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There is an increasing demand for low-level light therapy devices for the treatment of dermatologic conditions, such as acne, hair loss, undesirable body hair, and skin aging. This study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of a novel hand-held low-level light therapy device with a 680 nm red laser diode and a 450 nm blue light-emitting diode for the treatment of mild-to-moderate acne. A prospective clinical study was conducted on 57 patients with mild-to-moderate acne and Fitzpatrick skin types II–IV. Treatments were self-administered by the patients at home daily for 4 weeks. Conventional treatment was restricted during the study period. The number of inflammatory and noninflammatory lesion counts, Investigator’s Global Assessment grade, patients’ self-assessment, and adverse events were measured every two weeks, and follow-ups were performed until four weeks after the final treatment. Moreover, we evaluated the bactericidal effect of low-level light therapy on Cutibacterium acnes, a causative agent of acne vulgaris, in vitro. The mean number of inflammatory acne lesions decreased statistically at weeks 4 ( ∗ ∗ ∗ p < 0.001 ) and 8 ( ∗ ∗ ∗ p < 0.001 ). The proportion of Investigator’s Global Assessment grade 3, indicating moderate acne severity, decreased significantly at the final visit. No severe adverse reactions were reported. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the viability of Cutibacterium acnes following low-level light therapy exposure in vitro. The results of this study demonstrate that this novel, hand-held, and low-level light therapy device are safe and effective for the treatment of inflammatory acne, with good adherence.

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are increasingly used in single-arm cancer studies. We reviewed 60 papers published between 2018 and 2021 of single-arm studies of cancer treatment with PRO data for current practice on design, analysis, reporting, and interpretation. We further examined the studies’ handling of potential bias and how they informed decision making. Most studies (58; 97%) analysed PROs without stating a predefined research hypothesis. 13 (22%) of the 60 studies used a PRO as a primary or co-primary endpoint. Definitions of PRO objectives, study population, endpoints, and missing data strategies varied widely. 23 studies (38%) compared the PRO data with external information, most often by using a clinically important difference value; one study used a historical control group. Appropriateness of methods to handle missing data and intercurrent events (including death) were seldom discussed. Most studies (51; 85%) concluded that PRO results supported treatment. Conducting and reporting of PROs in cancer single-arm studies need standards and a critical discussion of statistical methods and possible biases. These findings will guide the Setting International Standards in Analysing Patient-Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life Data in Cancer Clinical Trials–Innovative Medicines Initiative (SISAQOL-IMI) in developing recommendations for the use of PRO-measures in single-arm studies.

Single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been investigated mainly through genome-wide association studies. However, other genomic alterations, including copy number variations, remain less explored. In this study, we conducted whole-genome sequencing of primary (310 PD patients and 100 healthy individuals) and independent (100 PD patients and 100 healthy individuals) cohorts from the Korean population to identify high-resolution small genomic deletions, gains, and SNVs. Global small genomic deletions and gains were found to be associated with an increased and decreased risk of PD development, respectively. Thirty significant locus deletions were identified in PD, with most being associated with an increased PD risk in both cohorts. Small genomic deletions in clustered loci located in the GPR27 region had high enhancer signals and showed the closest association with PD. GPR27 was found to be expressed specifically in brain tissue, and GPR27 copy number loss was associated with upregulated SNCA expression and downregulated dopamine neurotransmitter pathways. Clustering of small genomic deletions on chr20 in exon 1 of the GNAS isoform was detected. In addition, we found several PD-associated SNVs, including one in the enhancer region of the TCF7L2 intron, which exhibited a cis-acting regulatory mode and an association with the beta-catenin signaling pathway. These findings provide a global, whole-genome view of PD and suggest that small genomic deletions in regulatory domains contribute to the risk of PD development.

Objective Associations between various metabolic conditions and Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been previously identified in epidemiological studies. We aimed to investigate the causal effect of lipid levels, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and body mass index (BMI) on PD in a Korean population via Mendelian randomization (MR).Methods Two-sample MR analyses were performed with inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger regression approaches. We identified genetic variants associated with lipid concentrations, T2DM, and BMI in publicly available summary statistics, which were either collected from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) or from meta-analyses of GWAS that targeted only Korean individuals or East Asian individuals, including Korean individuals. The outcome dataset was a GWAS on PD performed in a Korean population.Results From previous GWASs and meta-analyses, we selected single nucleotide polymorphisms as the instrumental variables. Variants associated with serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, as well as with T2DM and BMI, were selected (n = 11, 19, 17, 89, and 9, respectively). There were no statistically significant causal associations observed between the five exposures and PD using either the IVW, weighted median, or MR-Egger methods (p-values of the IVW method: 0.332, 0.610, 0.634, 0.275, and 0.860, respectively).Conclusion This study does not support a clinically relevant causal effect of lipid levels, T2DM, and BMI on PD risk in a Korean population.

Objective Depression in Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects the quality of life of patients. Postural instability and gait disturbance are associated with the severity and prognosis of PD. We investigated the association of depression with axial involvement in early-stage PD patients.MethodsThis study involved 95 PD patients unexposed to antiparkinsonian drugs. After a baseline assessment for depression, the subjects were divided into a depressed PD group and a nondepressed PD group. Analyses were conducted to identify an association of depression at baseline with the following outcome variables: the progression to Hoehn and Yahr scale (H-Y) stage 3, the occurrence of freezing of gait (FOG), levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and wearing-off. The follow-up period was 53.40 ± 16.79 months from baseline.Results Kaplan–Meier survival curves for H-Y stage 3 and FOG showed more prominent progression to H-Y stage 3 and occurrences of FOG in the depressed PD group than in the nondepressed PD group (log-rank p = 0.025 and 0.003, respectively). Depression in drug-naïve, early-stage PD patients showed a significant association with the progression to H-Y stage 3 (hazard ratio = 2.55; 95% confidence interval = 1.32–4.93; p = 0.005), as analyzed by Cox regression analyses. In contrast, the occurrence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and wearing-off did not differ between the two groups (log-rank p = 0.903 and 0.351, respectively).Conclusion Depression in drug-naïve, early-stage PD patients is associated with an earlier occurrence of postural instability. This suggests shared nondopaminergic pathogenic mechanisms and potentially enables the prediction of early development of postural instability.

The comorbidity of obesity and major depressive disorder (MDD) may be attributable to a bidirectional relationship and shared genetic influence. We aimed to examine the polygenic associations between obesity and MDD and to characterize their corresponding impacts on the obesity mechanism.Genome-wide genotyping was available in 106,604 unrelated individuals from Taiwan Biobank. Polygenic risk score (PRS) for body mass index (BMI) and MDD was derived to evaluate their effects on obesity-related traits. Stratified analyses were performed for the modified effect of depression on the polygenic associations.The MDD PRS was positively associated with waistline (beta in per SD increase in PRS = 0.12), hipline (beta = 0.08), waist-hip ratio (WHR) (beta = 0.05), body fat rate (beta = 0.08), BMI (beta = 0.05), overweight (OR = 1.02 for BMI ≥ 25), and obesity (OR = 1.05 for BMI ≥ 30). For the synergism between depression and BMI PRS, the presence of active depression symptoms defined by the PHQ-4 (p for interaction 0.05 for waistline, WHR, and BMI) was more salient than lifetime MDD.Limitations include recall bias for MDD due to a retrospective self-reporting questionnaire, a low response rate of the PHQ-4 for evaluating active psychological symptoms, and limited generalizability to non-Taiwanese ancestries.The shared genetic etiology of obesity and depression was demonstrated. The amplified effect of BMI polygenic effect on obesity for individuals with active depressive symptoms was also characterized. The study may be helpful for designing public health interventions to reduce the disease burden caused by obesity and depression.

The evolution of the number and length of the tri-arm oligo(carbonate-ether) triols synthesized by CO2/propylene oxide copolymerization using a Zn/Co double metal cyanide catalyst are elucidated.

In this work, we have prepared the hierarchically nanostructured core–shell NiCo layered double hydroxide (NiCo-LDH) nanosheets- and ZnFe2O4 nanocubes-decorated polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/pitch-based carbon nanofibers (PPCNs) webs (NiCo-LDH@PPCNs as cathode and ZnFe2O4@PPCNs as anode materials) with the bonded network structure by a facile and scalable hydrothemal method. Herein, the low-cost pitch with lower softening point (∼90 °C) as co-precursor was utilized to produce the PAN/pitch-based carbon nanofibers (PPCNs) with enhanced electrical conductivity. The obtained PPCNs with pitch content of 30% (PP30CNs) electrode material delivered higher specific capacitance (∼67 F g−1) than that (∼48 F g−1) of the PAN-based carbon nanofibers (PCNs) at 1 A g−1, due to the increased electrical conductivity and lower interfacial charge transfer resistance (RCT) of ∼0.16 Ω. Further, the NiCo-LDH-decorated PP30CNs (NiCo-LDH@PP30CNs) as cathode material showed superior specific capacitance of 1162 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 and ultra-high retention rate of 91.56% at 10 A g−1. The ZnFe2O4@PP30CNs as anode material also showed higher specific capacitance of 282 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and good rate capability with capacitance retention of 56.73% at 10 A g−1. The as-fabricated asymmetric NiCo-LDH@PP30CNs//ZnFe2O4@PP30CNs hybrid supercapacitor device delivered a specific capacitance of ∼98 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and excellent capacitance retention of ∼88% after 5000 charge–discharge cycles.

In tuberculosis (TB) treatment, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can interrupt treatment and decrease the quality of life (QoL). We aimed to prospectively investigate the incidence of ADRs to first-line anti-TB drugs and related outcomes and QoL.Adult patients with TB who had been treated with first-line anti-TB drugs in five Korean hospitals were enrolled. ADR questionnaire surveys and blood tests were performed four times serially, and QoL was assessed on the fourth TB treatment week (±2 weeks).Of 410 enrolled patients with TB (males, 62%; mean age, 52.1 ± 18.1 years [those aged ≥65 years, 26.6%]), 67.8% experienced any ADRs (≥ grade 2) to TB drugs. The most common ADR was fatigue (53.2%), followed by itching (42.7%) and anorexia (41.7%). Older adult patients experienced relatively more ADRs, including anorexia, dyspepsia, rash, dizziness, anemia, abnormal hepatic/renal function tests, and increased uric acid levels (p 0.05). Treatment regimens changed for 9.5% of patients owing to ADRs to anti-TB drugs. Patients with any ADRs and older adult patients had significantly lower QoL than their counterparts (p 0.05). Old age (odds ratio [OR], 1.02) and being male (OR 2.65) were independently associated with ADRs, whereas active smoking (OR 4.73) and a relatively long treatment phase (OR 5.13) were independently associated with hepatotoxicity.ADRs to first-line anti-TB drugs were common and related to relatively low QoL, especially among older adults. Although 9.5% of patients had ADR-related regimen changes, most patients with ADRs completed treatments successfully.

cis-Regulatory variations contribute to trait evolution and adaptation during crop domestication and improvement. As the most important harvested organ in maize (Zea mays L.), kernel size has undergone intensive selection for size. However, the associations between maize kernel size and cis-regulatory variations remain unclear. We chose two independent association populations to dissect the genetic architecture of maize kernel size together with transcriptomic and genotypic data. The resulting phenotypes reflected a strong influence of population structure on kernel size. Compared with genome-wide association studies (GWASs), which accounted for population structure and relatedness, GWAS based on a naïve or simple linear model revealed additional associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms significantly involved in the conserved pathways controlling seed size in plants. Regulation analyses through expression quantitative trait locus mapping revealed that cis-regulatory variations likely control kernel size by fine-tuning the expression of proximal genes, among which ZmKL1 (GRMZM2G098305) was transgenically validated. We also proved that the pyramiding of the favorable cis-regulatory variations has contributed to the improvement of maize kernel size. Collectively, our results demonstrate that cis-regulatory variations, together with their regulatory genes, provide excellent targets for future maize improvement.

Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of the innate immune system in Parkinson's disease (PD). Nevertheless, the implications of peripheral monocytes have not been fully elucidated. Although alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) has been described as a pathological hallmark of PD, the proinflammatory effect of α-synuclein on monocytes is understudied. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize peripheral monocytes in PD patients and to investigate the proinflammatory magnitude of fibrillar α-synuclein.Using flow cytometry, we explored the distribution of monocytic subpopulations. We also investigated the actions of peripheral monocytes in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and to fibrillar α-synuclein stimuli by measuring inflammatory molecule levels in post-culture supernatants.Classical monocytes were enriched, in parallel with lower proportions of intermediate and nonclassical monocytes in patients with PD than in controls. Lower levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were spontaneously produced by unstimulated monocytes in patients with PD. LPS and fibrillar α-synuclein stimuli induced high levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and sCD163 in the PD and control groups. Strikingly, the fold induction of TNF-α and IL-6 was lower in patients with PD than that in normal controls under the same stimulation.Our results revealed a strong dysregulation of peripheral monocytes in PD patients, including subpopulation shifts and impaired response to specific stimuli, and the proinflammatory effect of α-synuclein on monocytes. Further studies are needed to clarify the specific mechanisms by which these immunological abnormalities are present in PD to open the possibility of immunoregulatory therapy.

To evaluate the clinical results of primary topography-guided femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (TG-FS-LASIK) using the Pentacam-measured anterior corneal astigmatism axis (ACA) or manifest refractive astigmatism axis (MRA).In this prospective cohort study, all eyes were treated with primary TG-FS-LASIK using the manifest cylinder. Thirty-two right eyes were treated using ACA with axis disparity 5° in the experimental group, and 32 right eyes were treated using MRA with axis disparity ≤ 5° in the control group. Visual, refractive outcomes, and corneal higher-order aberrations were evaluated. Vector analysis of astigmatism was performed using Alpins method with the ASSORT software.The mean logMAR UDVA in the experimental group was - 0.12 ± 0.06, - 0.05 ± 0.08, and - 0.08 ± 0.08 at 1-week, 1-month, and 3-month follow-up, whereas - 0.05 ± 0.06, - 0.12 ± 0.06, and - 0.14 ± 0.06 in the control group (p = 0.017, p 0.001, and p = 0.003). At 3-month follow-up, 79% eyes achieved a UDVA of 20/16 or better, 9% gained one line of corrected distance visual acuity, the mean manifest cylinder was - 0.375 ± 0.254 D, 84% showed a manifest cylinder within ± 0.50 D, the mean magnitude of difference vector was 0.41 ± 0.35 D, the mean absolute angle of error (AE) was 7.36 ± 6.21°, and 41% exhibited an arithmetic AE within ± 5° in the experimental group, whereas 94%, 19%, - 0.203 ± 0.148 D, 100%, 0.21 ± 0.15 D, 3.39 ± 3.68°, and 69% in the control group (all p 0.05). The postoperative and preoperative corneal spherical aberrations were comparable in both groups (p 0.05).Primary topography-guided FS-LASIK using Pentacam-measured anterior corneal astigmatism axis exhibited slightly inferior clinical results to that using the manifest refractive astigmatism axis. Both methods achieved comparable postoperative and preoperative corneal spherical aberrations.

Surface roughness is a crucial factor affecting the surface quality of workpieces in the manufacturing industries. Thus, it is important to provide an accurate performance of surface roughness prediction and optimal parameters to reduce the burden of time and costs during the process. In this study, two predict models, namely multiple linear regression and deep belief network(DBN) models, were performed to accurately predict change in surface roughness in the rotational-electro magnetic finishing(REMF). Compared to the statistical-based model, the data-driven model based on the DBN architecture was a significantly considerable effect on surface roughness prediction in the REMF process. Among the considered DBN models, DBN5 architecture as [7, 14, 14, 1] showed effective features of the non-linear relationship between process parameters and response with the highest determination coefficient(R2) of 0.9340 and the lowest mean squared error(MSE) of 1.3037\(\times\)10-3 in the testing datasets. In addition, a genetic algorithm(GA) as a heuristic optimization technique was adopted to optimize the input parameters of the best derived DBN model. As a result, it proved that the DBN model integrated GA was able to be adopted for the accurate prediction of surface roughness and process optimization.

To evaluate the effects of a mobile health intervention for self-management on self-efficacy, motor and non-motor symptoms, self-management, and quality of life in people with Parkinson's disease.A randomized controlled design was used. The participants were randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. The intervention group (n = 20) received mobile health intervention comprising mobile applications, smartwatches, smartphone-based short text messages and information, and telephone counselling; whereas the control group (n = 23) received short text messages and telephone counselling for 16 weeks.After 16 weeks, self-efficacy and non-motor symptom scores in the intervention group significantly improved compared to those in the control group. However, no significant differences were observed in the motor symptoms, self-management, and quality of life between the groups.The mobile health intervention for self-management is effective for self-efficacy and non-motor symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease.

The analysis of historical climate change events can deepen the understanding of climate impacts and provide historical examples of coping with extreme events like drought. The data from historical records on droughts and famines were collected during the Chenghua drought (AD 1483–85), Jiajing drought (AD 1527–29), and Wanli drought (AD 1584–89) in Henan Province in the middle Ming Dynasty. Based on this, the average drought index (ADI), average famine index (AFI) and the average social regulation index (ASRI) were defined to quantitatively explore the differences in the social impacts of extreme droughts. The results were as follows: 1) As for ADI, the Wanli drought was the most severe (1.59), followed by the Jiajing drought (1.21) and the Chenghua drought (1.02). In terms of AFI, the famine conditions were the most severe during the Jiajing drought (0.43), followed by Chenghua drought (0.30) and the Wanli drought (0.15). 2) The ASRI values in the Chenghua drought, Jiajing drought, and Wanli drought were 3.90, 3.90, and 4.54, respectively. It could be concluded society showed the highest social regulation ability during the Wanli drought and showed the same level of the two other droughts. However, for the key years, the social regulation ability of the Jiajing drought was higher than that of Chenghua drought, especially in the alleviation of low-grade drought. 3) From historical documents, the progress of agricultural technology, the progress of famine relief policy, and the change in relief supplies greatly improved the social ability to cope with the extreme drought events. Significance Statement The analysis of extreme drought events in the past is important for understanding the interactions between human activities and natural variability, and its impact on society, economy, and even politics. Our goal is to explore the changes of ability to cope with extreme droughts through the statistical relationship of drought and famine in the three extreme drought events in Henan during the middle Ming Dynasty. The results showed that the social regulation ability of Henan to cope with extreme drought was significantly strengthened. Progress in agriculture and famine policy, and so on, had an important role in promoting the development of social regulation ability. How to improve the quantitative method for the social regulation by social impacts requires further research.

The exponential growth of unpredictable renewable power production sources in the power grid results in difficult-to-regulate reactive power. The ultimate goal of optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) is to find the optimal voltage level of all the generators, the transformer tap ratio, and the MVAR injection of shunt VAR compensators (SVC). More realistically, the ORPD problem is a nonlinear multi-objective optimization problem. Therefore, in this paper, the multi-objective ORPD problem is formulated and solved considering the simultaneous minimization of the active power loss, voltage deviation, emission, and the operating cost of renewable and thermal generators. Usually, renewable power generators such as wind and solar are uncertain; therefore, Weibull and lognormal probability distribution functions are considered to model wind and solar power, respectively. Due to the unavailability and uncertainty of wind and solar power, appropriate PDFs have been used to generate 1000 scenarios with the help of Monte Carlo simulation techniques. Practically, it is not possible to solve the problem considering all the scenarios. Therefore, the scenario reduction technique based on the distance metric is applied to select the 24 representative scenarios to reduce the size of the problem. Moreover, the efficient non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II-based bidirectional co-evolutionary algorithm (BiCo), along with the constraint domination principle, is adopted to solve the multi-objective ORPD problem. Furthermore, a modified IEEE standard 30-bus system is employed to show the performance and superiority of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm finds uniformly distributed and near-global final non-dominated solutions compared to the recently available state-of-the-art multi-objective algorithms in the literature.

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs), such as symptoms, functioning, and other health-related quality-of-life concepts are gaining a more prominent role in the benefit–risk assessment of cancer therapies. However, varying ways of analysing, presenting, and interpreting PRO data could lead to erroneous and inconsistent decisions on the part of stakeholders, adversely affecting patient care and outcomes. The Setting International Standards in Analyzing Patient-Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life Endpoints in Cancer Clinical Trials-Innovative Medicines Initiative (SISAQOL-IMI) Consortium builds on the existing SISAQOL work to establish recommendations on design, analysis, presentation, and interpretation for PRO data in cancer clinical trials, with an expanded set of topics, including more in-depth recommendations for randomised controlled trials and single-arm studies, and for defining clinically meaningful change. This Policy Review presents international stakeholder views on the need for SISAQOL-IMI, the agreed on and prioritised set of PRO objectives, and a roadmap to ensure that international consensus recommendations are achieved.

The meninges, membranes surrounding the central nervous system (CNS) boundary, harbor a diverse array of immunocompetent immune cells, and therefore, serve as an immunologically active site. Meningeal immunity has emerged as a key factor in modulating proper brain function and social behavior, performing constant immune surveillance of the CNS, and participating in several neurological diseases. However, it remains to be determined how meningeal immunity contributes to CNS physiology and pathophysiology. With the advances in single-cell omics, new approaches, such as single-cell technologies, unveiled the details of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying meningeal immunity in CNS homeostasis and dysfunction. These new findings contradict some previous dogmas and shed new light on new possible therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the complicated multi-components, powerful meningeal immunosurveillance capability, and its crucial involvement in physiological and neuropathological conditions, as recently revealed by single-cell technologies.

A novel species of the genus Limimaricola , designated ASW11-118T, was isolated from an intertidal sand sample of the Yellow Sea, PR China. Growth of strain ASW11-118T occurred at 10–40 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 5.5–8.5 (optimum, pH 7.5) and with 0.5–8.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.5%). Strain ASW11-118T has the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Limimaricola cinnabarinus LL-001T (98.8%) and 98.6 % to Limimaricola hongkongensis DSM 17492T. Phylogenetic analysis based on genomic sequences indicated that strain ASW11-118T belongs to the genus Limimaricola . The genome size of strain ASW11-118T was 3.8 Mb and DNA G+C content was 67.8 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain ASW11-118T and other members of the genus Limimaricola were below 86.6 and 31.3 %, respectively. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The predominant cellular fatty acid was C18 : 1 ω7c. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and one unknown aminolipid. On the basis of the data presented, strain ASW11-118T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Limimaricola , for which the name Limimaricola litoreus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ASW11-118T (=MCCC 1K05581T=KCTC 82494T).

Tumor contains small population of cancer stem cells (CSC) that are responsible for its maintenance and relapse. Analysis of these CSCs may lead to effective prognostic and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer patients. We report here the identification of CSCs from human lung cancer cells using Aldefluor assay followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Isolated cancer cells with relatively high aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity display in vitro features of CSCs, including capacities for proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation, resistance to chemotherapy, and expressing CSC surface marker CD133. In vivo experiments show that the ALDH1-positive cells could generate tumors that recapitulate the heterogeneity of the parental cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of 303 clinical specimens from three independent cohorts of lung cancer patients and controls show that expression of ALDH1 is positively correlated with the stage and grade of lung tumors and related to a poor prognosis for the patients with early-stage lung cancer. ALDH1 is therefore a lung tumor stem cell-associated marker. These findings offer an important new tool for the study of lung CSCs and provide a potential prognostic factor and therapeutic target for treatment of the patients with lung cancer. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(3):330–8)

Supplementary Figures S1-S2 from Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Is a Tumor Stem Cell-Associated Marker in Lung Cancer