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Individuals with high blood pressure (BP) have varying risks of cardiovascular events due to other coexisting factors. We aimed to identify the predictors of long-term absence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) in individuals with high BP, which is an indicator of healthy arterial aging and can guide preventive strategies. We analyzed data from participants with high BP (≥120/80 mm Hg) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis who had baseline CAC = 0 and underwent a second CAC scanning after 10 years. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association between various risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and long-term CAC = 0. We also calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to predict the phenotype of healthy arterial aging in this population. We included 830 participants (37.6% male, mean ± SD age of 59.4 ± 8.7 years). During follow-up, 46.5% of participants (n = 386) had CAC = 0, and they were younger and had fewer metabolic syndrome components. Adding ASCVD risk factors to the demographic model (age, sex, and ethnicity) moderately increased the predictive value for long-term CAC = 0 (AUC: demographic model + ASCVD risk factors vs. demographic model alone, 0.653 vs. 0.597, p < .001; category net reclassification improvement = 0.104, p = .044; integrated discrimination improvement = 0.040, p < .001). In individuals with high BP and initial CAC = 0, over 40% maintained CAC = 0 during a 10-year follow-up, which was associated with fewer ASCVD risk factors. These findings may have implications for preventive strategies in individuals with high BP. Clinical Trial registration number: The MESA was registered at clinical trials. gov as NCT 00005487.KEY MESSAGESNearly half (46.5%) of individuals with high blood pressure (BP) maintained a long-term absence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) during a 10-year follow-up, and this was associated with a 66.6% lower risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events compared to those who developed incident CAC.Individuals with high BP, who are usually assumed to have an increased risk of ASCVD, exhibit significant heterogeneity in their ASCVD risk; those who maintain CAC = 0 have a lower ASCVD risk.Adding overall ASCVD risk factors to demographic information resulted in a moderate improvement in predicting long-term CAC = 0. Nearly half (46.5%) of individuals with high blood pressure (BP) maintained a long-term absence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) during a 10-year follow-up, and this was associated with a 66.6% lower risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events compared to those who developed incident CAC. Individuals with high BP, who are usually assumed to have an increased risk of ASCVD, exhibit significant heterogeneity in their ASCVD risk; those who maintain CAC = 0 have a lower ASCVD risk. Adding overall ASCVD risk factors to demographic information resulted in a moderate improvement in predicting long-term CAC = 0.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Representative images showing the scoring process by the automated quantitative pathology imaging system. Fig. S2. Violin plots displaying the expression level of representative markers in each cell cluster. Fig. S3. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for total α-SMA+ CAFs, lamina propria α-SMA+ CAFs and stromal α-SMA+ CAFs in the generation (n=103) and validation (n=99) dataset of patients with ESCC. Fig. S4. The number of intratumoral macrophages correlates with clinical outcome in ESCC patients. Fig. S5. The density of CD68+ and CD163+ MØs correlates with clinical outcome in patients with ESCC. Fig. S6. Crucial cell-to-cell interaction pathways among the distinct cell populations predicted by CellChat. Fig. S7. Cell-to-cell communication among the CAFs and other cell types. Fig. S8. Differentially-expressed gene (DEG) enrichment analysis for α-SMA+ CAFs. Supplementary Table S1. The clinicopathological parameters of 11 patients profiled by scRNA-seq. Supplementary Table S2. Metal-conjugated antibodies and element-containing reagents used for IMC. Supplementary Table S3. Clinicopathological characteristics in the generation and validation dataset of patients with ESCC. Supplementary Table S4. Correlation between markers and clinicopathological characteristics in the generation and validation datasets. Supplementary Table S5. Differential expressed genes between α-SMA+ CAFs and α-SMA- CAFs. Supplementary Table S6. Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in the generation and validation datasets of patients with ESCC.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Serum concentration of CTRP9 and APN in patients of different infarct stages.

Zheng RP, Ma DK, Li Z, Zhang HF. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:6165–6175. The Editor and Publisher of Cancer Management and Research wish to issue an Expression of Concern for the published article. Following publication, concerns were raised about the scientific integrity of the articles content. We reached out to the authors requesting they supply information that would confirm the integrity of the data. However, the authors did not provide the requested files and could not satisfy our requirements to confirm the authenticity of some types of data. Therefore, as we continue to work through the issues raised, we advise readers to interpret the information presented in the article with due caution. The authors have been notified about this Expression of Concern. Read the original article

Measurement for qubits plays a key role in quantum computation. Current methods for classifying states of single qubit in a superconducting multi-qubit system produce fidelities lower than expected due to the existence of crosstalk, especially in case of frequency crowding. Here, We make the digital signal processing (DSP) system used in measurement into a shallow neural network and train it to be an optimal classifier to reduce the impact of crosstalk. The experiment result shows the crosstalk-induced readout error deceased by 100% after a 3-second optimization applied on the 6-qubit superconducting quantum chip.

Additional file 1. The corresponding original images of Western blot.

Reactions of N,2-dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide (H3L) with transition metal acetates in the presence of pyridine and/or 2,2′-bipyridine under solvothermal conditions give two pentanuclear complexes, [Zn5L2(CH3COO−)4(py)3] (1) and [Co5L2(CH3COO−)4(py)(2,2′-bipy)2] (2). Photoluminescence studies indicate strong purple emission for 1 in the solid state at room temperature. Variable-temperature dc magnetic susceptibility studies of 2 reveal that antiferromagnetic CoII···CoII exchange interactions exist in 2.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Comparison of neointima thickness in the presence of wild-type and CRPTG PVAT transplantation without wire injury. Figure S2. Comparison of plama mouse C-reactive protein in WT mice received wild-type and CRPTG PVAT transplantation. Figure S3. Comparison of plama mouse CXCL-7 in CRPTG and wild-type mice.

As a mainstream algorithm for inferring probabilistic graphical models, belief propagation (BP) algorithm is one of the most important methods to solve the joint probability distribution in the stochastic block model. However, existing methods either lead to low accuracy in dealing with the core-periphery structure problem, or the theoretical derivation is difficult to understand due to a large number of approximation, or both exist. Of course, the reason for low accuracy comes from too many approximations. The main reason for many approximations and complex theoretical derivation is that the joint probability distribution in the inference process of the stochastic block model is not directly solved by the BP algorithm, that is, the graph (network) being processed is not consistent with the graph considered in the probabilistic graph model. Therefore, in this paper, a mean-field approximation is developed to modify the joint probability distribution to make the BP algorithm match perfectly, which makes the theoretical derivation easy to understand. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by the experimental results.

Figure S2. Anti-oxidant reagent NAC blocked the increase of GFP-positive cells induced by H2O2. A-B) Treatment of NAC abrogated the increased GFP-positive cells induced by 0.3Â mM H2O2 for 48Â h in RU cells derived from SupM2 in a NAC-dose dependent manner, read by GFP expression (A) and luciferase activity (B). (PDF 55 kb)

Additional file 1. PVAT promotes destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque.

Figure S4. The cell growth of RU and RR upon H2O2 re-challenge. A-B) The cell growths of RU and RR cells derived from SupM2 and Karpas 299 after H2O2 re-challenge, assessed from day 1 (day 6 of H2O2 re-challenge experiment) to day 3. The results indicated that converted RR cells from both cell lines share similar cell growth rates with native RU cells, and RR cells after H2O2 re-challenge also grow in a similar rate with native RR cells. (PDF 103 kb)

The framework of statistical inference has been successfully used to detect the meso-scale structures in complex networks, such as community structure, core-periphery (CP) structure. The main principle is that the stochastic block model (SBM) is used to fit the observed network and the learnt parameters indicate the group assignment, in which the parameters of model are often calculated via an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and a belief propagation (BP) algorithm is implemented to calculate the decomposition itself. In the derivation process of the BP algorithm, some approximations were made by omitting the effects of node's neighbors, the approximations do not hold if networks are dense or some nodes holding large degrees. As a result, for example, the BP algorithm cannot well detect CP structure in networks and even yields wrong detection because the nodal degrees in core group are very large. In doing so, we propose an improved BP algorithm to solve the problem in the original BP algorithm without increasing any computational complexity. By comparing the improved BP algorithm with the original BP algorithm on community detection and CP detection, we find that the two algorithms yield the same performance on the community detection when the network is sparse, for the community structure in dense networks or CP structure in networks, our improved BP algorithm is much better and more stable. The improved BP algorithm may help us correctly partition different types of meso-scale structures in networks., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures

Figure S5. The activation levels of ALK and STAT3 were inappreciably changed upon H2O2 re-challenge. The expression levels of pALKY1604, ALK, pSTAT3Y705, and STAT3 in RU and RR cells with or without H2O2 re-challenge. The same cell lysates from Fig. 3a were reused in this experiment, and note that the same β-actin blot as the one in Fig. 3a was recycled for H2O2-stimulation in RU and RR cells derived from Karpas 299 cells. (PDF 102 kb)

Figure S3. The serial dilution experiment in RU and RR cells derived from Karpas 299 cells. The serial diluted RU and RR cells derived from Karpas 299 (from 1000 cells to 1 cell) were seeded in 96-well plates. After 8Â days, the number of spheres was counted in the highlighted wells circulated by the rectangle lines. The right panel showed the analyzed results which indicated that converted RR cells and native RR cells with H2O2 stimulation have formed more spheres in a lower number of cells seeded (125 cells for RU cells and converted RR cells, 32 cells for RR cells and RR cells with H2O2 stimulation), as compared with native RU and RR cells, respectively. Note that RR cells also have formed more spheres than RU cells at a lower number of cells seeded (i.e. 32 and 63 cells). (PDF 259 kb)

It has been recognized that many complex dynamical systems in the real world require a description in terms of multiplex networks, where a set of common, mutually connected nodes belong to distinct network layers and play a different role in each layer. In spite of recent progress towards data based inference of single-layer networks, to reconstruct complex systems with a multiplex structure remains largely open. We articulate a mean-field based maximum likelihood estimation framework to solve this outstanding and challenging problem. We demonstrate the power of the reconstruction framework and characterize its performance using binary time series from a class of prototypical duplex network systems that host two distinct types of spreading dynamics. In addition to validating the framework using synthetic and real-world multiplex networks, we carry out a detailed analysis to elucidate the impacts of structural and dynamical parameters as well as noise on the reconstruction accuracy and robustness., Comment: One main context and a supplementary information

This paper is to present a simplified model to estimate aircraft fuel consumption using support vector algorithm. The method developed here can be implemented in fast-time airspace and airfield simulation application. A representative support vector network aided fuel consumption model is developed using data given in the route date and aircraft performance manual, support vector machine is trained to estimate fuel consumption of a certain aircraft. Also Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve is introduced to the performance evaluation of trained model. This methodology can be extended to any type of aircraft including piston and turboprop type with confidence. The data used in this study is applicable to the Boeing 737-800 aircraft which powered by CFM56 engines. Model outputs were compared to the actual performance provided in the aircraft performance manual and found to be accurate for implementation in fast-time simulation models. The results of this study illustrate that a support vector model with ROC optimization can accurately represent complex aircraft fuel consumption functions for full flight phase.

Measurement methods of Young's modulus about static state by beam bending, there are some issues such as having low precision, the range of application is limited, required the special equipment and specimen. Therefore, this paper presents a new strain Measurement Method of Young's modulus about static state based on the theory of Finite Element. Firstly, by studying the relationship among the load, strain, and the stiffness matrix in Finite Element, to establish a relationship between strain and the Young's modulus. Secondly, the paper analyzes the sources of error, and the impact of the raw measurement error and finite element calculation error on its results. Finally, the paper's result is verified by concrete examples, and it's been proved that this method doesn't require special equipments and specimens, with high testing accuracy, besides, it is widely applied to engineering practice.

RU cells co-cultured with diluted (10:1) RR cells or parental SupM2 cells did not show significantly increased SRR2 luciferase activity or upregulated MYC expression. SupM2-RU cells (50,000 cells in total seeded in the upper chamber) and various ratios (RU/RR = 1:1, 2:1, 5:1, 10:1) of SupM2-RR cells (seeded in the lower chamber) were co-cultured in 6-well transwell plate for 72 h. SupM2-RU cells co-cultured with the same number of SupM2-RU cells or parental SupM2 cells were included in this experiment. MYC protein expression was also assessed in this experiment. The results suggested that RU cells co-cultured with the same number of RR cells showed significantly increased SRR2 luciferase activity and a robust increased MYC expression, as compared to negative control. In contrast, RU cells co-cultured with diluted RR cells (e.g., 10:1, containing 5000 of RR cells and 45,000 of RU cells) or parental SupM2 cells did not exhibit significantly increased SRR2 luciferase activity and only showed slight increase of MYC protein expression, as compared to negative control. (PDF 164 kb)

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is more active in RR cells than RU cells derived from SupM2. The Wnt pathway-specific oligonucleotide PCR array was performed in RU and RR cells derived from SupM2 cells. The data suggested that 24 out of 87 genes related with the Wnt pathway were more highly expressed in mRNA level (>1.4-fold) in RR cells than in RU cells. Note that one time experiment was performed in this study. (PDF 102 kb)

Overexpression of MYC significantly attenuates the decreased SRR2 luciferase activity induced by inhibition of β-catenin by using quercetin. The SRR2 luciferase activity in RR cells derived from Karpas 299 with EV or MYC transfection in the presence of 50 μM quercetin for 24 h; cells with DMSO treatment were included as a negative control. The SRR2 luciferase activity decreased by ~50% in RR cells from Karpas 299 with EV transfection upon quercetin treatment, whereas it only decreased by ~25% in cells with MYC transfection. The MYC transfection efficiency was validated in Figure S2c. (PDF 36 kb)

Knockdown of Sox2 by siRNA significantly downregulated the SRR2 reporter activity in RR cells. The SRR2 luciferase activity in RR cells derived from SupM2 and Karpas 299 with scrambled siRNA (scr siRNA) or Sox2 siRNA transfection at 48Â h. The western blots showed the knockdown efficiency of Sox2 protein. (PDF 169 kb)

NPM-ALK/STAT3 is not differentially activated or expressed between RU and RR cells. (a) The protein levels of pALKY1601, ALK, pSTAT3Y705, and STAT3 in RU and RR cells derived from SupM2 and Karpas 299. (b, c) RR and RU cells were treated with either DMSO, or 100 nM ALK inhibitor crizotinib, or 10 nM STAT3 inhibitor stattic for 24 h. The western blots were employed to assess the expression/activation levels of NPM-ALK, STAT3, MYC, and Sox2 in both RU and RR cells. The SRR2 luciferase activity in RU and RR cells was also evaluated by the luciferase assay. (PDF.488KB) (PDF 458 kb)

RU cells transfected with the constitutively active CTNNB1 (CA-CTNNB1) acquire the RR phenotype. (a) The protein levels of β-catenin and MYC in RU cells derived from Karpas 299 with EV or CA-CTNNB1 transfection at 48 h. (b) The SRR2 luciferase activity in RU cells derived from Karpas 299 with EV or CA-CTNNB1 transfection at 48 h. (c) The clonogenicity of RU cells derived from Karpas 299 with EV or CA-CTNNB1 transfection, assessed by the methylcellulose colony formation assay. The relative colony numbers analyzed in triplicate were shown in the right panel. The colony will be counted if only its size is equal or larger than the one that was pointed by the bolded arrow. One of the representative results were shown in the left panel. (PDF 154 kb)

Inhibition of MYC by MYC-MAD transfection in RR cells significantly decreased the SRR2 luciferase activity. The SRR2 luciferase activity in RR cells derived from SupM2 and Karpas 299 with EV or MYC-MAD transfection at 48 h. The western blots results showed the protein levels of p-MYCS62 and MYC in RR cells from the two cell lines after MYC-MAD transfection at 48 h; cells with EV transfection were included as a control. (PDF 148 kb)

Inhibition of MYC sensitizes cells to doxorubicin in RR cells. (a) The left panel showed that RR cells originated from SupM2 and Karpas 299 were treated with varying dosages of MYC inhibitor 10074-G5 for 48 h, and then the cell growth was assessed by the MTS assay. The dosage of 5 μM 10074-G5 was chosen for the following drug combination study. The right panel showed that RR cells were treated with varying dosages of doxorubicin for 48 h, and then the cell growth was assessed by the MTS assay. Fifty and 20 ng/mL doxorubicin were chosen in RR derived from Karpas 299 and SupM2, respectively, for the following drug combination study. (b, c) The cell cycle analysis was performed to assess the Sub G0/1 fraction in RR cells derived from SupM2 induced by 20 ng/mL doxorubicin, 5 μM 10074-G5, or combination of doxorubicin and 10074-G5 for 48 h; Cells with DMSO treatment were included as a control. (d) The PI staining assay was also performed in the experiment described above. (e) RU and RR cells were treated with varying doses of 10074-G5 for 72 h, then followed by the MTS assay to assess the cell growth. (PDF 341 kb)

Inhibition of MYC by 10074-G5 downregulates the Sox2 downstream target genes in RR cells. (a) SRR2 probe pull-down assay was performed in RU and RR cells originated from SupM2 cells to compare the bindings between Sox2, MYC, and SRR2 probes. The western blots in the right panel showed the input of the pull-down assay. (b) SRR2 probe pull-down assay was performed in RR cells from SupM2 upon MYC siRNA transfection at 0, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h; the western blots in the right panel showed the input of the pull-down assay. (c) Chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR assay was employed to analyze the Sox2-SRR2 probe binding in RR cells derived from SupM2 after 10 μM 10074-G5 treatment for 4 h. (PDF 204 kb)

RU cells co-cultured with diluted (10:1) RR cells or parental SupM2 cells did not show significantly increased SRR2 luciferase activity or upregulated MYC expression. SupM2-RU cells (50,000 cells in total seeded in the upper chamber) and various ratios (RU/RR = 1:1, 2:1, 5:1, 10:1) of SupM2-RR cells (seeded in the lower chamber) were co-cultured in 6-well transwell plate for 72 h. SupM2-RU cells co-cultured with the same number of SupM2-RU cells or parental SupM2 cells were included in this experiment. MYC protein expression was also assessed in this experiment. The results suggested that RU cells co-cultured with the same number of RR cells showed significantly increased SRR2 luciferase activity and a robust increased MYC expression, as compared to negative control. In contrast, RU cells co-cultured with diluted RR cells (e.g., 10:1, containing 5000 of RR cells and 45,000 of RU cells) or parental SupM2 cells did not exhibit significantly increased SRR2 luciferase activity and only showed slight increase of MYC protein expression, as compared to negative control. (PDF 164 kb)

Overexpression of MYC significantly attenuates the decreased SRR2 luciferase activity induced by inhibition of β-catenin by using quercetin. The SRR2 luciferase activity in RR cells derived from Karpas 299 with EV or MYC transfection in the presence of 50 μM quercetin for 24 h; cells with DMSO treatment were included as a negative control. The SRR2 luciferase activity decreased by ~50% in RR cells from Karpas 299 with EV transfection upon quercetin treatment, whereas it only decreased by ~25% in cells with MYC transfection. The MYC transfection efficiency was validated in Figure S2c. (PDF 36 kb)

Supplemental methods. (DOCX 127 kb)

The piecewise linear current density recursive convolution finite-different time-domain method is applied to study the filtering properties of one dimension tunable unmagnetized plasma photonic crystals with single defect layer.In frequency domain,the transmission coefficients of electromagnetic differential Gaussian pulses are computed,and under the isothermal hypothesis,the plasma relaxation time,plasma temperature and plasma frequency are taken as the tunable parameters to study the effects of filtering properties.The results are as follows:the filter channel can be tuned by changing relaxation time and frequency of plasma,while the resonant frequency can not be tuned by changing plasma temperature.

The structure of detecting electrodes in a conductivity detector was studied to decrease the effect of the stray capacitance between the two electrodes on the detecting signal in capillary electrophoresis.The boundary element method was used to study the stray capacitance of two electrodes in contactless conductivity detection.Then,an electric field software was taken to simulate the electric field distribution of electrodes and to optimize the electrode structure with contactless conductivity.On the basis of simulated results,a novel sandwich electrode structure was proposed to decrease the direct capacitive coupling between the two electrodes.The effective length of the electrode is 200 μm,which decreases the stray capacitance between the two electrodes and overcomes its defect to be easy to breakdown.The experimental and simulation results indicate that the stray capacitance of proposed electrode structure is obout 10-5 F,which has been decreased about one order of magnitude as compared with those of conventional electrode structures.Moreover,two inorganic cations can be separated in 40 s at 220 V/cm separation voltage.In conclusion,the sandwich electrode structure is suitable for the contactless conductivity detection and improves detection sensitivity.

The Holocene Megathermal is divided into early, middle and late periods, each having different impacts on the Neolithic cultures due to their different climate changing trends. This study is based on a comparative analysis of the environmental evolution information recorded in the Qinghai Lake, the western edge of the Loess Plateau and Zoige and the spa- tial distribution of Neolithic sites of the Gansu-Qinghai region. Results show that the early and middle periods towards warm and humid promoted the development of Neolithic cultures with agriculture as the main sector in the Gansu-Qinghai region, furthermore a heyday of Yang- shao Culture prosperity emerged. The Holocene entered the late period after the cold climate event at 5.9 ka BP in the Gansu-Qinghai region. Later the climate began to turn cold. How- ever, at the 5.8-4.2 ka BP a relatively stable warm and humid climate created the conditions for the development of Majiayao Culture of the Neolithic Age in this region, thus the distribu- tion of its cultural heritage sites expanded towards high altitudes and high latitudes. From 4.2 ka BP onwards, the climate became cold and dry, which had a significant influence on the Neolithic cultures of the Gansu-Qinghai region, leading to a dramatic change in the cultural characters and spatial distribution of Qijia Culture around 4.2 ka BP. After a nearly 300 years of cold and dry period, the unified Neolithic farming culture completely collapsed. Afterwards an industrial division of animal husbandry and farming and regional multiple cultures formed, and ultimately led to the end of primitive society and the starting of a civilized society.

The plasma rising time, plasma temperature and plasma density are taken as the tunable parameters, under the isothermal hypothesis. The piecewise linear current density recursive convolution finite-difference time-domain method for magnetized plasma is applied to study the filtering properties of one dimensional tunable magnetized plasma photonic crystals with single defective layer. The electro-magnetic propagation process of a Gaussian pulse through a magnetized plasma photonic crystal is investigated. The transmission coefficients through magnetized plasma photonic crystals are calculated based on which the effects of the plasma rising time, plasma temperature and plasma density on characteristic of filtering are analyzed. The results illustrate that the filter channel can be tuned by changing rising time and plasma density and the resonant frequency can not be tuned by changing plasma temperature.

The discharge-pumped KrF excimer was used to amplify ultraviolet ultrashort pulse laser with wavelength of 248.4 nm.The laser energy was amplified from 0.7 mJ to 15 mJ,and the pulse duration was broadened from 550 fs to 1 200 fs, with the beam diameter of 10 mm unchanged. To compress the output pulse duration, the effects of group velocity dispersion and self phase modulation were analyzed,and experimental schemes with four different prism pair were used to introduce negative frequency chirp into the pulse laser in order to compensate the positive frequency chirp introduced by group velocity dispersion and self phase modulation in the CaF2 windows of the amplifer.The results show that if the prism pair is put before the amplifier, the pulse duration can be compressed to 370 fs when the le

We consider the effect of inducement to vaccinate during the spread of an infectious disease on complex networks. Suppose that public resources are finite and that only a small proportion of individuals can be vaccinated freely (complete subsidy), for the remainder of the population vaccination is a voluntary behavior --- and each vaccinated individual carries a perceived cost. We ask whether the classical targeted subsidy strategy is definitely better than the random strategy: does targeting subsidy at individuals perceived to be with the greatest risk actually help? With these questions, we propose a model to investigate the \emph{interaction effects} of the subsidy policies and individuals responses when facing subsidy policies on the epidemic dynamics on complex networks. In the model, a small proportion of individuals are freely vaccinated according to either the targeted or random subsidy policy, the remainder choose to vaccinate (or not) based on voluntary principle and update their vaccination decision via an imitation rule. Our findings show that the targeted strategy is only advantageous when individuals prefer to imitate the subsidized individuals' strategy. Otherwise, the effect of the targeted policy is worse than the random immunization, since individuals preferentially select non-subsidized individuals as the imitation objects. More importantly, we find that under the targeted subsidy policy, increasing the proportion of subsidized individuals may increase the final epidemic size. We further define social cost as the sum of the costs of vaccination and infection, and study how each of the two policies affect the social cost. Our result shows that there exist some optimal intermediate regions leading to the minimal social cost., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures

In the presence of an applied static and uniform magnetic field, a cylindrical Kadomtsev–Petviashivili equation is derived for a relativistic electromagnetic solitary wave propagating in collisionless plasma consisting electrons, positrons, and ions in the case of weak relativistic limit. This equation is solved in a stationary frame to obtain explicit expression for the velocity, amplitude and width of solitons. The amplitude of the solitary wave has a maximum value at a critical αc of the ratio of the ion equilibrium density to the electron one, and it increases as the applied magnetic field becomes larger.

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) numerical mode for broadband multimode KrF laser pump with optical breakdown has been built up in this paper. The basic premises of the mode are that KrF spectrum is composed of a number of lines and SBS arises from these lines with coupling to some extent. The broadband SBS threshold strongly depends on pump bandwidth. SBS and optical breakdown occur nearly simultaneously when broadband SBS and breakdown have the same threshold. The decrease of saturation reflectivity for broadband pump radiation is explained with this model. Experimental results agree well with the model.

The relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after surgery remains uncertain. A retrospective cohort study was performed to evaluate the impact of pre-S deletions, T1762/A1764, and A1896 mutations on prognosis of HCC after curative resection. A total of 113 patients with positive serum HBV DNA (>200 IU/mL) who had underwent curative resection of pathologically proven HCC were recruited to determine the risk factors affecting the prognosis. The median follow-up time was 36.5 months and recurrence was detected in 67 patients (59.3%). The cumulative recurrence rates and overall survival rates at 1-, 3-, and 5-year after curative resection were 18.0%, 49.7%, 70.3%, and 93.7%, 61.0%, 42.5%, respectively. Patients with pre-S deletions showed significantly higher recurrence rates compared with those with wild type infection (HR: 1.822, P = .018), but not related with a significantly poor survival (HR: 1.388, P = .235). Subgroup analysis indicated that the patients with type III deletion had significant higher tumor recurrence rates than other deletion types (HR: 2.211, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.008–4.846, P = .048). Multivariate analysis revealed that pre-S deletion, tumor size >3 cm in diameter, and the presence of microvascular invasion were independent risk factors for tumor recurrence. HBV pre-S deletions were found to be clustered primarily in the 5′ end of pre-S2 region and were more often found between amino acids 120 and 142 of the pre-S2 domain. The domains most frequently potentially involved were the transactivator domain in pre-S2 and polymerized human serum albumin binding site. Our cohort showed that pre-S deletions at the time of resection could predict tumor recurrence in HCC patients after curative resection.

The modern aircraft development work has so more significant characteristics, such as the more complex product structure, the longer development cycle, the higher risks and poor reproducibility, that the cost estimating of development project is difficult. Based on the Parametric Cost Estimating method, analyzing the influencing factors of aircraft development project costs, using the correlation analysis to determine the key influencing factors of project costs and establish the cost impact factor model. And on this basis, using multiple nonlinear regression analysis method to establish the aircraft development project cost estimation model. Finally, the recommendations of using the Parametric Cost Estimating method to estimate the cost of China's aviation aircraft development project are given from the three aspects of enterprise, development institution and government.

The phonon spectrum and related thermodynamic properties of perfect bcc-Fe crystal and bcc-Fe with a [1 0 0] edge dislocation are calculated with the recursion method by using F-S N -body potential. For perfect bcc-Fe crystal, our calculated results of phonon spectrum, vibrational entropy, heat capacity and vibrational energy are in excellent agreement with the experiment and related calculation results. The configuration of [1 0 0] edge dislocation obtained by molecular dynamics relaxation shows that a string of interstices is formed along the dislocation line, thus the local vibrational densities of states (LDOS) of atoms in the dislocation core are quite different from the bulk phonon spectrum, and there exist some sharp peaks in certain frequencies. However, for the atoms away from the dislocation core, their LDOS's gradually approach the bulk spectrum. Meanwhile, the local vibrational energies of the dislocation core atoms are also evidently changed except for the atoms on the slip plane. These results indicate that the bondings between the atoms in dislocation core are greatly changed. Furthermore, it is also proved that the average vibrational entropy of bcc-Fe with a [1 0 0] edge dislocation is higher than that of perfect crystal.

A new system of Canter fractal models was created and studied, the density of states (DOS) as well as wavefunctions of the phonon in this kind of structure were calculated and discussed, in which it shows a new kind of branch rules for the DOS and new characteristics for the wavefunctions.

Often, vaccination programs are carried out based on self-interest rather than being mandatory. Owing to the perceptions about risks associated with vaccines and the `herd immunity' effect, it may provide suboptimal vaccination coverage for the population as a whole. In this case, some subsidy policies may be offered by the government to promote vaccination coverage. But, not all subsidy policies are effective in controlling the transmission of infectious diseases. We address the question of which subsidy policy is best, and how to appropriately distribute the limited subsidies to maximize vaccine coverage. To answer these questions, we establish a model based on evolutionary game theory, where individuals try to maximize their personal payoffs when considering the voluntary vaccination mechanism. Our model shows that voluntary vaccination alone is insufficient to control an epidemic. Hence, two subsidy policies are systematically studied: (1) in the free subsidy policy the total amount of subsidies is distributed to some individuals and all the donees may vaccinate at no cost, and (2) in the part-offset subsidy policy each vaccinated person is offset by a certain proportion of the vaccination cost. Simulations suggest that, since the part-offset subsidy policy can encourage more individuals to be vaccinated, the performance of this policy is significantly better than that of the free subsidy policy.

A graphene-based metamaterial with tunable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like transmission is numerically studied in this paper. The proposed structure consists of a graphene layer composed of coupled cut-wire pairs printed on a substrate. The simulation confirms that an EIT-like transparency window can be observed due to indirect coupling in a terahertz frequency range. More importantly, the peak frequency of the transmission window can be dynamically controlled over a broad frequency range by varying the Fermi energy levels of the graphene layer through controlling the electrostatic gating. The proposed metamaterial structure offers an additional opportunity to design novel applications such as switches or modulators.

We experimentally investigate the generation of hot electrons from the interaction of a moderate-intensity (1016W/cm2) pre-pulsed-free femtosecond laser (6 mJ, 120 fs, at 744 nm) with a solid target. The temperature of the hot electrons is inferred from the hard x-ray (>30 keV) continuum. The measured hard x-ray continuum is fitted by the Maxwellian distribution with two hot-electron temperatures of 45 and 85 keV. Electrons with the lower temperature were accelerated by ``vacuum heating''. However it is necessary to carry out an accurate numerical simulation to explain the generation of hot electrons at higher temperatures.