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Recent major changes and technological advances have consolidated machine translation (MT) as a key player to be considered in the language services world. In numerous instances, it is even an essential player due to budget and time constraints. Much attention has been paid to MT research recently, and MT use by professional or amateur users has increased. Yet, research has focused mainly on language combinations with huge amounts of online available corpora (e.g. English-Spanish). The situation for minoritized or stateless languages like Catalan is different. This study analyses Softcatalà's new open-source, neural machine translation engine and compares it with Google Translate and Apertium in the English-Catalan language pair. Although MT engine developers use automatic metrics for MT engine evaluation, human evaluation remains the gold standard, despite its cost. Using TAUS DQF tools, translation quality (in terms of relative ranking, adequacy and fluency) and productivity (comparing editing times and distances) have been evaluated with the participation of 11 evaluators. Results show that Softcatalà's Translator offers higher quality and productivity than the other engines analysed. Els recents i importants canvis i avenços tecnològics han consolidat la traducció automàtica (TA) com un actor clau a tenir en compte en el món dels serveis lingüístics. En molts casos, és fins i tot un actor essencial a causa de les limitacions de pressupost i temps. Últimament, la recerca en TA ha rebut molta atenció i se n'ha augmentat l'ús per part d'usuaris professionals i aficionats. De tota manera, la recerca s'ha centrat principalment en les combinacions lingüístiques amb grans quantitats de corpus disponibles en línia (per exemple, anglès-castellà). La situació de les llengües minoritàries o no oficials a un estat, com el català, és diferent. Aquest estudi analitza el nou motor de traducció automàtica neuronal de codi obert de Softcatalà i el compara amb el Google Traductor i l'Apertium en la combinació lingüística anglès-català. Tot i que els desenvolupadors de motors de traducció automàtica fan servir mètriques automàtiques per avaluar-los, l'avaluació humana continua sent la pràctica de referència, tot i el cost que implica. Per mitjà de les eines TAUS DQF, s'ha avaluat la qualitat de la traducció (en termes de classificació relativa, adequació i fluïdesa) i la productivitat (comparant els temps d'edició i les distàncies) amb la participació d'11 avaluadors. Els resultats mostren que el traductor de Softcatalà ofereix una qualitat i productivitat majors que els altres motors analitzats.

The information required to select grammatical gender in machine translation of isolated sentences for gender-marking languages is frequently missing or difficult to extract. Our text-centric, black-box study demonstrates how the gender distribution of the training set is distorted at the output. Human evaluation reveals that gender clues are frequently absent from the source, resulting in stereotyped translations. En la traducció automàtica d'oracions aïllades a llengües que marquen el gènere, la informació necessària per seleccionar el gènere gramatical sovint n’és absent o és difícil d'extraure’n. Aquest estudi de caixa negra i centrat en el text mostra com la distribució de gènere del conjunt d’entrenament es distorsiona en l’eixida. Una avaluació humana revela que sovint no hi ha cap pista de gènere en l’original, cosa que condueix a traduccions estereotipades. La información necesaria para seleccionar el género gramatical en la traducción automática de oraciones aisladas a lenguas que marcan el género suele estar ausente o ser difícil de extraer. Este estudio de caja negra y centrado en el texto demuestra cómo la distribución de género del conjunto de entrenamiento se distorsiona en la salida. Una evaluación humana revela que los indicios de género suelen estar ausentes en el original, lo cual da lugar a traducciones estereotipadas.

This paper offers an approach to constructions with neoclassical combining forms from a differentiated perspective, depending on whether they are neoclassical compounds, when these formants are combined, or hybrid compounds, which result from the combination of a neoclassical combining form and a base. Furthermore, the characteristics of these units are analyzed from the perspective of the four components of grammar —phonology, morphology, semantics, and syntax— through a critical review of the literature and an empirical analysis of the data, which is based on an inventory of Catalan language units consisting of 1,283 neoclassical combining forms. Finally, the paper proposes to understand both neoclassical and hybrid compounding as two different realities that are part of a larger morphological continuum, ranging from affixation to compounding, given the liminal nature of both processes., Este trabajo ofrece una aproximación a las construcciones con formantes cultos a partir de una perspectiva diferenciada, según que se trate de compuestos cultos, cuando se combinan formantes entre sí, o híbridos, que resultan de la combinación de un formante culto y una base. Además, se analizan las características de dichas unidades a partir de los cuatro componentes de la gramática —la fonología, la morfología, la semántica y la sintaxis—, mediante una revisión crítica de la bibliografía y un análisis empírico de los datos, el cual parte de un inventario de unidades de la lengua catalana formado por 1.283 formantes cultos. Finalmente, el trabajo propone entender la composición culta e híbrida como dos realidades diferentes que forman parte de un continuo morfológico mayor, que va de la afijación a la composición, dado el carácter liminar de ambos procesos.

L’objectiu del present treball és estudiar les estratègies autotraductològiques utilitzades per Antoni Marí a la seva versió al castellà de El vas de plata / El vaso de plata i El camí de Vincennes / El camino de Vincennes. L’autor busca restar fidel a l’«esperit» del català i també a l’«esperit» de l’espanyol per evitar les presència de marques del text original català en els textes castellans. L’article analitza els canvis introduits a les versions espanyoles i la «gestió» del ritme en les dues autotraduccions perquè el ritme és una de les manifestacions més importants de l’«esperit» de les llengües. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier les stratégies autotraductologiques utilisées par Antoni Marí dans sa version à l’espagnol de El vas de plata / El vaso de plata et El camí de Vincennes / El camino de Vincennes. Il cherche à rester fidèle à l’«esprit» du catalan et aussi de l’espagnol pour éviter les marques du texte original catalan dans les textes espagnols. L’article analyse les changements introduits dans les versions espagnoles ainsi que la « gestion » du rythme dans les deux autotraductions parce que le rythme est une des manifestations les plus importantes de l’« esprit » des langues. The aim of this paper is to study the self-translation strategies used by the Ibizan writer Antoni Marí, when he translated two of his narrative works into Spanish: El vas de plata / El vaso de plata and El camí de Vincennes / El camino de Vincennes. As will be seen, his ultimate goal as a self-translator is to be faithful to the "spirit" of the two languages he uses, in such a way that it is not detected that the Spanish versions come from an original in Catalan. In this article these changes are analyzed and attention is also paid to the study of the translation of the prose rhythm in the versions of the two texts, since rhythm is one of the manifestations of the «spirit» of languages.

El uso de las lenguas minoritarias en la esfera digital se ha convertido en un claro indicador de su vitalidad lingüística, y uno de los contextos en los que se hace más evidente es en el uso que los jóvenes de esas lenguas les dan en las redes sociales. Por lo tanto, resulta un ámbito imprescindible a la hora de enfocar el debate sobre la diversidad lingüística de Europa, cuya relevancia es indudable actualmente. Este artículo se centra en el estudio de la etiqueta #estiktokat en TikTok, que tiene más de 510 millones de visualizaciones y se ha convertido en una etiqueta de referencia para compartir y encontrar contenido en catalán. Esta etiqueta es el resultado de la iniciativa de un grupo de jóvenes tiktokers que la crearon para difundir vídeos en catalán y crear una comunidad. El análisis combina metodologías cualitativas y cuantitativas. Por un lado, se han llevado a cabo entrevistas semidirigidas con los creadores de la etiqueta para reconstruir el proceso de creación. Por el otro, se ha compilado y analizado un corpus con los 216 vídeos con más engagement recuperados con la etiqueta #estiktokat. Los resultados revelan que se ha normalizado la presencia de contenido en catalán en TikTok, con vídeos de temática variada y creadores activos, lo que demuestra que la etiqueta ha conseguido crear un espacio de comunicación e interacción en catalán.\ud \ud The use of minority languages in the digital sphere has become a clear indicator of their linguistic vitality, and one of the contexts where it becomes more apparent is in the way in which young people use these languages in social media. Therefore, this is an essential area to focus on when it comes to debating language diversity in Europe, the importance of which is currently unquestionable. This paper focuses on the study of the hashtag #estiktokat, which has more than 510 million views on the platform and has become a reference when it comes to finding and creating content in Catalan. This hashtag was born from the initiative of a group of young content creators who designed it to share videos in Catalan and to create a community around it. The analysis combines qualitative and quantitative approaches. On the one hand, we carried out semi structured interviews with four creators of the hashtag in order to reconstruct how it was developed. On the other, we compiled and analysed a corpus of the 216 videos with more engagement recovered in TikTok by the #estiktokat hashtag. The results show that the presence of content in Catalan has become normalised on TikTok, with a wide range of topics and active creators, which proves that the hashtag has managed to create a space of communication and interaction in Catalan.

This paper investigates the morpho-phonological differences between the members of related noun-verb pairs in Catalan Sign Language. Like parallel investigations in other sign languages, our experimental work provides evidence that the major differentiating factors between related nouns and verbs materialize in the movement component of signs and non-manual markers, thus providing empirical support to the hypothesis that most of noun-verb pairs have different morpho-phonological properties. We distinguish different types of movements, which we categorize into four regular morphological subgroups. We also take into account a fifth group that shows no apparent movement distinction. Concerning non-manual markers, we provide empirical evidence that nouns are mostly produced simultaneously with mouthing, in contrast to verbs, which in a smaller proportion are produced mainly with mouth gestures. Crucially, the fifth group presents the largest ratio of mouthing for nouns and even for verbs. We address these findings within an exo-skeletal theoretical syntactic approach (Borer 2005a,b, 2013, 2014). We acknowledge the financial support for our research. M.Teresa Espinal's contribution has been made possible by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and FEDER Funds (FFI2017-82547-P) and Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR634), as well as by an ICREA Academia fellowship. Josep Quer’s contribution has been made possible by the SIGN-HUB project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 693349, the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and FEDER Funds (FFI2015-68594-P), and the Government of the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR1478).

The grounds of authority for the Catalan language have shifted from authenticity to anonymity, as Catalan becomes redefined as a public language. The “model of language” of the Catalan press reflects this shift, with an emphasis on neutral, transparent Catalan. This article examines original and published letters to the editor in a Catalan-medium newspaper in Barcelona. I argue that standardization of language, page design and signatures in the letters to the editor erases the social indexicality that attaches the original letters to their socially positioned authors. This process of standardization in linguistic and other semiotic modes allows the published letters to index a unified Catalan national “public” rather than their distinct authors.

In the present article, we aim to identify, analyse and correlate the variables underlying the perception of empathy based on the evaluations made by the role play participants of their own interactions. The subjects, whose L1 was either Catalan or English, held a conversation dealing with a trouble that aimed to elicit an empathic response. Each participant assessed the effects that those dyad dialogues had on them by completing a questionnaire in which different elements were included depending on whether they were the empathy receiver or the empath provider. Although partially grounded on conversational aspects, the analysis of the items favours a more psychology-oriented approach since they involve subjective cognitive and emotional factors. The results show the positive effects of empathy-related verbal strategies on the empathy receiver and the central importance of understanding and appraisal in the construction of empathy. The results also point to the mutual influence of interactional participants on each other. By identifying the significant correlations established between the variables considered, we hope to contribute to the understanding of the impact of empathic conversations on the participants.

Aquest article s'encamina cap a la voluntat de millora de la pràctica docent. L'objecte d'estudi és l'anàlisi del discurs oral d'una professora practicant, alumna del Màster oficial de Formació de Professorat d'Educació Secundària de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona de l'especialitat de Llengua i Literatura Catalanes. La pròpia professora novella parteix de l'enregistrament sonor d'una sessió de classe seva, per tal d'analitzar la interacció entre la docent i l'alumnat. La finalitat és valorar quines són les estratègies discursives emprades per la professora novella a l'hora de suavitzar la distància social entre els interlocutors i millorar la seva interacció en un context educatiu on es manifesta un marcat rebuig a expressar-se en català. Per valorar la relació entre professorat i alumnat, s'analitzen les estratègies de proximitat o distància que empra la docent en el seu discurs oral. Es persegueix com a màxim exponent l'anàlisi del possible assoliment de l'equilibri entre autoritat i empatia a l'aula. Es porta a terme una anàlisi qualitativa i quantitativa. Les conclusions apel·len a la necessitat de vetllar per l'esmentat equilibri sense desestabilitzar-lo. L'estudi presenta una autorevisió docent útil per adquirir un aprenentatge vers les estratègies discursives de relació social: una pràctica necessària dins de l'àmbit educatiu. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the oral discourse of an intern teacher, a student who is in the process of earning a Master's Degree in Teaching in Secondary Schools at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, in the specialisation track in the teaching of Catalan Language and Literature. The intern teacher uses audio recordings made during one of her own lessons to analyse teacher-student interactions. Her aim is to evaluate which discursive strategies are employed by the novice teacher to reduce social distances between the different interlocutors in the classroom, and to improve teacher-student interactions in an educational context where there appears to be a degree of reluctance on the part of students to learn and speak Catalan. To evaluate the relationship between teacher and students, the study analyses the strategies used by the teacher in her discourse to approach or distance herself from her students. The fundamental goal pursued here is the analysis of whether it is possible to achieve a balance between authority and empathy in the classroom. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the recorded classroom interactions points to the need to ensure and maintain this balance. The study shows the usefulness of teacher self-assessment to learn about discourse strategies in social relations, an area of inherent relevance to education. Este artículo se encamina hacia la voluntad de mejora de la práctica docente. El objeto de estudio es el análisis del discurso oral de una profesora practicante, alumna del Máster oficial de Formación de Profesorado de Educación Secundaria de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona de la especialidad de Lengua y Literatura Catalanas. La profesora novel parte de la grabación sonora de una clase suya para analizar la interacción entre docente y alumnado. La finalidad es valorar qué estrategias discursivas utiliza la profesora para suavizar la distancia social entre los interlocutores y mejorar su interacción en un contexto educativo en el cual se manifiesta un marcado rechazo a expresarse en catalán. Para valorar la relación entre profesorado y alumnado, se analizan las estrategias de proximidad o distancia que utiliza la docente en su discurso oral. Se persigue como máximo exponente el análisis de un posible equilibrio entre autoridad y empatía en el aula. Se realiza un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo. Las conclusiones apelan a la necesidad de velar por dicho equilibrio sin desestabilizarlo. El estudio presenta una autorevisión docente útil para adquirir un aprendizaje en relación con las estrategias discursivas de relación social: una práctica necesaria dentro del ámbito educativo.

What are the consequences of police brutality in fighting against the Catalan secessionist movement? While Spanish authorities resorted to violence with the hope that forceful action would deter further support for separatism, recent studies of repression argue that state violence tends to backfire. I test these two plausible arguments in the context of non-lethal police brutality to prevent an illegal self-determination referendum. For this, I combine data of the local distribution of police violence during the referendum and the official results of the subsequent regional elections. Because police forces were not deployed randomly, I employ a difference-in-differences estimation with matching to evaluate the electoral consequences of violence. The results show no clear evidence that police brutality affected support for separatism or electoral mobilization in the areas that it was deployed. The lack of a clear effect sets an agenda for future research in the investigation of the conditions under which state violence affects dissenting movements.

A la Catalunya del Nord, el català es troba en un estat avançat de substitució lingüística i el sistema educatiu immersiu en aquesta llengua és un model minoritari, la qual cosa té conseqüències en la formació identitària i psicosocial dels seus alumnes. Aquest article té com a objectius: identificar i analitzar les actituds lingüístiques i les representacions socials vers el català i el francés de l’alumnat de les escoles immersives, així com examinar les relacions amb els factors invariables, com ara l’edat i el sexe biològic, i establir patrons amb la llengua inicial. Gràcies a les entrevistes qualitatives a quinze antics alumnes, hem pogut determinar l’existència de cinc prejudicis lingüístics: parlar català considerat com a situació artificial, parlar francés com a acte de rebel·lia, la inseguretat lingüística, l’autoodi i la incertesa identitària. Així doncs, les cinc actituds identificades tenen una major incidència entre els parlants amb L1 francés, però sobretot entre les dones. A partir dels resultats, proposem una sèrie de mesures i polítiques lingüístiques centrades en el capgirament de l’actual situació sociolingüística del jovent de les escoles immersives. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan is in an advanced state of language substitution and the Catalan immersive schools are a minority educative system, which has some consequences on students’ identity and psychosocial construction. This paper aims to identify and analyse the linguistic attitudes and social representations towards Catalan and French of students from these immersive schools, as well as to examine the relations with invariable factors, such as age and biological sex, and to establish patterns with the initial language. I examined fifteen testimonies from former students at the immersive schools and I identify five linguistic attitudes: speaking Catalan considered an artificial situation, speaking French considered an act of rebellion, linguistic insecurity, self-hatred, and identity uncertainty. The results show that linguistic prejudices have a greater incidence among speakers with L1 French, but especially among women. Based on these results, I propose several measures and policies focused on turning around the current sociolinguistic situation of young people in Northern Catalonia immersive schools.

Dins del conjunt demostratiu del català, no sempre s’inclou el determinant aqueix en el paradigma, si no és considerat com una forma secundària de aquest. Aquest treball examina el demostratiu aqueix i les seues variants en textos de l’edat moderna per tal de resseguir-ne el desenvolupament enfront del de aquest i de comprovar l’establiment de cada forma dialectal. Els resultats indiquen que, a diferència del català general, en la Catalunya del Nord s’empra més (aqu)eix que (aqu)est des del segle XVIII. Pel que fa a les formes, el corpus en registra tant de reforçades per aqu- com de no reforçades en els diversos dialectes. No obstant això, en català central, nord-occidental i balear es registren amb una freqüència considerable les formes no reforçades com est. Among the several demonstratives of the Catalan system, the determiner aqueix is barely contemplated in the main paradigm and is generally considered as a secondary form of aquest. This paper examines aqueix and its variants in texts from the Early Modern period in order to check its development in relation to aquest and identify the establishment of several dialectal forms. According to the results, unlike most of the Catalan areas, in Northern Catalonia (aqu)eix is more used than (aqu)est since the 18th century. Regarding the forms, the corpus shows both the reinforced ones (with aqu-) and simple ones in the different dialects. However, in Central, Northwestern, or Balearic Catalan the simple forms like est obtain a considerable frequency.

Les concurrències fer petons o donar consell són construccions amb verb de suport (CVS), en què un verb es combina amb un nom predicatiu i constitueixen un predicat complex semànticament (Colominas, 2001). En aquest treball presentem una aproximació descriptiva a l’ús dels verbs de suport fer i donar en el català actual, ja que ambdós tenen força variabilitat, especialment pel contacte lingüístic amb el castellà (Ginebra & Navarro, 2015). L’objectiu de l’estudi és mostrar el decalatge que hi ha entre la normativa i l’ús del català actual en les CVS amb els verbs fer i donar mitjançant l’anàlisi de dades del Corpus Informatitzat de la Llengua Catalana (CTILC), que es complementaran amb dades de xarxes socials de microblogging com Twitter. Tal com s’esperava, mentre les dades quantitatives del CTILC segueixen els usos establerts per la normativa, a les dades de Twitter s’observa una presència més elevada del verb donar en contextos sancionats per la normativa, encara que no és majoritària. A partir d’una breu anàlisi contrastiva amb altres llengües romàniques es conclou que la convivència dels verbs fer i donar en CVS en català, així com la seva vacil·lació en l’ús actual, es pot considerar, en efecte, una qüestió de contacte amb el castellà. Més concretament, no es tracta d’un cas d’interferència, sinó de convergència lingüística. The constructions such as fer petons (lit. ‘do kisses’) and donar consell (lit. ‘give advice’) are light verb constructions (LVCs), in which a verb combines with an eventive noun building a semantically complex predicate (Colominas, 2001). This study presents a descriptive approach to the use of the light verbs fer (‘make/do’) and donar (‘give’) in present-day Catalan, since both show variability, especially due to the language contact with Spanish (Ginebra & Navarro, 2015). The aim of this study is to show the disparity between the norm and the use of fer and donar LVCs in present-day Catalan with a corpus-based study of Corpus Informatitzat de la Llengua Catalana (CTILC), which will be complemented with data from microblogging social networks as Twitter. As expected, while quantitative data from CTILC follow the standard uses of the norm, Twitter data shows a higher presence of the verb donar in contexts which are normatively incorrect, although these are not the majority. After a brief contrastive analysis with other Romance languages, the study concludes that the coexistence of fer and donar in Catalan LVCs, as well as the fluctuation in their uses, can be considered as a matter of contact with Spanish. In fact, it is not a case of linguistic interference, but of linguistic convergence.

La vocal neutra catalana és la realització més vistent d’entre les que manifesten una de les isoglosses principals amb què distribuïm les varietats del català en dos blocs geolectals. La bibliografia ha situat l’origen de la nostra vocal neutra en posició tònica o, després, pretònica, i dins del marc de les evolucions de /E/. Contra això, en aquest article defenso que la vocal neutra catalana va néixer en posició posttònica i a partir de /a/. En suport d’aquestes idees, aporto dades de l’occità —recollides a l’Atlas linguistique de la France i que presento en mapes meus—, que faig valdre per al català assumint que la isoglossa catalana del tractament de /a/ àtona final sobrepassa el límit nord del nostre domini lingüístic i continua dins de l’occità. Finalment, reconstrueixo una cronologia que explicaria que, a partir de l’origen coincident que suposo, les dues llengües hagin acabat tenint resultats divergents per a /a/ àtona final. The Catalan schwa is the most prominent amongst the realisations that enact one of the main isoglosses by which we distribute Catalan varieties into two geolectal groups. The literature on the matter has placed the origin of Catalan schwa in stressed position and, later, in pretonic position, and within the frame of the evolution of /E/. On the contrary, in this article I plead that Catalan schwa was born in post-tonic position and from /a/. In support of these ideas, I present data from Occitan —gathered in the Atlas linguistique de la France and rendered in my own maps— that I consider valid for Catalan by assuming that the Catalan isogloss on the treatment of unstressed final /a/ goes beyond the northern limit of the Catalan sprachraum and continues within Occitan. Finally, I reconstruct a timeline by which it could be explained that, from the matching origin I hypothesise, the two languages have ended up with divergent results for unstressed final /a/.

On étudie ici la version catalane de La Disparition de Georges Perec, de la main d’Adrià Pujol Cruells, autour des points suivants : la grille des contraintes lexico-syntaxiques du lipogramme en a (c’est la voyelle la plus fréquente en catalan), la structure interne, le nom des personnages, les toponymes, les référents culturels catalans et les allusions métatextuelles. L’habileté du traducteur fait de L’Eclipsi un roman catalan à part entière. We here study the Catalan version of La Disparition by Georges Perec, by Adrià Pujol Cruells, around the following points: the grid of the lexico-syntactic constraints of the lipogram in a (it is the most frequent vowel in Catalan), the internal structure, the names of the characters, the toponyms, the Catalan cultural references and the metatextual allusions. The skill of the translator makes of L’Eclipsi a full Catalan novel.

L’article proposa una revisió de les col·leccions de literatura infantil i juvenil que publiquen textos d’autors clàssics. L’anàlisi se circumscriu a deu col·leccions de l’àmbit català; de cadascuna, se’n comenten aspectes diversos com el destinatari, l’edició del text (adaptat o íntegre) i la presència o l’absència d’activitats didàctiques. L’article es completa amb una reflexió sobre el cànon literari de les obres clàssiques i la seva pervivència en les col·leccions de literatura infantil i juvenil., The article proposes a review of the children’s and young adult literature collections which publish texts by classic authors. The analysis is limited to ten collections in the Catalan sphere. Various aspects of each are discussed, including audience, text edition (adapted or unabridged) and the presence or absence of didactic activities. The article concludes with a reflection on the classic literary canon and its survival in children’s and young adult literature collections., El artículo propone una revisión de las colecciones de literatura infantil y juvenil que publican textos de autores clásicos. El análisis se circunscribe a diez colecciones del ámbito catalán; de cada una, se comentan aspectos diversos como el destinatario, la edición del texto (adaptado o íntegro) y la presencia o ausencia de actividades didácticas. El artículo se completa con una reflexión sobre el canon literario de las obras clásicas y su pervivencia en las colecciones de literatura infantil y juvenil.

En este artículo me propongo estudiar la recepción de la obra de Dario Fo y de Franca Rame en España durante el periodo que va de los años setenta hasta finales de los años noventa. Para ello pasa-remos revista a las traducciones y a las representaciones que se realizan en estas tres décadas en España tanto en castellano como en catalán, analizando artículos, reportajes y entrevistas que sobre ellos se publican en la prensa diaria y en las revistas. 1997 es un año clave en la recepción porque la polémica concesión del Premio Nobel de Literatura a Fo pone a estas dos figuras en el centro de atención de nuestros medios escritos y aumenta considerablemen-te el número de publicaciones y representaciones de sus obras en España.

En esta contribución presentamos un panorama de las traducciones realizadas entre lenguas peninsulares en el siglo XVI. Tomamos el catalán y el portugués como lenguas de partida y el castellano como lengua de llegada, además de las combinaciones que puedan establecerse entre ellas. Para contextualizar nuestro objeto de estudio, dedicamos un apartado a las «traducciones intrapeninsulares» en la Edad Media, que completamos con lo ocurrido en la transición de los siglos XV a XVI, para finalmente detenernos en las traducciones entre lenguas peninsulares en el siglo XVI, un siglo en que el castellano ocupa el centro del polisistema peninsular., In this paper we present an overview of the translations carried out between peninsular languages in the 16th century. We focus on Catalan and Portuguese as the source languages and Castilian Spanish as the target language, as well as any combinations between these. In order to provide a context for our study, one section is devoted to “intra-peninsular translations” in the Middle Ages, which we complete by addressing what occurred during the transition between the 15th and 16th centuries. Finally, we study translations between peninsular languages in the 16th century, when Castilian Spanish occupied the central position in the peninsular polysystem.

Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżyć polskiemu czytelnikowi postaci walenc-kiego poety Vicenta Andrésa Estellésa oraz pieśniarza Ovidiego Montllora. Obaj artyści wnieśli nową jakość do poezji katalońskiej i sztuki piosenki tworzonej w tym języku w XX wieku. Twórczość Estellésa i Montllora można z powo-dzeniem analizować z osobna i takie właśnie podejście dominuje w dyskursie historycznoliterackim. Autorka chce pokazać jednak, że w interpretacjach Mon-tllora wiersze Estellésa i muzyka tworzą całość, którą można interpretować jako odrębne dzieło sztuki, niejako wyemancypowane z indywidualnej twórczości obu artystów. Skrótowo przedstawione biografie obu artystów służą umiejscowieniu ich dzieł w szerszym kontekście kulturowym i społecznym regionu Walencji w dru-giej połowie XX wieku. Podobieństwa i różnice w życiorysach artystów okazują się interesującym punktem wyjścia do porównywania ich twórczości zarówno pod względem podejmowanej tematyki, jak i reakcji na otaczające twórców realia. Autorka podejmuje próbę opisania miejsca, które Estellés zajmuje w panora-mie intelektualnej Walencji połowy ubiegłego wieku, obok takich postaci jak na przykład Joan Fuster. Wskazuje także najważniejsze wątki jego poezji: śmierć, miłość, opresja polityczna i społeczna. Poezja Estellésa była protestem przeciw kulturowej dyskryminacji społeczno-ści walenckiej. Poeta nie godził się na usunięcie z dyskursu publicznego kultury i języka swojego regionu. Duch oporu przeciw reżimowi politycznemu sprawił, że wiersze Estellésa doczekały się wielu aranżacji muzycznych. Jednym z najważ-niejszych pieśniarzy, którzy wykonywali wiersze poety, był Ovidi Montllor. Jako przedstawiciel katalońskiego ruchu muzycznego Nova Cançó współpracował on blisko z walenckim poetą. Jego niezrównane aktorsko i muzycznie interpretacje wierszy Estellésa sprawiły, że dorobek poety trafił do szerokiej publiczności i stał się synonimem walenckiej tożsamości. Owocem współpracy poety i muzyka są utwory gorzkie, ironiczne, a czasem też liryczne, które trwale zapisały się w kulturze Walencji, a także w świadomo-ści mieszkańców regionu. Dzieła te pozostają inspiracją dla młodych twórców realizujących się w różnych dziedzinach sztuki. This article aims at introducing the Valencian poet Vincent Andrés Estellés and songwriter Ovidi Montllor to the Polish audience. Both artists were able to make their mark in the field of Catalan poetry and songwriting in the 20th century. The works of Estellés and Montllor can successfully be analysed separately and such approach dominates the historical and literary discourse. The author, however, wants to show that in Montllor’s interpretations the Estellés’ poems and the music is interested in the way in such poetry and music are related in the interpretations of performed by Montllor create a whole that could be interpreted as a separate piece of art emancipated from the individual accounts of both artists. Brief recount of both artists’ biographies aims at placing their work in the broader cultural and social context of the Valencia Region in the second half of the 20th century. The similarities as well as the differences between their lives prove to be an interesting starting point for the comparison of their works, both when it comes to topics they choose as well as their reactions to the reality in which they were living. The author attempts to define the place that Estellés occupied in the intellectual panorama of Valencia in the last century, beside such intellectuals as Joan Fuster, among others. Moreover, the author points out the most important topics in poetry of Estellés, such as death, love, political and social opression. Estellés’ poetry was a protest against the cultural discrimination of the Valencian community. The poet stood against the elimination of the culture and language of the region that defined his identity. The resistance against the political regime resulted in a great number of musical arrangements. One of the most prominent songwriters who performed the poet’s works was Ovidi Montllor. As one of the representants of Catalan musical movement, Nova Cançó, Montllor shared a special creative bond with the Valencian poet. Montllor’s interpretations of Estellés’ texts were incomparable, both as stage performances and musical pieces. They allowed the poet’s works to reach a wider audience and become a synonym of the Valencian identity. The songs that came to existence thanks to the collaboration of both artists are sometimes bitter, ironic but also lyrical. They have a special place in the culture of the Valencia region as well as in the minds of the people of Valencia. These pieces of art still inspire young artists of different art forms.

The paper analyses the relationships between the teams and supporters of FC Barcelona and RCD Espanyol Barcelona, in which the dispute concerning Catalanness has been and remains the foremost issue. FC Barcelona is widely considered an ambassador of Catalonia, a symbol of Catalanness and the epitome of Catalanism as embodied through football. Espanyol, its local rival, has to face allegations of being a non-Catalan club, or an outgrowth of Real Madrid in Barcelona. While Barça is the club in which one “does politics” and with which one creates Catalonia (fer Catalunya), it is emphasized that Espanyol and its supporters are not involved in politics and the Catalan national effort. A perennial feud continues between the boards and fans of both clubs; historical, identity-related and ethnic arguments are invoked to demonstrate the Catalanness of one side (FC Barcelona) and its incompleteness or even utter absence in the other (RCD Espanyol). The analysis conducted in the paper shows that FC Barcelona’s exclusive Catalanness and right to represent Catalonia is a historical and social fact, but it has been challenged recently by Espanyol through the Catalanization the club undertook in mid-1990s and a series of public campaigns to undermine the hegemony of Barça in the city and the region. Espanyol is the active side in the contest to overcome FC Barcelona’s monopoly on representing Catalonia, while Barcelona itself focuses on retaining its previous status. The study demonstrates that both clubs are in fact polysemous, which means that Espanyol has supporters who feel first and foremost Catalans and espouse Catalan independence, while avowed opponents of the same idea can be found among the supporters of the Blaugrana, although the club is primarily Spanish and not only Catalan.

In this paper, we study rational periodic points of polynomial [Formula: see text] over the field of rational numbers, where [Formula: see text] is an integer greater than two. For period two, we describe periodic points for degrees [Formula: see text]. We also demonstrate the nonexistence of rational periodic points of exact period two for [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] has a prime factor greater than three. Moreover, assuming the [Formula: see text]-conjecture, we prove that [Formula: see text] has no rational periodic point of exact period greater than one for sufficiently large integer [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].

En aquest estudi analitzarem els significats motivats per processos metafòrics i metonímics dels mots per a ‘cor’ en català i francès des del punt de vista de la semàntica cognitiva. Obtindrem les dades a partir del buidatge de diccionaris de les dues llengües. A causa de l’ordenació lineal de les entrades en les fonts, classificarem els significats amb xarxes radials (Lakoff 1987), un sistema que permet organitzar-los en nivells tenint en compte les extensions derivades del significat prototípic. Aquesta organització permetrà analitzar l’estructura semàntica de cada terme i afavorirà una comparació interlingüística precisa. L’objectiu és descriure les extensions semàntiques dels mots per a ‘cor’ en català i en francès parant una atenció especial en els significats basats en la cultura. L’anàlisi servirà per engruixir el corpus de dades i fer generalitzacions que es contrastaran amb teories relacionades amb el lèxic i la semàntica de les parts del cos. En este estudio analizaremos los significados motivados por procesos metafóricos y metonímicos de las palabras para ‘corazón’ en catalán y en francés desde el punto de vista de la semántica cognitiva. Obtendremos los datos a partir del vaciado de diccionarios de las dos lenguas. A causa de la ordenación lineal de las entradas en las fuentes, clasificaremos los significados en redes radiales (Lakoff 1987), un sistema que permite organizarlos en niveles teniendo en cuenta las extensiones derivadas del significado prototípico. Esta organización permitirá analizar la estructura semántica de cada palabra y favorecerá una comparación interlingüística precisa. El objetivo es describir las extensiones semánticas de las palabras para ‘corazón’ en catalán y en francés prestando una especial atención a los significados basados en la cultura. El análisis servirá para engrosar el corpus de datos y hacer generalizaciones que se contrastarán con las teorías relacionadas con el léxico y la semántica de las partes del cuerpo. Dans cette étude, nous analyserons les sens motivées par des processus métaphoriques et métonymiques des mots pour ‘cœur’ en catalan et en français du point de vue de la sémantique cognitive. Nous obtiendrons les données du vidage des dictionnaires des deux langues. À cause de la classification linéaire des entrées dans les sources, nous classerons les sens en réseaux radiaux (Lakoff 1987), un système qui permet de les organiser en niveaux en prenant en considération des extensions dérivées du sens prototypique. Cette organisation permettra d’analyser la structure sémantique de chaque mot et favorisera une comparaison interlinguistique précise. L’objectif est de décrire les extensions sémantiques de mouts pour ‘cœur’ en catalan et en français, en focalisant sur des significations basées sur la culture. L’analyse servira à épaissir le corpus de données et à faire des généralisations qui vont se comparer aux théories liées au lexique et à la sémantique des parties du corps.

L’article relaciona els títols dels llibres d’escriptors catalans conservats a l’Arqueta catalana de la Biblioteca Reial del Palacio de Oriente, de Madrid. S’hi transcriuen les dedicatòries dels autors —en català, la major part d’elles—, entre els quals destaca, pel nombre de volums, Jacint Verdaguer. La destinatària habitual de les obres és la reina regent Maria Cristina, un retrat de la qual presideix l’esmentada arqueta.

The present paper analyses chapters 248-265 of Ramon Muntaner’s Chronicle, devoted to the years 1309-1315, in which the Catalan soldier and chronicler acted as captain of Djerba on behalf of King Frederick III of Sicily. Thus, firstly, it examines the main aspects of Muntaner’s account of the events comprised between the conquest of Djerba by Admiral Roger of Lauria (1284) and the turmoils caused by a series of local revolts against Catalan-Sicilian rule (1306-1311), which he had to quell during his governorship of the island. Secondly, it considers the foremost traits Muntaner ascribes to his own character in this section of the book, paying specific attention to the literary devices he employs in order to build this literary self characterization. Thirdly and lastly, it focuses on the tactics and military dispositions adopted by Muntaner during the Djerban campaign, which are studied in the light of some significant medieval treatises on warfare. The carried out analysis highlights Muntaner’s intent to vindicate his success in Djerba as a great victory for the House of Aragon, and, therefore, to present himself as a true champion of the Catalan-Aragonese princes’ cause.

This article analyses the transformation of the Catalan writer’s social space, which intensified with the independence process against Spain during last decade. More specifically, we shall focus on...

A revista Ponent, publicada entre 1956 e 1983, foi decisiva no estabelecimento de contactos da ilha de Maiorca com Portugal e as suas letras. O seu responsável era o poeta e pedagogo Llorenç Vidal. Nascido em Santanyí, Vidal foi um grande estudioso e incentivador da pedagogia da não- -violência e dos fins pacifistas. Num período inicial, que vai até 1974, foi possível ler na revista originais e traduções de grandes lusitanistas como Manuel de Seabra ou Fèlix Cucurull. No volume 16 da coleção La Font de les Tortugues (dependente de Ponent) foi publicado o decisivo Poetes portuguesos d’ara I (1961), onde se incluíram poemas de José Gomes Ferreira, Domingos Monteiro, Natércia Freire e Carlos de Oliveira, quatro poetes portugueses ligados ao neorrealismo ou realismo social, vigente na época. O artigo que se segue estuda quem eram, que estética perfilhavam e quem foram os tradutores das obras destes autores. Também se contextualizam as tendências iberistas catalanistas do momento para melhor se poder entender e reivindicar este período, um precedente da hoje já sólida tradição entre a ilha de Maiorca e Portugal que se tem mantido até ao dia de hoje com o trabalho de tradutores como Gabriel de la S.T. Sampol ou com a mestria de Perfecto Cuadrado.

Este estudio tiene por objetivo analizar el impacto de la Enseñanza Musical (programa equivalente al grado elemental de música) en la mejora de las competencias lingüísticas y matemáticas del alumnado de Educación Primaria. Así como determinar en qué momento dicha formación incide significativamente en el grado competencial del alumnado. La muestra seleccionada fueron 679 alumnos de sexto curso, 481 que cursaban Primaria Ordinaria y 198 que cursaban Enseñanza Musical. Como instrumento se usaron las Pruebas de Evaluación de Competencias Básicas de; catalán, castellano, inglés y matemáticas de los cursos 2010 a 2019. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial de los datos. Los resultados muestran una mayor calificación media para los alumnos de Enseñanza Musical, que va de 0,81 en matemáticas a 1,13 en inglés. La incidencia de la formación musical se detecta el tercer año en la competencia lingüística y el quinto en la matemática.

In this article the author analyses the development of political process in Spain between the two crises of 2015–2016 and 2019–2020, highlighting the strong suits and problem issues of the domestic political debate, including the Catalan issue, as well as the problem related to the migration aspect. An overview of the evolution of the country’s foreign policy agenda is presented, including the foreign policy course towards the Russian Federation. The author analyzes political and economic aspects after the general parliamentary elections of June 26, 2016, which resulted in overcoming the governmental crisis that began in Spain in December 2015 and establishing Mariano Rajoy the head of the Popular Party (PP) government. The latest cabinet of the PP government was approved in November 2016. Rajoy himself had been serving as a Prime Minister of Spain from December 2011 to June 2018. Soon, a new stage in the political history of the Spanish state began, which was associated with the rise to power of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE) led by Pedro Sánchez since 2018. PSOE thus won the parliamentary elections in Spain on April 28, 2019. The next elections in 2019 were held on November 10 and turned out to be much more complex and unpredictable than the previous one. PSOE stroke a similar political balance of power to that of April. Confirmation of Pedro Sánchez as a Prime Minister of Spain in January 2020 ended a protracted political crisis in the country, when the Spanish government had been in an acting status for some eight months.

Recent cross-linguistic research has demonstrated that speakers use a prosodic mitigation strategy when addressing higher status interlocutors by talking more slowly, reducing the intensity and lowering the overall fundamental frequency (F0). Much less is known, however, about how politeness-related meaning is expressed multimodally (i.e., combining verbal and multimodal channels). The present study investigates how Catalan native speakers encode politeness-related meanings through facial and body cues. We test whether speakers apply a gestural mitigation strategy and use specific hedging devices in socially distant situations (e.g., when asking an older person of higher status for a favor). Twenty Catalan speakers were video-recorded while participating in a discourse elicitation task where they were required to produce requests in polite and non-polite contexts. In the resulting recordings, a set of 21 facial and body cues associated with speech were coded and analyzed. The results show that politeness-related meanings are expressed through gestural mitigation strategies that go hand-in-hand with previously reported prosodic mitigation strategies. This work was financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, and Fondo Europeo ´ de Desarrollo Regional, grant numbers PGC2018-097007-B-100 and PID2021- 123823NB-I00; and by a grant awarded by the Generalitat de Catalunya, grant number 2017 SGR_971 to the Prosodic Studies Group.

Languages have several ways of expressing bias in (polar) questions; well-known are English same-polarity and inverse-polarity tags, illustrated below (see recent influential work by Asher & Reese, 2013; Krifka, 2015; Malamud & Stephenson, 2015): a. The book is obscene, is it? b. The book is obscene, isn’t it? (Cattell, 1973, 15) Besides polarity-related tags, languages also have confirmationals (e.g. Wiltschko & Heim, 2016, and subsequent work by Wiltschko and collaborators): particles uttered at the end of a sentence, which, in broad strokes, ask the interlocutor for agreement / confirmation. In the present research, we focus on Catalan, which has two confirmationals, oi? and eh?, which at first sight may be said to carry out the same function (Cuenca 1997, Rigau 1998, Hernanz and Rigau 2006, Prieto and Rigau 2007). They are exemplified below: Tens gana, oi? / eh? have hunger oi eh ‘You are hungry, oi? / eh?’ Our objective is to collect solid empirical data that shows these two confirmatory particles exhibit a different distribution.

Es presenten diferents caires de les traduccions de Joaquim Garcia i Girona, centrats en la poètica d’Horaci. Algunes odes i epodes apareixen traduïts i publicats al Butlletí de la Societat Castellonenca de Cultura, entre el 1920 i el 1958, a la secció intitulada pel traductor “Del jardí d’Horaci”. La minuciositat i rigor de la traducció, juntament amb les notes complementàries per a la tria del lèxic català adient, ens mostren la seua intuïció i el seu coneixement lingüístic profund tant del llatí com del català. Different aspects of the translations of Joaquim Garcia i Girona are presented, focusing on the poetry of Horace. Some odes and epodes are translated and published in the Butlletí de la Societat Castellonenca de Cultura, between 1920 and 1958, in a section entitled “Del jardí d’Horaci” by the translator. The meticulousness and rigour of the translation, together with the complementary notes for the choice of the appropriate Catalan lexicon, represent his intuition and deep linguistic knowledge of both Latin and Catalan.

La traducció de literatura infantil i juvenil entre llengües properes implica algunes dificultats específiques. Cal tenir en compte que la característica intel·lectual del lector infantil és que té intel·ligència, però no cultura. Això porta sovint a adaptar textos i expressions, sense tenir en compte l'atractiu estètic de l'estranyament ni els perills d'aquestes adaptacions, que poden arruïnar l'original. També és molt important fixar-se en el model de llengua que utilitza el traductor, que ha de ser al mateix temps rica i accessible. L'autor tracta tots aquests temes no des d'un punt de vista acadèmic, sinó des de la seva experiència personal com a traductor, escriptor i adaptador. The translation of children's and youth literature between closely related languages involves some specific difficulties. It should be noted that the intellectual characteristic of the child reader is that he has intelligence, but not culture. This often leads to adapting texts and expressions, without considering the aesthetic appeal of strangeness or the dangers of such adaptations, which can ruin the original. It is also very important to pay attention to the language model used by the translator, which must be rich and accessible at the same time. The author deals with all these topics not from an academic point of view, but from his personal experience as a translator, writer and adapter.

Answers to wh-questions are the most widespread method to elicit information focus. When studying the syntax of focus, however, this method is problematic because the most natural answer to a wh-question is often a fragment that only includes the focus. This problem has led to considerable controversy in the literature about the position in which information focus is realized, particularly for Spanish, but also for Catalan. In order to enhance the naturalness and reliability of the question-answer test, we designed an experiment with a new elicitation technique (i.e., questions with a delayed answer) in which some material is inserted between the question and the point in which the participant is asked to answer the question, so that the Catalan participants would spontaneously utter a full sentence instead of a fragment, without being explicitly instructed to do so. The material of this production experiment was then adapted in a rating experiment on the acceptability of preverbal and postverbal information foci in Catalan. The results of this second study confirm the findings of the production experiment: postverbal focus is always preferred over preverbal focus, both in the case of subjects and objects. This research has been partially funded by project PGC2018-094029-A-I00 from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, UE).

En este trabajo se presenta la incidencia de la variable lengua materna sobre el léxico disponible en castellano y en catalán en la provincia de Lleida. Se analiza mediante procedimientos descriptivos y estadísticos el peso de este factor en la producción léxica en las dos lenguas de la comunidad, basándose en una muestra de 240 informantes bilingües y 480 encuestas. Los resultados muestran de forma contundente que los índices cuantitativos son superiores entre el colectivo que completa la encuesta en su lengua materna. In this paper we introduce the incidence of the mother tongue factor on the lexicon available in Spanish and Catalan in the province of Lleida. We analyze through descriptive and statistical procedures the weight of this factor in the lexical production in the two languages ​​of the community, based on a sample of 240 bilingual informants and 480 surveys. The results clearly show that the quantitative indexes are always higher among the group that completes the survey in their mother tongue. Dans ce travail, on présente l’incidence de la variable langue maternelle sur le lexique disponible en espagnol et en catalan dans la province de Lleida. À l’aide de procédures descriptives et statistiques, on analyse le poids de ce facteur dans la production lexicale dans les deux langues de la communauté, sur la base d’un échantillon de 240 informateurs bilingues et de 480 enquêtes. Les résultats montrent de manière concluante que les indices quantitatifs sont plus élevés dans le groupe qui termine l’enquête dans sa langue maternelle.

Despite the relevance of Internet and social media among the youngest population, there have been few studies that focus on the use of Catalan in these contexts. In this paper, we carry out a qualitative analysis of the current situation of the Catalan language on TikTok and Twitch, two platforms that have grown significantly in the past few years. Twitch offers the chance to create specialized content, while on TikTok the use of an array of hashtags, but #estiktokat in particular, ensures the indexicality of the videos. These results show that content creators that use Catalan as their language participate actively in these platforms and have developed strategies in order to ensure that content in Catalan is created and that is accessible to other users. A pesar de la relevancia de internet y las redes sociales entre la población más joven, contamos con pocos estudios que se centren en el uso del catalán en estos contextos. En este artículo, llevamos a cabo un análisis cualitativo de la situación del catalán en TikTok y Twitch, dos plataformas que han crecido de forma significativa en los últimos años. Twitch ofrece la posibilidad de crear contenidos de ámbitos específicos en catalán, mientras que en TikTok el uso de varios hashtags, pero especialmente #estiktokat, aseguran la indexicalidad de los vídeos. Estos resultados demuestran que los creadores de contenidos en catalán participan activamente en estas plataformas y que han desarrollado estrategias para asegurar que se crea contenido en catalán y que es accesible para otros usuarios.

In this work, we explore and review linguistic laws, in the case of Catalan, going from prelinguistic to higher linguistic levels and addressing both speech and writing. We show evidence supporting the theory that linguistic laws are universal patterns in human language that are more robust in the oral corpus than in writing. This reinforces the “physical hypothesis,” which argues that linguistic laws could have a physiological and biophysical origin, and they are reflected in written texts as a consequence of speech symbolization. However, future work is necessary to increase empirical evidence by deeply analyzing other language corpora, propose new cognitive and physical models that clarify the mathematical formulation of some statistical patterns, find more evidence to explain the relationship between prelinguistic and higher linguistic levels, and understand the results reported up to date from a global interdisciplinary perspective of language theory. I.G.T. and A.H.-F. were supported by the project PRO2020-S03 (RCO03080 Lingüística Quantitativa) and PRO2021-S03HERNANDEZ by Institut d’Estudis Catalans. A.H-F. was also supported by the grant TIN2017-89244-R (MACDA) (Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España).

The present study aims to discuss some politeness strategies in 13–16th century Catalan, based on a corpus pragmatic analysis of requests from the Computerized Corpus of Old Catalan (Corpus Informatitzat del Català Antic [CICA]), found by searching for occurrences of the speech act verbs pregar ‘ask, pray’ and suplicar ‘supplicate, beg, beseech’. Results of the present study provide evidence that politeness in 13–16th century Catalan was realized by different linguistic means than in contemporary Catalan. It focuses on some conventionally indirect strategies that consisted in using the verb voler ‘want’ to transfer the imperative force from the performance of the requested act to the hearer’s willingness. At the intersection of speech act research, politeness studies, historical pragmatics and corpus pragmatics, this study also discusses some methodological challenges of these areas.

Terminological databases are reliable and useful tools for translators, because they contain not only the basic grammatical information related to the terms, but also facilitate the conceptual analysis necessary for the translation of the terms. High quality databases that are compiled according to terminological principles also serve language policy purposes and fulfil terminological policy tasks. In recent years, the Catalan language as an element of Catalan identity has also become the focus of interest in parallel with the independence movement in Catalonia. This paper aims to present and analyse five Catalan terminological databases compiled by TERMCAT, the Catalan Center for Terminology and two universities in Catalonia. A comprehensive classification and evaluation system will be used for the analysis of the databases, which includes four main aspects: background information, technical parameters, information on the content and the usage of the termbases. The databases presented here are the result of a conscious effort by the professionals responsible for terminology and the database as well as the associated workflow, can serve as a good practice for other language communities.

On the 1st October 2017 an independence referendum was organised in Catalonia. The aim of this paper is to analyse the nature of the political debate going on in the Catalan Parliament during the whole process by focusing on the kind of argumentation strategies that were used by each of the leanings to legitimise their political decisions. We do that relying on a methodological distinction that differentiates between sound argumentation and fallacious argumentation. By using a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, this study offers a wide picture of the kind of argumentation used by the main political actors involved in the process of decision making in Catalonia. The results show that there is more emphasis in antagonising with the others, than engaging in sound argument exchange that could facilitate minimal points of consensus. Such results may help explain why the Catalan conflict is still unsolved at the political level.

The article is devoted to non-prototypical structurally separate conditional constructions (NSCC) in Catalan in comparison with Spanish and French. These represent two (or more) separate sentences, one of which expresses condition and the other – consequence without conditional conjunctions. The relevance and novelty of this study follows from the fact that NSCCs have not received sufficient attention yet which is particularly true for Catalan. There is no consensus in specialist literature as regards the terms used to describe this kind of constructions or define their scope. The list of terms for NSCCs in Russian linguistics is too long, and includes the following: “non-prototypical constructions”, “conditional constructions formed as a “syntactic unity”, “supraphrasal unity”, among others. The paper states that it’s necessary to distinguish prototypical conditional constructions from the constructions with conditional con-junction “si”, on one hand, and non-prototypical constructions, on the other. And integral conditional constructions should be distinguished from structurally separate constructions (also referred to as formally separate). There are also non-prototypical structurally separate conditional constructions with interrogative words expressing condition in the protasis and imperatives constructions expressing consequence in the apodosis, constructions with imperatives (verbs like ‘suppose’) expressing condition in the protasis and interrogative sentences expressing consequence in the apodosis. NSCCs can use different moods: imperative, indicative, subjunctive, and conditional. Imperative forms are compatible both with semantics of conditions and consequences. There are also NSCCs without imperatives. And besides that, between the first sentence expressing the condition and the second sentence expressing the consequence filler utterances can occur. As typically in prototypical conditional constructions, in NSCC the condition and the consequence expressed also belong to the same subject of speech (speaker), though in some rare cases may be inserted, as a link be-tween the first and the second sentences of the construction, an interrogative sentence asked by another subject. NSCCs don’t allow the use of subordinating conjunctions, the opposite being a clear sign of prototypical constructions, but the consequence can be introduced with markers meaning ‘then’. The study is based on the texts by Catalan authors, excerpts from Catalan journals and their translations into Spanish and French; texts generated by the author’s informers, native speakers have also been used.

This paper studies the dynamics of political mobilization of two transnational organizations – Assemblea Nacional Catalana and Marea Granate – formed by Spanish/Catalan migrants in different Europe...

20 pages, 15 figures, 4 tables, The majority of species of the highly diverse genus Chaetoceros are described as chain-forming, although several species are described as strictly solitary (such as C. tenuissimus) or having an alternate solitary and a chain-forming phase during their life history (such as C. salsugineus). In this study, the diversity of small forms of Chaetoceros from the NW Mediterranean coastal waters was explored through the morphological and molecular characterization of four different strains belonging to two distinct species. Based on their morphology, three of the strains were identified as C. salsugineus (Takano, 1983). The SSU and LSU rDNA sequences represented the first available for well-characterized C. salsugineus strains and were 96.6–100% similar to publicly available C. tenuissimus (Meunier, 1913) sequences. Both species share the same morphological features, such as setae and ultrastructure of the valves, as well as the rimoportula characteristics. In addition, the morphology of the solitary form of C. salsugineus matched with that of C. tenuissimus. Here, we propose the two species as synonyms (the name C. tenuissimus prevailing as it has priority for this taxon), emend the original description and designate an epitype. The fourth strain was identified as C. olympicus sp. nov., a new species, which alternates solitary and chain-forming forms within its life history. The main differential characteristics of this species are the absence of rimoportula both in terminal and intercalary valves, the setae ultrastructure, which is thin and circular in cross-section with a few, slightly twisted, rows of small rectangular poroids and some spirally arranged spines, and the morphology of the resting spores, with primary valve vaulted and covered with short to medium-sized spines, and secondary valve smaller, rounded and smooth. A comparison of C. tenuissimus and C. olympicus with other species as well as information on their life cycle and ecology is also provided., This work was supported by MINECO Project COPAS ‘Understanding top-down control in coastal bloom-forming protists’ (CTM2017-86121-R), the ANIMA Project (CTM2015-65720-R), and institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) from the Spanish government.

Desde hace unos años, el cine catalán tiene rostro de mujer. Mar Coll, Liliana Torres, Nely Reguera, Carla Simón, Celia Rico, Meritxell Colell, o Belén Funes. Todas ellas se conocen, comparten procesos, proyectos educativos y sus óperas primas han sido seleccionadas en festivales internacionales, lo que pone en evidencia la existencia de un movimiento que podría dar nombre a una «Nova Escola de Barcelona», esta vez formada por mujeres, y cuyo estudio se revela fundamental para entender la ficción contemporánea en el conjunto del estado español. ¿De dónde surge este espacio de creación protagonizado por mujeres cineastas? ¿Qué procesos comparten y cómo estos influyen en sus obras? ¿Cuáles son sus motivos, sus filiaciones, sus intereses narrativos y estéticos o los referentes que captan su atención? Este artículo intentará arrojar luz a los rasgos que constituyen una nueva ola de jóvenes cineastas que trabajan en Barcelona y cuya fecha de nacimiento encontramos en Tres días con la familia (Tres dies amb la família, 2009).

In this note we provide a representation of Catalan's constant in terms of a series involving the values at the origin of the even eigenfunctions of the quantum harmonic oscillator .

espanolEl fallecimiento del dictador Francisco Franco abria un periodo de incertidumbre politica en Espana. Entre los herederos del regimen cundia la conviccion de que para conservar el poder seria necesario plantear reformas que permitieran responder a algunas de las demandas mas acuciantes y, al mismo tiempo, conservar el control politico frente a la oposicion democratica. La gestion de la cuestion regional aparecia como un ambito propicio para la experimentacion de estas propuestas postfranquistas, sobre todo en su concrecion catalana, donde la demanda de algun tipo de descentralizacion contaba con tradicion y fuertes apoyos populares. Desde el entorno de Manuel Fraga se intento poner en marcha un Regimen Especial para las Provincias Catalanas, remedo actualizado de la historica Mancomunitat de Catalunya (1914-‍1925), cuyo proyecto fue continuado por el primer Gobierno de Adolfo Suarez con la implicacion directa de los representantes mas ilustres del franquismo catalan. La documentacion interna e inedita conservada por Juan Echevarria Puig, miembro activo de esta comision que desarrollo su actividad entre 1976 y 1977, nos permite conocer en profundidad esta ultima encarnacion (fracasada, pero influyente) de regionalismo franquista. EnglishThe death of Francisco Franco started a period of political uncertainty in Spain. The heirs of the regime needed to introduce reforms to maintain the power: they had to give an answer to the urgent political demands of that moment while keeping the political control of the situation in front of the democratic opposition. The regional question — the answer to the demands of decentralization and recognition of regional identities- was an important space to develop post-Francoist projects of decentralization. Catalonia, where projects of autonomy and decentralization had a long tradition and a strong popular support was a perfect place to implement these projects. That is the reason why Minister Manuel Fraga and his political proxies initiated a process aimed at creating an «Special Regime for the Catalan Provinces» that was actually a renewed version of the historical «Mancomunitat de Catalunya (1914.1925)». Fraga implicated himself and also important representatives of Catalan Francoism. The non-published documentation conserved by Mr. Juan Echevarria Puig, an active member of the Commission created by Fraga that worked in 1976 and 1977, allows us to know in depth this last reincarnation (failed but influential) of Francoist regionalism.

Le but de la présente étude est d’examiner les remplacements des clitiques par les enfants de langue catalane, quelle que soit leur dominance linguistique, qui acquièrent variablement les clitiques obliques hi et en. Nous analysons la plupart de ces cas de substitution à l’aide de la sous-spécification et de la géométrie des traits, mais pour un des cas, nous avons recours à des effets des contraintes à la complexité pour comprendre la substitution attestée., The aim of the present study is to examine clitic substitution–the extension of the use of a particular clitic in the paradigm–by Catalan-speaking children, whatever their dominant language, who variably acquire the oblique clitics hi and en. We analyse the majority of these cases of substitution within a theory of feature underspecification and feature geometry. One type of clitic substitution cannot, however, be accounted for with our proposed feature geometry. In this case, we propose that this unexpected outcome is due to a constraint on morphological complexity which results in recourse to more salient forms.

This paper examines two forms of listening in relation to racism and the minoritylanguage context in Catalonia. The research is based on a collaboration between twoacademics and RC (Racialised Catalans) which started with initial interviews on theireducational experiences and trajectories in Catalonia. From there, a collaboration betweenthe academics and a inter-cultural, anti-racism group (Junts a pseudonym) emerged .First, we analyse the role of the white listening subject in which RC are discriminatedagainst for a perceived lack of Catalan. Second, we describe how the group made otherslisten through their work. Thus, listening results in a form of 'undecideability' which requireswider society for the possibilities of racial equality.

Efectuamos una serie de reflexiones sobre la compleja naturaleza jurídica de una figura de nuestro Derecho penal histórico: el delito de «sacar arma o armas» o «colteyl treyt». Es una conducta que revestía cierta gravedad y que estaba tipificada en la práctica totalidad de las normas penales de los pueblos de lengua catalana e incluso de Navarra, a la que tampoco es ajena la legislación castellana, con menor incidencia. Concretamos los elementos que integran el hecho punible (tenencia del arma, acción consistente en sacarla o mostrarla e intención de amenazar a otra persona). Nos detenemos en aspectos conceptuales y examinamos el bien jurídico protegido en los delitos de tenencia ilícita y uso de armas prohibidas y amenazas. Finalmente, nos ocupamos de la evolución del delito «sacar arma» en la legislación histórica con una perspectiva comparativa, desde la óptica del tipo delictivo, intencionalidad, bien jurídico protegido y penalidad. Tomamos como punto de partida el Liber Iudiciorum, para pasar al Derecho catalán medieval y moderno: Usatges, Costums de Tortosa, Costums d’Orta, Costums de la batllia de Miravet, Consuetudines Ilerdenses, Ordinacions de Girona o Costums de la Torre de l’Espanyol, entre otros textos. Concluimos con el derecho castellano-leonés y otros derechos peninsulares: Fuero de León, Fuero de Logroño, Fuero de Santander, Fuero de Sahagún, Fuero de Oviedo, Fuero de Molina de Aragón, Fuero de Zamora, Fuero de Córdoba; Fuero de Béjar, Fuero Real, Siete Partidas, Fuero General de Navarra, Fuero de Jaca, Fueros de Borja y Zaragoza, Fuero de Teruel, Derecho valenciano, Nueva y Novísima Recopilación.

Previous studies of linguistic mudes in minority language contexts, this is, biographical junctures where speakers enact changes in their linguistic repertoire, have contributed to our understandin...

This paper's aim is to study the leadership styles practiced in Catalan SMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research focuses on three leadership styles (autocratic/transactional, democratic/transformational and laissez-faire/liberal) and how these styles are influenced by Hofeste's cultural dimension and other variables such as the SMEs' maturity level and the respondents' gender. Moreover, our paper studies the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic upon the Catalan business environment, discussing the government restrictions and aid measures. The research has been conducted in an empirical way, on a sample of 164 SMEs from Catalonia, Spain. Our results have shown that most of the respondents from this sample employ a democratic/transformational leadership style and this style is influenced in a direct and positive way by the company's maturity and, at the same time, we found no significant correlation between the leadership style and the respondents' gender. Copyright © 2021. Laurențiu MIHAI. Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International CC-BY 4.0