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Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadly malignant neoplasms. Currently, it is one of the main causes of cancer deaths worldwide. The study aimed to identify and evaluate patient characteristics, demographic and lifestyle factors that are associated with lung cancer at diagnosis.The study included 400 patients diagnosed with lung cancer and 400 within the control group. The research was based on a clinical, direct, individual, structured, in-depth and focused interview. Assessment of activity and BMI was used according to WHO recommendations, as well as the expert system.The mean age of the patients was 74.53 ± 7.86 years, while in the control group 59.5 (7.93). There was a strong positive relationship between the incidence of tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk of lung cancer (p0.001). The risk of lung cancer was significant in the case of smoking 20 or more than 20 cigarettes a day and smoking for more than 20 years (p = 0.01).Active and passive smoking, are a leading risk factor for lung cancer, which shows that understanding of the long-term and fatal effects of smoking is still very low in society. No significant correlation has been found between lifestyle and risk of lung cancer. However, there was a strong positive correlation between tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk of lung cancer. Occupation is a predisposing factor for lung cancer occurrence.

Background: Today, cardiovascular diseases cause 47% of all deaths among the European population, which is 4 million cases every year. In Ukraine, CAD accounts for 65% of the mortality rate from circulatory system diseases of the able-bodied population and is the main cause of disability. The aim of this study is to develop a medical expert system based on fuzzy sets for assessing the degree of coronary artery lesions in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: The method of using fuzzy sets for the implementation of an information expert system for solving the problems of medical diagnostics, in particular, when assessing the degree of anatomical lesion of the coronary arteries in patients with various forms of coronary artery disease, has been developed. Results: The paper analyses the main areas of application of mathematical methods in medical diagnostics, and formulates the principles of diagnostics, based on fuzzy logic. The developed models and algorithms of medical diagnostics are based on the ideas and principles of artificial intelligence and knowledge engineering, the theory of experiment planning, the theory of fuzzy sets and linguistic variables. The expert system is tested on real data. Through research and comparison of the results of experts and the created medical expert system, the reliability of supporting the correct decision making of the medical expert system based on fuzzy sets for assessing the degree of anatomical lesion of the coronary arteries in patients with various forms of coronary artery disease with the assessment of experts was 95%, which shows the high efficiency of decision making. Conclusions: The practical value of the work lies in the possibility of using the automated expert system for the solution of the problems of medical diagnosis based on fuzzy logic for assessing the degree of anatomical lesion of the coronary arteries in patients with various forms of coronary artery disease. The proposed concept must be further validated for inter-rater consistency and reliability. Thus, it is promising to create expert medical systems based on fuzzy sets for assessing the degree of disease pathology.

Rak jelita grubego jest jednym z najczestszych nowotworow i stanowi trzecią przyczyne zgonow na nowotwory zlośliwe. W ostatnich latach opracowano konsensus wyrozniający cztery podtypy molekularne raka jelita grubego (CMS): CMS1 — immunologiczny, CMS2 — kanoniczny, CMS3 — metaboliczny i CMS4 — mezenchymalny. Roznią sie one przebiegiem klinicznym oraz odpowiedzią na chemioterapie i leczenie biologiczne. Praktyczne zastosowanie klasyfikacji molekularnej moze byc pomocne jako czynnik prognostyczny i predykcyjny przy wyborze optymalnej i zindywidualizowanej strategii postepowania u poszczegolnych pacjentow.

Glasses and glass-ceramics with nominal composition 73 TeO2– 4BaO– 3Bi2O3–18SrF2-2RE2O3 (where RE = Eu, Dy) have been synthesized by conventional melt-quenching technique and subsequent heat treatment at 370 °C for 24 h in air atmosphere. Various Eu3+ to Dy3+ molar ratio have been applied to investigate luminescence properties in both glass and glass-ceramic matrices. Especially, white light emission through simultaneous excitation of Eu3+ and Dy3+ has been studied in detail. Influence of crystalline SrF2 phase on luminescence kinetics has been determined by luminescence decay time measurements. Presence of crystalline SrF2 phase has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction technique XRD and transmission electron microscopy TEM. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR have been applied to get further insight into structural properties of glass and glass-ceramic materials. Color tunable white light emission has been obtained using UV excitation. Influence of the SrF2 crystallization on luminescence properties of prepared materials have been described in detail. Moreover, luminescence properties and especially emission color dependence on the Eu3+ to Dy3+ molar ratio have been exhaustively studied. Color-tunable white light emission has been observed as a result of simultaneous radiative transition of both, Eu3+ and Dy3+ ions when applying UV excitation. Judd – Ofelt and other optical parameters have been calculated based on luminescence emission spectra. Achieved results confirm that tellurite glass-ceramics containing SrF2 nanocrystals are good hosts for RE3+ ions and they can be considered as new phosphors for white light emitting diodes WLEDs.

Background Colorectal cancer defined as cancer of the colon or rectum, is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and the second in women, and, according to the World Health Organization database GLOBOCAN, it accounts for nearly 1.4 million new cases annually worldwide. The occurrence of colorectal cancer is associated with nonmodifiable risk factors, including age and hereditary factors, as well as with modifiable environmental and lifestyle factors. Methods The study included 800 patients, 400 diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 400 within the control group, who gave their written informed consent to participate in the study. Patients with cancer other than colorectal cancer were randomly selected for control group I, and patients with no cancer diagnosis were selected for control group II. The method used was a case-control study – an observational and analytical study with a control group, conducted among patients of the Clinical Oncology Centre and the Provincial Hospital in the years 2019–2020. The study comparing the exposure was carried out in a group of people who developed the endpoint, that is colorectal cancer, with the exposure in a well-matched group of controls who did not reach the endpoint. Assessment of activity and BMI was used according to WHO recommendations, as well as the expert system. The data were tested for the distribution and the homogeneity of variance was validated before applying the parameter tests. Comparison of quantitative variables between groups was performed using ANOVA. Results The mean age of the patients was 64.53 ± 8.86 years, of the control group I – 59.64 ± 9.33 and the control group II – 57.5 (7.83). There was a strong positive association between the incidence of ulcerative colitis and the risk of colorectal cancer ( P < .01). Among obese subjects, the risk of developing colorectal cancer was 1.27 (95% CI, 1.06–1.53) compared with nonobese subjects. A strong positive relationship was found between low physical activity converted to metabolic equivalent of MET effort per week and the risk of colorectal cancer ( P < .001). The relative risk for current smokers was 2.17 (95% CI 1.79–2.66). There was an association between higher fat consumption and higher red meat consumption and the risk of developing colorectal cancer ( P < .01). Conclusions Obesity, low physical activity, active and passive smoking and high salt and red meat consumption have been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. These findings provide further evidence of the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

(1) Background: As the literature analysis shows, cancer patients experience a variety of different needs. Each patient reacts differently to the hardships of the illness. Assessment of needs allows providing more effective support, relevant to every person&rsquo, s individual experience, and is necessary for setting priorities for resource allocation, for planning and conducting holistic care, i.e., care designed to improve a patient&rsquo, s quality of life in a significant way. (2) Patients and Methods: A population survey was conducted between 2018 and 2020. Cancer patients, as well as their caregivers, received an invitation to take part in the research, so their problems and needs could be assessed. (3) Results: The study involved 800 patients, 78% women and 22% men. 66% of the subjects were village residents, while 34%&mdash, city residents. The mean age of patients was 62 years, SD = 11.8. The patients received proper treatment within the public healthcare. The surveyed group of caregivers was 88% women and 12% men, 36% village residents and 64% city residents. Subjects were averagely 57 years old, SD 7.8. At the time of diagnosis, the subjects most often felt anxiety, despair, depression, feelings of helplessness (46%, 95% CI: 40&ndash, 48). During illness and treatment, the subjects most often felt fatigued (79%, 95% CI: 70&ndash, 80). Analysis of needs showed that 93% (95% CI: 89&ndash, 97) of patients experienced a certain level of need for help in one or more aspects. (4) Conclusions: Patients diagnosed with cancer have a high level of unmet needs, especially in terms of psychological support and medical information. Their caregivers also experience needs and concerns regarding the disease. Caregivers should be made aware of the health consequences of cancer and consider appropriate supportive care for their loved ones.

Background: Life-quality tests are the basis for assessing the condition of oncological patients. They allow for obtaining valuable information from the patients regarding not only the symptoms of disease and adverse effects of the treatment but also assessment of the psychological, social and spiritual aspects. Taking into account assessment of the quality of life made by the patient in the course of disease has a positive effect on the well-being of patients, their families and their caregivers as well as on satisfaction with the interdisciplinary and holistic oncological care. Methods: A population-based, multi-area cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with cancer in the study in order to assess their life quality. The method used in the study was a clinical interview. Quality of life was measured using the EQ-5D-5L Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Karnofsky Performance Status, our own symptom checklist, Edmonton Symptom Assessment and Visual Analogue Scale. Results: In the subjective assessment of fitness, after using the Karnofsky fitness index, it was shown that 28% (95% CI (confidence interval): 27&ndash, 30) of patients declared the ability to perform normal physical activity. In the assessment the profile, quality of life and psychometric properties of EQ-5D-5L, it was shown that patients had the most severe problems in terms of self-care (81%, 95% CI: 76&ndash, 89) and feeling anxious and depressed (63%, 95% CI: 60&ndash, 68). Conclusions: Cancer undoubtedly has a negative impact on the quality of life of patients, which is related to the disease process itself, the treatment used and the duration of the disease.

Background: Despite the stability of global vaccination coverage, over 19 million children worldwide do not currently receive basic vaccines. Over the past several years, there has been a dramatic drop in the number of vaccinated children worldwide. The implementation of the vaccination program and the scope of protection depend on the parents or legal guardians, who decide whether to vaccinate their child or not. Studies were conducted to assess parents&rsquo, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about vaccines, as well as the role of healthcare providers in parents&rsquo, decisions. Methods: A population survey was conducted in 2018&ndash, 2019. Parents or legal guardians of the children were invited to participate in the study during their visits to the clinic for healthy or sick children. The method used in the research was a diagnostic survey. Results: According to the conducted research, men and women constituted 45% and 55% of participants, respectively. The average age of men was 44, while, for women, it was 41. Internal research showed that as much as 71% of parents declared the need for vaccination, although 41% of parents vaccinated their children according to the vaccination calendar. The most frequently mentioned concerns included the possibility of adverse vaccination reactions (22%), the occurrence of autism (7%), and child death (6%). General practitioners had, by far, the greatest impact on the use of protective vaccination in children (73% women and 80% men), although there were cases of discouraging the performance of compulsory vaccinations (41%), and mentioning a doctor (38%) or nurse (3%). Conclusions: Modifiable determinants of the negative attitude toward vaccinations are caused mainly by the lack of knowledge. These obstacles in vaccinations can be overcome by improving health education in terms of the vaccination program.

Introduction Every year there is an increase in the number of cases and deaths due to the majority of cancers. Currently, these diseases constitute the second cause of death in Poland and the USA. The number of cases of malignant neoplasms in Poland has more than doubled over the last three decades. According to the National Cancer Registry, in Poland about 95.5 people per thousand die every year from malignant neoplasms. Current epidemiological data on cancer is worrying because the World Health Organization predicts a significant increase in the incidence of cancer in the general population. This problem, which is significant on the global scale, demands the search for more effective prevention methods so that more and more attention is paid to both primary and secondary prevention. Prevention and early detection of cancer have become a priority for the national health policy of many European countries. Numerous studies around the world prove that reducing the risk of cancer is most effective through adopting a healthy lifestyle, avoiding exposure to carcinogens, combined with regular screening. Objective The aim of the study was to review knowledge on cancer prevention, including the latest research results. Conclusions Due to the systematic increase in the incidence of cancer, a strong emphasis should be placed on prevention. Preventive actions bring benefits not only to the individual, but are an important aspect of health policy. The importance of primary prevention in relation to healthy people has been demonstrated, including secondary prevention aimed at controlling risk factors in relation to persons exposed to them. The combination of these activities becomes an important element in maintaining the health of the individual, as well as society.

Tellurite glass systems modified by addition of aluminum fluoride AlF3 have been successfully synthesized as host matrices for optically active rare earth ions RE3+ (RE3+ = Eu3+, Dy3+). Samples with different Eu3+ to Dy3+ molar ratio have been studied in order to determine possibility of white light emission via UV excitation. Structural investigations confirmed amorphous character of materials whereas spectroscopic studies brought more insight into glass network's nature. FTIR results shown presence of two features related to tellurite glass matrix (in 490–935 cm−1 spectral region) and another one (940-1250 cm−1) due to aluminum addition. Especially, Al-O and Te-O-Al bonds of AlO4 tetrahedrons have been found. AlO4 units are considered as glass formers that improve network's strength and thermal resistivity against devitrification. Based on XPS studies of Al3+ photoelectron band the existence of Al-O and also Al-F bonds have been examined. Moreover, signals originating from Eu3+ and Dy3+ have been found confirming their valence state. Luminescence results revealed possibility of simultaneous UV excitation of Eu3+ and Dy3+ ions. Excitation with λexc = 390 and 393 nm resulted in white light generation starting from warm white to neutral and cool white depending on Eu3+ concentration and used excitation wavelength. Additionally, increase of decay lifetime of Eu3+ induced by Al3+ presence have been revealed based on luminescence decay analysis. Thus, tellurite glass systems modified by AlF3 and doped with Eu3+/Dy3+ may be considered as promising candidates for white light emitting sources.

Tellurite glass systems of 73TeO2-4BaO-3Bi2O3-1Ag:xEu2O3-(2-x)Dy2O3 (where x = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 in molar ratio) composition have been successfully synthesized. In order to acquire Ag nanoparticles, materials have been heat treated at 350 °C in the air atmosphere. Structural properties of obtained samples were evaluated with various techniques. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements indicated that obtained materials are amorphous in nature. UV–vis results presented transitions characteristic to Dy3+ and Eu3+ ions. Additionally, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated the presence of silver in metallic form. Photoluminescence measurements shown influence of Ag nanoparticles on emission characteristics. Simultaneous emission of Dy3+ and Eu3+ has been observed when samples were excited with λexc = 390 nm. Change of the emission color induced by heat treatment has been observed and described in case of x = 1 glass series. According to CIE results emission color changes as Eu/Dy ratio and heat treatment time are changed. Emission shifts from reddish-orange to yellowish white color. Obtained photoluminescence results confirm that synthesized materials are good candidates for color tunable phosphors.

Structural and thermal properties of $$x\hbox {MnO}-(100-x)\hbox {B}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}$$ (where $$x=40$$ , 50 and 60 mol%) glass samples have been investigated with the employment of various techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed the influence of MnO on glass matrix. Decrease of B–O bond-related band intensities has been observed. MnO addition was found to introduce broken [ $$\hbox {BO}_{2}\hbox {O}^{-}$$ ] $$_{{n}}$$ chains. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements presented decreasing $$T_{\mathrm{g}}$$ that indicates depolymerization of glass matrix in the considered compositional range. Moreover, thermal stability (TS) parameter has been evaluated using the DSC technique. It slightly decreased with MnO content. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results provided the evidence for $$\hbox {Mn}^{2+}$$ and $$\hbox {Mn}^{3+}$$ presence. Multiplet splitting, close to that of MnO, has been observed. It has been concluded that most of the manganese ions existed in the divalent state. Photoluminescence study revealed that manganese ions are tetragonally co-ordinated in a glassy matrix.

The GeO 2 -PbO-Bi 2 O 3 -SrF 2 (GePbBiSr) glass systems doped with Eu 3 + , Tb 3 + , Tm 3 + and triply-doped with Eu 3 + /Tb 3 + /Tm 3 + ions were successfully synthesized. Their structural and luminescent properties have been investigated with various techniques. Obtained results indicate that these glass systems are suitable materials for the RE 3 + ions hosts. RE 3 + ions can be excited by single UV light wavelength (355/378/395 nm) and simultaneously emit red, green and blue light originating from Eu 3 + , Tb 3 + and Tm 3 + transitions. Emission color changes from bluish-purple for 355 nm excitation to white when irradiated with 378 nm and 395 nm. The GePbBiSr glass triply-doped by Eu 3 + /Tb 3 + /Tm 3 + ions could be a potential candidate for white LED applications.

Eu3+ doped tellurite glass ceramics containing SrF2 nanocrystals were prepared using melt quenching technique and subsequent heat treatment of glass in 370 °C for different time periods. Thermal properties of glass matrix have been determined based on DSC measurements. XRD and XPS results confirmed formation of SrF2 nanocrystals in glass matrices after annealing at 370 °C. FTIR studies revealed absorption bands in the range of 500–850 cm−1 characteristic to TeO2 glasses. Obtained materials exhibited emission originated from the 5DJ (J = 0–2) to the 7FJ (J = 0–4) transitions of Eu3+ ions under 395 and 465 nm excitations. TRES measurements indicated presence of two different surroundings of the Eu3+ ions. In glass ceramics samples longer lifetimes of 615 nm emission of Eu3+ were achieved in comparison to the precursor glass.

The Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Chapter of the Association of Polish Surgeons (Polish acronym: SCMiB TCHP) is a Polish specialist scientific society representing bariatric surgeons as well as specialists from other disciplines and professions cooperating with them during the provision of services in the field of bariatric and metabolic surgery, as well as the entire care process before and after surgery. The following standards constitute the minimum requirements set by the SCMiB TCHP for good practice of the basic process of bariatric care throughout its entire period, which ensure satisfactory safety and effectiveness of the obesity treatment and its metabolic complications.

The cancerous process is result of disturbed cell function. This is due to the accumulation of many genetic and epigenetic changes within the cell, expressed in the accumulation of chromosomal or molecular aberrations, which leads to genetic instability. It is difficult to assess the validity of individual aetiological factors, but it can be concluded that interaction of various risk factors has the largest contribution to the cancer development. Environmental, exogenous and endogenous factors as well as individual factors, including genetic predisposition contribute to the development of cancer. Epidemiological research on the development of malignant tumors has focused over the years on the determinants of environmental and genetic factors of cancer incidence and mortality rate. According to current state of knowledge, 80–90% of malignant tumors are caused by external environmental factors (carcinogens). Epidemiological studies have proved that the main factors responsible for the development of malignant neoplasia among humans are environmental factors arising from human behaviour. It has been confirmed that smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, diet, and reproductive behaviour are important for the development of malignant neoplasia in the human population. According to the World Health Organization, in 2020 we may expect about 10 million deaths, including 7–8 million in the developing countries, while this number in the developed countries will not change and will be 2–3 million. The aim this study was systematization of knowledge concerning the risk factors of malignant tumours and supplementing them with the latest research results.

The low-phonon energy tellurite glasses TeO2-BaO-Bi2O3 and TeO2-BaO-Bi2O3-AlF3 triply doped with Eu3+, Tb3+, Tm3+ ions in two different molar ratios were synthesized using melt-quenching technique. Their structure and luminescence properties were widely investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (PL). The luminescence spectra of Eu3+, Tb3+, Tm3+ co-doped glasses show apart of the bands corresponding to the 4f-4f transitions of lanthanide ions also band corresponding to glass matrix. AlF3 doping increases emission intensity, although to improve overall emission color further studies on molar composition of samples and the molar ratio of the components should be carried out.

This current study examined patients with severe chronic heart failure (CHF) in order to ascertain the held vitamin D, based on an assessment of calcidiol [25(OH)D] concentration. It also identified and evaluated possible correlations between 25(OH)D level and the concentration of total calcium, inorganic phosphates and creatinine concentration in their serum. Herein, venous blood samples were taken from 36 patients with CHF. Diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiographic, as well as by electrocardiographic examinations. In this work, the control group consisted of 41 randomly selected healthy individuals. The results of our study showed that CHF patients had significantly lower concentration of 25(OH)D, as well as total calcium and inorganic phosphates. Moreover, mean creatinine concentration was higher, in comparison to the control group, but did not exhibit statistical significance. As calcium-phosphate homeostasis is regulated by numerous factors, including PTH, neurohormonal factors and calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D), it is possible that vitamin D deficiency may play a significant role in the pathomechanism of CHF, and a lowered 25(OH)D level may be related to progression of the disease.

Rowing is a sport discipline, which requires extreme physical strength and endurance and appropriate aerobic and anaerobic capacity as well. However, when the workout intensity and load is very high, exercise is associated with temporary changes in cellular metabolism and the immune system. The study included one male rower aged 28 years - the highly-skilled and experienced athlete. We determined basic cardiorespiratory fitness measures, complete blood count, and 24 clinical chemistry parameters including relevant biochemical and haematological parameters and matrix metaloproteinases activities. Maximal exercise on the rowing ergometer induced 2-fold increase in absolute counts of all leukocytes subsets. There was observed an increase in C-reactive protein concentrations as well. MMP-9 activity increased 1,3-fold compared to the baseline value. Exhaustive exercise caused significant changes in creatinine and urea serum levels, but the most prominent changes were found in total and direct bilirubin concentrations. Maximal exercise induced also a decrease in the iron and magnesium levels. No changes in ALT, GGT and ALP activity were observed, while increase in CK, AST and LDH activity in post-exercise time and the decrease during the recovery was found. Therefore acute specialized movement on the rowing ergometer is not the cause of muscular damage, but rather indicate efficient adaptation to the physical exercise. Moreover, it seems that maximal exercise induces an inflammatory response characterized by greater count of all subpopulations of leukocytes, elevated levels of CRP and MMP-9 serum activity.

Lewandowska Anna, Lewandowski Tomasz, Laskowska Barbara. Education system and exposure to stress and the sense of satisfaction of nursing students. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2018;8(02):127-134. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1172148 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5275 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/854700 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part b item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eissn 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2018; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.01.2018. Revised: 10.01.2018. Accepted: 12.02.2018. Education system and exposure to stress and the sense of satisfaction of nursing students System kształcenia a narażenie na stres i poczucie satysfakcji studentów pielęgniarstwa Anna Lewandowska1, Tomasz Lewandowski2, Barbara Laskowska1 1Institute of Healthcare, State School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław, address: Czarnieckiego Street 16, 37-500 Jaroslaw 2Institute of Technical Engineering State School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław, address: Czarnieckiego Street 16, 37-500 Jaroslaw 1Instytut Ochrony Zdrowia, Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna w Jarosławiu, ul. Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jarosław 2Instytut Inżynierii Technicznej Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna w Jarosławiu, ul. Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jarosław Contact address: dr n. med. Anna Lewandowska ul. Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jarosław phone: 698757926; e-mail: am.lewandowska@poczta.fm Streszczenie Wprowadzenie: Zjawisko stresu zawodowego bardzo często można spotkać już podczas procesu kształcenia wśród studentów pielęgniarstwa. Bardzo duża liczba godzin nauki praktycznej, kontakt z rzeczywistym środowiskiem leczenia, stanowi takie same zagrożenia jak w przypadku osób będących już w zawodzie. Stres, który może mieć wymiar chroniczny, stwarza ryzyko braku satysfakcji z podjętej decyzji oraz błędów medycznych popełnianych przez studentów. Satysfakcja z podjętej decyzji o wykonywanym zawodzie jest czynnikiem wielowymiarowym, obejmującym wartości psychospołeczne związane z pracą. Cel pracy: Celem pracy jest ocena poziomu stresu wśród studentów pielęgniarstwa podczas procesu kształcenia praktycznego oraz analiza poziomu satysfakcji z podjętego wyboru zawodowego. Materiał i metoda: Badaniem objęto 200 osób będących studentami kierunku pielęgniarstwo, kończących trzyletni okres edukacji. Dobór respondentów był losowy. Badaną grupę stanowiło 100% kobiet w wieku 23-45 lat, zamieszkujących tereny miejskie (48%) oraz wiejskie (52%). Metoda badawcza: Metodą badawczą wykorzystaną w pracy był sondaż diagnostyczny. Użyte narzędzie badawcze to kwestionariusz ankiety własnej. Wyniki: Podjęcie kształcenia na kierunku pielęgniarstwo przez badanych było spowodowane potrzebą pomagania innym (46%), było kwestią przypadku (25%), kontynuacją rodzinnych tradycji (3%), a także możliwością ciągłego kontaktu z ludźmi (8%). Ponad połowa badanych (56%) jest zadowolona z podjętej decyzji. Respondentki podczas pracy z pacjentem czują się potrzebne (65%), wyczerpane psychicznie (43%), wyczerpane fizycznie (34%), zmęczone (20%), dowartościowane (20%), zadowolone z życia (18%), wypalone (10%), sfrustrowane (8%). Swobodnie o swoich odczuciach może mówić jedynie 7% badanych, pozostałe respondentki obawiają się złej opinii nauczyciela (87%), zespołu terapeutycznego (90%). Zdecydowanie do pracy za granicę wyjechałoby 40% ankietowanych. Wnioski: Najczęstsze przyczyny stresu zawodowego to odpowiedzialność za ludzkie życie oraz śmierć pacjenta. Badani rzadko poszukują wsparcia wśród nauczycieli zawodu. Słowa kluczowe: system kształcenia, stres, studenci pielęgniarstwa Summary Introduction: The phenomenon of occupational stress can very often be found during the education process among nursing students. A very large number of hours of practical training, contact with the real treatment environment, constitute the same threats as in the case of people already in the profession. Stress, which can have a chronic dimension, poses a risk of dissatisfaction with the decision made and medical mistakes made by students. Satisfaction with the decision made about the profession is a multidimensional factor, including psychosocial values related to work. Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the level of stress among nursing students during the practical education process and to analyze the level of satisfaction with the professional choice made. Material and method: The study covered 200 people who are nursing students graduating from the three-year education period. The selection of respondents was random. The study group consisted of 100% women aged 23-45, living in urban areas (48%) and rural (52%). Research method: The research method used in the work was a diagnostic survey. The research tool used is a self-help questionnaire. Results: The nursing education by the respondents was caused by the need to help others (46%), was a matter of chance (25%), a continuation of family traditions (3%), and the possibility of constant contact with people (8%). Over half of the respondents (56%) are satisfied with the decision made. The respondents feel needed during work with the patient (65%), mentally exhausted (43%), physically exhausted (34%), tired (20%), valued (20%), satisfied with life (18%), burned out (10%) %), frustrated (8%). Only 7% of respondents can talk about their feelings, the remaining respondents are afraid of the teacher's poor opinion (87%) and the therapeutic team (90%). 40% of respondents would definitely go to work abroad. Conclusions: The most common causes of occupational stress are the responsibility for human life and the death of the patient. The respondents rarely seek support among teachers of the profession. Keywords: education system, stress, nursing students

Lewandowska Anna, Misiąg Anna, Lewandowski Tomasz, Laskowska Barbara. Standards of analgesic treatment versus hospital practice. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(7):160-169. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.825215 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4598 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.06.2017. Revised: 02.07.2017. Accepted: 10.07.2017. Standardy leczenia przeciwbólowego a praktyka szpitalna Standards of analgesic treatment versus hospital practice Anna Lewandowska1, Anna Misiąg1, Tomasz Lewandowski2, Barbara Laskowska1 1Instytut Ochrony Zdrowia, Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna w Jarosławiu, ul. Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jarosław 2Instytut Inżynierii Technicznej Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna w Jarosławiu, ul. Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jarosław 1Institute of Healthcare, State School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław, address: Czarnieckiego Street 16, 37-500 Jaroslaw 2Institute of Technical Engineering State School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław, address: Czarnieckiego Street 16, 37-500 Jaroslaw Słowa kluczowe: ból, choroba nowotworowa, standardy Key words: pain, neoplastic disease, standards Contact address: dr n. med. Anna Lewandowska ul. Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jarosław phone: 698757926; e-mail: am.lewandowska@poczta.fm Streszczenie Wprowadzenie: Leczenie bólu jest fundamentalnym prawem pacjenta. Nowoczesna medycyna coraz lepiej poznaje mechanizm i istotę bólu, dysponując coraz to skuteczniejszymi środkami terapeutycznymi, pozwalającymi kontrolować ból. Wielokierunkowe leczenie bólu wykorzystuje różne techniki i leki, pozwala zmaksymalizować efekt przeciwbólowy przy jednoczesnej redukcji działań niepożądanych każdej z metod. Cel pracy: Celem pracy jest ocena stosowania standardów leczenia przeciwbólowego w praktyce szpitalnej. Materiał i metoda: Badaniem objęto 100 pacjentów z bólem ostrym poddanych zabiegom operacyjnym chirurgicznym i ortopedycznym oraz z bólem przewlekłym przebywających w oddziale neurologicznym. Dobór pacjentów był losowy, obejmował pacjentów szpitala na terenie województwa podkarpackiego z certyfikatem „Szpital bez Bólu”. Badaną grupę stanowiło 57% kobiet oraz 43% mężczyzn, zamieszkujących tereny miejskie (44%) oraz wiejskie (56%). Metodą badawczą wykorzystaną w pracy jest sondaż diagnostyczny, analiza dokumentacji oraz pomiar bólu. Wyniki: 42% pacjentów odczuwa ból z przerwami, według 37% trudno określić jak często występują u nich dolegliwości bólowe, natomiast 21% w sposób ciągły odczuwa dolegliwości bólowe. Pacjenci ocenili swój ból jako ostry (26%), ból trudny do określenia (20%), ból rwący (16%), piekący (15%), ból promieniujący (10%), tępy (8%), kłujący (3%) i pojawiający się przy dotknięciu (2%). Oceniając natężenie bólu, 53% respondentów stwierdziło, że odczuwają średnie natężenie bólu, 33% ból o dużym natężeniu. O możliwościach oraz o ewentualnych metodach uśmierzania bólu pooperacyjnego najczęściej pacjentów informują pielęgniarki na sali pooperacyjnej (54%), lekarz anestezjolog (26%). Wnioski: Ból ogranicza funkcjonowanie fizyczne pacjenta. Stosowane skale VAS i VRS pięciostopniowe są wystarczające w profilaktyce i łagodzeniu bólu, ale nie w pełni czytelne i zrozumiałe dla wszystkich pacjentów. Edukacja pacjenta w dużej mierze wpływa na poziom świadomości i umiejętności oceny bólu. Summary Introduction: Pain remedying is a fundamental patient law. Modern medicine is acknowledging the mechanism and the warp of pain, commanding more efficient therapeutic means allowing to control the pain. Multidirectional pain therapy uses variable techniques and medicines which enables to maximize the analgesic effect during the reduction of side effects of each method. Objective: Evaluation of applying standards of analgesic treatment in hospital practice. Material and methods: There were 100 people with severe pain who underwent surgical and orthopedic treatment, as well as, the ones with chronic pain, staying in neurological ward who took part in the examination. Choice of examined patients was random and embraced hospitals patients in the Podkarpackie voivodeship with “Szpital bez Bólu” (eng.: Hospital without pain) certificate. Examined group comprised of : 57% of women and 44% of men, living in rural (56%) and urban (44%) area. Research methods used in the examinations, were diagnostic opinion poll, records analysis and pain measurements. Results: 42 % of patients can feel the pain intermittently, 37% is not able to estimate how often do pain ailments occur, however, 21% of people suffer from chronic pain ailments. Patients have estimated their pain as follows: severe (26%), difficult to determine (20%), shooting (16%), burning (15%), radiating (10%), dull (8%), stinging (3%) and the one which appears when touched (2%). Having estimated the pain intensity, 53% of respondents claimed that they feel medium pain intensity and 33% claimed to have felt great pain. Nurses in the post-op (54%) and anesthesiologist (26%) are the one, to inform patient about possibilities and eventual methods of post-operative pain management. Conclusions: Pain limits physical functioning of patient. Five-stage scales included in the examination, were VAS and VRS which are sufficient in prophylaxis and pain alleviation but not entirely readable and understandable for all patients. Education of patient influences on the awareness and abilities of evaluating the pain.

Lewandowska Anna, Boguń Ewelina, Lewandowski Tomasz, Laskowska Barbara. Cancer pain and patient life quality. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(5):143-153. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.573093 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4451 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.04.2017. Revised: 06.04.2017. Accepted: 09.05.2017. Ból nowotoworowy a jakośc życia pacjentów Cancer pain and patient life quality Anna Lewandowska1, Ewelina Boguń1, Tomasz Lewandowski2, Barbara Laskowska1 1Instytut Ochrony Zdrowia, Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna w Jarosławiu, ul. Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jarosław 2Instytut Inżynierii Technicznej Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna w Jarosławiu, ul. Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jarosław 1Institute of Healthcare, State School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław, address: Czarnieckiego Street 16, 37-500 Jaroslaw 2Institute of Technical Engineering State School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław, address: Czarnieckiego Street 16, 37-500 Jaroslaw Słowa kluczowe: ból, choroba nowotworowa, jakość życia Key words: pain, neoplastic disease, quality of life Contact address: dr n. med. Anna Lewandowska ul. Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jarosław phone: 698757926; e-mail: am.lewandowska@poczta.fm Streszczenie Wprowadzenie: Ból jest jednym z najbardziej uciążliwych objawów choroby nowotworowej. Określenie bólu nowotworowego, zgodnie ze światową tradycją odnosi się do bólów wywołanych procesem nowotworowym lub powstałych w wyniku leczenia. W chorobie nowotworowej ból odczuwa około 50% chorych, a w okresie zaawansowanym choroby nawet 75%. Ból nowotworowy został uznany za główną somatyczną determinantę jakości życia, przyczyniając się do obniżenia sprawności fizycznej, zawodowej i społecznej ze względu na długi i nieprzerwany okres trwania. Cel pracy: Celem pracy jest ocena jakości życia pacjentów w trakcie terapii przeciwbólowej. z powodu choroby nowotworowej. Materiał i metoda: Badaniem objęto 100 pacjentów z rozpoznaną chorobą nowotworową, 64% kobiet oraz 36% mężczyzn, w wieku 28-79 lat, średnia wieku 52 lata, zamieszkujących tereny miejskie (73%) oraz wiejskie (27%). Metodą badawczą wykorzystaną w pracy jest sondaż diagnostyczny, analiza dokumentacji oraz pomiar bólu. Użyte narzędzia badawcze to skala VAS, NRS, kwestionariusz QLQ-C30 oraz kwestionariusz ankiety własnej. Wyniki: W wymiarze sensorycznym, 32% badanych określało swój ból jako ostry, 26% jako ból silny, 20% łagodny, zaś 17% jako ból umiarkowany. W wymiarze emocjonalnym 19% respondentów określało ból jako wyczerpujący, męczący. Oceniając natężenie bólu skalą VAS wykazano, iż najwięcej respondentów (55%) odczuwało ból w stopniu umiarkowanym, 23% odczuło ból łagodny, 3% ból silny, 2% ból bardzo silny, zaś 17% badanych nie odczuwało bólu. Dla 43% ankietowanych ból wpływa na ich jakość życia w średnim stopniu, dla 26% w dużym stopniu, zaś 31% respondentów uważa, że ból w niskim stopniu wpływa na ich jakość życia. Z powodu choroby kłopoty finansowe wystąpiły u 77% badanych, ograniczenie kontaktów społecznych i rodzinnych u 57% ankietowanych. Wnioski: Jakość życia chorych na nowotwór pogarsza się wraz z występowaniem bólu nowotworowego. Leczenie bólu ma pozytywny wpływ na jakość życia osób chorych na nowotwór. Występowanie bólu nowotworowego ma istotny wpływ na życie w sferach społecznych oraz funkcjonowanie i pełnienie ról społecznych. Summary Introduction: Pain is one of the most burdensome symptoms of cancer disease. Assessing cancer pain, according to world tradition, relates to pain induced in cancer process or arised as a result of therapy. While having a cancer, pain is felt by 50% of diseased and felt even by 75% when advanced stadium of cancer. Cancer pain was considered as main somatic determinant of life quality, contributing to lowering of physical, professional and social activity, due to long and continous period. Objective: Aim of the examination is assessment of quality of life, during pain therapy caused by cancer disease. Material and methods: 100 of patient, took part in the examination with diagnosed cancer disease, 64% of women and 36% of men, aged 28-79 years old and average age was 52 years, residing urban (73%) and rural (27%) area. Testing methods used in the examination, were: diagnostic questionnaire , documentation analysis and pain measurement. Tools used in the research, were: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), QLQ-C30 questionnaire as well as self survey questionnaire. Results: In sensory dimension, 32% of respondents specified their pain as severe, 26% as intense, 20% as mild, however 17% described their pain as moderate. In emotional dimension, 19% of interviewees, described their pain as exhaustive and tiring. When assessing pain intensity with VAS scale, it was indicated that, majority of respondents (55%) had felt moderate pain, 23% mild pain, 3% intense pain, 2% agonizing pain, though, 17% of respondents had not felt pain. For 43% of respondents, pain influence their life quality in average degree, for 26% of interviewees, pain influence their quality of life to a great extent, however 31% claim that pain affect their quality of life to a small degree. Because of disease, financial difficulties occured among 77% of respondents, as well as, social and family contacts reduction, occured amid 57% of interviewees. Conclusions: Life quality of people with cancer is getting worse as cancer pain occurs. Pain therapy, has positive impact on life quality of those suffering with cancer. Occurence of cancer pain, has significant impact on life in social sphere, as well as, functioning and playing social role.

Lewandowska Anna, Kostkiewicz Marta, Lewandowski Tomasz, Laskowska Barbara. The analysis of incidence of risk factors of neoplastic diseases among patients with a diagnosed neoplastic disease. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(4):369-391. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.495512 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4384 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.03.2017. Revised 27.03.2017. Accepted: 07.04.2017. Analiza występowania czynników ryzyka chorób nowotworowych wśród osób z rozpoznaną chorobą nowotworową The analysis of incidence of risk factors of neoplastic diseases among patients with a diagnosed neoplastic disease Anna Lewandowska1, Marta Kostkiewicz1, Tomasz Lewandowski2, Barbara Laskowska1 1Instytut Ochrony Zdrowia, Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna w Jarosławiu, ul. Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jarosław 2Instytut Inżynierii Technicznej Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna w Jarosławiu, ul. Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jarosław 1Institute of Healthcare, State School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław, address: Czarnieckiego Street 16, 37-500 Jaroslaw 2Institute of Technical Engineering State School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław, address: Czarnieckiego Street 16, 37-500 Jaroslaw Słowa kluczowe: czynniki ryzyka, choroba nowotworowa Key words: risk factors, neoplastic disease Contact address: dr n. med. Anna Lewandowska ul. Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jarosław phone: 698757926; e-mail: am.lewandowska@poczta.fm Streszczenie Wprowadzenie: Zagrożenie chorobami nowotworami wśród populacji na całym świecie, stale wzrasta. Dzięki bazie danych GLOBACAN działającej pod patronatem Międzynarodowej Organizacji Walki z Rakiem stwierdzono, iż do 2002 roku wykryto na świecie 10 mln 900 tys. nowych przypadków zachorowań na nowotwory złośliwe oraz 6700 tys. zgonów z ich powodu. Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia prognozuje, że w 2020 roku z powodu nowotworów wystąpi około 10 milionów zgonów, z tego 7-8 milionów w państwach rozwijających się, w trakcie gdy ich liczba w państwach uprzemysłowionych nie ulegnie zmianie i wyniesie 2-3 miliony. Najczęściej występującym nowotworem na świecie jest rak płuc. Obejmuje on 12,4% wszystkich wykrytych nowotworów. Przeprowadzone badania epidemiologiczne wyodrębniły, że podstawowymi czynnikami odpowiedzialnymi za rozwój nowotworów złośliwych wśród ludzi, są te czynniki środowiskowe, które biorą się z ludzkich zachowań. Cel pracy: Celem pracy jest analiza występowania czynników ryzyka choroby nowotworowej wśród pacjentów z rozpoznaną chorobą onkologiczną. Materiał i metody: Badaniami objęto 500 pacjentów oddziału onkologii. Ponad połowę, bo 58% stanowiły kobiety, pozostała część, czyli 42% mężczyźni. W celu pozyskania materiału badań w pracy wykorzystano standaryzowany arkusz badania podmiotowego pozwalający na ocenę oraz analizę występowania czynników ryzyka chorób nowotworowych. Wyniki: Najczęściej rozpoznawanym nowotworem w populacji kobiet jest rak piersi (20%), w populacji mężczyzn najczęściej występuje rak prostaty (10%). 20% kobiet i 10% mężczyzn mieszkało w pobliżu linii wysokiego napięcia. 11% kobiet paliło papierosy czynnie zaś 6% paliło w sposób bierny, w grupie mężczyzn 18% paliło czynnie, 5% biernie. Wnioski: Najczęściej występującym nowotworem u kobiet jest rak piersi, a u mężczyzn rak prostaty. Palenie papierosów u kobiet nie ma znacznego wpływu na powstanie nowotworu, natomiast u mężczyzn palenie papierosów ma znaczny wpływ na powstanie nowotworu. Występowanie nadwagi i otyłości ma znaczny wpływ na powstanie nowotworu u kobiet, natomiast u mężczyzn nadwaga i otyłość ma nieznaczny wpływ na powstanie nowotworu. Summary Introduction: Risk of neoplastic diseases in the whole world’s population has been increasing regularly. Thanks to the GLOBACAN data base operating under the auspices of the International Union Against Cancer it has been reported that up to 2002 10,900,000 of new cases of cancer were diagnosed and 6,700 deaths were reported. According to the World Health Organization, in 2020 we may expect about 10 million deaths, including 7-8 millions in the developing countries, while this number in the developed countries will not change and will be 2-3 million. The world’s most frequently occurring tumour is lung cancer. It accounts for 12.4% of all tumours diagnosed. According to the epidemiological research, the basic factors responsible for cancer development among people are those environmental factors that result from humans’ behaviour. Objective: The objective is to analyze the occurrence of risk factors of a neoplastic disease among patients with a diagnosed oncological disease. Material and methods: The research involved 500 patients of the oncology department. Women accounted for more than a half of all patients, namely 58%, while men 42%. In order to obtain the research material, a standardized questionnaire has been applied, including interview and physical examination, enabling assessment and analysis of occurrence of cancer risk factors. Results: The most frequently diagnosed tumour among women is breast cancer (20%), while among men the most frequently occurring is prostate cancer (10%). 20% of women and 10% of men lived near high-voltage line. 11% of women were active smokers while 6% passive smokers. When it comes to men, 18% were active smokers, while 5% passive smokers. Conclusions: The most frequent cancer among women is breast cancer, while among men prostate cancer. Smoking does not have a significant influence on cancer development in women, however, it has a significant influence on cancer development in men. Overweight and obesity have a significant influence on cancer development in women, while they have insignificant influence on cancer development in men.

TeO2-BaO-Bi2O3-Ag glass systems (TBB) co-doped with terbium and europium ions have been successfully synthesized through conventional melt-quenching technique. Heat treatment procedure at 350 °C has been conducted in order to synthesize silver nanoparticles embedded in TBB glass matrix. Structural measurements involved XRD studies that revealed no crystallization of glass structure after heat treatment at elevated temperatures. TEM measurements revealed successful silver nanoparticles synthesis after annealing for 24 h. Mean size of nanoparticles was determined and equaled approximately 50 nm for exemplary heat treated sample. UV-VIS study shown characteristic features of terbium and europium ions as well as LSPR band at approximately 550 nm. Photoluminescence measurements presented the possibility of simultaneous excitation of Eu3+ and Tb3+ with single wavelength. Moreover, possible energy transfer between Tb3+ and Eu3+ is discussed. Lifetimes of europium and terbium excited states have been measured. Shift of the emission colour from red to yellowish white has been observed when europium to terbium ratio was being changed. Thus, synthesized samples exhibited very good colour tunability induced by the change of composition. Also, the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method has been applied to simulate electromagnetic field propagation through the selected sample.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the status of vitamin D in healthy subjects. Vitamin D level was determined on the basis of blood serum 25(OH)D concentrations, taking into account the time of blood collection and age. Moreover, it was to find correlations between serum concentrations of: 25(OH)D, calcium, inorganic phosphates and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The randomized study was carried out on a group of 40 healthy subjects. Each person had venous blood samples drawn twice: from 6 March, 2012 to 15 March, 2012 and from 25 June, 2012 to 6 July, 2012. The results found the majority of subjects had lowered serum 25(OH)D concentrations compared to the reference range determined in the winter months of little insolation and in the summer months of much insolation. In the summer the blood serum concentration of 25(OH)D and ALP activity were statistically significantly higher in comparison with the winter and spring. The concentration of 25(OH)D was not statistically significantly related to age, concentrations of Ca, inorganic phosphates and ALP activity.

Glass systems of 73TeO2-4BaO-3Bi2O3-2Eu2O3-xAg (in molar ratio where x = 0, 1, 2, and 3) compositions have been successfully synthesized. Silver nanoparticles were obtained with the employment of heat treatment (HT) procedure executed at 350°C. Glass transition temperatures of different compositions have been determined through DSC measurements. XRD results presented characteristic amorphous halo indicating lack of long range order in the samples. FTIR structural studies revealed that glass matrix is mainly composed of TeO3 and TeO4 species and is stable after different applied heat treatment times. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements confirmed that in selected samples part of Ag ions changed oxidation state to form Ag0 species. TEM measurements revealed nanoparticles of size in the range of 20–40 nm. UV-vis absorption results demonstrated characteristic transitions of Eu3+ ions. Additionally, UV-vis spectra of samples heat-treated for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours presented bands related to silver nanoparticles. Photoluminescence (PL) studies have been performed with excitation wavelength of λexc=395 nm. Obtained spectra exhibited peaks due to 5D0-7FJ (where J=2,3,4) and 5D1-7FJ (where J=1,2,3) transitions of Eu3+. Moreover, luminescence measurement indicated enhancement of rare earth ions emissions in several of the annealed samples. Increase of emission intensity of about 35% has been observed.

Certain applications require the concurrent consideration (and thus simulation) of phenomena from different physical disciplines, e.g., the fluid–structure interactions (FSI) where the flow has significant influence to the deformable boundary structure and vice versa. In this article, the co-simulation software MpCCI is described. It provides flexible algorithms and interfaces to couple different commercial and open-source software packages in order to solve multi-disciplinary simulation tasks. The capabilities in the area of FSI are shown in four distinct experiments. The MpCCI software package offers, on the one hand, a bi-directional coupling environment where specialized simulation tools from different software vendors can be combined at run-time. Moreover, MpCCI provides a file-based uni-directional data mapping. Both software products transfer data between not necessarily equal simulation discretizations. The underlying association and interpolation algorithms are described and the different bi-directional coupling strategies are explained. The results of an application of MpCCI in FSI problems are shown first in the HIRENASD benchmarks, which show good approximations to the measurements. Then a coupled simulation of a NACA airfoil is presented. The third example uses a fluid–structure coupling during a geometry optimization of an airfoil. The one-way mapping procedure is presented for the simulation of flow-induced vibrations of turbomachinery rotor blades.

Aerodynamic behavior of transpiration flows through perforated plates finds recently some attention again. In this paper we refer to previous research carried out within the EUROSHOCK projects in nineties (Doerffer and Bohning, 2000 [1] ). Those experiments were carried out on plates drilled with a help of lasers where the holes are of low quality, far from being cylindrical. Transpiration flow model proposed there introduced “aerodynamic perforation” which became an effective feature of a plate, instead of holeʼs dimensions. However, in literature there are attempts to use hole dimensions as means to characterize itʼs aerodynamic behavior (Poll and Danks, 1992 [3] ; Inger and Babinsky, 2000 [2] ). A question arises how all these approaches refer to the aerodynamics of plates with ideal cylindrical hole perforation. Such ideal cylindrical perforation is not achievable in experiment therefore it was decided to base our study on numerical methods. A data bank for different perforations and different holeʼs sizes was built by means of CFD simulations. This data bank was processed in the same way as previous experiments (Doerffer and Bohning, 2000 [1] ), allowing for verification of empirical model.

Motivation of this work has its origin in the boundary layer control for aeronautics and turbomachinery. For that purpose boundary layer can be modified by perforated plates with holes of specific sizes. The questions which rise in such configuration are related to the existence of optimal size of the holes and the influence of microscale phenomena on the global flow patterns. This paper concentrates on the issue of the entrance effects on the microchannel flow. It is shown that mass flow rate is only insignificantly influenced by slip effects. Global parameters such as pressure difference and geometrical shape in more pronounced way alter flow behavior. In this paper we concentrate on the numerical investigation of the microchannel flow for Kn < 0.01 and Re < 500. The channel length is finite. Hence, entrance and outlet effects on microchannel flow can be studied.

Specific features of oculomotor signal and availability of high-end measurement equipment, as well as using modern IT techniques and tools creates the possibility of automatic processing of this type of data and extensive use of developed algorithms. Analysis of such data is a tedious and complex process so computer processing of the oculomotor signal makes the process less time-consuming, more precise and effective. The article discusses data filtering and removing noise, detection of saccades and fixations and determination of characteristic oculomotor parameters and then analysis using neural networks (unidirectional, two-layer neural network with backpropagation learning method and Kohonen’s self-organising network) and application supporting the analysis process. The proposed test method allows registration of a view path followed by its automatic analysis to obtain objective parameters characterising the movement of the eyeball. The motor apparatus of the eyeball, due to its high sensitivity to changes in the body, can serve as a measure of general health.

This work presents the result of structure investigations of V2O5nanorods grown from thin films and powders prepared by sol-gel method. To examine the best temperature of nanorods crystallization, thin films deposited by spin-coating method on quartz glass or silicon substrates and bulk xerogel powders were annealed at various temperatures ranging from 100°C to 600°C. The structure of the samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction method (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mass spectroscopy (MS). The rod-like structure of V2O5was obtained at 600°C on both quartz glass and silicon substrates and also from the bulk xerogel. The growth process and the effect of annealing treatment on the nanostructure are briefly discussed.

This paper contains an extensive analysis of the flow in microholes based on an experimental investigation. Experiments of the gas flow past a perforated plate with microholes (110μm) were carried out. A wide range of pressure differences between the inlet and the outlet were investigated for that purpose. Two distinguishable flow regimes were obtained: the laminar flow with the slip effects and the turbulence transition regime for a very low Reynolds number. The results are in good agreement with the theory, simulations, experiments for large scale perforated plates, and compressible flows in microtubes. The relation between the mass flow rate and the Knudsen, Reynolds, and Mach numbers for the laminar and transitional regime was obtained. It is a quadratic function of the Reynolds and Knudsen numbers (ReKn) based on the hole's diameter. The value of the first order tangential momentum accommodation coefficient was estimated. It shows a strong relation to the inlet Knudsen number.

Contemporary armed conflicts are increasingly based on new technologies. These technologies enable to conduct hostilities from a distance, often eliminate the human factor from the battlefield. Nowadays, cyberspace created by the Internet allows to frame the idea of armed conflict outside the traditional recognition of the fight between belligerent armed forces. This article addresses issues of the direct participation of hostilities in cyberspace. In the first part it discusses technological development and its impact on the activation of the civil factor during armed conflicts. In the second part by analysing the current practice of cyber conflicts it refers to the concept of direct participation in hostilities and its constituent elements as a threshold of harm, direct causation, belligerent nexus at the cybernetic level. The third and final part examines the possibility of the loss of protection, in particular, it addresses the issues related to its temporal nature and the question of means and methods of attacking civilians involved in cyber warfare.

UNLABELLED Bariatric surgery is currently the only effective treatment option for morbidly obese patients. There has been observed a considerable disproportion between the number of procedures conducted in Poland and the number of patients requiring such treatment. There are no studies assessing bariatric knowledge among general practitioners who play crucial role in polish health care system. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of general practitioners regarding bariatric surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS An anonymous questionnaire conducted among 282 general practitioners in 2010-2011 during local educational conferences. The questionnaire consisted of 10 questions relating to fundamental issues of bariatric surgery. RESULTS Only one twelfth (8.1%) of the general practitioners questioned knows the indications for bariatric surgery, can apply them, and has epidemiological awareness. 61.5% of general practitioners know the surgical procedures used for the treatment of obesity, whereas 58% of them show the knowledge of surgical technique in which they are performed. Only 23% of general practitioners were aware that bariatric surgery decreases cancer risk. 92% of the participants noticed a necessity of education regarding the surgical treatment of obesity. CONCLUSIONS Bariatric knowledge among general practitioners is not adequate to scientific research results published during the last years. Most general practitioners who participated in our study are aware of that and are awaiting for educational programmes focused on this issue.

Due to the existence of a velocity slip and temperature jump on the solid walls, the heat transfer in microchannels significantly differs from the one in the macroscale. In our research, we have focused on the pressure driven gas flows in a simple finite microchannel geometry, with an entrance and an outlet, for low Reynolds (Re

Disability is one of the major problems of the contemporary world. There are new technical means, methods of work and education for people with disabilities, making it possible to use a computer. The aim of this work is to allow people with upper limb dysfunction to use a computer. This aim was implemented by creating a system controlled by moving the eyeball. The solution proposed by the authors is simple and effective. It is based on a safe method of recording eye movements and the software that is easy to expand and improve.

Motivation of this work has its origin in the boundary layer control for aeronautics and turbomachinery. For that purpose boundary layer can be modified by perforated plates with holes (small channels) of specific sizes. The questions which rise in such configuration are related to the existence of optimal size of the holes (channels) and how micro-scale effects influence behavior of the global flow. This paper concentrates on the issue of the micro-scale channel effects. It is shown, that mass flow rate is influenced by slip effects and also by global behavior of the flow. Hence, these two phenomena are balanced and the micro-channel configuration is in most cases less efficient for boundary layer control than adequate macrochannel setup. Therefore it is proved that for specific condition an optimal hole (channel) size configuration exists. The numerical investigation presented here has shown various interesting micro-scale effects for laminar and turbulent micro-channel flow, which can improve understanding of gas flow behavior in micro-channels.Copyright © 2008 by ASME

Paper is related to biometrics image compression (finger print and iris images) and refers to the earlier works related to the use of the interferometry images in non touch measurement techniques. The finger prints fringes have similar periodic nature similar to interfered waves, thus we applied a special kind of base functions to perform compression of exemplary images. The second stage of the paper deals with the iris decomposition i.e. a hybrid of Canny Edge detector stage and a Circular Hough Transform to establish iris boundaries and data encryption-compression by Gabor wavelets functions. To ensure correctness of the investigations — comparison to real criminals fingerprint database — searching and recognition case — has been tested. Eventually the comparison of iris templates on exemplary human eye datasets has been presented too.

BRAF mutation testing is one of the best examples how modern genetic testing may help to effectively use targeted therapies in cancer patients. Since many different genetic techniques are employed to assess BRAF mutation status with no available comparison of their sensitivity and usefulness for different types of samples, we decided to evaluate our own PCR-based assay employing the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR) to detect the most common hotspot mutation c. T1799A (p. V600E) by comparing it with two qPCR based assays: a commercially available test with hybridizing probes (TIB MOLBIOL) and high resolution melting (HRM). Positive results were verified with Sanger sequencing. DNA from two cancer cell lines with known mutation status and from tissue samples from melanoma and gastric cancer was used. ARMS-PCR was the most sensitive method with the level of detection of the mutant allele at 2%. Similar sensitivity was observed for the qPCR-based commercial test employing hybridizing probes; however, this test cannot exclude negative results from poor or low quality samples. Another qPCR-based method, HRM, had lower sensitivity with the detection level of approximately 20%. An additional drawback of HRM methodology was the inability to distinguish between wild type and mutant homozygotes in a straightforward assay, probably due to the character of this particular mutation (T\>A). Sanger sequencing had the sensitivity of the detection of mutant allele similar to HRM, approx. 20%. In conclusion, simple ARMS-PCR may be considered the method of choice for rapid, cost-effective screening for BRAF p. V600E mutation.