных электростанций, прежде всего, в электрической части и определены перспективы выбора основного электрооборудования (генераторных выключателей и токопроводов) в цепи генератора в условиях потенциального ограничения поставок оборудования зарубежного производства, а также при дальнейшем росте единичной мощности энергоблоков. Отмечены основные проблемы, затрудняющие разработку отечественных элегазовых генераторных выключателей (генераторных распределительных устройств): отсутствие нормативно-технической базы, недостаточный уровень оснащения испытательных центров, изначально высокие требования к техническим параметрам оборудования. Показано, что применение шестифазных генераторов с расщеплённой обмоткой статора позволяет существенно снизить рабочие токи и токи КЗ в цепи генератора и, соответственно, требования к генераторным выключателям и токопроводам при их конструировании и производстве. Поскольку в стандартах МАГАТЭ и европейских сетевых требованиях среди прочего рассматривается электрическая схема блока без выключателя между генератором и блочным трансформатором с подключением рабочих трансформаторов к распределительному устройству высокого напряжения, авторами предложено провести анализ её надёжности, экономичности и безопасности. Это позволит решить для отечественной атомной отрасли проблему, связанную с выбором выключателей на генераторном напряжении уже сейчас и на долгие годы вперёд, не ограничивая при этом в разумных пределах единичную мощность энергоблока., The article analyzes the structure of high-power units of nuclear power plants, primarily in the electrical part, and determines the prospects for selecting the main electrical equipment (generator circuit breakers and busducts) in the generator circuit in the context of a potential limitation in the supply of foreign-made equipment, as well as with a further capacity increase of the units. The main problems complicating the development of domestic SF6 generator circuit breakers (generator switchgears) are noted: lack of a regulatory base, insufficient level of equipment for testing centers, initially high requirements for the technical parameters of equipment. It is shown that the use of six-phase generators with a split stator winding can significantly reduce operating currents and short-circuit currents in the generator circuit and, accordingly, the requirements for generator circuit breakers and busducts during their design and production. Since the IAEA standards and European utilities requirements, among other things, consider the electrical circuit of the unit without a switch between the generator and the unit step-up transformer with the connection of auxiliary transformers to the high voltage switchgear, the authors proposed to analyze its reliability, efficiency and safety. This will make possible for the domestic nuclear industry to solve the problem associated with the selecting of circuit breakers for generator voltage at present time and for upcoming years not limiting the unit capacity within reasonable limits., Электрические станции, Выпуск 3 2023, Pages 26-33

Aims The α2‐adrenergic receptor (α2‐AR) agonists have been shown to be effective in the treatment of various pain. For example, dexmedetomidine (DEX), a selective α2A‐AR agonist, can be used for peripheral analgesia. However, it is not yet fully elucidated for the precise molecular mechanisms. P2X3 receptor is a major receptor processing nociceptive information in primary sensory neurons. Herein, we show that a functional interaction of α2A‐ARs and P2X3 receptors in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons could contribute to peripheral analgesia of DEX. Methods Electrophysiological recordings were carried out on rat DRG neurons, and nociceptive behavior was quantified in rats. Results The activation of α2A‐ARs by DEX suppressed P2X3 receptor‐mediated and α,β‐methylene‐ATP (α,β‐meATP)‐evoked inward currents in a concentration‐dependent and voltage‐independent manner. Pre‐application of DEX shifted the α,β‐meATP concentration‐response curve downwards, with a decrease of 50.43 ± 4.75% in the maximal current response of P2X3 receptors to α,β‐meATP in the presence of DEX. Suppression of α,β‐meATP‐evoked currents by DEX was blocked by the α2A‐AR antagonist BRL44408 and prevented by intracellular application of the Gi/o protein inhibitor pertussis toxin, the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, and the cAMP analog 8‐Br‐cAMP. DEX also suppressed α,β‐meATP‐evoked action potentials through α2A‐ARs in rat DRG neurons. Finally, the activation of peripheral α2A‐ARs by DEX had an analgesic effect on the α,β‐meATP‐induced nociception. Conclusions These results suggested that activation of α2A‐ARs by DEX suppressed P2X3 receptor‐mediated electrophysiological and behavioral activity via a Gi/o proteins and cAMP signaling pathway, which was a novel potential mechanism underlying analgesia of peripheral α2A‐AR agonists., The α2A‐adrenergic receptors (α2A‐ARs) primarily couple the Gi/o subtype of G‐protein family, which can inhibit intracellular adenylyl cyclase (AC), resulting in the decrease in cAMP levels and PKA activity. The activation of α2A‐ARs by dexmedetomidine (DEX) suppressed P2X3 receptors via the signaling pathway in rat DRG neurons. As a result of DEX treatment, α,β‐methylene‐ATP (α,β‐meATP), a P2X3 receptor agonist, evoked a reduced membrane current and then a decreased burst of action potentials (APs), leading to a relief of α,β‐meATP‐induced pain.

International audience; The current study tries a new approach to simulating interactions between waves and seagrass through Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). In this model, the plants are defined as a solid that respects Hooke's law, and are assumed to have direct interaction with the fluid. Given the characteristics of the SPH method, especially in terms of computational time, the dimensions of the simulations were limited. The first goal of the current study was to optimize the approach to avoid reaching certain limits such as the rupture of the simulated plant. Plant movements under waves and/or currents have been studied by several authors in various in-situ, physical, and numerical experiments concerning various vegetation species, thus proving that plant movements can be successfully reproduced by SPH 2D/3D. Manning's roughness coefficient, n, was calculated to confirm that the results were in accordance with what had been measured in flume studies. Even though there is still room for improvement, it is shown that this method can be used to estimate Manning's coefficient for coastal vegetation (seagrass and saltmarsh vegetation) and to greatly improve the modeling and forecasting of coastal erosion and storm surge risks by including the effects of vegetation in integrated models.

In the article, the problem of cognitive interest is considered as a central link in the system of ideas. The main stages of the development of cognitive interest are emphasized, the importance of musical perception as the most important factor in the formation of cognitive interest is emphasized.

The object of research is the process of measuring electricity with a digital meter. The purpose of the study is to improve the accuracy of electricity metering with a digital transformer connection meter by improving the measurement method. As a result of research, the method of measuring electricity with a digital transformer connection meter has been improved. The method involves measuring the instantaneous values of voltage and current of the grid by measuring transformers, scaling of the received signals, multiple analog-to-digital conversion through a fixed sampling interval, calculation of discretized values of orthogonal projections of rotating vectors, vector braking. On the basis of the discretized values of the projections of the braked voltage and current vectors, the components of the total power are calculated. Numerical integration over time makes it possible to obtain estimates of consumed active and reactive energy. The method differs from the known ones in that there is no need to calculate the root mean square values of voltages and currents over the period. Due to this, the number of numerical integration operations is reduced, which decreases measurement uncertainty and increases accuracy. The advantages of this method include immunity and insensitivity to fluctuations in the grid voltage. The application of the method will reduce measurement uncertainty and increase the accuracy of financial calculations for electricity. Объектом исследования является процесс измерения электроэнергии цифровым счетчиком. Целью исследования является повышение точности учета электроэнергии цифровым счетчиком трансформаторного подключения за счет усовершенствования метода измерения. В результате исследований усовершенствован метод измерения электроэнергии цифровым счетчиком трансформаторного подключения. Метод предполагает измерение мгновенных значений напряжения и тока сети измерительными трансформаторами, масштабирование полученных сигналов, многократное аналого-цифровое преобразование через фиксированный интервал дискретизации, вычисление дискретизированных значений ортогональных проекций вращающихся векторов, торможение векторов. На основе дискретизированных значений неподвижных векторов векторов напряжения и тока вычисляются составляющие полной мощности. Численная интеграция по времени позволяет получить оценки потребленной активной и реактивной энергии. Метод отличается от известных отсутствием необходимости вычисления среднеквадратических значений напряжений и токов в течение периода. За счет этого уменьшается количество операций численного интегрирования, что снижает неопределенность измерений и повышает точность. К преимуществам такого метода следует отнести помеху и нечувствительность к колебаниям сетевого напряжения. Применение предлагаемого способа позволит понизить неопределенность измерений и повысить точность денежных расчетов за электроэнергию. Об'єктом дослідження є процес вимірювання електроенергії цифровим лічильником. Метою дослідження є підвищення точності обліку електроенергії цифровим лічильником трансформаторного підключення за рахунок удосконалення методу вимірювання. В результаті досліджень удосконалено метод вимірювання електроенергії цифровим лічильником трансформаторного підключення. Метод передбачає вимірювання миттєвих значень напруги та струму мережі вимірювальними трансформаторами, масштабування одержаних сигналів, багаторазове аналого-цифрове перетворення через фіксований інтервал дискретизації, обчислення дискретизованих значень ортогональних проекцій обертових векторів, гальмування векторів. На основі дискретизованих значень проекцій нерухомих векторів напруги та струму обчислюються складові повної потужності. Чисельне інтегрування за часом дає змогу одержати оцінки спожитої активної та реактивної енергії. Метод відрізняється від відомих відсутністю необхідності обчислення середньоквадратичних значень напруг та струмів протягом періоду. За рахунок цього зменшується кількість операцій чисельного інтегрування, що знижує невизначеність вимірювання та підвищує точність. До переваг такого методу слід віднести завадозахищеність та нечутливість до коливань мережевої напруги. Застосування запропонованого методу дозволить знизити невизначеність вимірювань та підвищити точність фінансових розрахунків за електроенергію.

We propose a scotogenic model for generating neutrino masses through a three-loop seesaw. It is a minimally extended inert doublet model with a spontaneously broken global symmetry $U(1)'$ and a preserved $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry. The three-loop suppression allows the new particles to have masses at the TeV scale without fine-tuning the Yukawa couplings. The model leads to a rich phenomenology while satisfying all the current constraints imposed by neutrinoless double-beta decay, charged-lepton flavor violation, and electroweak precision observables. The relatively large Yukawa couplings lead to sizable rates for charged lepton flavor violation processes, well within future experimental reach. The model could also successfully explain the $W$ mass anomaly and provides viable fermionic or scalar dark matter candidates., 30 pages, 5 figures. Extended discussion on the muon g-2. Matches published version in JHEP

Temperature effects on luminaires is usually referred to light output, that is luminaire efficiency. However, the effect on electrical magnitudes as power, current and third current harmonic is not widely studied. One major technology, Light-emitting- diode (LED) is fast replacing the other types of lighting all over the world, this opens the interrogate of how is temperature affecting LED luminaires development and how different is this effect compared to other technologies. This paper analyses these effects on LED luminaires of different wattage and one high pressure SODIUM luminaire. Luminaires were measure in two different environments, the first stage with a constant temperature-controlled system (±1°C) and the second one without a temperature-controlled system. The tests were performed on three samples of LED luminaires with different power ratings and one sample of SODIUM luminaire. It was found that the third current harmonic is directly related to temperature while power and current are inversely related.

Purpose We investigated whether serum clusterin levels could reflect the current antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV)-specific indices. Materials and methods Fifty-seven patients with AAV and 40 healthy controls were included in this study. AAV-specific indices included the Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey Physical and Mental Component Summaries (SF-36 PCS and MCS) scores, Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS), five-factor score (FFS), and vasculitis damage index. Clinical and laboratory data and AAV-specific indices were obtained at blood collection. The highest tertile of BVAS (≥16) was defined as high activity of AAV. Results The median age of AAV patients was 64.0 years and 19 patients were male. SF-36 PCS score (r=0.328), SF-36 MCS score (r=0.289), BVAS (r=-0.404), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r=-0.336), and C-reactive protein levels (r=-0.421) were significantly correlated with serum clusterin levels. In the multivariable linear regression analysis using AAV-specific indices and serum clusterin levels, both FFS (β=0.412) and serum clusterin levels (β=-0.250) were significantly associated with BVAS. When the optimal serum clusterin cut-off level for high activity of AAV was identified as 130.45 µg/mL, patients with serum clusterin level ≤130.45 µg/mL had a significantly higher risk for high activity of AAV than did those without (relative risk 7.194). Patients with AAV exhibited significantly lower serum clusterin levels than did healthy controls (168.2 µg/mL vs. 230.5 µg/mL). Conclusion Serum clusterin levels could reflect the current disease activity in patients with AAV.

This research proposes an alternative for companies and farmers through the production of electricity using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) using waste from export products. Nine MFCs were manufactured with zinc and copper electrodes; and as substrates, pineapple, potato and tomato pulp wastes were used in the anode chamber, and residual sludge in the cathode chamber. It was observed that the MFCs with pineapple substrate generated higher values of the electrical parameters, resulting in voltage and current values of 0.3484 ± 0.003 V and 27.88 ± 0.23 mA, respectively. It was also observed that the maximum power density was 0.967 ± 0.059 W/cm2 at a current density of 0.04777 A/cm2 for the same substrate. Acid pH values were observed in the three samples, while the conductivity reached its maximum value on day 23 (69.47 ± 0.91 mS/cm) which declined until the last day of monitoring; the turbidity values increased abruptly after day 22 until the last day where a value of 200.3 ± 2.52 UNT was observed for the pineapple substrate. The scanning electron microscopy for the pineapple substrate MFC electrodes shows the formation of a porous biofilm on the zinc and copper electrodes. These results show that a new form of electricity production has been achieved by generating high voltage and current values, using low-cost materials.

This study aims to determine the effect of variations of the current with combining two welding techniques SMAW and FCAW in double v-groove against the hardness and microstructure of the dissimilar material of JIS G3101-SS400 and ASTM A36. JIS G3101 SS400 and ASTM A36 each with a thickness of 10 mm were used as the materials. The combination of SMAW welding with E7018 electrodes and FCAW with E71T-1 were used as the welding techniques. The current used in SMAW welding were 60 A, 75 A, and 90 A. While in FCAW welding the current used were 190 A, 205 A, and 220 A. Hardness and microstructure tests were carried out on each sample. The results of the study showed that the current in welding process affect the hardness value and microstructure of material. The higher the welding current, the value of hardness of the material going to decrease and vice versa. The highest hardness values in SMAW and FCAW welding are at currents of 60 A and 190 A. Then the current in the welding process also affect the microstructure produced in the weld and HAZ. The formed microstructure containing pearlite and ferrite. The higher welding current, the percentage of pearlite produced increase and the percentage of ferrite decrease.

Neutrino oscillation experiments require a precise measurement of the neutrino energy. However, the kinematic detection of the final-state neutron in the neutrino interaction is missing in current neutrino oscillation experiments. The missing neutron kinematic detection results in a smaller detected neutrino energy than the true neutrino energy. A novel 3D-projection scintillator tracker, which consists of roughly ten million active cubes covered with an optical reflector, is capable of measuring the neutron kinetic energy and direction on an event-by-event basis using the time-of-flight technique thanks to the fast timing, fine granularity, and high light yield. The ν¯μ interactions tend to produce neutrons in the final state. By measuring the neutron kinetic energy, the ν¯μ energy can be reconstructed better, allowing a tighter incoming neutrino flux constraint. This article shows the detector’s ability to reconstruct neutron kinetic energy and the ν¯μ flux constraint achieved by selecting the charged-current interactions without mesons or protons in the final state. Neutrino oscillation experiments require a precise measurement of the neutrino energy. However, the kinematic detection of the final-state neutron in the neutrino interaction is missing in current neutrino oscillation experiments. The missing neutron kinematic detection results in a feed-down of the detected neutrino energy compared to the true neutrino energy. A novel 3D\textcolor{black}{-}projection scintillator tracker, which consists of roughly ten million active cubes covered with an optical reflector, is capable of measuring the neutron kinetic energy and direction on an event-by-event basis using the time-of-flight technique thanks to the fast timing, fine granularity, and high light yield. The $\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$ interactions tend to produce neutrons in the final state. By inferring the neutron kinetic energy, the $\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$ energy can be reconstructed better, allowing a tighter incoming neutrino flux constraint. This paper shows the detector's ability to reconstruct neutron kinetic energy and the $\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$ flux constraint achieved by selecting the charged-current interactions without mesons or protons in the final state.

We investigate the effect of time-dependent boundary conditions on the dynamics of a quantum bouncer—a particle falling in a homogeneous gravitational field on a moving mirror. We examine more particularly the way a moving mirror modifies the properties of the entire wavefunction of a falling particle. We find that some effects, such as the fact that a quantum particle hitting a moving mirror may bounce significantly higher than when the mirror is fixed, are in line with classical intuition. Other effects, such as the change in relative phases or in the current density in spatial regions arbitrarily far from the mirror are specifically quantum. We further discuss how the effects produced by a moving mirror could be observed in link with current experiments, in particular with cold neutrons.

Monitoring of artificial reefs (ARs) has been conducted through such methods as visual censuses, surveys using fishing gear, and echo sounder. These methods have disadvantages: visual census is not possible at ARs in deeper waters, fishing gear surveys are invasive to fish individuals, and echo sounders have difficulty in species identification. A new AR monitoring method is required to compensate for these disadvantages. While eDNA has become a valid monitoring tool for marine biodiversities, it is influenced by degradation and transport of the molecules that affect information about the spatio-temporal distribution of fish. An understanding of the relationship between current fields and eDNA distribution, particularly in open waters, is critical when using eDNA as an index for fish aggregation at ARs. We investigated the relationship between eDNA distribution and current fields around an AR for four dominant species (Engraulis japonicus, Parapristipoma trilineatum, Scomber spp and Trachurus japonicus) in Tateyama Bay, Japan. The highest density of fish schools is formed directly above or at the upstream side of ARs. If we assume that the center of eDNA originates at these locations at an AR and eDNA is simply transported by currents, a higher density of eDNA would distribute downstream from the AR. However, our results indicate that eDNA distribution is in accord with actual fish distribution, namely eDNA densities are more abundant in the upstream side of ARs. We thus consider that eDNA distribution is more influenced by actual distribution patterns than by the transport processes.

Ovim završnim radom opisano je značenje električnih, magnetskih i strujnih polja, te njihova povezanost u prirodi. Predstavljeni su računski načini rješavanja problema električnih, magnetskih i strujnih polja, tako je predstavljen i moderan način kako simulirati navedena polja pomoću programskog paketa Ansys. U završnom radu odrađene su simulacije pomoću programskog paketa Ansys koje prikazuju ponašanje električnih, magnetskih i strujnih polja. This final paper describes the meaning of electric, magnetic and current fields, and their connection in nature. Computational ways of solving problems of electric, magnetic and current fields are presented, as well as a modern way of simulating these fields using the Ansys software package. In the final paper, simulations were performed using the Ansys program package, which shows the behavior of electric, magnetic and current fields.

Ovaj rad temelji se na diferencijalnim jednadžbama 1. i 2. reda, te na prijelaznim pojavama u elektrotehnici. Što smo naučili u dosadašnjem dijelu školovanja o diferencijalnim jednadžbama primjenit ćemo praksi. U drugom poglavlju navedene su obične diferencijalne jednadžbe, te su dani primjeri za iste. U trećem poglavlju dotičemo se diferencijalnih jednadžbi drugog reda koje ćemo kasnije koristiti u radu. U četvrtom poglavlju na RC, RL i RLC spojevima praktično određujemo prijelazne pojave. Pomoću diferencijalnih jednadžbi određujemo izraze za napone i struje, te ističemo karakteristike dobivene na računalu i u laboratoriju. Praktičnom dijelom dobije se bolji prikaz prijelaznih pojava, a teoriskim dijelom bolje razumjevanje diferencijalnih jednadžbi. This paper is based on differential equations of the 1st and 2nd order, and on transient phenomena in electrical engieneering. We will apply what we have learned in the previous part of the education about differential equations to practice. In the second chapter, ordinary differential equations are listed, and examples are given for them. In the third chapter, we touch on second order differential equations that we will use later in paper. In the fourth chapter, we practically determine transients on RC, RL and RLC connections. Using differential equations, we determine the expressions for voltages and currents, and highlight the characteristics obtained on the computer and in the laboratory. The practical part provides a better representation of transient phenomena, and the theoretical part provides a better understanding of differential equations.

Ensuring measuring safety during electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and power quality (PQ) measurements is crucial, especially when students are involved. To enable utilization of low-cost digitizers, a measurement breakout box was designed to measure the mains voltage via a 1:1000 resistive divider, and via a high pass filtered output (from 2 kHz to 1 MHz). Also, a current measuring Hall-Element was added to reduce the cost of performing electromagnetic interference (EMI) and PQ measurements. This paper describes measurements that students can do in the laboratory using simple, low-cost, and safe measurement devices. As an assignment, students can for instance calculate total harmonic distortion (THD), apparent, reactive, and real powers. Additionally, using Fourier, the EMI present in the mains voltage can be observed via the high pass filter outputs. The breakout box was designed to enable EMC education by means of experiments and demonstrations at a low cost.

A numerical simulation is conducted to investigate the local scour of the seabed around the pile under the actions of both solitary waves and currents. By solving the N-S equations enclosed by the RNG k-ε turbulence model, the change of the flow field around the pile is simulated accurately. The sediment transport model considers all the sediment transport processes including entrainment, suspended load transport, deposition, and bed-load transport. For the slope seabed, the influence of gravity on the sediment particles is considered, and the shields parameter is modified. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing the numerical results with the experimental data. Besides, the process of scour development at different wave heights is investigated in detail. The effect of pile foundation protection layer on scour is preliminarily studied. The results show that the combined solitary wave-current conditions have a significant effect on the scour depth around the pile than the current-only or wave-only. The scour depth around the pile on the inclined seabed is larger than that of the horizontal seabed. The setting of protection layer can effectively reduce the local scour depth around the pile. In addition, the particle size of the protective layer has a great influence on the protective effect.

A subject course complied with a grade of 4.0 (A+) approved Doctorate Ph.D. Curriculum Design Subject Course, DBCE 107 3.0 Credit Units Building Electrical Services and Lighting Design and as part of my journey at the Atlantic International University with Ph.D. in Building and Construction Engineering. The building electrical services and lighting design course simulation project is referring to the “Mess Kitchen Hall with Staff Accommodation” which is located inside the facility of the ABM (Ahmed Bin Mohammed) Military College between Al Wajba and Al Shahaniyah Area, Doha Qatar. The content of the subject course study is to simulate the electrical design services that are sustainable quality affordable and suitable to the requirement of the building facility required in Doha, State of Qatar. Where the incoming electrical supply will be fed from a dedicated substation room located in front of the loading duct of the kitchen mess via an underground electrical duct to the electrical room of the kitchen mess hall. The design of the distribution system is aligned with the requirement of the local authority having jurisdiction, Kahramaa, and with reference to the specific British Standards. The building electrical services and lighting design course simulation is a course study to simulate solely focused on the power distribution of the kitchen mess and accommodation on the upper level of the project mentioned. The electrical system was designed economically for continuous and reliable services, safety to personal and equipment, ease of maintenance and operation, minimum power losses, protection of equipment mechanically, interchangeability of equipment, and addition of the loads. To achieve the above goal and obtain the desired results, the author provides the study based on the different standards and practices related to experience. In this report, the power supply of the project, the criteria and the methods of designs of normal networks, electrical equipment’s and protections of the system have been discussed and investigated. A single line diagram has been presented as the outcome of the design.

Many biosensors produce single-ended current outputs. Lab-on-chip applications demand parallel readout channels requiring low area current-to-digital converters. High HD2 has limited the current controlled ring oscillator’s (CCROs) adoption as a low area, single-ended converter. This work improves CCRO open loop linearity by 10 dB. A wide-bandwidth current buffer is also designed. A low area (0.0025 mm 2 ), low power ( 357 μW ), single-ended, and 1 MHz bandwidth converter suitable for array readout is presented with the measured performance.

Modern workshop power supply systems can have a significant length. Therefore, their parameters and electrical characteristics have a significant impact on power quality, operation modes of electrical consumers and energy efficiency of technological processes. Available in engineering practice methods of calculation of parameters and characteristics of bus ducts are based on methods of circuit modeling. Circuit parameters are usually determined on the basis of generalized equations. These equations are derived from a number of assumptions, which limits the scope of their use. Alternative methods, based on empirical dependencies, can be used to calculate the electrical parameters and characteristics based on field modeling. Thus, the paper proposes a mathematical two-dimensional field model of electromagnetic processes in the frequency statement of the problem, allowing with high accuracy and efficiency of numerical implementation to decompose electromagnetic processes in the active elements of the trolley busduct and for each relevant amplitude and frequency of the k-th harmonic current to determine the electromagnetic parameters. busduct with regard to their design features, nonlinearity of magnetic and electrical properties of materials, the skin effect, the blitz effect. A general analysis of active and inductive resistances of busduct phase trolleys depending on their shape, material and current harmonic spectrum is performed. The level of asymmetry of busbar parameters caused by proximity effects, surface effects, skin effects and other edge effects is given. It is found that in the presence of higher current harmonics, the parameters (active and reactive supports) of busbar trolley do not depend on the amplitude of k current harmonics, but depend only on their frequency. The level of voltage drop asymmetry for all forms of phase trolley busducts is caused by the asymmetry of their parameters. Among investigated L, W-, I-, U, X-forms of bus duct trolleys it was found that the most optimal form of steel and copper bus duct trolleys is the angular form of trolleys (L-form), which provides the least increment of active and reactive resistance of bus duct trolley, current harmonics, as well as the minimum level of their asymmetry between phases of bus duct trolleys., Сучасні системи цехового електропостачання можуть мати значну довжину. Тому їх параметри та електричні характеристики істотно впливають на якість електроенергії, режими роботи електроприймачів та енергоефективність технологічних процесів. Наявні в інженерній практиці методики розрахунку параметрів та характеристик шинопроводів ґрунтуються на методах схемного моделювання. Параметри схем зазвичай визначаються основі узагальнених рівнянь. Ці рівняння отримані внаслідок низки припущень, що обмежує область їх використання. Альтернативою методикам, заснованим на емпіричних залежностях, може бути застосування методів розрахунку електричних параметрів і характеристик на основі польового моделювання. Таким чином у роботі запропонована математична двовимірна польова модель електромагнітних процесів у частотній постановці задачі, яка дозволяє з високою точністю та ефективністю чисельної реалізації проводити декомпозицію електромагнітних процесів в активних елементах тролейного шинопровода і для кожної відповідної амплітуди і частоти k-ї гармоніки струму визначати електромагнітні параметри тролейного шинопровода з урахуванням їх конструктивних особливостей, нелінійності магнітних та електрофізичних властивостей матеріалів, скін-ефекту, ефекту близькості, поверхневих та зовнішніх поверхневих ефектів. Виконано загальний аналіз активного та індуктивного опорів фазних тролей шинопровода залежно від їх форми, матеріалу та спектру гармонік струму. Наведено рівень несиметрії параметрів шинопроводів, що викликано ефектами близькості, поверхневими ефектами, скін-ефектами та іншими крайовими ефектами. Встановлено, що при наявності вищих гармонік струму, параметри (активний і реактивний опори) тролеїв шинопровода не залежать від амплітуди k-х гармонік струму, а залежать лише від їх частоти. Рівень несиметрії падіння напруги для всіх форм фазних тролеїв шинопровода викликано несиметрією їх параметрів. Серед досліджених L-, W-, I-, U- та X-подібних форм тролеїв шинопровода встановлено, що найбільш оптимальною формою сталевих і мідних тролеїв шинопровода є куткова форма тролеїв (L-подібна форма), при якій забезпечується найменше прирощення активного та реактивного опорів тролеїв шинопровода, викликаного дією вищих гармонік струму, а також найменший рівень їх несиметрії між фазами тролеїв шинопровода.

VII Encuentro de Oceanografía Física (EOF) - Expanding Ocean Frontiers Conference, VIII International Symposium on Marine Sciences, 6-8 July 2022, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España, The South Atlantic Ocean is one of the central components of the climate system as it regulates the intensity of the Atlantic South Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which determines the amount of equatorward heat gained and transported to high latitudes (Garzoli and Matano, 2011). The main goal of the SAGA10W oceanographic cruise, carried out between March 7 and April 15 2021, was installing the appropriate equipment to perform a long time monitoring of the interior-ocean zonal flows linking the eastern and western South Atlantic basins. The equipment selected to perform the monitoring as well as the logistic of its installation was not trivial. It consisted of four PIES (Pressure Inverted Eco Sounder), and three 2000- m instrumented moorings installed along 10W on the spurs of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 34º20'S and 19º20'S. This vertical section takes place the verge of the subtropical and tropical gyres, in a region that has been recently identified as a pathway for both the starting and returning limbs of the AMOC: the South Atlantic Gateway (SAGA). To properly install the four PIES and three moorings it was absolutely necessary to perform a previous study of the bottom topography with enough resolution to decide the right location. Considering the period of planned monitoring (4 yrs), it was absolutely necessary to adequately prepare all submerged instrumentation. The detailed multibeam scanning of the bottom relief was performed around the points selected by GEBCO. The multibeam scanning covered a 20x20 nautical mile square and consisted of 5 meridional tracks 5 miles apart that allowed to obtain a real acoustic image of the bottom relief with a spatial resolution of 25 meters. Here, we present our experience in preparing the equipments, the cruise operations and the final setup of the entire SAGA array, The Spanish Government has supported this research through project SAGA (RTI 2018-100844-b-c33). We also recognize the institutional support of the Spanish Government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

Information about the parameters of the fuel supply is necessary to assess the operational and environmental performance and condition of the diesel engine of the car and tractor. To obtain such information, a special sensor is required, which is highly sensitive and is not built into the power system. The paper provides an analytical description of the processes in the overhead electromagnetic diesel fuel injection sensor. According to the selected electromagnetic circuit, an equivalent circuit is presented. Reasonable assumptions are made for the converter under consideration. Analytical dependences of electrical and magnetic parameters of a non-linear sensor circuit are presented. The conditions for obtaining the maximum sensitivity of the sensor are determined. An algorithm for calculating the magnetic circuit is presented. For the selected design parameters and operating current, the optimal frequency and supply voltage were determined., Інформація про параметри подачі палива необхідна для оцінки експлуатаційних та екологічних показників роботи та стану дизеля автомобіля та трактора. Для отримання такої інформації потрібен спеціальний датчик, що має високу чутливість і не вбудовується в систему живлення. У роботі виконано аналітичний опис процесів у накладному електромагнітному датчику упорскування палива дизеля. За обраною електромагнітною схемою представлена схема заміщення. Для аналізованого перетворювача прийнято обґрунтовані припущення. Подано аналітичні залежності електричних та магнітних показників нелінійного ланцюга датчика. Визначено умови отримання максимальної чутливості датчика. Наведено алгоритм розрахунку магнітного ланцюга. Для вибраних конструктивних параметрів та робочого струму визначено оптимальну частоту та величину напруги живлення

The measurement of a power frequency current including low- and high-order harmonics is of great importance in calibration as well as in testing processes. Therefore, this paper presents the measurement of the power frequency current of light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires. LED luminaires were chosen as their input current includes both low- and high-order harmonics. The measurement process depends on reconstructing an LED luminaire current without using the coil parameters. Hence, the current reconstruction process is designed to be dependent on the measured characteristics of the Rogowski coil itself considering the frequency range at which the measurement process is required. An evaluation of the proposed measurement process was theoretically and experimentally carried out. A theoretical evaluation was carried out using MATALB SIMULINK software. However, the experimental evaluation was performed by building a Rogowski coil to measure the input currents of different LED luminaires having different power ratings of 300 W, 400 W, and 600 W. The currents measured using the Rogowski coil were compared with reference currents measured using a standard measurement technique. The obtained results show the efficacy of the proposed measurement method.

The processing time represents the duration of the process of processing and one of the indicatives which characterizes the productivity of processing. In this paper, in order to establish the mathematic pattern of the dependence between the processing time and induced power within the workspace tp=f(P) polynomial functions of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd degrees and exponential functions.

Energy is a basic human need. In Indonesia, fuel oil (BBM) is the most widely used energy source in meeting national energy needs. The composition of Indonesia's national energy consumption in 2015, namely BBM: 52.50%; Gas: 19.04%; Coal: 21.52%; Water: 3.73%; Geothermal: 3.01%; and New Energy: 0.2% (Kholiq, 2015). To reduce the use of non-renewable energy, we are trying to find a solution to overcome this problem, namely by using Aloe vera as a source of electrical. This research focuses on the type of circuit and the number of sets of electrodes to produce an optimal source of electrical energy. In this research, we are using an experimental method that aims to determine whether Aloe vera can be an alternative renewable energy source. The first condition is one leaf, series circuit. The second condition, two leaves with a parallel circuit. The third condition, three-leaf with a parallel circuit. The results of this study are that the more electrodes, the more voltage is generated. By assembling in parallel, the resulting current is greater. From our study, we hope Aloe vera has potential as an alternative energy source and it can reduce the use of non-renewable energy.

In this work, we printed a Nafion precursor membrane by fused deposition modeling (FDM) rapid prototyping technology and further fabricated IPMCs by electroless plating. The ion-exchange capacity of the Nafion membrane was tested, and the morphology of IPMCs was observed. The electro-mechanical properties of IPMCs under AC voltage inputs were studied, and grasping experiments were performed. The results show that the Nafion membrane after hydrolysis has a good ion-exchange ability and water-holding capacity. SEM observed that the thickness of the IPMC’s electrode layer was about 400 nm, and the platinum layer was tightly combined with the substrate membrane. When using a square wave input of 3.5 V and 0.1 Hz, the maximum current of IPMCs reached 0.30 A, and the displacement and blocking force were 7.57 mm and 10.5 mN, respectively. The new fabrication process ensures the good driving performance of the printed IPMC. And two pieces of IPMCs can capture the irregular objects successfully, indicating the feasibility of printing IPMCs by FDM technology. This paper provides a new and simple method for the fabrication of three-dimensional IPMCs, which can be further applied in flexible grippers and soft robotics.

Corrosion mostly occurs on carbon steel which is applied for automotive components and household needs. This natural phenomenon is impossible to be avoided. However, it can be set by escalating its corrosion initiation time. Electroplating is a method that can be used to give protection to slower the corrosion initiation time by forming a layer on the specimen surface, additionally, this method is simple and low cost. One of the most commonly used metals for electroplating is nickel, nickel electroplating is suitable for automotive component coating. For these reasons, this study is focused on analyzing the effect of current and coating time on the layer thickness and corrosion rate of AISI 1045 carbon steel with nickel electroplating. The current variations used were 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 A and the coating time variations were 5, 10, and 15 minutes. AISI 1045 was used as the cathode, nickel was as the anode, and nickel chloride was the electrolyte solution. The specimen with a current of 1.5 A and a coating time of 15 minutes shows the thickest coating and the lowest corrosion rate, with values of 0.0205 mm and 0.94 mpy, respectively. This study indicates that the increase of the current and coating time enhances the layer thickness and declines the corrosion rate.

A method has been developed to assess the traction capabilities of a tractor with an electromechanical power train and determine the actual speed taking into account three restrictions: on the permissible slip of the tractor, the maximum power of the used internal combustion engine (ICE) and the permissible mode of operation of the traction induction motor (TIM). The developed mathematical model makes it possible to determine the drawbar pull and the actual speed of the tractor when regulating the TIM in the entire operating frequency range of the voltage supplied to the TIM for a comparative assessment of the traction capabilities of the tractor when using different gear ratios of the mechanical part of the power train (MPPT), as well as determine the slip and other parameters of the TIM when it works as a part of the electromechanical power train of the tractor. Calculations show that: 1) if the MPPT ratio is too high, the whole range of tractor operating speeds on the plowing will not be provided, and if the MPPT ratio is too low, the tractor will not be able to develop the maximum possible drawbar pull based on the permissible slip at any voltage frequency from the TIM control range without exceeding the nominal mode of operation of the TIM; 2) the higher the TIM gear ratio, the larger the section of the TIM frequency control range will be, in which the TIM will not be able to develop even the nominal slip due to the restriction on the permissible slip of the tractor, and for the same frequencies in this section, the TIM slip will be more limited at a higher MPPT gear ratio; the lower the transmission ratio of the MPPT, the more the nominal slip of the TIM will be exceeded during acceleration of the tractor with maintaining the maximum possible based on the permissible slip of the thrust force from the minimum speed to the speeds corresponding to plowing.