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Xylella fastidiosa is xylem-limited bacterium capable of infecting a wide range of host plants, resulting in Pierce's disease in grapevine, citrus variegated chlorosis, olive quick decline syndrome, peach phony disease, plum leaf scald, alfalfa dwarf, margin necrosis and leaf scorch affecting oleander, coffee, almond, pecan, mulberry, red maple, oak, and other types of cultivated and ornamental plants and forest trees. In the European Union, X. fastidiosa is listed as a quarantine organism. Since its first outbreak in the Apulia region of southern Italy in 2013 where it caused devastating disease on Olea europaea (called olive leaf scorch and quick decline), X. fastidiosa continued to spread and successfully established in some European countries (Corsica and PACA in France, Balearic Islands, Madrid and Comunitat Valenciana in Spain, and Porto in Portugal). The most recent data for Europe indicates that X. fastidiosa is present on 174 hosts, 25 of which were newly identified in 2021 (with further five hosts discovered in other parts of the world in the same year). From the six reported subspecies of X. fastidiosa worldwide, four have been recorded in European countries (fastidiosa, multiplex, pauca, and sandyi). Currently confirmed X. fastidiosa vector species are Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenus campestris, and Philaenus italosignus, whereby only P. spumarius (which has been identified as the key vector in Apulia, Italy) is also present in Americas. X. fastidiosa control is currently based on pathogen-free propagation plant material, eradication, territory demarcation, and vector control, as well as use of resistant plant cultivars and bactericidal treatments.

From harvest to market or use, apple fruits are stored in warehouses for a short or long time, during which they are often exposed to the attack of various pathogenic microorganisms. Although there are no precise data on the losses caused by various pathogens on stored apple fruits in our country, it is quite certain that they are large, both due to the often inadequate storage conditions and the fact that less attention is paid to the storage of the harvested fruits than to their production. The paper describes the characteristic symptoms of the 25 most important diseases of stored apple fruits caused by various pathogens, as well as an overview of other less signifi cant pathogens that can appear on apple fruits during their storage. The measures for their suppression are especially emphasized and elaborated, so that the economic losses caused by these pathogens, if not completely avoided, then at least reduced to a tolerant measure.

A major threat to the successful growing of tomatoes and peppers can be the occurrence, introduction or spread of a large number of different quarantine pathogens, which is why the strict application of internationally accepted phytosanitary precautionary and control measures is irreplaceable in preventing the introduction or spread of quarantine harmful organisms. These pathogens are one of the main threats for the worldwide production of apple, as well as for the domestic one. In accordance with the current legal regulations, this paper presents an overview of the 12 quarantine pathogens of apple, whereby specific full names and synonyms of quarantine pathogens, their distribution, hosts, symptoms, biology and method of transmission and distribution are given, with special emphasis on measures for their suppression.

Rye is a dual-purpose crop, for nutrition but also for bioenergy. The selection of rye is aimed at its improvement as a plant for human and animal consumption, but also it is interesting for bioenergy production as it combines high biomass production with low environmental impact. There is a growing demand for sustainable sources of biomass worldwide. Directions for achieving rye selection for energy purposes include selection to increase biomass yield and corresponding physiological properties. During three years (2019-2021), four rye genotypes were examined. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of genotype (G), year (Y) and their interaction (G×Y) on rye productivity parameters: plant height (PH), spike length (SL), 1000-grain weight (TGW), hectoliter mass (HM), green biomass yield (GBY), biogas yield (BGY) as well as the possibility of using rye as an alternative fuel. Rye is an excellent raw material for the production of healthy food, but also for the production of biofuels. The study discussed the potential use of four high yielding genotypes for biofuel production. Genotype G1 (25.29 t ha-1) had a statistically significantly higher average green biomass yield compared to genotypes G2, G3 and G4 (22.98 t ha-1, 23.56 t ha-1 and 23.76 t ha-1). Significant G×Y interactions demonstrate differences between rye genotypes in response to environmental conditions. Plant height was directly proportional to biomass yield. As one of the targets in breeding programs, to develop taller cultivars as biofuel feedstock. Screening and selection of appropriate rye varieties for each region is critical for optimum results. Raž je usev dvostruke namene, za ishranu i za bioenergiju. Selekcija raži ima za cilj, unapređenje biljke za ishranu ljudi i životinja, ali je interesantna i za proizvodnju bioenergije, jer kombinuje veliku proizvodnju biomase sa malim uticajem na životnu sredinu. Širom sveta postoji rastuća potražnja za održivim izvorima biomase. Pravci kojima se postiže selekcija raži u energetske svrhe obuhvata selekciju na povećanje prinosa biomase i odgovarajućih fizioloških svojstava. U trogodišnjim mikroogledima (2019-2021.) ispitivana su četiri genotipa raži. Cilj ove studije bio je da se ispita uticaj genotipa (G), godine (Y) i njihove interakcije (G×Y) na parametre produktivnosti raži: visinu biljaka (PH), dužinu klasa (SL), masu 1000 semena (TGW), hektolitarsku masu (HM), prinos zelene biomase (GBY), i prinos biogasa (BGY). Raž je odlična sirovina za proizvodnju zdravstveno bezbedne hrane ali i za proizvodnju biogoriva. Studija razmatra potencijalnu upotrebu visokoprinosnih genotipova za proizvodnju biogoriva. Genotip G1 (25.29 t ha-1) imao je statistički značajno veći prosečni prinos zelene biomase u odnosu na genotipove G2, G3 i G4 (22.98 t ha-1, 23.56 t ha-1 i 23.76 t ha-1). Interakcija G × Y pokazuje razliku između genotipova raži, kao odgovor na uslove životne sredine. Korelacija između testiranih parametara bila je značajna, ali ne posebno visoka. Visina biljaka bila je direktno proporcionalna prinosu biomase. Kao jedan od ciljeva u programima oplemenjivanja je da se kao sirovina za biogorivo stvaraju više sorte. Selekcija i odabir odgovarajućih sorti raži za svaki region je od ključnog značaja za postizanje optimalnih rezultata.

In order to optimize the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in greenhouses and to evaluate how a usage of mulching and covering plants with woven agrotextile affects its yields, N content, nitrate, Zn and vitamin C in lettuce leaves, a 2-yr experiment was established. In the experiments, black and white plastic foils were used for mulching before planting, and woven agrotextile for plant covering after planting. The effect of each, as well as combination of them, on lettuce growth and productivity was evaluated. The experiment involved six treatments: control (without mulch), polyethylene black plastic mulch, polyethylene white plastic mulch, polyethylene black plastic mulch and woven agrotextile, polyethylene white plastic mulch and woven agrotextile, and woven agrotextile. In the first growing season the yield was 23% higher when polyethylene black plastic mulch was used compared to the control. In the second growing season the yield was 29% higher when polyethylene black plastic mulch was used compared to the control. Nitrogen content decreased 9% when the woven agrotextile was used compared to the control. Polyethylene black plastic mulch and polyethylene black plastic mulch with agrotextile reduced Zn content compared to the control. Vitamin C content increased 21% when woven agrotextile was used compared to the control. The overall effect of mulching and covering plants with woven agrotextile showed positive effect on lettuce production. The results obtained could assist lettuce growers in selecting most effective production technologies in order to achieve highest yield and nutritional value in this crop.

In autumn 2018, daffodil (narcissus) plants with basal bulb rot were noticed in a plantation in locality Jasika, Serbia. Morphological characterization identified Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi as the causal agent of bulb rot in daffodil. Three selected isolates were tested for their ability to produce symptoms on daffodil bulbs. Two weeks after artificial inoculation typical symptoms of basal rot developed on inoculated bulbs from which the pathogen was re-isolated fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To further identify the pathogen, a molecular characterization with sequence and phylogenetic analysis of ITS and TEF1 genomic regions was performed. Molecular characterization confirmed the obtained results in morphological identification. The detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi, a causal agent of basal rot on daffodil in Serbia, is the first report of this pathogen in the country.

Over the past several decades, necrotic spots, lesions and blight symptoms have been observed on onion leaves in several locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the crop is grown intensively. The type of symptoms indicated a possible infection with Botrytis squamosa, a widespread pathogen of onion. As symptoms of leaf spots and necrotic lesions can also be caused by some other biotic and abiotic factors, our research focused on identifying the causal agent of the observed symptoms. The pathogen was isolated from diseased tissue using standard phytopathological procedure and identified based on pathogenic and morphological features. Identification was confirmed by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The influence of temperature and growth medium on mycelial growth rate of the isolates was also studied. U poslednjih nekoliko godina, na nekoliko lokaliteta u području intenzivne proizvodnje crnog luka u Bosni i Hercegovini uočena je pojava nekrotičnih pega i sušenja lišća. Simptomi oboljenja ukazali su na moguće prisustvo široko rasprostranjenog patogena luka, vrste Botrytis squamosa. S obzirom da pegavost i nekrotične lezije na listu luka mogu biti prouzrokovane različitim biotičkim i abiotičkim faktorima, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se precizno identifikuje prouzrokovač oboljenja. Patogen je izolovan primenom standardnih fitopatoloških metoda i identifikovan na osnovu proučenih patogenih i morfoloških karakteristika dobijenih izolata. Identifikacija je potvrđena amplifikacijom i sekvenciranjem ITS rDNA genomnog regiona. Takođe, proučen je uticaj temperature i hranljive podloge na porast izolata.

The present study examined the effects of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani infection on antioxidative metabolism in leaves and roots of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Disease symptoms appeared at the end of June in the form of the chlorosis on some of the leaves, which became intensely red one week later, while the previously healthy leaves from the same branch becme chlorotic. A few days later, all leaves from the infected leaf branch were intensely red. Infected plants also had slower growth compared to the healthy ones with fewer leaf branches developed. The roots of infected plants were less developed, seared, or gummy with or without brown-colored root hair. The presence of the pathogen was detected by sequencing the 16S rRNA. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) BLAST analyses of the obtained sequence revealed 100% identity of tested strain with deposited Ca. Phytoplasma solani strains from various countries and hosts, all belonging to the “stolbur” group (16SrXII-A). Identity of 99.74% was found when the tested Serbian strain (MF503627) was compared with the reference stolbur strain STOL11 (AF248959). The oxidative damage of membranes in carrot cells was accompanied by a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments. Furthermore, for the determination of specific scavenging properties of the extracts, in vitro antioxidant assay was performed. In phytoplasma-infected carrot leaves, there was a greater reduction in the level of glutathione content (GSH); however; flavonoids and anthocyanidins seem to be responsible for the accompanied increased antioxidative capacity against hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide.

U radu je ispitivano na koji način kišna glista Lumbricus rubellus svojom aktivnošću utječe na brojnost različitih fizioloških grupa mikroorganizama u zemljištu tretiranim pesticidom Stomp 330 E čija je aktivna supstanca pendimetalin. Eksperiment je postavljen u 10 staklenih kontejnera sa zemljišnim supstratom, pri čemu je jedan kontejner bio kontrolni, a po tri kontejnera su tretirana s tri različite koncentracije pendimentalina. Korištena je deklaracijom preporučena koncentracija pesticida od 5 μl/kg, jedna niža koncentracija od 3 μl/kg i jedna viša koncentracija od 7 μl/kg. Brojnost fizioloških grupa mikroorganizama je određena iz tri komore tretirane različitim koncentracijama pendimetalina 48 sati nakon tretmana, a iz druge tri komore 21 dan nakon tretmana. Kako bi se utvrdilo postoji li interakcija između aktivnosti kišnih glista i brojnosti mikroorganizama u zemljištu kontaminiranom pesticidom u tri komore je pored navedenih koncentracija pesticida ubačeno po 10 odraslih jedinki vrste Lumbricus rubellus. Mikrobiološka analiza supstrata je izvršena 21 dan nakon tretmana. Utvrđeno je da je dva dana nakon primjene različitih koncentracija pesticida došlo do statistički značajnog opadanja brojnosti gljivica i celulolitičkih mikroorganizama u zemljištu, dok se brojnost ukupnih heterotrofnih bakterija, kao i mikroorganizama koji sudjeluju u različitim etapama metabolizma dušika višestruko povećala. Međutim, 21 dan nakon provođenja tretmana zabilježen je značajan pad brojnosti ukupnih heterotrofnih bakterija u svim tretiranim kontejnerima u odnosu na kontrolni, pri čemu su kišne gliste svojom aktivnošću djelomično ublažile negativan efekt pendimentalina na ukupnu zemljišnu bakteriofloru te su pozitivno djelovale na brojnost gljivica, aktinomiceta i celulolitičkih mikroorganizama, dok na brojnost aminoautotrofa, oligonitrofila i slobodnih dušičnih fiksatora prisustvo kišnih glista u zemljištu nije imalo značajan utjecaj. Pokazalo se da kišne gliste svojom aktivnošću ublažavaju negativno djelovanje pesticida Stomp 330 E na bakteriofloru i gljivice, čime se ističe njihova moguća upotreba u procesima bioremedijacije., This paper examines the modus in which earthworm Lumbricus rubellus with its activity affects the total count of different physiological groups of microorganisms in soil treated with herbicide pendimethalin. The experiment was carried out in ten glass containers with a soil substrate, whereby one of them was the control one, and each group of three containers was treated with different concentration of pendimethalin. A concentration of pesticide of 5 μl/kg, which is recommended by the declaration, one lower concentration of 3 μl/kg and one higher of 7 μl/kg were used. The number of physiological groups of microorganisms is determined from the three containers treated with different concentrations of pendimethalin 48 hours after the treatment, and from the other three containers 21 days after the treatment. Two days after the application of different concentration of pesticide, a significant statistical decrease was found in the number of fungi and cellulotical microorganisms in soil, while the total number of heterotrophic bacteria as well as microorganisms which participate in different stages of nitrogen metabolism increased. However, 21 days after the treatment a significant decrease in the total number of heterotrophic bacteria in all treated containers comparing to the control one was noticed, where earthworms with their activities partially attenuated the negative effect of pendimethalin on soil bacterial flora. They also had a positive effect on the number of fungi, actinomycetes and cellulolytic microorganisms while the presence of earthworms had no significant influence on the number of aminoautotrophs, oligonitrophils and free-living diazotrophs. It was shown that earthworms with their activities attenuate the negative effect of pendimethalin on bacterial flora, actinomycetes and fungi, which points out to their possible use in processes of bioremediation.

The comparative estimation was carried out with seven tomato hybrids (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) during the period 2011 to 2013 in greenhouse at Agricultural Institute of Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of this study is to examine the dry matter content, lycopene in fruits and total yield of Dutch tomato hybrids in the conditions of western Bosnia and Herzegovina. The experiment was set up by a randomized block design in three repetitions. The dry matter content ranged from 5.60% to 8.14%. Hybrid and hybrid x year interaction had significant (p

During a survey from 2004 to 2016, symptoms of grapevine dieback were observed in six vineyards in Serbia. Symptoms initially appeared as small, chlorotic, and necrotic spots along the rim of the leaves, deformation of leafs, and the appearance of shortened shoots, often with the so-called zigzag internodes. Over time, partial or complete dying of the vines developed. Symptomatic samples were collected and submitted to laboratory analysis. Based on the morphological characterization, the isolated fungus was initially identified as belonging to Eutypa species. Pathogenicity tests showed that 47 selected isolates caused tissue necrosis around the site of inoculation, chlorosis, and deformation of the leaves, along with the appearance of tiny, necrotic spots on the periphery of the leaf that fall off over time. Inoculated cuttings were stunted, dwarf-like with zigzag internodes. Molecular identification was done with sequence and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, TUB, and RPB2 genomic regions. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, all isolated fungi were determined as Eutypa lata.

The object of this study was a two-year trial (2009 and 2010) regarding variability of morphological characteristics of species belonging to Sorghum genus, more specifically interspecies hybrid between sorghum and Sudan grass Siloking as affected by different applications of nitrogen. The following morphological characteristics were analysed: plant height, number of leaves, leaf ratio, stem ratio, and number of shoots. Samples were taken from the first cut when the effect of the applied nitrogen doses was the strongest. The results showed that increasing nitrogen quantities significantly affected the tested morphological characteristics, especially the intensity of tillering (increased number of secondary stems), number of the formed leaves, and ratio of leaf weight in the total above-ground biomass. The effect of applied nitrogen depended on the weather conditions, i.e. distribution of precipitation, so that plants reached maximum height when 105 kg N ha-1 was applied in the dry year and 180 kg N ha-1 in the wet year. Predmet ove studije su dvogodišnja istraživanja (2009. i 2010.) varijabilnosti morfoloških osobina vrste roda Sorghum interspecies hibrida sirka i sudanske trave Siloking zavisno od upotrebljenih količina azota. Analizirane su morfološke osobine: visina biljka, broj listova, udeo lista, udeo stabla, broj izdanaka, a uzorci su uzimani iz prvog otkosa kada je i efekat upotrebljenih azotnih hraniva bio najveći. Rezultati su pokazali da rastuće količine azota značajno utiču na ispitivane morfološke osobine posebno na intenzitet bokorenja (povećanje broja sekundarnih stabala), broj formiranih listova, kao i udeo lisne mase u ukupnoj nadzemnoj biomasi. Efekat upotrebljenog azota zavisio je od vremenskih uslova, odnosno od rasporeda padavina, te su biljke dostigle najveću visinu u varijanti sa primenjenih 105 kg ha-1 azota u sušnoj, a u varijanti sa 180 kg ha-1 u vlažnoj godini.

Genetic-physiological approach was used in the study of the quality of Serbian spruce seed (Picea omorika /Pancic/Purkynĕ), collected in the populations on the left bank of the river Drina. The seed originated from the three populations that represent the overall ecological and productive conditions of Serbian spruce populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Two natural populations were selected: Veliki Stolac and Gostilj, and one planted forest population in Srebrenica. The cones were collected in late autumn 2009 and early spring 2010. They were collected from five trees from Srebrenica and Gostilj, and seven trees from Veliki Stolac. Immediately after they were collected, the cones and seeds were processed and germination tests were done. Germination, germination viability and germination dynamics were studied in three categories of seed treatment: 1) control unit (just processed seed), 2) seed stored for six months at 0-4 oC, 3) seed stored for seven months at 0-4o C and treated with fungicide after five months of storing. The number of germinated seed was observed and noted on the third, fourth, fifth, seventh, tenth, fourteenth, twenty-first and twenty-eighth day. There were significant differences in germination dynamics at the population level and the level of treatment during the first couple of days of germination test. Fungicide (captan) acted as an inhibitor on seed germination process. The seeds originating from the largest population of Veliki Stolac showed the best response to storing treatment with fungicide related to germination dynamics. The seed originating from Srebrenica andkept at low temperatures 0-4 °C without treatment with fungicides showed the best result in germination. Regardless of the presence of differences in the dynamics of germination, significant differences in germination regarding different treatments on the last day of the test, were not recorded.

Genetički modifi kovani organizmi (GMO) su organizmi koji sadrže jedan ili više gena koji se u njih unose vje-štačkim načinom u laboratorijama, metodama genetičkog inženjerstva, pri čemu se geni uzimaju od druge, nesrodne iličak sasvim udalјene vrste. Pitanja tehničke, etičke i bezbjedonosne prirode, koja stižu sa GMO tehnologijom su mnogobrojna. U radu se navodi aktuelno stanje proizvodnje GMO u svijetu i kod nas, kao i najznačajnije metode za pouzdanui preciznu detekciju GMO.

Colletotrichum trifolii is a fungal pathogen responsible for anthracnose disease in alfalfa. The isolates of C. trifolii were obtained from diseased alfalfa stems collected from field in Serbia. It was determined by pathogenicity examination that four isolates (Luc-7, Luc-17, Luc-27, Luc-33) can cause stem lesions on inoculated alfalfa plant. Our isolates were compared using reference isolates of C. trifolii (CBS 158.83). Isolates on MA and CDA developed olive green to grey colonies with white margin, while the substrate got dark olive green color. Conidiophores were hyaline, varied in length and produced a succession of conidia apically. Conidia were hyaline, straight, rounded at the ends, and non-septated with average size 7.85x3.87 μm. Average sizes of appressoria were 7.5-16.5 x 5.5 x 8.9 μm. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with one set of specific primers was used for the detection of examined isolates of Colletotrichum trifolii. Amplification of desired DNA fragment (590 bp) was determined using specific primer pair TB3-F/TB3-R. Achieved results of amplification indicated that the isolates Luc-7, Luc-17, Luc-27, as well as CBS 158.83, had traits of C. trifolli. Amplification and band on about 430 bp appeared in isolate Luc-33, which also belonged to C. trifolli species.

During summer and autumn, easily recognizable diseased plants can be detected in alfalfa fields. Diseased plants have characteristically curved apical part, commonly known as 'shepard's hook'. Using the standard mycological methods, several fungi isolates were obtained. Four of these isolates were used for further study. Two standard mycological methods were used for determination of pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. isolates: with and without damaging of the stems. During these studies, it was determined that all of the isolates were causing the symptoms of alfalfa anthracnose. All of the selected isolates form germinative bodies - acervulae - on mycelium. Acervulae can be grouped or scattered across the colony area. Their size in the culture was 100-250 mm. Conidia were short, cylindrical, relatively broad, with both end obtuse 7,85 x 3,85 mm. Appressoria were ovate to obovoid, pale to medium brown 7,5-16,5 x 5,5-8,9 ?m.

U radu su predstavljeni rezultati istraživanja utjecaja podloge Friend i tehnike cijepljenja na rascjep na pojedinačnu masu ploda lubenice i prinos tržiših plodova. Istraživanja su provedena na tri hibrida koja lokalni uzgajivači komercijalno proizvode za lokalno tržište: Vasko F1, Fantasy F1 i Crisby F1. Komparativnim istraživanjem između hibrida cijepljenih na podlogu Friend i hibrida koji nisu cijepljeni, masa ploda cijepljenih hibrida povećana je za prosječno oko kilogram po plodu, a prinos za 29%, sa specifičnim odnosom svakog hibrida prema podlozi i primijenjenoj tehnici cijepljenja., This paper presents the results of the research of influence of the Friend rootstock and hole insertion grafting technique on individual mass of watermelon fruit and yield of commercial fruits. The researches were conducted on three hybrids which local farmers produce commercially for the local market; Vasko F1, Fantasy F1 and Crisby F1. By comparative research between the hybrids grafted onto Friend rootstock and hybrids which are not grafted, the mass of the fruits of grafted hybrids is increased for one kilogram per fruit in average and the yield is increased for 29% with specific relation of each hybrid toward rootstock and applied grafting technique.

Temeljem rezultata novijih istraživanja, utvrđeno je da rak stabla i suhu trulež korijena uljane repice uzrokuju dvije vrste fitopatogenih gljiva iz roda Leptosphaeria, i to: Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not (anamorf: Phoma lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Desm.) i Leptosphaeria biglobosa Shoem et Brun. Naime, ponovljive razlike u morfologiji pseudotecija i nemogućnost križanja grupe A s grupom B u in vitro uvjetima ukazale su na postojanje potrebe i opravdanosti da se dvije grupe izolata patogena uzročnika raka stabla i suhe truleži korijena uljane repice označe kao različite vrste, nazvane Leptosphaeria maculans za predstavnike grupe A i Leptosphaeria biglobosa za predstavnike grupe NA 1 B. Također, u zadnje vrijeme otkriveno je i opisano 9 rasa L. maculans označenih kao AvrLm 1 do AvrLm 9. U radu je prikazan detaljan pregled ekonomskoga značaja navedenih vrsta i simptoma koje oni uzrokuju, morfoloških karakteristika i razlika između njih, kao i ciklusa njihovoga razvoja, s posebnim naglaskom na mjere za njihovo suzbijanje., Based on new researches results, it was found that phoma stem cancer and dry root rot of oilseed rape are caused by two kinds of phytopathogenic fungi from Leptosphaeria genus and they are: Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not (anamorph: Phoma lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Desm.) and Leptosphaeria biglobosa Shoem et Brun. Namely, repeatable differences in pseudothecium morphology and an impossibility of crossing group A with group B in “in vitro” conditions have shown that there is a justified need to designate the two groups as different species, called Leptosphaeria maculans for group A and Leptosphaeria biglobosa for NA 1 B group. Also, nine races of L. maculans have been discovered and described recently, which were designated as AvrLm 1 to AvrLm 9. The paper describes a detailed review of economical importance of the listed species and symptoms that they cause, morphological characteristics and differences between them, as well as the cycle of their development with special emphasis on measures for their control.

Tijekom travnja, svibnja i lipnja 2008. godine u pojedinim zasadima kruške na području sjeverozapadnog dijela Bosne i Hercegovine uočene su pojedinačne biljke s izraženim specifičnim simptomima nekroze i izumiranja cvjetova i mladica. Postotak napadnutih biljaka je bio različit, a kretao se i do 20%, pri čemu je došlo da značajnih ekonomskih šteta. Na osnovu postignutih rezultata dobivenih pri proučavanju patogenih, uzgajivačkih i biokemijsko-fizioloških odlika pet odabranih izolata, možemo zaključiti da svi pripadaju fitopatogenoj bakteriji Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hal – uzročniku bakteriozne pjegavosti i uvenulosti zeljastih biljaka i rak-rana i bakterioznog izumiranja kruške i drugih voćaka., Individual plants with evident symptoms of necrosis and extinction of flowers and browses were noted in individual pear orchards on territory of northwest Bosnia and Herzegovina, during April, May and June in 2008. The percentage of affected plants varied and it was up to 20%, which caused significant economic damages. Based on the results obtained by studying pathogen, morphological, cultivating and biochemical- physiological characteristics of five chosen isolates, we can conclude that they all belong to phytopathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hal – which is the cause of bacterial spotting and wilting of herbaceous plants, canker and bacterial dying out of pear and other fruit- trees.

Tijekom veljače 2007. godine u nekoliko plastenika na širem području grada Banja Luke utvrđena je pojava oboljelih biljaka salate s izraženim simptomima bijele truleži. Postotak napadnutih biljaka je bio različit, pri čemu se u pojedinim plastenicima kretao i do 20%, zbog čega je u tim plastenicima došlo do značajnih ekonomskih šteta. Na osnovi postignutih rezultata dobivenih pri proučavanju patogenih, morfoloških i uzgojnih odlika tri odabrana izolata (Sal-1, Sal-3 i Sal-5), možemo zaključiti da svi pripadaju fitopatogenoj gljivi Sclerotinia minor Jagger – uzročniku bijele truleži salate., There was determined the appearance of the diseased lettuce plants with the expressed symptoms of white rot in a few greenhouses in a wider area of Banja Luka in Bosnia and Herzegovina in February 2007. The percentage of the affected plants differed. In certain greenhouses it was as high as 20% which was the reason for significant economic damages in those greenhouses. Based on the achieved results obtained by studying pathogenic, morphologic and cultivation characteristics of the three chosen isolates (Sal- 1, Sal- 3 and Sal- 5), we can conclude that they all belong to fitophatogenic fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger – the cause of white rot on lettuce.

Tijekom obilaska većeg broja jagodnjaka u više lokaliteta na širem području općina Banja Luka, Laktaši, Gradiška i Srbac, u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine, na pojedinim proizvodnim parcelama utvrđena je pojava oboljelih biljaka s izraženim simptomima antraknoze. Postotak napadnutih biljaka bio je različit, ali se na pojedinim parcelama kretao od 5–20%, a nisu bile rijetke ni proizvodne parcele na kojima je došlo do većeg postotka zaraze, zbog čega je na takvim parcelama došlo do značajnih ekonomskih šteta. Na osnovu dobivenih rezultata proučavanja patogenih, morfoloških i uzgojnih odlika tri odabrana izolata (Jag-1, Jag-4 i Jag-7) možemo zaključiti da svi pripadaju fitopatogenoj gljivi Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ex Simmonds - uzročnikuantraknoze jagode., During the supervision of large number of strawberry plots on several localities in wider area of districts of Banja Luka, Laktaši, Gradiška and Srbac in northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the appearance of diseased plants with evident symptoms of anthracnose was determined in certain production plots. The percentage of the diseased plants differed, but in certain plots it was from 5- 20%, although the production plots with higher percent of contracted disease weren’t rare as well, because of which in such plots there were significant economic damages. Based on the obtained results of studying pathogen, morphological and cultivating characteristics of three chosen isolates (Jag-1, Jag- 4 and Jag-7), we can conclude that they all belong to phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ex Simmonds- which is the cause of anthracnose of strawberry.

Tijekom posljednje tri godine (2005.-2007.) na području Lijevče polja, Posavine, Semberije i šireg područja Romanijske regije, na pojedinim proizvodnim parcelama, posebno na kojima se uzgaja krumpir, ali i na onima s paprikom i rajčicom, utvrđena je pojava oboljelih biljaka s izraženim simptomima antraknoze. Postotak napadnutih biljaka bio je različit, ali se na pojedinim parcelama kretao od 5-15%, a nisu bile rijetke ni proizvodne parcele na kojima je došlo do većeg postotka zaraze, zbog čega su nastale i velike ekonomske štete. Na osnovu proučavanja patogenih, morfoloških i uzgajivačkih odlika izoliranog patogena, utvrđeno je da je uzročnik uočenih simtoma bolesti fitopatogena gljiva Colletotrichum coccodes. U radu je opisana važnost navedene vrste te simptomi koje ona uzrokuje i domaćini koje napada, kao i ciklus razvoja, s posebnim naglaskom na mjere za njeno suzbijanje., During the last three years (2005-2007) throughout the areas of Lijevce polje, Posavina, Semberija and wider area of Romanijska region, on certain production plots, especially on those where potato is grown, but on those with pepper and tomato as well, was identified the occurrence of diseased plants with noticeable symptoms of anthracnosis. The percentage of infected plants was various. It was from 5-15 % on some parcels and production plots with higher percentage of infection weren’t rare as well, which was the reason of great economic damage. Based on studying of pathogen, morphological and cultivation distinctions of isolated pathogen, it has been identified that the causative agent of noticed symptoms of plant diseases is phytopathogen fungus Colletotrichum coccodes. The review describes the importance of specified species and symptoms which it causes and hosts which it attacks, as well as the cycles of development, with special emphasis on measurements for its suppression.

Tijekom posljednje tri godine (2003.-2005.) u tri glavna proizvodna područja kupusnjača u BiH (Lijevče polje, Semberija i okolica Gornjeg Vakufa), na većem broju proizvodnih parcela, prije svega kupusa i cvjetače ali i drugih uzgajanih kupusnjača, zapaženi su simptomi čiji su uzročnici fitopatogene bakterije. Postotak napadnutih biljaka u prosjeku se kretao od 10-50%, a nisu bile rijetke ni proizvodne parcele na kojima je došlo do 100% zaraze što je uzrokovalo velike ekonomske štete. Na osnovu laboratorijske analize utvrđeno je da su uzročnici uočenih simtoma bolesti dvije fitopatogene bakterije: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel) Dowson i Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. U radu je opisano značenje navedenih vrsta te simptomi koje uzrokuju i domaćini koje napadaju, kao i biologija i epidemiologija parazita, s posebnim naglaskom na mjere za njihovo suzbijanje., Within the last three years (2003-2005) the symptoms caused by fitopathogene bacteria have been observed among three main growing areas of cabbage-like vegetable in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Lijevče polje, Semberija and Gornji Vakuf surroundings), on a larger number of growing lots, above all among cabbage and caoliflower but also among other cabbage-like vegetables. The percentage of the plants infected was from 10 - 50 %, but there were also some growing lots where a 100% infection developed, which caused enormous economic difficulties. On the basis of laboratory analysis, the causes of the observed symptoms were found to be two fitopathogene bacteria: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel) Dowson and Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. This work describes the importance of the sorts mentioned above and the symptoms they cause, as well as the hosts they attack, together with the biology and epidemiology of the parasites, with a special emphasis on the measures of fighting them.

Iz zrna kukuruza do sada je izolirano oko dvadesetak vrsta iz roda Fusarium, od kojih se prema intenzitetu pojave, rasprostranjenosti i ekonomskoj važnosti, u većini područja gdje se kukuruz uzgaja, kao najznačajnije mogu smatrati vrste F. graminearum, F. verticillioides (syn. F. moniliforme) i F. subglutinans, a u posljednje vrijeme i F. proliferatum. Navedene vrste roda Fusarium uzrokuju različite simptome na oboljelim biljkama, kao što su trulež zrna i klijanaca, trulež korijena i stabla, kao i pljesnivost i trulež klipa i zrna kukuruza. U radu je opisan važnost vrsta roda Fusarium, njihova najvažnija makroskopska i mikroskopska svojstva, simptomi fuzarioza klipa i zrna kukuruza, te uvjeti za razvoj ovih bolesti, kao i mikotoksini i mikotoksikoze čiji su producenti razne Fusarium vrste, a posebno su razmotrene i mjere za njihovu kontrolu., There have been about twenty kinds of Fusarium genus isolated from a kernel of corn, out of which the most important ones, based on the intensity of appearance, diffusion and economic importance, in the majority of areas where corn is grown, are genuses F. graminearum, F. verticillioides (syn. F. moniliforme) and F. subglutinans, and lately also F. proliferatum. These types of Fusarium genus cause various symptoms on ill plants, such as rotting of kernel and sprouts, rotting of roots and stems, as well as mouldiness and rotting of ear and kernel of corn. In this work the importance of different kinds of Fusarium genus is described, their most important macroscopic and mycroscopis characteristics, symptoms of fusarioses of ear and kernel of corn, and conditions for development of these diseases, as well as micotoxines and micotoxicoses caused by different Fusarium types. In addition to this, the measures of their control are analyzed.