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The positive effects of dance on health indices in youth are widely recognized, but participation in dance is accompanied with a certain risk of injury. This prospective study aimed to investigate injury occurrence and to evaluate the possible influences of specific predictors on the occurrence of musculoskeletal problems and injuries in adolescent dancers. Participants were 126 dancers (21 males 11–18 years), who were competitors in the urban dance, rock and roll, and standard/Latin dance genres. Predictors included sociodemographic factors, anthropometric/body build indices, sport (dance) factors, and dynamic balance. The outcome variable was injury status, and this was evaluated by the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC). Predictors were evaluated at baseline, and outcomes were continuously monitored during the study period of 3 months. During the study course, 53% of dancers reported the occurrence of a musculoskeletal problem/injury, and dancers suffered from an average of 0.72 injuries over the study period (95% CI: 0.28–1.41), giving a yearly injury rate of 280%. Gender and dance styles were not significantly related to the occurrence of injury. Higher risk for injury was evidenced in older and more experienced dancers. Dynamic balance, as measured by the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), was a significant protective factor of injury occurrence, irrespective of age/experience in dance. Knowing the simplicity and applicability of the SEBT, continuous monitoring of dynamic balance in adolescent dancers is encouraged. In order to prevent the occurrence of musculoskeletal problems/injuries in youth dancers, we suggest the incorporation of specific interventions aimed at improving dynamic balance.

Hip hop is a popular form of competitive and recreational sport worldwide, but studies rarely investigate injury prevalence and factors associated with injury occurrence in this sport. This study aimed to prospectively examine injury occurrence in hip hop dancers in a three-month period and to evaluate potential predictors of injury occurrence in hip hop dancers. The participants were 129 competitive hip hop dancers (114 females, 17.95 ± 4.15 years of age). Study predictors were obtained at study baseline and included sociodemographic factors, sport-related factors, previous injury status, anthropometric and body build indices (body height, mass, body mass index, and body composition variables), and dynamic balance performance (obtained by the Star Excursion Balance Test—SEBT). The outcome was injury occurrence, which was prospectively observed once a week by the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC). During the course of the study, 101 injuries occurred, equating to an annual injury incidence of 312%. On average, each dancer suffered 0.78 injuries (95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): 0.61–0.97) across a study period of three months (0.76 (95% CI: 0.60–0.95) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.75–1.13), in females and males, respectively Mann Whitney Z-value: 0.68, p = 0.52). Seventeen percent of dancers suffered multiple injuries, and 49% of all injuries were time-loss injuries. The knee was the most frequently injured body location (42% of all reported injuries), followed by the back region (32%) and the ankle (15%). Previous injury was a strong predictor of injury occurrence (Odds Ratio: 3.76, 95% CI: 1.87–4.59). Lower injury risk was evidenced among those participants who achieved better scores on several SEBT variables, irrespective of gender and previous injury status with no significant influence of anthropometric and body build variables on injury occurrence. This study highlighted a high injury rate in hip hop dancers. Dancers and coaches should be informed about the certain protective effects of dynamic balance on the prevention of musculoskeletal injury in hip hop in order to assure safe and effective practices. The usage of SEBT as a convenient and cheap testing procedure is encouraged in other dance disciplines.

Professional ballet is a highly challenging art, but studies have rarely examined factors associated with injury status in ballet professionals. This study aimed to prospectively examine gender-specific correlates of injury occurrence and time-off from injury in professional ballet dancers over a one-year period. The participants were 99 professional ballet dancers (41 males and 58 females). Variables included: (i) predictors: sociodemographic data (age, educational status), ballet-related factors (i.e., experience in ballet, ballet status), cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and consumption of illicit drugs and (ii) outcomes: injury occurrence and time-off from injury. Participants were questioned on predictors at the beginning of the season, while data on outcomes were collected continuously once per month over the study period. Dancers reported total of 196 injuries (1.9 injuries (95% CI: 1.6–2.3) per dancer in average), corresponding to 1.4 injuries per 1000 dance-hours (95% CI: 1.1–1.7). In females, cigarette smoking was a predictor of injury occurrence in females (OR: 4.33, 95% CI: 1.05–17.85). Alcohol drinking was a risk factor for absence from dance in females (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.01–4.21) and males (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05–3.41). Less experienced dancers were more absent from dance as a result of injury than their more experienced peers (Mann-Whitney Z: 2.02, p < 0.04). Ballet dancers and their managers should be aware of the findings of this study to make informed decisions on their behavior (dancers) or to initiate specific programs aimed at the prevention of substance use and misuse in this profession (managers).

Table S1. The usage of specific dietary supplements (DS) in each of the studied team-sports in players from southeastern Europe. (DOCX 13 kb)

The study examined the effects of a three-month long weight loss programme (consisting of aerobic and strength exercise and nutrition) on changes in body composition of twenty healthy middle age overweight women, aged 38 to 55 (average 45, 8), who led sedentary lifestyle. Data was analysed with t-test (t-paired) in order to compare individual variables before and after the weight loss programme. Training consisted of 30 min of cycle ergometry at 60–70% maximal heart rate, 3 times weekly for 3 months, followed by strenght exercises for all muscle groups. The results showed the reduction of body mass (in average 8 kg - 0.6 kg per week) and fat percentage (more than 4%). Body mass index has decreased by nearly 3 units. Skin fold values have been reduced by approximately 20% with the most noticeable decrease of circumferences in the torso area (hips and waist). The programme should be continued until body mass index values drop below 30 and consequently body weight to normal value.

The objective of this study is to determine the impact of specifically programmed training during one year cycle on changes in some strength and power assessment tests in basketball players of junior and younger senior age. The sample of subjects included 17 basketball players of junior age HKK “Široki” from Široki Brijeg, Bosnia and Hercegovina, 16 to 18 years old. The battery of tests which monitored the progress in strength and power dimensions consisted of 8 items. Four items estimated maximum strength (barbell bench press, barbell shoulder press, squat, deadlift), three items for relative repetitive strength assessment (dips-chest version, pullups and 3/4 Sit-Ups) and one item for absolute explosive strength assessment (power clean). As a special variable we also recorded gain of body mass throughout annual training cycle. Planned and implemented macrocycle consisted of 376 days, 169 days of training, 169 training units, i.e. 211 hours of training total. The results obtained indicate significant effects of treatments in strength and power domain.

The aim of the research was to establish the influence of a six-month COMBO aerobics exercise on certain skin folds, body sizes, body mass indexes and shares of fat and muscle mass. The research included 40 women, aged from 20 to 55, who were divided into experimental (average age 41.85 9.30) and control (average age 42.05 9.79) group. To acquire all information we conducted measurements of 9 variables at the beginning and end of the six-month exercise period. The results have shown that COMBO aerobics had a positive effect on almost all measured variables, except waist skin fold. In addition to that we have also established a positive and statistically significant influence of the exercise on the body mass index (-3.7%) as well as on the share of fat (-1.6%) and muscle (+1.04%) mass. Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti vpliv šestmesečne vadbe aerobike COMBO na izbrane kožne gube, obsege, indeks telesne mase ter delež maščobne in mišične mase udeleženk raziskave. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 40 žensk, starih od 20 do 55 let, ki so bile razdeljene v eksperimentalno (povprečna starost 41,85 9,30) in kontrolno (povprečna starost 42,05 9,79) skupino. Za pridobitev vseh podatkov so bile izvedene meritve devetih spremenljivk na začetku in koncu šestmesečnega vadbenega obdobja. Uporabljen je bil t-test za odvisne vzorce. Rezultati so pokazali, da je vadba aerobike COMBO pozitivno vplivala na vse izmerjene spremenljivke, razen na kožno gubo pasu. Prav tako smo ugotovili tudi pozitiven in statistično značilen vpliv vadbe na indeks telesne mase (-3.7 %) ter delež maščobne (-1.6 %) in mišične (+1.04 %) mase.

The aim of the research was to establish differences between the HR values and maximal blood lactate concentration assessed during the performance of a step aerobics programme at three different heights of step-bench. The sample consisted of 12 female aerobics instructors, aged between 20 and 28. The subjects executed a pre-defined choreography uninterruptedly for 30 minutes on a step bench, which was set at three different heights: 20, 25 and 30 cm, and to the music set at 135 bpm. At the beginning and immediately after the 30- minute activity HRpeak and blood lactate - b[LA] concentration were measured. HR monitors, recording data every 5 minutes, controlled the HRpeak. Data processing was performed using SPSS statistical programme, descriptive statistics method and t-test for establishing differences between the subjects’ HR. It was established that there were statistically significant differences between the subjects in terms of average HR at various step bench heights. It was also established that the lactate values did not rise proportionately to the HR values.

Cilj rada bio je utvditi može li pilates vježbanje utjecati na smanjenje potkožnog masnog tkiva u vremenskom periodu od dva mjeseca. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 30 žena u dobi između 25-35 godina. Kontrolna skupina nije bila uključena u ovaj eksperiment. Rezultati pokazuju da se promjene nisu dogodile kod svih 11 izmjerenih varijabli, već samo u jednoj tj. najveće su se promjene dogodile u smislu smanjenja kožnog nabora na trbuhu. Za očekivati je da bi se duljim tretmanom promijenile još neke promatrane mjere.

Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti natančnejši model uspešnosti plesalk in plesalcev športnega plesa, z vidika dela psihološkega prostora, v odnosu do nekaterih drugih športnikov (atletika in smučanje) in nešportnikov obeh spolov.V raziskavo smo zajeli 283 merjencev, ki smo jih z metodo eno in dvo faktorske analize variance medsebojno primerjali v medosebnih spretnostih, tako po spolu, kot tudi po vključenosti v posamezno skupino: športniki - plesalci, drugi športniki in nešportniki obeh spolov.Razlike med plesalkami in plesalci kažejo, da so plesalke bolj emocionalno senzibilne in imajo boljši emocionalni nadzor kot plesalci. Vendar pa smo največj razlik ugotovili predvsem med skupinama vseh športnikov in nešportnikov. Nešportniki so v primerjavi s športniki obeh spolov obnašajo najbolj v skladu z družbenimi normami in so najbolj spretni v igranju vlog ter v samopredstavitvi. Spretnost v verbalnem izražanju in družabnost oz. odprtost navzven, torej socialna izraznost pa je najbolj izražena v skupini plesalk in plesalcev.

Programi fitnesa in aerobike za nižje starostne kategorije

U radu se definira pojam aerobika te se navode i pojašnjavaju činioci razvoja suvremene aerobike. Objašnjena je i uloga strukovnih asocijacija u razvoju aerobike, kao i uloga znanstveno-nastavnih institucija za školovanje kineziologa.

Večina zaposlenih delo na delovnem mestu opravlja sede. Dolgotrajno sedenje in pomanjkanje gibanja vodita do številnih negativnih fizičnih in psihičnih posledic, ki jih lahko uspešno zmanjšamo s telesno aktivnostjo. Za ugotavljanje vpliva telesne aktivnosti na nekatere psihološke dimenzije zaposlenega, smo uporabili metodo »Feldenkrais for Business«™, katera obravnava um in telo kot nedeljivo celoto. Z magistrskim delom smo želeli ugotoviti, kako redno izvajanje metode »Feldenkrais for Business«™, vpliva na izboljšanje kognitivnih sposobnosti zaposlenih in njihovo soočanje s stresom. Oboje je osnova za zadovoljno in produktivno delo v podjetju, kakor tudi nujno za zmanjšanje problema absentizma. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 96 zaposlenih v vodilnem slovenskem podjetju na področju farmacije, v Leku. Uporabili smo anonimni vprašalnik, ki je vseboval osnovne podatke o zaposlenih. Za ugotavljanje stresa in stresnih odzivov smo uporabili vprašalnik (Tušak in Kovač, 2014), na podlagi katerega smo primerjali psihološke dimenzije soočanja s stresom pred in po izvedbi programa vadbe »Feldenkrais for Business«™. Vpliv vadbe na spremembo v kognitivnih sposobnostih smo merili z dvema nevropsihološkima testoma: Stroopov besedno-barvni test (The Stroop test- TST) in testom sledenja (Trail making test- TMT). Podatki so bili statistično obdelani s pomočjo statističnega programa SPSS 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, ZDA). Ugotovili smo, da se je vpliv vadbe »Feldenkrais for Business«™ izkazal za učinkovitega pri zmanjšanju negativnih simptomov izgorelosti na delovnem mestu, ne pa tudi stresa in anksioznosti. Primerjava analize vprašalnika o stresnih odzivih je pokazala statistično izboljšanje samozavesti, splošnega počutja in zadovoljstva z življenjem, s tem pa izboljšanje produktivnosti na delovnem mestu. Prav tako so rezultati pokazali pozitiven vpliv vadbenega programa na izboljšanje kognitivnih sposobnosti, kar se kaže v večji zbranosti, boljši komunikaciji in zadovoljstvu s samim seboj. Most employees in the workplace perform while mostly sitting. Prolonged sitting and lack of exercise lead to a number of negative physical and psychological consequences that can be successfully prevented with increased physical activity. To determine the impact of physical activity on some psychological dimensions of employees, we used the methodology "Feldenkrais for Business"™, which treats the body and mind as an inseparable whole. With this master's thesis, we wanted to find out how regular implementation of the "Feldenkrais for Business"™ method, affects the improvement of cognitive abilities of employees and their ability to cope with stress. Both are the basis for satisfactory and productive work in the company, as well as necessary, to reduce the problem of absenteeism. The survey included 96 employees from a Slovenian pharmaceutical company called Lek. We used anonymous questionnaires that contained basic information about employees. To determine stress levels and stress responses, we used a questionnaire (Tušak and Kovač, 2014), on the basis of which we prepared the psychological dimensions of coping with stress before and after the implementation of the exercise program "Feldenkrais for Business"™. The effect of exercise on the change in cognitive abilities was measured by two neuropsychological tests: The Stroop color-word test (TST) and the Trail-making test (TMT). Data were statistically processed using the statistical program SPSS 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). We found that practicing the exercise program “Feldenkrais for Business”™ proved to be an effective deterrent against the negative symptoms of burnout in the workplace, but not stress and anxiety. A comparison of the analysis of questionnaires on stress responses showed a statistical increase in self-confidence, general well-being and life satisfaction, and thus an increase in productivity at the workplace. The results also showed a positive impact of the exercise program on the improvement of cognitive abilities, which is reflected in greater concentration, better communication and self-satisfaction.

Plesna disciplina hip hop vsebuje veliko različnih stilov. V relativno kratki koreografiji plesalci izvedejo veliko skokov, zadrževanj v nenaravnih položajih telesa in hitrih gibov v velikih amplitudah (predvsem zgornjih udov), za kar potrebujejo dobro razvite gibalne sposobnosti. Kot pri drugih športih tudi pri plesu hip hop poškodbe predstavljajo pomemben zdravstveni problem. Raziskave o poškodbah v plesu kažejo največ poškodb kolena, gležnja in hrbta, zato je bil temeljni cilj naše raziskave zmanjšati število poškodb spodnjega uda pri plesalkah in plesalcih hip hopa. V ta namen smo izdelali preventivni strukturirani vadbeni program, ki sledi potrebam in zahtevam plesalcev hip hopa, ter ugotavljali, kakšen vpliv ima na pojavljanje poškodb in morfološke značilnosti in gibalne sposobnosti predstavnikov hip hopa. Želeli smo ugotoviti, ali obstajajo razlike v gibalnih sposobnostih in morfoloških značilnostih med plesalkami in plesalci s poškodbami in brez njih. V randomizirani kontrolirani raziskavi je sodelovalo 161 plesalcev hip hopa (18,71 ± 4,37 leta), ki smo jih razdelili v eksperimentalno (n = 63) in kontrolno (n = 98) skupino. Pridobili smo podatke o nekaterih demografskih in morfoloških značilnostih ter gibalnih sposobnostih plesalcev hip hopa, prospektivno beležili pojavljanje poškodb med trajanjem intervencije (tri mesece) in spremljali število poškodb šest mesecev po končani intervenciji. Pridobljene podatke smo primerjali med poškodovanimi in nepoškodovanimi merjenci ter med eksperimentalno in kontrolno skupino. Temeljne ugotovitve naše raziskave so: (1) pri plesalkah in plesalcih eksperimentalne skupine se je število poškodb spodnjega uda od začetka do konca raziskave zmanjšalo, pri kontrolni skupini pa pomembno povečalo, (2) plesalke in plesalci kontrolne skupine so imeli statistično značilno več poškodb kot plesalke in plesalci eksperimentalne skupine ob koncu trajanja intervencije in ob koncu raziskave, (3) z 12-tedenskim preventivnim vadbenim programom smo uspeli zmanjšati število poškodb med trajanjem intervencije, (4) preventivni vadbeni program je pomembno izboljšal parametre nekaterih gibalnih sposobnosti, (5) v plesu hip hop prevladujejo preobremenitvene poškodbe, (6) najpogosteje poškodovano področje je bilo koleno, sledili so mu hrbet, gleženj in rama, (7) nepoškodovani plesalke in plesalci so v primerjavi s poškodovanimi dosegli statistično značilno boljše rezultate pri skoraj vseh testih gibalnih sposobnosti. The dance discipline ‘hip hop’ consists of many different styles. In relatively short choreography, dancers perform many jumps, pauses in non-natural body positions and rapid movements in great amplitudes with upper limbs. All that requires properly developed motor abilities. As in many other sports, injuries present an important health problem in hip hop dance. Previous research show that the most common dance injuries are located in the knee, the ankle and the back, therefore the main goal of our investigation was to decrease the number of lower limb injuries among hip hop dancers. We designed a preventive structured training program which follows hip hop dancers’ demands and requirements and discovered its effect on injury occurrence and dancers’ motor abilities, morphological and physiological characteristics. We aimed to find out whether differences in motor abilities, morphological and physiological characteristics between injured and non-injured dancers exist. In our randomised controlled trial, 161 hip hop dancers (18.71 ± 4.37 years of age) took part and were divided into experimental (n = 63) and control (n = 98) groups. Our collected data consisted of hip hop dancers’ demographic, morphological and physiological characteristics, motor abilities and prospectively reported injuries during the intervention (3 months) and after the 6-month follow-up. We compared the results between injured and non-injured dancers as well as between experimental and control groups. Our main findings were: (1) decreased number of lower limb injuries in the experimental group and significantly increased number of lower injuries in the control group from the beginning to the end of our research, (2) dancers in the control group reported significantly more injuries than those in the experimental group after the intervention and after the 6-month follow-up, (3) the 12-week preventive training program decreased the number of injuries during the intervention, (4) the preventive training program significantly improved some parameters of motor abilities, (5) in hip hop dance, overuse injuries are most common, (6) the most frequently injured body part was the knee, followed by the back, ankle and shoulder, (7) non-injured dancers had significantly better results than injured in most of the tests of motor abilities.

Ples je eno izmed najstarejših sredstev za izražanje, ki do danes ni izgubilo svoje priljubljenosti. Prav obratno, njegova množičnost še vedno narašča, tudi kot tekmovalni šport. Večina plesalcev prične s tekmovanji že v zgodnji starosti. Temu sledi večje število treningov, kar posledično pripelje do povečanega obsega obremenitve in tveganja za poškodbe. Namen magistrskega dela je bil analizirati in primerjati poškodbe med plesalci oziroma plesalkami iz štirih različnih plesni zvrsti, ki sodijo med trenutno najpopularnejše plese: hip hop, latinskoameriški in standardni plesi, akrobatski rokenrol ter breakdance. Cilji našega magistrskega dela so bili: a) ugotoviti, katere so najznačilnejše poškodbe pri omenjenih plesnih zvrsteh, b) ugotoviti pogostost poškodb oziroma težav in c) ugotoviti, kakšna je kumulativna incidenca resnosti teh poškodb. Zanimalo nas je, koliko ur v tednu se plesalci ukvarjajo s plesom, v katerem tekmovalnem rangu se gibljejo in kako je poškodba vplivala na njihov trenažni proces. Vzorec je sestavljalo 251 plesalk in plesalcev iz različnih plesnih klubov v Sloveniji, starih 15–30 let. Anketiranci so odgovarjali na vprašalnik o poškodbah, imenovan OSTRC, in splošni anketni vprašalnik. Pridobljene podatke smo obdelali s programom Excel Microsoft 2010. Uporabili smo opisno statistiko in frekvenčno analizo. Podatke smo predstavili ločeno, glede na posamezno plesno zvrst. Ugotovitve so pokazale statistično značilne razlike v pojavnosti poškodb med plesnimi zvrstmi. Pri zvrsteh hip hop in breakdance je najpogostejše območje poškodb predel kolena, medtem ko so pri akrobatskem rokenrolu poškodbam izpostavljeni predvsem gležnji in hrbet. Pri standardnih in latinskoameriških plesih so pogoste poškodbe hrbta. Dance in one of the oldest ways to express your feelings and till now still hasn't lost his popularity. In fact, it has become even more popular even like competitive sport. Most dancers begin with competitions in early age. This leads to more trainings, which is reflected in more injuries and the amount of strain. The purpose of the master’s thesis was to analyze and compare injuries between dancers from four different dance genres. These are currently one of the most well-liked dance genres: hip hop, Latin American and standard dance, acrobatic rock’n’roll and breakdance. Goals of master’s thesis were: a) to determine which are the most common injuries in mentioned dance genres, b) to determine the frequency of injuries and c) to determine the cumulative incidence of the severity of injuries. We were interested in how many hours per week dancers have trainings, in which competitive range they participate and how did the injury affect on their training process. The pattern included 251 dancers from different dancing clubs in Slovenia, aged between 15-30 years. Respondents answered the questionnaire about injuries, called OSTRC and general survey questionnaire. We processed the given information with Excel Microsoft 2010. We used descriptive statistics and frequency analyze. We separated the given information according to individual dance genre. The findings have shown statistically significant differences in frequency of injuries between different dance genres. In hip hop and breakdance the most common injury is the area around the knee, while at acrobatic rock’n’roll the ankle and the back are the most exposed. At Latin American and standard dance the most common are back injuries.

Telesna aktivnost in vadba lahko pripomoreta k dvigu kvalitete življenja posameznika. Sta vodili fizičnega, mentalnega, osebnega, socialnega in čustvenega razvoja. Vendar pa je ta razvoj možen le, če je posameznik voden s strani kvalitetnega inštruktorja. Skupinske vadbe predstavljajo velik delež športno-rekreativnih dejavnosti. Posledica priljubljenosti je velika številčnost in heterogenost skupin. Inštruktor mora biti zato visoko usposobljen, da lahko zadovolji potrebe vadečih, prilagodi vadbo posebnostim skupine ter ohranja kvaliteto dela. V diplomski nalogi smo želeli opisati znanja in veščine, ki bi inštruktorju lahko pomagala dosegati kvaliteto dela, kljub izzivom, s katerimi se sooča. Osredotočili smo se predvsem na znanja in veščine, ki spodbujajo celostno obravnavo vadečega. Razdelili smo jih na znanja, pomembna za kvalitetno in učinkovito vodenje ter znanja, pomembna za uspešno delo z ljudmi. Doseganje kvalitete smo želeli prikazati kot vseživljenjski proces učenja, kot najbolj trajnostni način zasledovanja pa uporabo reflektivne misli ter samoocenjevanja. Physical activity and exercise can contribute positively to the quality of life of individuals. They are the vehicle for physical, mental, social and emotional development. However, such development is only possible if the individual is guided by a quality instructor. Group exercise represents a big part of recreational activities. Popularity results in the large number of participants and heterogeneity of the groups. The instructor must be highly trained to meet the needs of participants, adapt the workout to the specifics of group and maintain the high quality of the work. We wanted to describe the knowledge and skills that could help the instructor to maintain the quality of work despite the challenges he faces. We primarily focused on the knowledge and skills that promote holistic approach to participants. We divided them into skills important for quality and effective coaching and skills important for successful work with people. We wanted to show that achieving the quality is a lifelong learning process and that the most sustainable way is to practice reflective thinking and self-evaluation.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil opis temeljnih znanj, veščin in lastnosti, ki bi jih moral imeti sodobni osebni trener za etično, učinkovito in profesionalno delo na trgu dela. Vloga osebnega trenerja je dandanes zaradi neaktivnega življenjskega sloga in slabe telesne pripravljenosti velikega števila ljudi zelo pomembna. Individualen pristop osebnega trenerja pri delu z vadečimi je zelo učinkovit, a je za kakovostno delo potreben širok nabor znanj in veščin. Pod potrebna temeljna znanja sodobnega osebnega trenerja štejemo biološka, kineziološka, psihološka in sociološka znanja, saj osebni trener ni zgolj nekdo, ki načrtuje in izvaja vadbeni proces, temveč tudi motivira, informira in vodi svoje vadeče. Poleg temeljnih znanj ima znanja za delo s posebnimi populacijami, je splošno športno razgledan, poseduje pedagoške, didaktične in organizacijske veščine ter zna pravilno svetovati na področju prehrane. Osebni trener s svojim delom močno vpliva na življenja ljudi, zato mora biti čustveno inteligenten, da v svojem delu izkazuje zadostno mero empatije in družbenih spretnosti. Ključne osebnostne lastnosti osebnega trenerja zagotavljajo, da vadeči radi sodelujejo z njim, mu sledijo in ga imajo za zgled. The aim of this degree is to showcase the basic knowledge, skills and qualities a modern personal trainer should have to be ethical, efficient and professional on today's work market. Personal trainer's role is extremely important these days, especially due to a very inactive lifestyle and most people's bad physical fitness. Personal trainer's individual approach can be very effective, however, there also needs to be a very broad collection of knowledge and skills for the work to be of good quality. Biological, kinesiological, psychological and sociological knowledge can be listed under this category as well, because a personal trainer is not only a person who plans and executes the training, but also motivates, informs and leads his clients. In addition to basic knowledge, he has the skills to work with special populations, is well versed in sports, has pedagogical, didactic and organizational skills and is able to give proper nutrition advice. Personal trainer’s work has a vast impact on people's lives, so he must be emotionally intelligent to show enough empathy and social skills. Trainer’s basic personal characteristics make sure that his clients like working with him, follow him and see him as a role model.

Namen raziskovalne naloge je bil analizirati telesno sestavo plesalcev in plesalk standardnih in latinsko ameriških plesov, hkrati pa pri tem tudi ugotoviti kakšno je njihovo zadovoljstvo s svojim telesom. Prav tako so nas v povezavi s telesno sestavo zanimale najpogostejše poškodbe, ki se pojavljajo pri plesalkah in plesalcih športnega plesa. V raziskavo smo vključili 17 plesalcev in 18 plesalk standardnih in latinsko ameriških plesov, starih od 16 do 34 let. Raziskava je bila narejena na plesnih pripravah v plesni šoli UTSC Choice Styria v Grazu. Raziskovalno delo je potekalo v dveh sklopih. V prvem sklopu so bile zajete telesne značilnosti plesalcev in plesalk, katere smo ugotavljali s pomočjo tehtnice TANITA (Innerscan body composition monitor, model BC-545), ki temelji na šest točkovnem merjenju z magnetno impendanco. V drugem sklopu smo merjence anketirali z anonimno anketo, ki je spraševala po osnovnih podatkih, zadovoljstvu z lastnim telesom, menstrualnem ciklusu ter poškodbah. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da se plesalci in plesalke med seboj razlikujejo po telesnih značilnostih ter zadovoljstvom s svojim telesom. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da imajo plesalci več puste telesne mase in manjši delež telesne maščobe, vendar več visceralne maščobe kot plesalke. Zadovoljstvo s svojim telesom je pri plesalcih visoko. Nekoliko nižje je pri plesalkah, ki še vedno strmijo k telesnim idealom in se pogosteje poslužujejo hujšanja. Tako pri plesalcih kot tudi pri plesalkah se v času trenažnega procesa najpogosteje pojavljajo bolečine v kolenih, spodnjem delu hrbta ter stopalih. The purpose of this study was to analyze body composition among male and female ballroom and Latin American dancers, to find out their body image and which body part injuries are the most common in sport dancing. 17 male and 18 female dancers were included in the research, aged between 16 and 34 years. The research took place during dance training camp at the UTSC Choice Styria in Graz. The research was made in two parts. The first part included data about the physical characteristics of male and female dancers, acquired with TANITA scale (inner scan body composition monitor, model BC-545), based on 6 point measurement system with magnetic impedance. In the second part we interviewed the participants with an anonymous questionnaire asking for basic information about body image, menstrual cycle and injuries. The results of the research have shown that male and female dancers differ in their physical characteristics and their level of physical self-image. Our research showed that female dancers have less lean body mass and higher percentage of body fat than male dancers. Both, male and female dancers have very good physical body image, but they still tend to look at body ideals and are more often losing body weight. Both, male and female dancers, report the most pain during their training in the knees, lower back and feet.

Glavni namen raziskave je bil izvedeti, koliko rekreativnih športnikov uporablja dovoljene substance, koliko od njih je nagnjenih k uporabi nedovoljenih substanc ter kakšno je njihovo znanje o delovanju in stranskih učinkih dovoljenih in nedovoljenih substanc. V raziskavo smo vključili 164 rekreativnih športnikov, ki se ukvarjajo s skupinskimi vadbami, 34 je bilo moških in 130 žensk. Njihova starost je bila od 18 do 75let. Za raziskavo smo uporabili anonimen vprašalnik, ki nam je podal njihove splošne podatke, podatke o uporabi alkohola in kajenja, podatke o prehrani in dopingu ter o znanju glede prehrane in dopinga. Rezultati so pokazali, da več kot 50% rekreativnih športnikov uporablja prehranske dodatke. Največ se poslužujejo proteinov, vitaminov in mineralov. Raziskali smo kakšne so razlike med spoloma v uporabi prehranskih dodatkov in ugotovili, da moški pogosteje uporabljajo prehranske dodatke. Do največjih razlik je prišlo pri uporabi izotonikov, ogljikohidratov ter proteinov. Ugotovili smo tudi da ni razlik v uživanju dodatkov med mlajšimi in starejšimi rekreativci, razen pri uporabi proteinov, ki jih več zaužijejo mlajši. Lastno mnenje anketirancev o poznavanju prehranskih dodatkov je bilo večinoma srednje ali dobro, o poznavanju dopinga pa slabo ali srednje. Pri preverjanju dejanskega znanja o dopingu in prehranskih dodatkih pa se je izkazalo, da je njihovo znanje slabo, ne glede na starost. Znanje o dopingu in prehranskih dodatkih so najpogosteje pridobili samostojno, na internetu ali drugi literaturi. Po njihovem razmišljanju bi uporabnike dopinga morali kaznovati s prvič blažjo kaznijo in drugič doživljenjsko prepovedjo, prepovedjo za nekaj sezon ali takoj doživljenjsko prepovedjo. Velika večina jih dopinga ne bi nikoli poskusila. The main purpose of the research was to find out how many recreational athletes use the permitted substances, how many of them are inclined to use prohibited substances, and what their knowledge of the functioning and side effects of permitted and prohibited substances was. We included 164 recreational athletes involved in group workouts, 34 men and 130 women. Their age ranged from 18 to 75 years. For the survey we used an anonymous questionnaire, which provided us with their general data, data on the use of alcohol and smoking, information on diet and doping, and knowledge of nutrition and doping. The results showed that more than 50% of recreational athletes use dietary supplements. Proteins, vitamins and minerals are the most used. We examined the gender differences in the use of dietary supplements and found out that men are more likely to use dietary supplements. The greatest differences occurred in the use of isotonic, carbohydrate and protein. We also found out that there are no differences in the use of supplements among younger and older recreational athletes, except for the use of proteins that are more ingested by the younger ones. The opinion of the respondents on the knowledge of dietary supplements was mostly moderate or good, while the knowledge of doping was poor or moderate. When checking the actual knowledge about doping and dietary supplements, it turned out that their knowledge is poor, regardless of age. Knowledge of doping and dietary supplements was most often acquired by themselves, on the Internet or in other literature. In their opinion, users of doping should be penalized with a first time milder sentence and then second time lifetime ban, a ban for several seasons or a lifetime ban straightaway. The vast majority would never try doping.

Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, ali tribal plesni stil vpliva na samopodobo plesalk. Prav tako smo želeli raziskati, ali obstajajo razlike v samopodobi med plesalkami tribal plesnega stila, ki so komaj začele z obiskovanjem tečajev in nadaljevalno skupino plesalk, ki plešejo tribal fusion plesni stil že nekaj let. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili pojem samopodobe in teoretično opredelili american tribal style® in tribal fusion plesni stil. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 30 plesalk starih od 18 do 40 let pod vodstvom Mance Pavli, ki je pionirka tribal plesnega stila pri nas. Plesalkam smo razdelili 60 vprašalnikov Tennesseejske lestvice samopodobe, ki zajema različne vidike samopodobe, saj temelji na predpostavki, da je samopodoba večdimenzionalni konstrukt. Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov smo skupini med sabo primerjali s t-testom in ugotovili, da imajo plesalke nadaljevalne skupine statistično značilno višjo samopodobo od skupine začetnic v prvem merjenju. Plesalke začetnice imajo v merjenju po petih mesecih statistično značilno višjo samopodobo, kot na začetku in se močno približa nadaljevalni skupini plesalk. Rezultati kažejo, da tribal plesni stil dobro vpliva na razvoj pozitivne samopodobe plesalk. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the tribal dance style has any influence on the dancer's self-concept. We also wanted to explore whether there are differences in self-concept among dancers who have just begun with tribal dance courses and a group of dancers who dance the tribal dance style for several years. In the theoretical part, we introduced the notion of self-concept and theoretically defined the American tribal style® and the tribal fusion dance style. The study included 30 dancers aged 18-40 years under the leadership of Manca Pavli, who is a pioneer of tribal dance style in Slovenia. We distributed 60 questionnaires of the Tennessee self-concept scale, covering various aspects of self-concept, based on the assumption that self-concept is a multi-dimensional construct. We compared the groups with one another with the t-test and found out that the dancers of the group which dance tribal style for several years have a statistically significantly higher self-concept than the dance group of beginners in the first measurement. Dance group of beginners have a statistically significantly higher self-concept in the measurement after five months of dancing and are very close to the group of dancers that have been dancing tribal style for several years. The results show that tribal dance style has a good influence on the development of the positive self-concept of dancers.

Hip-hop je kulturno gibanje, ki se je razvilo do te mere, da ga je nemogoče definirati kot enotno plesno zvrst, saj zajema številne stile, razvite znotraj hip-hopa ali prevzete od drugih plesnih zvrsti. Kompleksnost koreografij je vedno večja, hkrati pa so večje tudi zahteve po telesni pripravljenosti, kar posledično pomeni večje število in večjo intenzivnost treningov. V želji po zniževanju tveganja poškodb mišic in sklepov, na račun izčrpanosti in utrujenosti, je bistveno, da plesalci in plesalke razumejo pomen prehrane in prehranskih dodatkov ter jih znajo pravilno umestiti v svoj vsakdan. Z magistrskim delom smo želeli ugotoviti, kako pogosto se prehranski dodatki pojavljajo v vsakodnevni prehrani plesalk in plesalcev hip-hopa ter kakšen pomen jim pripisujejo. Prav tako smo želeli izpostaviti problem o pomanjkljivosti znanja o prehrani in prehranskih dodatkih ter ugotoviti, če to vpliva na telesno sestavo plesalk in plesalcev. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 114 plesalk in plesalcev hip-hopa iz sedmih vodilnih slovenskih klubov, starih povprečno 17,2 ± 2,2 let, ki plešejo v članskih kategorijah pod okriljem Plesne zveze Slovenije (PZS) ter Mednarodne plesne zveze (IDO). Uporabili smo anonimni vprašalnik, ki je vseboval osnovne podatke o plesalcu, katerim so sledila vprašanja o poznavanju prehranskih dopolnil, načinu uporabe le-teh ter znanju o prehrani in dopingu. Telesno sestavo smo izmerili s pomočjo bioelektrične impedančne analize InBody 720 tetrapolarnega 8-točkovnega elektrodnega sistema (Biospace Co., Ltd). Podatke smo statistično obdelali s pomočjo statističnega programa SPSS, 23.0.0 za Mac OS X. Ugotovili smo, da prehranske dodatke uživa manj kot polovica anketiranih plesalk in plesalcev, v večji meri pa se jih poslužujejo uspešnejši. Naše predpostavke o slabem znanju o prehrani in prehranskih dodatkih so se izkazale za pravilne, saj je znanje plesalk in plesalcev hip-hopa, ne glede na rang uspešnosti, še vedno nižje v primerjavi z ostalimi športnimi panogami. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da plesalci in plesalke precenjujejo svoje znanje. Primerjava analize telesnih značilnosti glede na uporabo in znanje o prehrani in prehranskih dodatkih pa na naše presenečenje ni pokazala statistično značilnih razlik. Predlagamo, da bi v želji po izboljšanju znanja plesalcev in plesalk o dovoljenih in nedovoljenih substanceh, bilo smiselno razmisliti o intervencijskih programih, s katerimi bi ozaveščali tako plesalce kot tudi trenerje in s tem omogočili športnikom še večje možnosti za napredek. Hip-hop is a cultural movement, that has evolved to such an extent that it is impossible to define it as a single genre, as it captures many styles, developed within hip-hop or taken from other dance genres. The complexity of choreographies is increasing and at the same time the requirements for physical condition are higher, which leads to a greater number and greater intensity of training. In order to reduce the risk of muscle and joint injuries, at the expense of exhaustion and fatigue, it is essential that dancers understand the importance of diet and dietary supplements and are able to use them appropriately in their everyday life. The purpose of this following study is to analyse the frequency of food supplements in the daily diet of hip-hop dancers and to figure out what significance they attach to them. We also wanted to highlight the problem in lack of nutritional knowledge and to determine if this affects the body composition of dancers. The sample consisted of 114 hip-hop dancers from seven leading Slovene dance schools, average age 17,2 ± 2,2 let, participating in adult categories under the auspices of the Plesna zveza Slovenije (PZS) and the International Dance Organization (IDO). In the study, we used an anonymous questionnaire containing basic information about the dancer, followed by questions about knowledge of food supplements, how they are used, and knowledge of nutrituion and doping. Body composition was analyzed by bioelectrical impendance InBody 720 based on tetrapolar 6 punctional measurement with magnetic impendance (Biospace Co., Ltd). The data was statistically processed using the SPSS statistical software, 23.0.0 for Mac OS X. We established that less than half of the surveyed dancers consume nutritional supplements. The use of food supplements is more common among more successful dancers. Our assumptions about poor knowledge of nutritional supplements have proven to be correct, as the knowledge of hip-hop dancers, regardless of performance ranking, is still lower compared to other sports disciplines. We also found out that dancers overestimate their knowledge. Comparison of physical characteristics with regardless of usage and knowledge of nutrition and dietary supplements did not show statistically significant differences. We think, that some interventional programs about substance use and misuse might help to educate dancers and choreographers and it might even increase the potential of dancers.

Cilj in namen diplomskega dela je bil sestaviti vadbeni program za dvig telesne pripravljenosti plesalk in plesalcev hip hopa v prehodnem obdobju, ki je pogosto zanemarjen. V diplomski nalogi smo opravili pregled raziskav, ki obravnavajo poškodbe pri plesalcih hip hopa, porabo kisika, aerobno in anaerobno delo pri plesu in komponente, ki so potrebne za uspešnost hip hop plesalcev. Pri sestavi programa za prehodno obdobje smo dali poudarek predvsem na vzdržljivost in repetitivno moč vključili smo tudi treninge gibljivosti. Pri treningih vzdržljivosti smo poizkušali uporabiti načine treningov, ki so najbolj dostopni in realni za izvedbo. Uporabili smo trening aerobike – skupinske vadbe ob glasbi, ki zelo pozitivno vpliva na razvoj gibalnih in funkcionalnih sposobnosti. Aerobika je zelo podobna plesu, ker gre za razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti, ki so potrebne pri plesu, potrebno pa je tudi slediti ritmu, ki ga narekuje glasba. Uporaba fartleka je prav tako zelo primerna za razvoj vzdržljivosti, zato smo ga vključili v program, saj s to vrsto vadbe razvijamo druge gibalne sposobnosti, ne le tiste, ki so potrebne pri plesu. Za razvoj moči smo uporabili obhodno vadbo, saj gre pri tekmovalnem plesu hip hopa po navadi za večjo skupino, torej je ta vadba organizacijsko najbolj primerna. Gibljivosti smo namenili tudi posebne treninge s statičnim in balističnim raztezanjem, ki smo jih izvajali dvakrat tedensko kot samostojno vadbeno enoto in pa ob koncu treningov moči. The aim and purpose of the thesis was to draw up a training program for physical preparation of hip hop dancers during the transitional period, which is often neglected. In the thesis, a survey of research has been carried out, concerning the injuries of hip-hop dancers, oxygen consumption, aerobic and anaerobic work in dancing and the necessary components needed for successful hip-hop dancers. When drawing up the program for the transitional period, we focused mainly on endurance, strength endurance and we also included flexibility workouts. With endurance training we tried to use methods that are most accessible and realistic for implementation. We used aerobic training – music group aerobics, which has a very positive impact on the development of movement and functional abilities. Aerobics is very similar to dancing, because it is a combination of physical abilities required for dancing and it is also necessary to follow the rhythm dictated by the music. Fartlek is very suitable for the development of endurance as well, so we included it in the program, since this form of training develops versatile movement abilities and not only those which are necessary for dancing. For the development of strength, we used circuit workout since competitive hip-hop dancing is not usually an individual competition. An exception to this is, when competing in the solo discipline, but a larger group competition, therefore this exercise is organizationally the most suitable. For the development of strength, we used group circuit workouts since competitive hip-hop dancing is mostly group competition. Therefore this exercise is organizationally the most suitable and also appropriate for individuals, duos and small groups. We will also include flexibility trainings as a separate exercise unit and as an addition at the end of strength trainings.

Plesna tekmovanja so v jazz plesu povzročila velik napredek v telesni pripravljenosti plesalcev, tako z vidika gibalnih sposobnostih kot tudi z vidika estetske komponente gibanja. Gibljivost je postala eden ključnih elementov za dober nastop in zanimalo nas je, če lahko s primernim programom, oziroma treningom vplivamo na njen razvoj. Sestavili smo 12-tedenski program razvijanja gibljivosti, ki je bil zasnovan na podlagi izvajanja celotnih jazz treningov. To pomeni, da smo na rednih treningih ob razvoju plesne tehnike dali večji poudarek tudi razvoju gibljivosti. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 12 plesalk, ki smo jih razdelili v 3 skupine. Tri plesalke so trenirale bolj intenzivno enkrat tedensko, pet jih je treniralo dvakrat tedensko in štiri trikrat tedensko. Plesalke smo testirali pred začetkom izvajanja programa za razvoj gibljivosti in po koncu, torej po dvanajstih tednih. Uporabili smo naslednje gibalne teste: zvinek, opora, razkorak čelno, bočni razkorak z desno ter bočni razkorak z levo, predklon raznožno sede in predklon snožno stoje. Pri vseh testih, razen pri zvinku, se je pokazalo statistično značilno izboljšanje med začetnim in končnim testiranjem. V rezultatih analize variance pa so bile razlike med skupinami statistično značilne samo pri testu bočni razkorak z desno. Najbolj so napredovale plesalke, ki so dodatno trenirale dvakrat tedensko. 12-tedenski program razvijanja gibljivosti se je izkazal kot učinkovito sredstvo za razvoj gibljivosti nog in medeničnega obroča. Competitions in jazz dance created huge improvements in physical condition of dancers. They improved as much in movement abilities as in aesthetic component. Flexibility became one of the key elements of a good performance. We were interested in the possibility of influencing the development of flexibility through a suitable program and training. We created a 12 - week program of developing flexibility which was based on the implementation of complete jazz trainings. In addition to the development of dance technique, we emphasized the development of flexibility in regular training. The research involved 12 dancers who were divided in 3 groups. Three of them trained once a week, five of them trained twice a week and four of them trained three times a week. The dancers were tested before the implementation of the program for the development of flexibility, and after the end, that is after 12 weeks. We used the following tests: twist, support, front split, left and right side split, forward bent sitting with legs apart and forward bent standing with legs together. In all tests, except for the twist, a statistically significant improvement was observed between initial and final testing. In the analysis of variance, the differences between the groups were statistically significant only in the case of the right side split test. It was also interesting that dancers who trained twice a week improved the most. Our 12 - week program has proven to be an effective tool for developing the flexibility of legs and pelvic ring.

Namen diplomskega dela je bilo obravnavati vprašanje kakšen vpliv ima plesna dejavnost na samopodobo mladostnikov z lažjimi motnjami v duševnem razvoju. Pri mladostnikih je pogosto govorimo o samopodobi, ki predstavlja eno osnovnih sestavin identitete in hkrati tudi enega najkompleksnejših pojavov, kar jih poznamo. Veliko je že napisanih člankov in knjig, ki opredeljujejo samopodobo posameznikov, plesalcev, brez motenj in drugih telesno-gibalnih omejitev. Zelo redko pa zasledimo prispevke, raziskave o tem kako z lastno samopodobo spopada populacija z najrazličnejšimi posebnimi potrebami in motnjami. Osebe s posebnimi potrebami so tiste, ki odstopajo od pričakovanih značilnosti in zmožnosti, definiranih v določenem okolju, ter potrebujejo dodatno pozornost in skrb. Osredotočili smo se le na otroke z motnjami v duševnem razvoju in sicer z najlažjo stopnjo prizadetosti. Takšni otroci imajo znižane sposobnosti za učenje. V okviru diplomskega dela smo se spraševali kakšen vpliv ima ples na samopodobo otrok z lažjimi motnjami v duševnem razvoju, ki se redno udeležujejo plesne aktivnosti in ali so opazne razlike v samopodobi tovrstne populacije med tistimi, ki plešejo in tistimi, ki ne. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da ples nima statistično pomembnejšega vpliva na samopodobo mladostnikov, kljub temu pa lahko opazimo pozitivne učinke plesa na samopodobo otrok z lažjimi motnjami v duševnem razvoju. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the question of the influence of dance activity on the self-image of adolescents with the mildest level of disability. One of the most talked about subjects regarding adolescents is self-image, which is one of the basic components of a person's identity and is simultaneously one of the most complex phenomenona known to the humankind. Many articles and books regarding the self-image of individuals, dancers without dysfunctions or various other restrictions of motor control have already been written. Nevertheless, we rarely stumble upon the information of how people with certain disorders and dysfunctions cope with this same problem. The persons with special needs are those who deviate from the expected qualities and abilities set in a certain environment, and who also need additional attention and care. We are going to focus on the children with disorders in their mental development, with the mildest level of disability. These children’s learning capability is lowered. However, despite their disability, the movement and dancing activity is said to affect the children with such needs the same as those without any limitations in development. In this thesis, we are discussing the question of how dancing influences the self-image of children with mild disorders in mental development, who regularly attend the dancing activities and whether the differences in self-image of those, of the same population, who dance and those who don’t, are discernible.

Namen raziskave je bil analizirati vpliv skupinske vadbe Nirvana Fitness™ na zmožnost zadrževanja diha pred in po vadbi. Zanimala sta nas tudi vpliv športa oziroma telesne aktivnosti ter zdravja oziroma stresa na zadrževanje diha. V raziskavo smo vključili 40 žensk, starih od 19 do 63 let. Raziskava je bila izvedena v mesecu maju 2016. Izvedena je bila na enourni Nirvana Fitness™ vadbi, kjer so vadeči na začetku ter koncu vadbe izvedli Buteykov dihalni stres test (Vasilijeva in Nias, 2003). V raziskavi smo uporabili tudi anketni vprašalnik, ki je poleg socialno-demografskih podatkov vključeval splošni vprašalnik o zdravju- "General Health Questionnaire" (Goldberg, 1972) ter vprašalnik LOS (lestvica ocenjevanja stresa). Rezultati so dokazali pozitivne učinke Nirvana Fitness™ vadbe, saj vadeče po vadbi lahko zadržijo dih dlje časa kakor pred samo vadbo, kar po razlagi tega koncepta vadbe pomeni tudi domnevno večjo toleranco na ogljikov dioksid. Pomemben vpliv na zmožnost zadrževanja diha ima tudi pogostost ukvarjanja s športno aktivnostjo, saj ima vadba večji vpliv na manj trenirane merjenke. Poleg vpliva treniranosti merjenk, smo ugotavljali tudi vpliv stresa in zdravja na sposobnost zadrževanja diha in ugotovili, da med merjenkami s slabšim in boljšim zdravjem ni statistično značilnih razlik v času zadrževanja diha. The purpose of the research was to analyze the impact of Nirvana Fitness™ group exercise on breath holding before and after exercise. We were also interested in the impact of sport/physical activity and health/stress on an individual's breath holding. The research included 40 females of ages from 19 to 63. The research was performed in the beginning of May 2016. It was carried out during a one-hour Nirvana Fitness™ exercise. The subjects performed The Control Pause Breathing Test of professor Buteyko (Vasilijeva and Nias, 2003) at the beginning and at the end of the exercise. We included a questionnaire to gather socio-demographic information, a general health questionnaire (General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg, 1972)) and a stress assessment scale questionnaire. The results showed positive effects of Nirvana Fitness™ exercise, since after the group exercise, all subjects are capable of holding their breath longer than before. With the interpretation of this concept this supposedly means a higher tolerance. The frequency of engaging in sport activities also has an important impact on the breath holding as the exercise has more impact on subjects who exercise less. Apart from the training status of subjects, we also researched the impact of stress and health on their breath-holding capability and with the results of the survey we concluded that there are no statistically typical differences in breath-holding capabilities between the healthier and less healthy subjects.

Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kako poznavanje in uporaba prehranskih dodatkov vpliva na telesno sestavo žensk, ki se ukvarjajo s fitnesom, koliko žensk, ki se ukvarjajo s fitnes vadbo prehranske dodatke uporablja in kakšno je njihovo znanje o le-teh. V raziskavo smo vključili 50 žensk, starih od 18 do 55 let, ki obiskujejo različne fitnes centre v Ljubljani in njeni okolici. S tehtnico TANITA (Tanita, Innerscan body composition monitor, model BC-545), ki temelji na šest točkovnem merjenju z magnetno impendanco, smo pridobili podatke o telesni teži, kostni masi, mišični masi, deležu maščevja, visceralni maščobi, deležu vode v telesu, dnevni porabi kalorij, tipu telesne sestave in vitalnosti organizma. Z vprašalnikom smo pridobili podatke o nekaterih socialno-demografskih značilnostih žensk, ki se ukvarjajo s fitnes vadbo, dolžini in pogostosti ukvarjanja z vadbo v fitnesu ter uporabi in poznavanju prehranskih dodatkov. Dobljene rezultate smo statistično obdelali s pomočjo programa SPSS, uporabili smo metodo opisne statistike. Rezultati so pokazali, da večina žensk, ki se ukvarja z vadbo v fitnesu, uporablja prehranske dodatke. Večjih razlik v telesni sestavi žensk, ki uživajo prehranske dodatke in tistih, ki jih ne, ni bilo, zato ne moremo potrditi pozitivnega vpliva prehranskih dodatkov na boljšo telesno sestavo. Ugotovili smo, da imajo udeleženke raziskave o prehranskih dodatkih slabo oz. srednje znanje, kar je zanimivo predvsem zaradi tega, ker večina dodatke uporablja. The purpose of our research was to determine how well do females who attend fitness centres know nutritional supplements, how many of them use these supplements and in which way they affect their body structure. The research included 50 females of ages from 18 to 55 who attend various fitness centres in Ljubljana and its surroundings. Using a TANITA scale (Tanita, Innerscan body composition monitor, model BC-545, a six point measurement scale with magnetic impedance), we gathered information about body weight, bone mass, muscle mass, body fat percentage, visceral fat percentage, body water percentage, daily calorie expenditure, body type and organism vitality. The questionnaire gave us information regarding socio-demographic characteristics of females who exercise in fitness centres, frequency and length of fitness workouts and use and knowledge of nutritional supplements. The results were statistically analyzed with the SPSS program. The results showed that most of the subjects do use nutritional supplements. There were no substantial differences found in body structure of women who use nutritional supplements and of those who don’t, therefore we cannot confirm a positive effect of nutritional supplements. It was determined that the subjects have low or moderate knowledge of nutritional supplements which was interesting due to the fact that most of them use nutritional supplements.

Glavni namen raziskave je izvedeti, kako dobro moški, ki se ukvarjajo s fitnesom poznajo prehranske dodatke, koliko jih uporablja dodatke in če pozitivno vplivajo na njihovo telesno sestavo. V raziskavo smo vključili 50 moških, starih od 18 do 60 let, ki se s fitnesom redno ukvarjajo vsaj leto dni (najmanj 2x tedensko). Raziskava je potekala od meseca marca do julija 2016, v šestih fitnesih po Ljubljani. Raziskava je zajemala meritve telesne sestave, ki smo jih opravili s tehtnico Tanita (Tanita, Innerscan body composition monitor, model BC-545), ki temelji na šest točkovnem merjenju z magnetno impendanco. Na podlagi anketnega vprašalnika pa smo dobili podatke o starosti, spolu, otrocih, izobrazbi, načinu vadbe, količini vadbe, ter znanju in uporabi prehranskih dodatkov. Rezultati so pokazali, da 84% moških, ki se ukvarja s fitnesom uživa prehranske dodatke. Ugotovili smo tudi, da imajo moški, ki uporabljajo dodatke k prehrani višjo telesno višino, nižji odstotek maščobe in manj mišične mase. Z raziskavo je bilo ugotovljeno tudi to, da ima večina moških (54%), ki se ukvarja s fitnesom slabo znanje o prehranskih dodatkih. S primerjavo dveh starostnih skupin (do 40 let in nad 40 let) pa smo ugotovili, da imajo starejši v povprečju višjo telesno maščobo in višjo vitalno starost. The main purpose of this research is to find out, how well do men, who work out in a gym, know the dietary supplements, how much do they use them and whether or not the dietary supplements affect their body structure in a positive way or not. 50 men from the age of 18 to 60, who work out on a regular basis (at least two times a week), were included in this research, which took place from March to July 2016 in six different gyms across Ljubljana. The research includes the measurements of the body structure that were completed with Tanita scale (Tanita, Innerscan body composition monitor, model BC-545), which is based on six point measurement with magnetic impedance. It is also based on survey questionnaire that includes questions about age, gender, children, education, the way and quantity of a workout, knowledge and usage of dietary supplements. We found out that 84% of men, who work out on a regular basis, use dietary supplements. We also found out that men, who use dietary supplements, have a higher height, lower percentage of fat and muscle mass. The research also showed that 54% of men, who workout in a gym, have poor knowledge about dietary supplements. The comparison between two age groups (under 40 years and above 40 years) showed that older people have higher percentage of body fat and higher vital age.