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A large body of evidence highlights the importance of psycho-behavioural skills as a key feature of talent development in sport. The purpose of this study was to explore pedagogic intentions of coaches in the psychological development of athletes. Eleven coaches were purposefully sampled for interview based on a track record of expert practice. Using reflexive thematic analysis, three overarching themes were generated as representing the coaches’ work: knowing and shaping the athlete’s needs, purposeful breadth and flexibility of teaching approaches, using challenge to test skill development, and the necessity of review and refinement. Reflecting these data, we suggest the need for an increased appreciation of the role of the sports coach beyond the technical and tactical, with the recommendation that coaches build their knowledge and skillset across a breadth of domains to support the psychological development of athletes more effectively.

Introduction:Human leishmaniasis is distributed worldwide and is mainly in the tropics and subtropics, with a prevalence of 12 million cases and an approximately incidence of 0.5 million cases of VL and 1.5 million cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Leishmania parasites are vector-born protozoan pathogens found in tropical and subtropical regions of both the old and new world. The disease in human can be divided into cutaneous, visceral, and mucosal syndromes. The aim of this study was more experiments over our previous new formulation leishmania major vaccine which had satisfactory experiments results. Method:For detail procedure refers to author’s previous publications. Briefly, hundred and twenty Balb/cmice were randomly divided into four groups as LT, LB, LBT and control groups. LT, LB and LBT injected subcutaneously with the antigen and the same booster doses with two weeks intervals. The expansion rates of the spleen white pulp size was evaluated using a light microscope and the levels of the serum Th1 (IFN- γ, IL-12) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines measured with the ELISA method. Results:Comparing to the LT and LB groups, the LBT group had highest levels of serum IL12, lowest levels of IL10 and highest increase in the spleen white pulp size. Significant correlation was observed between IL12 and IL10 but not IFN gamma or IL4. Conclusion:present study indicated that the LBT group which received crude cocktail leishmania antigen plus alcoholic extract of Teucrium polium and BCG as adjuvant showed satisfactory cytokines profile comparing to groups LT and LB,since highest levels of IL12 and lower levels of IL10 which could help the infected subjects to inhibit or eradication the intracellular leishmania amastigotes, and also was seen highest increase in the spleen white-pulp size which pointed to the synergistic effects of alcoholic extract ofT. poliumand BCG.

Numerous scholars have emphasised that interfaith initiatives can contribute to personal transformation and enhance social cohesion, but it is often unclear if and how these initiatives effectively bring about the intended changes. This article argues that setting up a shared framework of interfaith learning objectives is a necessary first step towards organising and evaluating interfaith initiatives. After conducting a systematic scoping review, we categorised and summarised the learning objectives of 93 interfaith initiatives. These learning objectives are presented in a matrix of twelve categories, reflecting the learning objectives set by the organisers of the 93 initiatives. This article is intended as a first step towards building a shared scholarly framework that can then be used to guide the organisation and evaluation of interfaith initiatives. The matrix can encourage organisers of interfaith initiatives to clarify their learning objectives and, consequently, develop more coherent and evaluable initiatives.

For about fifteen years, the idea of ‚challenges‘ has been spreading among schools as school-based de-schooling projects that give students the opportunity to take on self-chosen extracurricular challenges on their own responsibility over a period of several weeks. However, the required exploration, the resulting uncertainties and the critical-reflexive confrontation with oneself require a sense of comfort and security, which should and will be made more difficult by the framework conditions of the projects themselves. This article now takes a look at the effects of experienced comfort and security through the perception of one’s own group on the results of participation in this experiential education intervention. For this purpose, data were collected from 270 students before and after participation in a challenge. In the preparation phase of the challenge, multiple correlations of the perception of the group work with group characteristics, espe-cially the degree of familiarity of the group members with each other, were found. After the challenge, students were more likely to say that it would have been easier to do the challenge alone, but also perceived their group as more supportive than before, which can be explained by the attributions of success and failure of the challenge.

For about fifteen years, the idea of ‚challenges‘ has been spreading among schools as school-based de-schooling projects that give students the opportunity to take on self-chosen extracurricular challenges on their own responsibility over a period of several weeks. However, the required exploration, the resulting uncertainties and the critical-reflexive confrontation with oneself require a sense of comfort and security, which should and will be made more difficult by the framework conditions of the projects themselves. This article now takes a look at the effects of experienced comfort and security through the perception of one’s own group on the results of participation in this experiential education intervention. For this purpose, data were collected from 270 students before and after participation in a challenge. In the preparation phase of the challenge, multiple correlations of the perception of the group work with group characteristics, espe-cially the degree of familiarity of the group members with each other, were found. After the challenge, students were more likely to say that it would have been easier to do the challenge alone, but also perceived their group as more supportive than before, which can be explained by the attributions of success and failure of the challenge.

In diesem Beitrag wird das Konzept der Jugendschule an der Universitätsschule Dresden dargestellt. Einer theoretisch-historischen Fundierung folgt die Darstellung der konzeptionellen Umsetzung und erster Beispielaktionen einschließlich erster empirischer Ergebnisse. Der Beitrag schließt mit einem Ausblick ab. In this article, the concept of the "youth school" at the University School Dresden is presented. A theoretical-historical foundation is followed by a presentation of the conceptual implementation and first examples including first empirical results. The article concludes with an outlook.

We examine the relationship between job insecurity (JI) and performance (i.e., adaptivity, proactivity, task performance) from a multilevel perspective. We suggest that different behavioural responses will be triggered depending on whether the JI refers to an employee's relative JI within a team or a team's collective JI. An individual employee's relative JI within a team may evoke a withdrawal reaction (i.e., diminished performance) because the individual experiences the insecurity as a personal issue (one which does not affect the rest of the team as much; i.e., a "person-at-risk" situation). However, when JI is experienced as a collective phenomenon (one that affects the entire team as a whole because of the shared context, i.e., a "job-at-risk" situation), employees may demonstrate higher performance as they are driven by job preservation motives. We incorporated both individual employee and supervisor ratings as they have complementary value in evaluating performance. Data was obtained from 53 teams, including 403 employees and 53 supervisors. Team's collective JI was associated with higher supervisor-rated performance at the team-level, both in terms of adaptivity and proactivity but not in terms of task performance. The employee's relative JI within a team was associated with reduced self-rated performance in terms of both adaptivity and task performance.

La investigación de tipo cualitativo se desarrolló con el fin de exponer el derecho fundamental a la doble conformidad al interior de la Justicia Penal Militar, pasando por un análisis de la normatividad internacional y nacional vigente, así como la jurisprudencia en esta materia, identificando que, si bien en Colombia se ha reconocido este derecho por parte de la Corte Constitucional y de manera posterior por el legislador, mediante la expedición del Acto Legislativo 01 de 2018 para permitir la doble conformidad a los aforados constitucionales, la ausencia de una legislación que regule plenamente su ejercicio y procedimiento ocasiona una serie de violaciones a los derechos fundamentales como la igualdad, debido proceso y defensa de algunos aforados constitucionales, a quienes se les ha y sigue negado el derecho a impugnar una sentencia condenatoria proferida en única instancia o una primera condena en segunda instancia, por tanto, es necesaria una reglamentación de la doble conformidad al interior de la jurisdicción penal militar. Contenido Introducción 1 1. Contexto del problema 1 2. Descripción del problema 5 3. Pregunta de investigación 7 4. Metodología 7 5. Objetivos 8 6. Justificación 10 Capítulo I 12 La garantía de la doble conformidad en la práctica internacional 12 1.1. Origen de la doble conformidad 12 1.2. Regulación internacional 12 1.3. Pronunciamientos de la Corte IDH sobre el derecho a recurrir un fallo 15 1.4. Diferencia entre doble conformidad y doble instancia 18 Capítulo II 28 El acto legislativo 01 de 2018 y su alcance constitucional 28 2.1. Marco normativo colombiano sobre la doble conformidad 28 2.2. Antecedentes del acto legislativo 01 de 2018 32 2.3. Contenido del acto legislativo 01 de 2018 y su alcance constitucional 34 Capítulo III 43 La doble conformidad en la Jurisdicción Penal Militar en Colombia 43 3.1. Marco jurídico internacional de la Jurisdicción Penal Militar 43 3.2. Marco jurídico nacional de la jurisdicción penal militar 45 3.3. Jurisprudencia nacional 48 3.4. Algunos casos de condenas en segunda instancia en la JPM que han llegado a la CSJ por Casación 51 3.5. Supuestos fácticos en los que se presenta la garantía de la doble conformidad en el marco de la JPM 53 Conclusiones 58 Referencias 61 The qualitative research was developed in order to expose the fundamental right to double conformity within the Military Criminal Justice, going through an analysis of the current international and national regulations, as well as the jurisprudence in this matter, identifying that, Although in Colombia this right has been recognized by the Constitutional Court and subsequently by the legislator, through the issuance of Legislative Act 01 of 2018 to allow double conformity to constitutional appraisers, the absence of legislation that fully regulates its exercise and procedure causes a series of violations of fundamental rights such as equality, due process and defense of some constitutional judges, who have been and continue to be denied the right to challenge a conviction handed down in a single instance or a first conviction in second instance, therefore, a regulation of double compliance is necessary d within the military criminal jurisdiction. Maestría

This study will explore how Virginia Tech softball players learn to work cohesively each year. This study aims to enable the athletes to reflect on their team’s and personal ability to work cohesively each year. As well as gaining an understanding of how they can improve their learning processes to work together as new members join, some remain, and others leave annually. Using Tuckman’s Stages of Group Development, this study’s framework aims to help understand the evolution of a team and the stages of team development. The stages of the Tuckman model are forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Participants for this study contained 10 Virginia Tech softball student-athletes who participated in the program between 2018-2023. Each participant contributing to the semi-structured interviews was asked pre-selected questions and was reviewed as one team. After each interview, transcripts were reviewed and analyzed for themes. After the analysis of all interviews was examined, three themes emerged. These themes were: Meeting high standards with an evolving culture and leadership, developing relationships effects on and off the field performance, and facing challenges with roles and adversity. The Tuckman model and the research question served as a guide to understanding better how the team learns to work cohesively each year and what they can learn from that knowledge. This study can be used for other sports teams and other researchers interested in the effects of new teammates and a changing dynamic each year on a team’s ability to work cohesively. Therefore, further research can be done to understand how facing individual and team shortcomings affect team cohesion. MALS

Ključna ideja rada je prikazati i razraditi problem nepristranosti i nezavisnosti arbitara koji se pojavljuje u arbitražnom postupku. Sve se više ulažu zahtjevi za izuzećem arbitara zbog sumnje u njihovu nepristranost i nezavisnost što dovodi do pitanja zašto se uopće to događa. Glavna ideja rada bila je dati odgovor na to pitanje uz razradu svih ostalih odredbi arbitražnog postupka koji objašnjavaju tko je uopće arbitar, kako se on postavlja, te kakav on mora biti, a i na kraju da je moguća posljedica povrede njegovih obveza – izuzeće. Uz takva pravila koja postoje u pravilima privatnog prava, razrađena su i pravila javnog prava unutar kojeg se kao stranke javljaju države koje, najčešće, za arbitre unutar arbitražnog vijeća postavljaju vlastite državljane. U radu se nastojalo prikazati da takvo postavljanje neće utjecati na povredu obveze koju ima arbitar, odnosno ako arbitar bude državljanin države o kojoj i odlučuje, to ne znači da postupak neće biti kvalitetan. Postavljanjem takvog arbitra dolazimo do određenih prednosti, a na kraju i većeg zadovoljstva samih stranaka arbitražnog postupka. Upravo se na taj način pokušalo postaviti zaključak da je u arbitražnom postupku najbitniji balans kojim ćemo na kraju doći do završetka kojim će stranke biti zadovoljne, a da bi do toga došli arbitri ne trebaju biti apsolutno nepristrani i nezavisni. Također, u radu se obrađuje i kratki osvrt na arbitražni postupak u kojem je sudjelovala Republika Hrvatska kao stranka, a to je arbitražni postupak između Hrvatske i Slovenije u pokušaju uređenja međusobnih granica., The key idea of the work is to present and elaborate the problem of impartiality and independence of arbitrators that appears in arbitration proceedings. More and more requests are being made to disqualify arbitrators due to doubts about their impartiality and independence, which leads to the question of why this is happening in the first place. The main idea of the work was to give an answer to that question along with elaboration of all other provisions of the arbitration procedure that explain who the arbitrator is, how he is appointed, and what he must be like, and finally that the possible consequence of violating his obligations is exemption. In addition to such rules that exist in the rules of private law, the rules of public law have also been elaborated in which states appear as parties and, most often, appoint their own citizens as arbitrators. The paper tried to show that such setting will not affect the violation of the obligation of the arbitrator, i.e. if the arbitrator is a citizen of the country on which he decides, this does not mean that the procedure will not be a high quality. By appointing such an arbitrator, we achieve certain advantages, and in the end, greater satisfaction of the parties to the arbitration procedure. It was in this way that the conclusion was made that the most important thing in the arbitration procedure is the balance with which we will eventually reach a conclusion with which the parties will be safisfied, and in order to achieve this, the arbitrators do not need to be absolutely impartial and independent. Also, the paper deals with a brief overview of the arbitration proceeding in which the Republic of Croatia participated as a party, namely the arbitration proceedings between Croatia and Slovenia in an attempt to regulate mutual borders.

The methods proposed in this paper are leveraging Challenge–Response–Pair (CRP) mechanisms that are directly using each digital file as a source of randomness. Two use cases are considered: the protection and verification of authenticity of the information distributed in storage nodes and the protection of the files kept in terminal devices operating in contested zero-trust environments comprised of weak signals in the presence of obfuscating electromagnetic noise. With the use of nonces, the message digests of hashed digital files can be unique and unclonable; they can act as Physical Unclonable Functions (PUF)s in challenge–response mechanisms. During enrollment, randomly selected “challenges” result in unique output data known as the “responses” which enable the generation and distribution of cryptographic keys. During verification cycles, the CRP mechanisms are repeated for proof of authenticity and deciphering. One of the main contributions of the paper is the development of mechanisms accommodating the injection of obfuscating noises to mitigate several vectors of attacks, disturbing the side channel analysis of the terminal devices. The method can distribute error-free cryptographic keys in noisy networks with light computing elements without relying on heavy Error Correcting Codes (ECC), fuzzy extractors, or data helpers.

Positive energy districts (PEDs) are urban areas which seek to take an integral approach to climate neutrality by including technological, spatial, regulatory, financial, legal, social, and economic perspectives. It is still a new concept and approach for many stakeholders. ChatGPT, a generative pre-trained transformer, is an advanced artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot based on a complex network structure and trained by the company OpenAI. It has the potential for the fast learning of PED. This paper reports a trial test in which ChatGPT is used to provide written formulations of PEDs within three frameworks: challenge, impact, and communication and dissemination. The results are compared with the formulations derived from over 80 PED experts who took part in a two-day workshop discussing many aspects of PED research and development. The proposed methodology involves querying ChatGPT with specific questions and recording its responses. Subsequently, expert opinions on the same questions are provided to ChatGPT, aiming to elicit a comparison between the two sources of information. This approach enables an evaluation of ChatGPT’s answers in relation to the insights shared by domain experts. By juxtaposing the outputs, a comprehensive assessment can be made regarding the reliability, accuracy, and alignment of ChatGPT’s responses with expert viewpoints. It is found that ChatGPT can be a useful tool for the rapid formulation of basic information about PEDs that could be used for its wider dissemination amongst the general public. The model is also noted as having a number of limitations, such as providing pre-set single answers, a sensitivity to the phrasing of questions, a tendency to repeat non-important (or general) information, and an inability to assess inputs negatively or provide diverse answers to context-based questions. Its answers were not always based on up-to-date information. Other limitations and some of the ethical–social issues related to the use of ChatGPT are also discussed. This study not only validated the possibility of using ChatGPT to rapid study PEDs but also trained ChatGPT by feeding back the experts’ discussion into the tool. It is recommended that ChatGPT can be involved in real-time PED meetings or workshops so that it can be trained both iteratively and dynamically.

PurposeThe human service triad (i.e. the relationship between the customer, frontline employee (FLE) and managerial employee) experiences a range of well-being challenges when faced with the introduction of service robots. Despite growth in service robot scholarship, understanding of the well-being challenges affecting the human service triad remains fragmented. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to synthesise the literature and offer a research agenda aligned with the proposed Robotic-Human Service Trilemma. By taking a job performance approach (which considers the actions, behaviours and outcomes linked to organisational goals), the Robotic-Human Service Trilemma conceptualises three well-being challenges (intrusion, sideline and interchange). These challenges are realised via the realistic capabilities and constraints of service robot implementation.Design/methodology/approachThis research relies on a systematic review of all disciplines concerning service robots. In total, 82 articles were analysed using thematic coding and led to the development of the Robotic-Human Service Trilemma and research agenda.FindingsThe analyses reveal the Robotic-Human Service Trilemma consists of three challenges: intrusion, sideline and indifference. The findings demonstrate that FLEs are required to counterbalance the constraints of service robots, leading to an uneven well-being burden within the human service triad. This paper suggests a research agenda for investigation of the challenges that underpin the Robotic-Human Service Trilemma.Originality/valueThrough the conceptualisation of the Robotic-Human Service Trilemma, this study is the first to explore how states of well-being equilibrium exist within the human service triad and how these states are challenged by service robots. The authors present a balanced centricity perspective to well-being that contrasts previous trade-off approaches and that enhances the body of service robot literature with a well-being lens.

Background Breaking bad news (BBN; e.g., delivering a cancer diagnosis) is perceived as one of the most demanding communication tasks in the medical field and associated with high levels of stress. Physicians’ increased stress in BBN encounters can negatively impact their communication performance, and in the long term, patient-related health outcomes. Although a growing body of literature acknowledges the stressful nature of BBN, little has been done to address this issue. Therefore, there is a need for appropriate tools to help physicians cope with their stress response, so that they can perform BBN at their best. In the present study, we implement the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat as theoretical framework. According to this model, the balance between perceived situational demands and perceived coping resources determines whether a stressful performance situation, such as BBN, is experienced as challenge (resources > demands) or threat (resources Methods In a randomized controlled trial with a 2 (SAR vs. control) x 2 (WE vs. control) between-subjects design, we will determine the effects of both interventions on stress response and BBN skills performance in N = 200 third-year medical students during a simulated BBN encounter. To identify students’ stress responses, we will assess their perceived coping resources and task demands, record their cardiovascular activity, and measure salivary parameters before, during, and after BBN encounters. Three trained raters will independently score students’ BBN skills performances. Discussion Findings will provide unique insights into the psychophysiology of medical students who are tasked with BBN. Parameters can be understood more comprehensively from the challenge and threat perspective and linked to performance outcomes. If proven effective, the evaluated interventions could be incorporated into the curriculum of medical students and facilitate BBN skills acquisition. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05037318), September 8, 2021.

Description: Predicting the presence of humor in football press conference recordings. Available modalities: audio and video, transcriptions. The dataset offers a cross-cultural setting: all press conferences in the training and development partition are held in German, all videos in the test partition are taken from English Premier League press conferences. Important: This package only contains the video recordings, please find labels, audio files, transcripts and features here: https://zenodo.org/record/7843401 Labels: windows of 2 seconds are given a binary label, indicating presence and absence of humor. At least 7 human annotators labelled each video. Dataset: MuSe-Humor is based on the Passau-Spontaneous Football Coach Humor (Passau-SFCH) dataset (paper). It includes press conference recordings of 10 different German Bundesliga football coaches collected in 2017. Moreover, for the MuSe 2023 challenge, recordings of 6 Premier League coaches have been added. The data provided here only includes segments in which the respective coach is speaking. The training data set contains recordings of 7 German-speaking coaches, development data consists of videos of 3 German-speaking coaches; and the test data set comprises recordings of 6 English-speaking coaches (one native speaker). General: The 4th Multimodal Sentiment Analysis Challenge and Workshop (MuSe) 2023 adresses research questions that are of interest to affective computing, machine learning and multimodal signal processing communities and encourages a fusion of their disciplines. The goal of the MuSe workshop and challenge is to gain new insights into the merits of each of the core modalities and to serve as a stimulating environment for the development and evaluation of multimodal affect recognition approaches.

The evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in the emergence of several variants of concern (VOC) with increased immune evasion and transmissibility. This has motivated studies to assess protection conferred by earlier strains following infection or vaccination to each new VOC. We hypothesized that while NAbs play a major role in protection against infection and disease, a heterologous reinfection or challenge may gain a foothold in the upper respiratory tract (URT) and result in a self-limited viral infection accompanied by an inflammatory response. To test this hypothesis, we infected K18-hACE2 mice with SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 (WA1) and, after 24 days, challenged with WA1, Alpha, or Delta. While NAb titers against each virus were similar across all cohorts prior to challenge, the mice challenged with Alpha and Delta showed weight loss and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the URT and lower RT (LRT). Mice challenged with WA1 showed complete protection. We noted increased levels of viral RNA transcripts only in the URT of mice challenged with Alpha and Delta. In conclusion, our results suggested self-limiting breakthrough infections of Alpha or Delta in the URT, which correlated with clinical signs and a significant inflammatory response in mice.

The month of Ramadan has an impact on the Indonesian economic sector, especially on MSMEs. For example, the demand for food and beverages increases during iftar and suhoor, so culinary businesses such as food stalls and street food vendors can experience an increase in turnover during the month of Ramadan. However, MSMEs also face various challenges such as a decrease in people's purchasing power. This study aims to analyse the opportunities and challenges faced by MSMEs in Indonesia during Ramadan, as well as the efforts that can be made to optimise opportunities and overcome these challenges. This research is qualitative in nature. Data collection techniques include listening and recording important information to conduct data analysis through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study arrive at the conclusion that MSMEs in Indonesia have great opportunities during the month of Ramadan, especially in the food and beverage sector. These opportunities can be utilised by improving product quality, maintaining inventory, using social media for marketing, offering discounts and special offers, establishing partnerships, maintaining service quality, and utilising digital potential. &nbsp

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) on the protection afforded by the BA71∆CD2 African swine fever virus (ASFV) vaccine prototype. Two groups of pigs acclimated to diets without or with 8% SDPP were intranasally inoculated with 105 plaque-forming units (PFU) of live attenuated ASFV strain BA71∆CD2 and, three weeks later, left in direct contact with pigs infected with the pandemic Georgia 2007/01 ASFV strain. During the post-exposure (pe) period, 2/6 from the conventional diet group showed a transient peak rectal temperature >40.5 °C before day 20 pe, and some tissue samples collected at 20 d pe from 5/6 were PCR+ for ASFV, albeit showing Ct values much higher than Trojan pigs. Interestingly, the SDPP group did not show fever, neither PCR+ in blood nor rectal swab at any time pe, and none of the postmortem collected tissue samples were PCR+ for ASFV. Differential serum cytokine profiles among groups at vaccination, and a higher number of ASFV-specific IFNϒ-secreting T cells in pigs fed with SDPP soon after the Georgia 2007/01 encounter, confirmed the relevance of Th1-like responses in ASF protection. We believe that our result shows that nutritional interventions might contribute to improving future ASF vaccination strategies.

Background: Access to high quality research literature is essential for educating nursing and healthcare students to promote evidence-based practice. Within Low- and Middle-Income countries (LMICs) access is limited due to financial and structural constraints within countries and institutions. Reduced access to research literature limits the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals through its impact on the education of healthcare staff and on the development of contextually appropriate evidence for practice. Objective: To identify the challenges and possible solutions for accessing scholarly literature among medical and nursing professionals and students in low-and-middle income countries. Design: Systematic review. Data sources: Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL PLUS, ERIC, ASSIA, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. Review methods: Five bibliography databases were searched using relevant search terms, from January 2002 to July 2022. Additional searches were carried out in Google Scholar. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were independently screened by at least two authors, based on predefined eligibility criteria. Pertinent data were extracted from included studies, and critical appraisal was undertaken. Data were analysed and presented in a narrative approach. Results: Five papers met the inclusion criteria and were included. Three aspects of challenges at different levels emerged: infrastructure and institutional level factors, individual factors, and lack of contextually appropriate evidence. Three solutions were identified: capacity development opportunities, improving Internet access, and increasing awareness of free resources. Conclusion: This review provides an overview of common barriers medical and nursing professionals and students encounter whilst accessing scholarly literature in LMICs and identifies some possible solutions to address them. The findings can be used to guide institutions, as well as national and international decision makers to elicit policy which can promote the uptake of research in LMICs. Further research should focus on how these solutions could be harnessed to address the problems identified in this review.

The study sought to identify the challenges faced by modular distance learning and the coping mechanisms. This was conducted on August 2022. Findings show that challenges include planning and preparing the modules, teaching the courses, collection of information on student performance, examined and assessed students' outputs, and provided feedback to students. Teachers overcame the challenges posed by the modality through time management, inventive teaching methods, adjusting to the new normal trend in education, flexibility, providing backup plans, optimism, and patience, and arming oneself with the necessary skills. Additionally, respondents declared that they were prepared to do the tasks related to teaching and learning processes. Teachers had access to the professional development webinars and training they needed. Learners were unable to focus on their studies because of the absence of face-to-face instruction. To help their children adjust to the new teaching modality, parents and guardians can only support them through encouraging them. However, several of them felt confined because in the modular learning modality, they lack the ability to facilitate and explain the lesson. The financial status and educational background of the parents had a big impact on how successfully their kids learned remotely and adjusted to modular learning. Additionally, to maintain the widespread printing of self-learning modules, the schools received sufficient financial support and material resources, and they made effective use of them.

Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium covae are pervasive bacterial pathogens associated with significant losses in catfish aquaculture. Bacterial coinfections have the potential to increase outbreak severity and can worsen on-farm mortality. A preliminary assessment of in vivo bacterial coinfection with E. ictaluri (S97-773) and F. covae (ALG-00-530) was conducted using juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Catfish were divided into five treatment groups: (1) mock control; (2) E. ictaluri full dose (immersion; 5.4 × 105 CFU mL−1); (3) F. covae full dose (immersion; 3.6 × 106 CFU mL−1); (4) E. ictaluri half dose (immersion; 2.7 × 105 CFU mL−1) followed by half dose F. covae (immersion; 1.8 × 106 CFU mL−1); and (5) F. covae half dose followed by half dose E. ictaluri. In the coinfection challenges, the second inoculum was delivered 48 h after the initial exposure. At 21 days post-challenge (DPC), the single dose E. ictaluri infection yielded a cumulative percent mortality (CPM) of 90.0 ± 4.1%, compared with 13.3 ± 5.9% in the F. covae group. Mortality patterns in coinfection challenges mimicked the single dose E. ictaluri challenge, with CPM of 93.3 ± 5.4% for fish initially challenged with E. ictaluri followed by F. covae, and 93.3 ± 2.7% for fish exposed to F. covae and subsequently challenged with E. ictaluri. Despite similarities in the final CPM within the coinfection groups, the onset of peak mortality was delayed in fish exposed to F. covae first but was congruent with mortality trends in the E. ictaluri challenge. Catfish exposed to E. ictaluri in both the single and coinfected treatments displayed increased serum lysozyme activity at 4-DPC (p < 0.001). Three pro-inflammatory cytokines (il8, tnfα, il1β) were evaluated for gene expression, revealing an increase in expression at 7-DPC in all E. ictaluri exposed treatments (p < 0.05). These data enhance our understanding of the dynamics of E. ictaluri and F. covae coinfections in US farm-raised catfish.

IntroductionExtensive research has been carried out on Talent Development (TD) environments and an increasing amount of work shows the development of psychological characteristics as an important formal part of the academy experience. Importantly, however, very little attention has been paid to what types of skills, if any, young players arrive with. In other words, there seems to be an assumption that young athletes arrive at the academy as a blank canvas.MethodsAs such, to investigate whether players' arrive with these psychological characteristics, we looked across a sample of young footballers' and rugby players' personal experiences (such as, family input, sporting background or personal challenges) prior joining the academy. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted, and data were analysed via thematic analysis.ResultsOur findings suggested that young athletes acquired an aptitude from general experiences, whereby they had already started to develop and deploy specific skills (such as, reflective practice, mental skills or seeking social support) to navigate particular challenges, prior to arriving at the academy.ConclusionImplications include the need for coaches and psychologists to assess young athletes' skillsets and pre-academy experiences upon arrival and use this as a starting point for developing tailored and individualised pathways that would enable them maximise their potential.

Implementation of a process-based approach was used to increase the writing skills of native and non-native writers. In this area, various research has been conducted by different researchers. However, the tasks of integrating writing aspects in the stages of process writing have not been given due attention by many researchers in EFL classes. This study aimed to evaluate the role of practicing writing aspects in process-based approach classroom activities to improve students' writing ability. The practice of writing aspects in the process-based approach's stages has been implemented for 16 weeks in an integrated manner. An action research design and comprehensive sampling technique guided the study. Tests, reflective journals, and questionnaires were used to collect data. Accordingly, we found inadequate awareness and less trends of prior predispositions of practicing writing aspects were identified as the core challenges. After action interventions, we found that ordaining the steps of the process approach ignited students to integrate cognitive, linguistic, and social components of writing. Thirdly, the study found that cyclical practicing on writing aspects improved students' writing ability. This implies that scaffolding students' writing in rhetorical aspects inspire their thinking process and writing ability. It was also noticed that it lessened writing apprehension.

Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy and Hepatology have faced significant improvements in terms of diagnosis and therapy in the last decades. However, many fields still remain poorly explored, and many questions unanswered. Moreover, basic-science, as well as translational and clinical discoveries, together with technology advancement will determine further steps toward a better, refined care for many gastroenterological disorders in the future. Therefore, the Young Investigators of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology (SIGE) joined together, offering a perspective on major future innovations in some hot clinical topics in Gastroenterology, Endoscopy, and Hepatology, as well as the current pitfalls and the grey zones.

This research aims to gain insight on the perception that minors have of viral challenges as an entertainment format and the motivations behind their participation in this digital entertainment phenomenon. A qualitative study was performed by way of twelve focus groups with sixty-two minors aged between eleven and seventeen years from Spain. For minors, viral challenges represent a form of entertainment in an interactive context, perceived as innocuous, ephemeral content from which nothing more is required than for the user to have a good time. This appears to lead the minors interviewed to ignore the meaning and origin of the viral challenges they visualise and share, neither do they regard this to be necessary. It is also important to underline the relativisation of risk and danger in favour of spectacularisation and virality. This work was supported by the Research Plan of the International University of La Rioja (UNIR), 2020–2022 biennium.

Background: In South Africa, children with cerebral palsy are nested within a family setting by immediate relatives, particularly in the rural areas. These immediate relatives are regarded as caregivers and are not trained with regard to providing care to children with special needs. Therefore, they have to find ways to adapt to their new roles of caregiving using the available resources. The aim of this paper is to present the challenges encountered by caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in rural areas of South Africa. Methods: This qualitative, explorative, descriptive, and contextual study included 10 caregivers for children with cerebral palsy who were purposively recruited from the three respective hospitals in Vhembe District within Limpopo Province. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews and analysed using a thematic approach. Ethical considerations and measures to ensure trustworthiness were upheld throughout the study. Results: Four themes emerged from the study, namely economic problems facing caregivers; health problems encountered by caregivers; maltreatment of caregivers by community members, as well as access to transport for caregivers and children. Conclusion: Participants narrated that caring for a child with cerebral palsy is not an easy task for the caregiver, particularly in the rural areas of South Africa. They encounter various challenges as they strive to provide quality care to the children that they are caring for. An investigation is recommended concerning the kind of model which should be developed to support caregivers in caring for children with cerebral palsy in the rural areas.

This paper focuses on different aspects of the attractiveness of European systems and institutions for students, academics, the labour market and the economy, drawing attention to the tensions that arise between different stakeholders in universities. Not only do universities need to be attractive to increasingly differentiated student groups, but they also need to be attractive workplaces and provide attractive career opportunities for academic staff. Both public and private institutions today are under multifaceted pressures for change. At a time of inevitable reform of the current welfare state systems in most parts of Europe, attractive systems will be able to balance the negative financial impact of the gradual restructuring of the most generous types of welfare state regimes in Europe on public funding of higher education. The possible redefinition of higher education from a public good to a private good is a trend that may further undermine the idea of heavily publicly subsidized higher education as the economic rationale for higher education changes. The expected changes may fundamentally alter the relationship between stakeholders in higher education, with the role of the state (especially in funding) diminishing and the role of students and the labour market increasing. The expected changes related to differentiation may change the academic profession as a whole and have a strong impact on the traditional relationship between teaching and research in European universitie

This paper focuses on different aspects of the attractiveness of European systems and institutions for students, academics, the labour market and the economy, drawing attention to the tensions that arise between different stakeholders in universities. Not only do universities need to be attractive to increasingly differentiated student groups, but they also need to be attractive workplaces and provide attractive career opportunities for academic staff. Both public and private institutions today are under multifaceted pressures for change. At a time of inevitable reform of the current welfare state systems in most parts of Europe, attractive systems will be able to balance the negative financial impact of the gradual restructuring of the most generous types of welfare state regimes in Europe on public funding of higher education. The possible redefinition of higher education from a public good to a private good is a trend that may further undermine the idea of heavily publicly subsidized higher education as the economic rationale for higher education changes. The expected changes may fundamentally alter the relationship between stakeholders in higher education, with the role of the state (especially in funding) diminishing and the role of students and the labour market increasing. The expected changes related to differentiation may change the academic profession as a whole and have a strong impact on the traditional relationship between teaching and research in European universitie

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two multivalent commercial porcine circovirus (PCV) vaccines against heterologous PCV2d challenges. A total of 24 crossbred male pigs aged 26 days selected from a specific pathogen-free herd were randomly divided into four groups (six pigs per group) and assigned as follows: negative control (unvaccinated/sham-challenge), vaccinated with chimeric PCV1-2a vaccine (PCV1-2a/PCV2d-challenge), vaccinated with chimeric PCV1-2a-2b vaccine (PCV1-2a-2b/PCV2d-challenge) and positive control (unvaccinated/PCV2d-challenge). At 21 days after vaccination, the pigs were intranasally and intramuscularly inoculated with either sham or field isolates of PCV2d (PCV2d/149/TH/2020). After being challenged, blood samples were obtained weekly and analyzed for levels of PCV2d viremia, neutralizing antibodies, and IgG against PCV2. At 30 days post-challenge (DPC), the pigs were euthanized and then subjected to pathological evaluations and molecular analysis. The results indicated that pigs in the PCV1-2a-2b/PCV2d-challenge and the PCV1-2a/PCV2d-challenge groups possessed significantly greater levels of PCV2d-neutralizing antibody titer when compared with the positive control group. Moreover, pigs in the PCV1-2a-2b/PCV2d-challenge group exhibited a lower degree of severity in terms of gross lesion scores and lower levels of PCV2 viremia when compared with the positive control group. This study demonstrated that vaccinating pigs with either the PCV1-2a or PCV1-2a-2b chimeric vaccines elicits a potent immune response against PCV2d infection and reduces viremia after PCV2d inoculation in pigs.

Older people in nursing homes are at a high risk of being infected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). They also experienced nursing home lockdowns that harm their psychological wellbeing. Better support for this vulnerable population requires understanding their perceptions of challenges and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted using semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis approach was used to analyze the data. Participants were recruited from six nursing homes in three cities in Hunan Province, China. Fourteen nursing home residents participated in the study. Four themes were identified from interviews and described as: mental stress and coping strategies, self-regulation to respond to lockdown, the lack of social connection and coping strategies, and the need for medical care services and coping strategies. This study revealed that nursing home residents perceived stress during the nursing home lockdown, but they reported initiating activities to maintain health and connections with their families and peers. Resilience improvement interventions are necessary to enable residents’ autonomy and develop their resilience in coping with difficulties and hardship during crises. The findings also indicate that a supportive environment with interactions from families, peers, and staffs played a key role in enabling residents’ positive health and wellbeing during the lockdown.

The sudden shift of online teaching activities in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruption. It has been a challenge for both students and teachers. It has also presented an opportunity for a critical analysis of the subject of the educational process in an era of wide access to information technology. One of the desirable consequences of the analysis is to highlight the didactic usefulness of hybrid events. A collective autoethnographic text about the challenges related to moving teaching activities to an online environment during the pandemic at Transilvania University in Brașov (Romania), and an observation report on a cultural event held in hybrid mode in a Europe for Citizens project, hosted by the same university, support the recommendation to consider hybrid education as a solution that must be available to teachers for the efficient management of future possible crisis situations. The teachers retroactively appreciated the logistical, economic and comfort advantages of online education, but they pointed out the difficulties of conducting the teaching process entirely online. The hosted hybrid event highlighted the utility of being able to quickly transition from offline to online. Hybrid learning is efficient because it can combine the benefits of online and offline learning. Teachers trained to manage hybrid events will feel a reduced impact in future crisis situations.

This systematic literature review aimed to provide an overview of the characteristics and methods used in studies applying the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) concept for infectious diseases within European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA)/European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries and the United Kingdom. Electronic databases and grey literature were searched for articles reporting the assessment of DALY and its components. We considered studies in which researchers performed DALY calculations using primary epidemiological data input sources. We screened 3053 studies of which 2948 were excluded and 105 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 22 were multi-country and 83 were single-country studies, of which 46 were from the Netherlands. Food- and water-borne diseases were the most frequently studied infectious diseases. Between 2015 and 2022, the number of burden of infectious disease studies was 1.6 times higher compared to that published between 2000 and 2014. Almost all studies (97%) estimated DALYs based on the incidence- and pathogen-based approach and without social weighting functions; however, there was less methodological consensus with regards to the disability weights and life tables that were applied. The number of burden of infectious disease studies undertaken across Europe has increased over time. Development and use of guidelines will promote performing burden of infectious disease studies and facilitate comparability of the results.

The article defines the importance of full and timely detection/recognition of challenges, threats and risks for the security of the banking system. The essence of the concepts "danger", "challenge", "threat", "risk", the relationship between them is clarified. Classifications of types of threats to the financial security of the banking system and risks of the latter are given. Lists of challenges and threats to the financial security of the banking system are provided. Requirements for risk management in the banking system are presented., В статті визначена значущість повного і своєчасного виявлення / розпізнавання викликів, загроз і ризиків для убезпечення банківської системи. З’ясовано сутність понять «небезпека», «виклик», «загроза», «ризик», взаємозв’язок між ними. Наведено класифікації різновидів загроз фінансовій безпеці банківської системи та ризиків останньої. Подано переліки викликів і загроз фінансовій безпеці банківської системи. Представлено вимоги до управління ризиками у банківській системі.

In dieser Arbeit sollen die Herausforderungen und Chancen der Pensionierungswelle, welche in den kommenden elf Jahren unentwegt über die Bundesverwaltung hereinbrechen wird, behandelt werden. Besonderer Fokus soll dabei auf die einschlägig kritische Infrastruktur des Bundesdienstes gelegt werden und Maßnahmen aufgezeigt werden, welche diesen Herausforderungen entgegenwirken können. In this thesis, the challenges and opportunities of the retirement wave, which will incessantly hit the federal administration in the next eleven years, will be addressed. Particular focus will be placed on the critical infrastructure of the federal service and measures will be identified that can counteract these challenges.

Bakgrund: Anestesisjuksköterskor ska efter genomgången specialistutbildning kunna söva både barn och vuxna. Barnanestesi skiljer sig på många sätt från anestesi till vuxna, fysiologin är annorlunda och bemötandet behöver anpassas efter barnets ålder och mognadsgrad. Förekomsten av barnpatienter varierar i olika verksamheter.Motiv: Barn sövs inte i samma omfattning som vuxna patienter och de har andra kroppsliga och kognitiva förutsättningar vilket kräver anpassade rutiner inför anestesi. Det är av intresse att undersöka anestesisjuksköterskors erfarenheter av barnanestesi för att det är ett annat förfarande än när vuxna sövs. Ökad förståelse för ämnet tror vi kan ge en intressant inblick i hur det är att söva barn som kan vara nyttig för såväl nya som erfarna anestesisjuksköterskor. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka anestesisjuksköterskors erfarenhet av barnanestesi. Metod: Intervjuer med en semistrukturerad design genomfördes på två olika operationsavdelningar i södra Sverige. Tolv deltagare valdes ut genom ändamålsenligt urval. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visar att anestesisjuksköterskor upplever olika slags utmaningar i mötet med barnpatienter. Trygghet i yrkesutövandet beskrivs främst komma av att kontinuerligt få tillfälle att praktisera barnanestesi. En enad syn i teamet runt barnpatienter har visat sig vara önskvärt dock upplever vissa anestesisjuksköterskor ibland att det brister i samsynen av vad som är bäst för barnet. Frustration över begränsad kompetens är också en känsla som anestesisjuksköterskor på olika vis framhäver. Känslan av att lyckas nå fram till ett litet barn och söva framgångsrikt någonting som skänker glädje och gör arbetet roligt och givande. Konklusion: Anestesisjuksköterskor har olika erfarenheter av barnanestesi beroende på hur ofta de söver barn. Tryggheten i yrkesutövandet byggs upp av tydliga rutiner, återkommande tillfällen att söva barn samt stöttning från barnspecialiserade anestesiologer. Frustrationen över begränsad kompetens inom barnanestesi framkommer i resultatet, likaså en önskan om att få utveckla sina kunskaper för att bedriva en högkvalitativ anestesiologisk omvårdnad dygnet runt. Background: On completion of their specialist training, nurse anaesthetists shall be able to anaesthetise both children and adults. Paediatric anaesthesia differs in many ways from adult anaesthesia: the physiology is different and one’s approach must be adapted with regard to the child’s age and level of maturity. The number of child patients varies between organisations. Motive: Children are not anaesthetised to the same extent as adult patients and they have different physical and cognitive conditions, which requires special procedures in preparation of anaesthesia. Nurse anaesthetists’ experiences with paediatric anaesthesia is worth examining as it involves a different procedure compared to adult anaesthesia. We believe that an increased understanding of the subject can provide interesting insight into what paediatric anaesthesia is like, which can be useful for both new and experienced nurse anaesthetists. Aim: The aim of the study is to examine nurse anaesthetists’ experiences of paediatric anaesthesia. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted at two different surgical wards in southern Sweden. Twelve participants were purposefully selected. The interviews were analysed through qualitative content analysis. Result: The results show that nurse anaesthetists experience different challenges when dealing with child patients. Their sense of security in their professional skills comes mainly from continuous opportunity to practise paediatric anaesthesia. Team consensus about child patients is clearly desirable, however, some nurse anaesthetists experience a lack of consensus about what is best for the child. Nurse anaesthetists also express frustration over limitations in skills. The feeling of being able to connect to a small child and successfully anaesthetise them is something that brings joy and makes the work both enjoyable and rewarding. Conclusion: Nurse anaesthetists have different experiences with paediatric anaesthesia depending on how often they anaesthetise children. Their feeling of security in their profession is created by having clear routines, recurring opportunities to anaesthetise children and support from specialist paediatric anaesthesiologists. The results show frustration over limited competence within paediatric anaesthesia and a desire to develop their skills in order to provide high-quality anaesthesiologic care around the clock.

The space industry is currently undergoing a significant servitization-shift as space agencies globally are transitioning from the government-led product-oriented procurement approach, that has been the standard for decades, to a more commercial service-oriented procurement approach. The purpose of the thesis is to identify what challenges exists within servitization in European space exploration and translate these into related improvement areas for the service-oriented procurement approach adopted by the European Space Agency (ESA). The thesis adopts a qualitative case-study approach where four different commercial services, developed through a commercial partnership between ESA and private enterprises, are being studied. In total, the study identifies 21 challenges across three different life-cycle stages for the commercial services. First, the study identifies cultural challenges for both the space agency and industry as they struggle in transitioning to a service culture from the existing culture that is strongly linked with the traditional approach. Second, the study also identifies several challenges related to how the processes established within the frame of the commercial partnership are currently inadequate to support the transition to commercial services. In particular, the study highlights knowledge gaps related to business planning and marketing, insufficient processes to ensure a balance in cost and quality incentives and high barriers of entry for SMEs. Finally, the study identifies relational challenges with regards to the collaboration between the space agency and the commercial partner. The results indicate that the collaboration between ESA and the commercial partners currently lack the necessary transparency and efficiency in collaboration needed to succeed with servitization. In order to resolve these challenges, the study proposes 21 different improvement areas for ESA in relation to its commercialisation initiative. In particular, the thesis highlights process improvements related to the choice of procurement approach, development of business plans, evaluation of upfront commitment to utilization and visibility into the service design. The thesis concludes by highlighting the need for continued work with development of improvements. The thesis results serve as a starting point for developing a future approach of planning and managing development of commercial services within space exploration. Rymdindustrin genomgår för närvarande en betydande tjänstefiering där rymdorganisationer globalt övergår från en statligt styrd produkt-orienterad tjänste-orienterad upphandlingsmetod. Syftet med examensarbetet är att identifiera vilkautmaningar som finns inom tjänstefiering i europeisk rymdutforskning samt vilka relaterade förbättringsområden som följaktligen finns inom den tjänste-orienterade upphandlingsmetod som European Space Agency (ESA) har antagit. Examensarbetet baseras på en fallstudie där fyra olika kommersiella tjänster, utvecklade genom ett kommersiellt partnerskap mellan ESA och privata företag, studeras. Studien identifierar totalt sett 21 utmaningar över tre olika livscykelfaser för de kommersiella tjänsterna. För det första identifierar studien kulturella utmaningar för både rymdorganisationen och industrin upplever svårigheter i att övergå från den befintliga kulturen som starkt är kopplad till den traditionella metoden till en tjänste-orienterad kultur. För det andra identifierar studien även flera utmaningar relaterade till hur processerna som etablerats inom ramen för det kommersiella partnerskapet för närvarande är otillräckliga för att stödja övergången till kommersiella tjänster. Studien lyfter särskilt fram kunskapsluckor inom affärsplanering och marknadsföring, otillräckliga processer för att säkerställa balans mellan kostnads- och kvalitetsincitament samt höga inträdeshinder för små och medelstora företag. Slutligen identifierar studien relationsmässiga utmaningar med avseende på samarbetet mellan rymdorganisationen och den kommersiella partnern. Resultaten indikerar att samarbetet mellan ESA och industrin idag saknar den nödvändiga transparensen och effektiviteten i samarbetet som krävs för att lyckas med tjänstefiering. För att lösa dessa utmaningar föreslår studien 21 olika förbättringsområden för ESA i relation till dess kommersialiseringsinitiativ. Särskilt framhävs processförbättringar relaterade till val av upphandlingsmetod, utveckling av affärsplaner, utvärdering av tidiga åtaganden för utnyttjande och insyn i tjänstedesignen. Examensarbetet avslutas med att betona behovet av fortsatt arbete med utveckling av förbättringar. Resultaten utgör en startpunkt för att utveckla en framtida strategi för planering och hantering av utvecklingen av kommersiella tjänster inom rymdutforskning.

По результатам систематизации и анализа современных исследований теории и практики стратегического управления технологическим развитием предприятий определены направления приращения ее концептуальных положений в части категориального аппарата для более точно понимания основной категории «технологический процесс», структуры технологического процесса и классификации типов технологических процессов предприятия. Сделаны выводы о необходимости постоянного совершенствования теории стратегического управления технологическими процессами как основы разработки и реализации соответствующих функциональных стратегий предприятий. В соответствии с целью исследования проведен сравнительный анализ ряда современных подходов к уточнению классификационных признаков технологических процессов, значимых для принятия обоснованных стратегических решений по выбору приоритетных технологий, а также для выбора методов стратегического управления технологическим развитием предприятия с учетом отраслевой специфики., Based on the results of systematization and analysis of modern research on the theory and practice of strategic management of technological development of enterprises, the article determines the directions for incrementing its conceptual provisions in terms of categorical apparatus for a more accurate understanding of the main category "technological process", the structure of technological process and the classification of types of technological processes of enterprise. It highlights the need for continuous improvement of the theory of strategic management of technological processes as the basis for the development and implementation of appropriate functional strategies for enterprises. Following the goals of the study, it comparatively analyzes a number of modern approaches to clarifying the classification features of technological processes that are significant for making informed strategic decisions on the choice of priority technologies, as well as for choosing methods of strategic management of the technological development of an enterprise, taking into account industry specifics.

For the investigation of vapour explosions, droplet impingement experiments were performed with the binary system Pb-Sn and the pseudo-binary system PbS-Cu2S. The experiments were performed with a melt at 600 degrees C (Pb-Sn) or 700 degrees C (PbS-Cu2S) and a water bath at ambient temperature and pressure. A hydrophone and a highspeed camera were used to study the interaction and from this data, the explosion probability and intensity were determined.The explosion probability had a single minimum around 70 wt% Sn, close to the eutectic composition. Moreover, the explosion probability increased approximately linearly with changing composition towards the pure melts, and was similar for pure tin and pure lead. On the other hand, the explosion intensity was comparable for tin and the eutectic alloy while clearly lower for lead. Almost all intermediate alloys had a reduced explosion intensity.Based on the variation in composition, the effects of the liquidus or solidus temperature and the liquidussolidus gap on the explosion behaviour were also investigated. The explosion probability in both systems increased with increasing liquidus temperature. Also, the maximum explosion intensity in the Pb-Sn system increased with increasing liquidus temperature. Both could be related to easier triggering due to (partial) solidification. On the other hand, the explosion intensity was found to decrease with increasing gap between liquidus and solidus temperature, as was also found in literature. No significant trends for the explosion intensity were found for experiments with PbS-Cu2S.

For about fifteen years, the idea of ‚challenges‘ has been spreading among schools as school-based de-schooling projects that give students the opportunity to take on self-chosen extracurricular challenges on their own responsibility over a period of several weeks. However, the required exploration, the resulting uncertainties and the critical-reflexive confrontation with oneself require a sense of comfort and security, which should and will be made more difficult by the framework conditions of the projects themselves. This article now takes a look at the effects of experienced comfort and security through the perception of one’s own group on the results of participation in this experiential education intervention. For this purpose, data were collected from 270 students before and after participation in a challenge. In the preparation phase of the challenge, multiple correlations of the perception of the group work with group characteristics, espe-cially the degree of familiarity of the group members with each other, were found. After the challenge, students were more likely to say that it would have been easier to do the challenge alone, but also perceived their group as more supportive than before, which can be explained by the attributions of success and failure of the challenge.

Title: The effect of height on perceived anxiety when overcoming a challenge obstacle Objectives: The aim of this final thesis was to determine the immediate psychical response of overcoming the adrenaline barrier in the natural environment. In two cases. At first without the heigh aspect and than with this height aspect. Afterwards we had compared difference between measure of anxiety in these two cases. Then we had compared the difference in the level of anxiety between women and men. Methods: The method of researching was standardized questionnaire CSAI -2, with 27 questions. Which targets three areas of anxiety - somatic, cognitiv, self-confidence. We had a group of 34 respondents with 20 female and 14 male aged 20-26. They had to answer on this questionnare just before they overcome the obstacle. First on the floor, and than up in eleven metres above the ground. Data was analyzed by statistic program R 4.1.2. Results: Between the low and high logs, there was a significant increase in somatic anxiety (V = 43, Padj

Email communication has become an indispensable aspect of modern life, enabling rapid and efficient information exchange for individuals and organizations worldwide. However, the rise of phishing attacks poses a significant threat to the security and privacy of email users, with attackers continuously refining their techniques to exploit unsuspecting victims. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to examine the challenges faced in email phishing detection for both private and organizational users, highlighting the unique obstacles and requirements for each user group. By analyzing relevant and current research from the past three years, this study seeks to identify the key challenges in email phishing detection, including the evolving tactics used by attackers, the limitations of current detection methods, and the hurdles in user education and awareness. Furthermore, it investigates the differential impact of these challenges on private and organizational users, with a focus on the potential differences. The comparative analysis offers valuable insights into the distinct challenges private and organizational users face in their efforts to defend against email phishing attacks. Understanding these differences is crucial for developing targeted, effective solutions that can enhance the overall resilience and security of email communication systems. Ultimately, this SLR serves as a foundation for future research and development in the field of phishing detection, fostering a safer online environment for all users.

This study explores the role of agency and music agency in shaping players' experiences in video games. Using a qualitative approach, the study analyzed the experiences of four participants who played a music-based video game. The results suggest that agency and music agency play a crucial role in shaping players' engagement, immersion, and emotional investment in the game. Participants reported that having control over the music in the game provided them with a sense of control and agency, contributing to a more immersive and enjoyable experience. However, the study also highlights the importance of balancing agency with the level of challenge presented in the game. While providing players with agency can enhance engagement and satisfaction, it may not necessarily increase the level of challenge in the game. The study offers insights into the complex interplay between agency, music agency, and challenges in shaping player experiences in video games. Overall, the study provides valuable contributions to the field of game design research, highlighting the importance of considering player agency and music agency in crafting engaging and satisfying gaming experiences.

This systematic literature review aimed to provide an overview of the characteristics and methods used in studies applying the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) concept for infectious diseases within European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA)/European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries and the United Kingdom. Electronic databases and grey literature were searched for articles reporting the assessment of DALY and its components. We considered studies in which researchers performed DALY calculations using primary epidemiological data input sources. We screened 3,053 studies of which 2,948 were excluded and 105 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 22 were multi-country and 83 were single-country studies, of which 46 were from the Netherlands. Food- and water-borne diseases were the most frequently studied infectious diseases. Between 2015 and 2022, the number of burden of infectious disease studies was 1.6 times higher compared to that published between 2000 and 2014. Almost all studies (97%) estimated DALYs based on the incidence- and pathogen-based approach and without social weighting functions; however, there was less methodological consensus with regards to the disability weights and life tables that were applied. The number of burden of infectious disease studies undertaken across Europe has increased over time. Development and use of guidelines will promote performing burden of infectious disease studies and facilitate comparability of the results., peer-reviewed

Modern sequels are one of the most prominent creative responses to classical literature nowadays. Not only do they comprise the two concepts of legacy and franchise, but they also challenge the traditional notions of authorship and originality and highlight the role of the reader. However, one question remains: Why do sequels keep being written? This thesis attempts to answer this question via a hypertextual analysis of four modern Shakespearean dramatic sequels written with varied sequelisation strategies to The Merchant of Venice, a Shakespearean comedy, and Macbeth, a Shakespearean tragedy. Merchant’s two sequels are David Henry Wilson’s Shylock’s Revenge (1989) and Albert Ramsdell Gurney Jr.’s Overtime: A Modern Sequel to The Merchant of Venice (1995) while the two sequels to Macbeth are Noah Lukeman’s The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II: The Seed of Banquo (2008) and David Greig’s Dunsinane (2010). This thesis argues that despite their acknowledgement of Shakespearean influence and universality, modern sequel writers challenge Shakespearean originals in their sequels by criticising various dramatic and thematic aspects. Though their sequels tamper with Shakespearean dramatic legacy, modern sequel writers seek to unite their sequels with this legacy. They also want to prove that Shakespearean originals and their modern sequels complete one another; while Shakespearean originals are the solid base upon which those sequels are built, those sequels update their Shakespearean originals to keep speaking to upcoming generations. The thesis exhibits how each of the four sequels challenges its original in its own way. Shylock’s Revenge devises modern compromises which resolve the feud between Christian mercy and Jewish legalism and present usury as equivalent to modern banking. In addition, it allows Shylock his revenge, gives him the upper hand over the Christian Venetian community and highlights his human side as a family man. Portraying its Portia as a caricature of an imbecilic WASP full of many foibles pertinent to - 214 - her 1960s New York context, Overtime mocks her portrayal in Merchant as a wise and intelligent lady. The play also features Shylock as a savvy businessman who reconciles with Antonio and unites with Portia, Lorenzo as a philo-Semite and Antonio as a courageous homosexual who stands up for his sexual identity. Macbeth II argues that tyranny does not end with Macbeth’s death. It will keep emerging as long as the lust for more power exists. Hence, Macbeth II portrays Malcolm as Macbeth’s replica. It also comprises a myriad of complex female characters who are given more space to express themselves as opposed to Macbeth’s Lady Macbeth who is eclipsed towards Macbeth’s end. Dunsinane rewrites the history (or rather story) of the Macbeths from a pro-Scot perspective to clear the name of both Macbeth and his Lady. Moreover, it probes into war trauma by making Siward – Macbeth’s minor character – its protagonist and foregrounding his young English troops by presenting them as the true sufferers of the consequences of war., Moderne Fortsetzungen sind heutzutage eine der wichtigsten kreativen Reaktionen auf die klassische Literatur. Sie umfassen nicht nur die beiden Konzepte des Vermächtnisses und des Franchises, sondern stellen auch die traditionellen Vorstellungen von Autorschaft und Originalität in Frage und heben die Rolle des Lesers hervor. Eine Frage bleibt jedoch offen: Warum werden immer wieder Fortsetzungen geschrieben? Die vorliegende Dissertation versucht, diese Frage anhand einer hypertextuellen Analyse von vier modernen dramatischen Shakespeare-Fortsetzungen zu beantworten, die mit unterschiedlichen Fortsetzungsstrategien zu “The Merchant of Venice”, einer Shakespeare-Komödie, und “Macbeth”, einer Shakespeare-Tragödie, geschrieben wurden. Die beiden Fortsetzungen zu “The Merchant of Venice” sind David Henry Wilsons “Shylock’s Revenge” (1989) und Albert Ramsdell Gurney Jr.s “Overtime: A Modern Sequel to The Merchant of Venice” (1995), während die beiden Fortsetzungen zu “Macbeth” sind Noah Lukemans “The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II: The Seed of Banquo” (2008) und David Greigs “Dunsinane” (2010). In dieser Dissertation wird die These vertreten, dass moderne Fortsetzungsautoren, obwohl sie den Einfluss und die Universalität Shakespeares anerkennen, in ihren Fortsetzungen die Shakespeare-Originale in Frage stellen, indem sie verschiedene dramatische und thematische Aspekte kritisieren. Obwohl ihre Fortsetzungen am dramatischen Erbe Shakespeares rütteln, versuchen moderne Fortsetzungsautoren, ihre Fortsetzungen mit diesem Erbe zu vereinen. Sie wollen auch beweisen, dass die Shakespeare-Originale und ihre modernen Fortsetzungen sich gegenseitig ergänzen; während die Shakespeare-Originale die solide Grundlage bilden, auf der die Fortsetzungen aufbauen, aktualisieren die Fortsetzungen ihre Shakespeare-Originale, um auch die kommenden Generationen anzusprechen. Die Dissertation zeigt, wie jede der vier Fortsetzungen das Original auf ihre eigene Weise herausfordert. “Shylock’s Revenge” ist ein moderner Kompromiss, der die Fehde zwischen christlicher Barmherzigkeit und jüdischem Legalismus auflöst und den Wucher mit dem modernen Bankwesen gleichsetzt. Darüber - 215 - hinaus erlaubt es Shylock seine Rache, gibt ihm die Oberhand über die christliche venezianische Gemeinschaft und hebt seine menschliche Seite als Familienvater hervor. Die Portia wird als Karikatur einer schwachsinnigen WASP mit vielen Marotten aus dem New York der 1960er Jahre dargestellt, während sich “Overtime” über ihre Darstellung als weise und intelligente Dame in Merchant lustig macht. Das Stück zeigt auch Shylock als klugen Geschäftsmann, der sich mit Antonio versöhnt und sich mit Portia vereint, Lorenzo als Philo-Semit und Antonio als mutigen Homosexuellen, der zu seiner sexuellen Identität steht. “Macbeth II” argumentiert, dass die Tyrannei nicht mit Macbeths Tod endet. Sie wird immer wieder auftauchen, solange die Gier nach mehr Macht besteht. Daher stellt Macbeth II Malcolm als Macbeths Replik dar. Er enthält auch eine Vielzahl komplexer weiblicher Charaktere, die mehr Raum erhalten, um sich auszudrücken, im Gegensatz zu Macbeths Lady Macbeth, die gegen Macbeths Ende in den Hintergrund gerät. “Dunsinane” schreibt die Geschichte (oder besser gesagt die Geschichte) der Macbeths aus einer pro-schottischen Perspektive um, um den Namen von Macbeth und seiner Lady reinzuwaschen. Darüber hinaus wird das Kriegstrauma erforscht, indem Siward – Macbeths Nebenfigur – zum Protagonisten gemacht wird und seine jungen englischen Truppen in den Vordergrund gerückt werden, indem sie als die wahren Leidtragenden der Kriegsfolgen dargestellt werden.

Einleitung: Pflegepersonen spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei palliativen Sedierungen. So divers wie die Aufgabenbereiche des Pflegepersonals sind, so vielschichtig sind auch die Herausforderungen und Belastungen, die potenziell daraus resultieren können. Methodik: Im Zeitraum von Jänner 2023 bis März 2023 wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche durchgeführt. Zwölf Studien wurden ausgewählt und die Ergebnisse dieser zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen hinzugezogen und in Synthesen zusammengefasst. Ergebnisse: Die Aufgabenbereiche der Pflegepersonen im Rahmen der palliativen Sedierung reichen von der ganzheitlichen Betreuung sterbender Patient*innen, über den Entscheidungsprozess bis hin zum Informationsaustausch und Umgang mit An- und Zugehörigen. Auch bei der Überwachung und Durchführung der Sedierung spielen sie eine essenzielle Rolle. Die Herausforderungen entstehen neben der Indikationsdefinierung und Kommunikation mit An- und Zugehörigen auch binnen der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit, moralischen und ethischen Dilemmas, sowie durch allgemein erschwerte Arbeitsbedingungen der Pflege. All diese Herausforderungen können in weiterer Folge zu psychischen Belastungen für das Pflegepersonal führen. Schlussfolgerung: Interventionen zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen und Belastungen müssen von Dienstgeber*innen gezielt gesetzt werden, um den Stress für Pflegepersonen zu reduzieren und die Qualität der Pflege zu sichern. Introduction: Nurses play a crucial role in palliative sedation. As diverse as the tasks of the nursing staff are, so are the challenges and burdens that can potentially result from them. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted between January 2023 and March 2023. Twelve studies were selected and the results of these were used to answer the research questions and summarized in syntheses. Results: Nurses' tasks in the context of palliative sedation range from holistic care of dying patients per se, to the decision-making process, the exchange of information and dealing with relatives. Furthermore they play a crucial role in monitoring and administering sedation. In addition to defining indications and communicating with patients' relatives, challenges also arise from interdisciplinary collaboration, moral and ethical dilemmas, and generally more difficult working conditions for nursing staff. All these challenges can subsequently lead to psychological burden for nursing staff. Conclusion: Interventions to address these challenges and stresses must be targeted by employers to reduce stress for caregivers and ensure quality of care.

Estimating structural connectivity from diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a challenging task, partly due to the presence of false-positive connections and the misestimation of connection weights. Building on previous efforts, the MICCAI-CDMRI Diffusion-Simulated Connectivity (DiSCo) challenge was carried out to evaluate state-of-the-art connectivity methods using novel large-scale numerical phantoms. The diffusion signal for the phantoms was obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. The results of the challenge suggest that methods selected by the 14 teams participating in the challenge can provide high correlations between estimated and ground-truth connectivity weights, in complex numerical environments. Additionally, the methods used by the participating teams were able to accurately identify the binary connectivity of the numerical dataset. However, specific false positive and false negative connections were consistently estimated across all methods. Although the challenge dataset doesn't capture the complexity of a real brain, it provided unique data with known macrostructure and microstructure ground-truth properties to facilitate the development of connectivity estimation methods.

The article describes some challenges that second language learners face during language acquisition period. Listening is the language aspect to provide effective communication that means being able to receive the information given by the speaker. In order to improve this aspect, exact problems related to listening should be identified beforehand.

Optimal immunogenicity from nucleic acid vaccines requires a balance of antigen expression that effectively engages the host immune system without generating a cellular response that rapidly destroys cells producing the antigen and thereby limiting vaccine antigen expression. We investigated the role of the cellular response on the expression and antigenicity of DNA vaccines using a plasmid DNA construct expressing luciferase. Repeated intramuscular administration led to diminished luciferase expression, suggesting a role for immune-mediated clearance of expression. To investigate the role of cell trafficking, we used the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator, FTY720 (Fingolimod), which traps lymphocytes within the lymphoid tissues. When lymphocyte trafficking was blocked with FTY720, DNA transgene expression was maintained at a constant level for a significantly extended time period. Both continuous and staggered administration of FTY720 prolonged transgene expression. However, blocking lymphocyte egress during primary transgene administration did not result in an increase of transgene expression during secondary administration. Interestingly, there was a disconnect between transgene expression and immunogenicity, as increasing expression by this approach did not enhance the overall immune response. Furthermore, when FTY720 was administered alongside a DNA vaccine expressing the HIV gp140 envelope antigen, there was a significant reduction in both antigen-specific antibody and T-cell responses. This indicates that the developing antigen-specific cellular response clears DNA vaccine expression but requires access to the site of expression in order to develop an effective immune response.

Why does a state change its foreign policy objectives and who is responsible for instigating such change? According to Hermann, four primary change agents are central to this process: leaders, bureaucracies, changes in domestic constituencies, and external shocks. This paper argues that the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) is a complementary policy process framework that can explain foreign policy change (FPC) and that accounts for all four of these primary change agents. Additionally, it is a broader framework of the policy process that facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing FPC than traditional FPC research. The ACF has the potential to broaden our understanding of FPC by emphasizing the intersection of the international system with domestic politics and focusing on a myriad of policy actors coordinating their advocacy efforts to influence FPC. To support this argument, the paper discusses how FPC can benefit from the ACF and reviews past applications. It proposes a research agenda using the ACF to study FPC and draws conclusions about future challenges and directions.

Background The operating room nurses have encountered several challenges during the current COVID-19 Pandemic, which subsequently impact their clinical performance. The present study aimed to investigate the experiences of operating room health care professionals' regarding the COVID-19 pandemic challenges in southern Iran. Methods This is a descriptive qualitative study. The required data were collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Accordingly, 19 operating room health care professions were included in this study through purposive sampling. The data were collected from February 2020 to August 2021 and then analyzed using the Granheim and Lundman’s method. Results Three main themes and 9 sub-themes were presented in this study. They included: 1- Challenges of applying protocols and standards of care in the COVID-19 pandemic in the operating room (lack of specific guidelines regarding care protocols and standards for crisis management of Covid-19 in the operating room and impossibility of keeping social distance in the operating room). 2- Professional challenges (tedious and hard work, professional burnout, lack of adequate support by the managers and lack of personal protective equipment). 3-Psychological crises (indescribable anxiety and worry, parenting stress, and weakened resilience). Conclusion Based on the findings of the present study, it was indicated that lack of a specific guideline in the COVID-19 pandemic led to a sense of indecision and confusion among operating room staff. In this regard, performing tedious tasks, feelings of tiredness and exhaustion, lack of support by the authorities, and lack of access to adequate facilities and equipment were reported as the professional challenges of the healthcare staff in the current COVID-19 pandemic, which consequently affected the quality of care and patient’s safety. It seems that hospital officials can use the results reported in this study for efficient planning and effective management during the COVID-19 pandemic.