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The cranefly (Tipuloidea) fauna of the Western Balkans is still poorly known. In this study, occurrence data of 77 species is reported, of which two species are newly recorded for Albania, eight species for Bosnia and Herzegovina, twelve for Croatia, and seven for Slovenia, respectively. A new species, Baeoura neretvaensis Kolcsár & d’Oliveira, sp. nov. is described from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Slovenia. Images of the habitus, wing, and male and female terminalia of the new species are provided. Furthermore, images of male terminalia and wings of thirteen additional species are presented.

Leaf (midrib and lamina) anatomical characters were investigated to enhance the identification of Terminalia L. The central portions of the mature leaves were fixed in formaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, and ethanol (FAA) for 12 hrs. They were dehydrated in alcohol series, hand-sectioned, stained with safranin and alcian blue, mounted on a slide, viewed, and photographed with Optika B-1000 FL LED fitted with digital camera. Our findings showed the absence of rib trace in T. ivorensis, presence of secretory ducts in T. catappa, open vascular cylinder with incurved ends in T. mantaly, and medullary phloem in T. avicenniodes. These characters were key to the delimitation of the Terminalia species.

The utilization of wild medicinal plants in primary healthcare system is still vital for mankind, particularly for people residing nearby the protected area. However, ethnobiological knowledge of indigenous people on plant usage is diminishing. The present study aimed at documenting the wild ethnomedicinal plants and to evaluate their importance in the healthcare among the local inhabitants in the fringe villages of Kitam Bird Sanctuary, South Sikkim, India. The methodology comprised interviews and questionnaire-based household surveys focusing on the informant's knowledge and experience in the use of wild medicinal plants against several diseases and ailments. Data was analysed using relative frequency citation (RFC), use value (UV), informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL%). A total of 23 ethnomedicinal plant species belonging to 20 families were recorded from the study area. Among the growth forms, herbs accounted the highest number of species (39%), followed by trees (30%), climbers (13%), ferns and shrubs with 9% each. Fruits have shown the highest use (20%), followed by leaves (16%) and whole plant. Terminalia chebula had the highest RFC (0.91) and UV (0.99), followed by Terminalia bellirica (RFC = 0.89, UV = 0.96) and Phyllanthus emblica (RFC = 0.84, UV = 0.91). Results indicate that the locals in the area had good ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants which indicates their dependency on plants for treating several ailments and diseases. Some unexplored species such as Calamus erectus, Laportea bulbifera, Pteris biaurita and Solanum viarum possessing high fidelity level have scope for further pharmacological investigation.

Popularly known as horse flies or deer flies, Tabanidae, has 4.400 described species distributed worldwide. Most of the females are hematophagous, but several species are also flower visitors. Cretaceous fossils of Tabanidae are scarce and the known fossil species have plesiomorphic features unknown in modern horse flies. Here, we revised the taxonomy of the Tabanidae from the Crato Formation of Brazil describing a new genus, Araripusgen. nov., and two new species – Araripus crassitibialissp. nov. and Cratotabanus cearensissp. nov. The holotype of Cratotabanus stonemyomorphus, the type species of Cratotabanus, is redescribed, and the male is described for the first time. In addition, we investigate the phylogenetic position of Cretaceous horse fly fossils using morphological characters in the context of a wider analysis also including representatives of extant lineages.

Le croisement de l’ensemble des données étudiées permet de mieux comprendre le site et son environnement. Il sera tout d’abord question de revenir sur la chronologie et la répartition des vestiges, ainsi que sur les principaux critères autorisant à reconnaître qu’il s’agit d’un lieu de culte. L’examen des éléments découverts dans un excellent état de conservation favorise l’identification de pratiques et de gestes rituels en contexte lacustre. L’existence de centaines de piquets et de petits ...

Le site de Conjux se caractérise par la présence d’une multitude de piquets et de petits pieux dans l’environnement desquels se trouvait un matériel archéologique constitué d’objets et de restes organiques (fig. 76 et 77). En raison de l’isolement actuel du gisement et des conditions du milieu lacustre, les vestiges découverts présentent un excellent état de conservation ce qui offre de nombreuses possibilités pour la caractérisation et la compréhension de ce site. Fig. 76 - Plan de répartit...

Cet ouvrage présente les résultats des fouilles subaquatiques menées sur un site cultuel de la période romaine immergé dans les eaux du lac du Bourget. Les vestiges mis au jour à Conjux témoignent de l'existence d'un lieu de culte implanté à l'origine près de la berge, à l'interface entre la terre et l'eau. Aujourd'hui isolé à plusieurs centaines de mètres de la rive, à quelques mètres de profondeur, il se compose des restes de plus d'un millier de petits piquets en bois dans l'environnement desquels ont été découverts des reliefs de pratiques rituelles en position primaire. L'importance scientifique du site, en raison notamment de sa rareté et de l'excellent état de conservation de ses vestiges, justifiait de mener une enquête approfondie pour en comprendre son organisation et sa fonction. L'ouvrage présente tout d'abord les recherches conduites sur le site, de la découverte à la valorisation des résultats, ainsi que la méthodologie d'intervention. Il est ensuite replacé dans son contexte géohistorique et archéologique avec une réflexion sur les variations du niveau du lac dans l'Antiquité face à l'impact conjoint de l'Homme et du climat. Les contributions de spécialistes permettent ensuite de présenter les vestiges par catégorie fonctionnelle avec une large place accordée aux éléments en bois. Une riche synthèse regroupe l'ensemble des données examinées en regard d'autres sources documentaires. Les centaines de datations dendrochronologiques autorisent à modéliser, année après année, le développement du site et de mieux comprendre son fonctionnement. L'examen des éléments matériels favorise la restitution des gestes et des pratiques, pour certaines insoupçonnées, telles que l'association de monnaies à des piquets en bois. La présence de ces très nombreux éléments invite à une réflexion sur les usages pratiques et symboliques de la matière ligneuse dans les contextes cultuels et sur les croyances qui leur étaient associées. Le croisement des données permet enfin de réfléchir sur l'inscription de ce culte dans le temps et dans l'espace, notamment sur la communauté concernée, son lien avec le cycle des saisons et les autres sanctuaires des abords du lac du Bourget. Plusieurs particularités naturelles du lac pourraient être à l'origine du choix de ce lieu de culte. Cet ouvrage porte également une réflexion sur la matérialité et l'identification des lieux de culte en milieu naturel qui permet d'améliorer notre compréhension des paysages religieux ainsi que notre perception de la nature dans l'Antiquité.

Avant de se pencher sur les vestiges du site, il est important d’aborder le contexte géographique, historique et archéologique. La compréhension de son cadre est indispensable pour en comprendre la fonction. Dans un premier temps seront abordées les spécificités de son environnement physique et hydrographique. Il sera question de la formation du val du Bourget, avant de traiter de l’hydrosystème « Rhône – Marais de Chautagne – lac du Bourget » qui fait figure de complexe alluvial et hydrologi...

L’objectif initial de la reprise des investigations subaquatiques sur le gisement de Conjux était de documenter les vestiges encore présents et d’appréhender la fonction du site. Il a été rapidement atteint par la reconnaissance des restes d’un rare exemple de lieu de culte lacustre. L’analyse et le croisement de l’ensemble des données ont permis de dépasser ce premier objectif en restituant la morphologie du site et son organisation, son développement au cours du temps et les pratiques dont ...

Fig. 1 - Localisation du site de Conjux, du lac du Bourget et des grands lacs périalpins. Dans l’imaginaire collectif, ainsi que pour bon nombre d’archéologues, les vestiges lacustres restent liés à la Préhistoire. Au début des années 90, Christian Goudineau soulignait, à propos de l’habitat fortifié de Colletière au lac de Paladru, à quel point la fouille subaquatique d’un site daté des périodes historiques pouvait paraître curieuse (Goudineau 1993 : 10). Près de 30 ans plus tard, le consta...

Ethanol extracts of Terminalia chebula and Terminalia arjuna were studied for the determination of phytochemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase, inhibitory, and antimicrobial activities. Results of phytochemical analysis showed that T. arjuna has significant phenolic and flavonoid contents (108.2 mg PEs/mg extract and 74.2 mg QEs/mg extract) respectively. T. chebula also showed good phenolic contents 113.4 mg PEs/mg extract and low value of flavonoids contents 8.91 QEs/mg extract correspondingly. The antioxidant activity was performed using three complementary assays, including lipid peroxidation inhibitory, metal chelating, and reducing power assays. The acetylcholinesterase assay was performed according to Ellman's method spectrophotometrically. The antibacterial and antifungal activity, however, was determined by the disc and well diffusion methods. Terminalia arjuna exhibited higher lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity (IC50: 57.7 ± 3.7 μg/mL), higher reducing power (A0.5: 0.63 ± 0.4 mg/mL), and higher metal chelating activity (IC50: 115 ± 5.01 μg/mL) that Terminalia arjuna. Both Terminalia species indicated high acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50: 29.6 ± 3.9 and 29.7 ± 0.5 μg/mL, respectively). Promising antibacterial activity was recorded for Terminalia chebula (72.44 % and 60.0 %) against Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus species with MIC values of 5.0 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. Similarly, Terminalia arjuna (72.41 % and 63.33 %) revealed activity against Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus species with MIC values of 2.5 mg/mL and 5.0 mg/mL. However, all the tested fungal strains were resistible to both species. In conclusion, Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia chebula may be significant sources of potential new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which could be utilized to treat Alzheimer's disease. The plants are also recommended for further studies to isolate antimicrobial agents and lipid peroxidation inhibitors.

Objectives Hydrolysable tannin fraction (HTF) derived from Terminalia chebula fruit pericarps was assessed for its anti-inflammatory potential in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Its molecular mechanism was also established and compared with individual tannins – chebulagic acid (CH) and corilagin (CO). Methods The effect of HTF on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was studied by estimating the release of NO, ROS, cytokines and changes in nuclear morphology by DAPI staining. Furthermore, the effect of HTF, CO and CH was compared with the expression of p65, p38 and pERK proteins by immunoblotting and the mRNA transcript level of COX-2, iNOS and TNF-α by quantitative PCR. The in-silico interactions of various hydrolysable tannins present in HTF with molecular targets of inflammation were studied using Maestro software. Key findings HTF at the dose levels of 25, 50 and 100 µg/ml was able to decrease the release of NO, ROS and cytokines from LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells without disturbing the cell nuclear morphology. Investigation of molecular mechanism revealed that inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways was responsible for its anti-inflammatory action. The effect of HTF was higher than the individual tannins CH and CO. Conclusion HTF can be developed as an effective anti-inflammatory agent.

Two new compounds, thannilignan 9-O-β-glucoside (1) and 2-(β-glucopyranosyl)-3-isoxazolin-5-one derivative (2), and seven known compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of Terminalia bellirica leaves, collected in Bangladesh. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic analysis. Among these isolated compounds, corilagin (3) was cytotoxic against human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS at an IC

A morphological and molecular study of 17 Cylindrotomidae species revealed that the two subspecies of Cylindrotoma distinctissima, the Nearctic C. americana Osten Sacken, 1865, stat. reval. and the Palearctic C. distinctissima (Meigen, 1818), represent separated lineages and consequently are raised to species level. Cylindrotoma japonica Alexander, 1919, syn. nov. and C. distinctissima alpestris Peus, 1952, syn. nov. are now known to be junior synonyms of C. distinctissima. Triogma kuwanai limbinervis Alexander, 1953, syn. nov. and T. nimbipennis Alexander, 1941, syn. nov. are now placed into synonymy under Triogma kuwanai (Alexander, 1913). The Japanese Cylindrotomidae are all redescribed and all available literature and distribution data are summarised. Supplementary descriptions and illustrations for male and female terminalia of Cylindrotoma nigriventris Loew, 1849, Diogma dmitrii Paramonov, 2005, Liogma nodicornis (Osten Sacken, 1865), Phalacrocera replicata (Linnaeus, 1758), P. tipulina Osten Sacken, 1865, and Triogma trisulcata (Schummel, 1829) are provided. The following new distribution records are outlined; Diogma caudata Takahashi, 1960 from Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia; D. glabrata (Meigen, 1818) from Belarus, Latvia, and Altai Republic, Amur Oblast, Novgorod Oblast, Magadan Oblast, Samara Oblast, and Kuril Islands (Shikotan I and Paramushir I) in Russia; Liogma serraticornis Alexander, 1919 from Khabarovsk Krai, Russia; Phalacrocera replicata from Khabarovsk Krai, Russia; and the presence of Cylindrotoma nigriventris in Altai Republic, Russia is confirmed.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Thirty-five herbal formulations used in this current work are utilized as anti-cariogenic agents in Thai traditional medicine. Acidogenic properties play a crucial role in the initiation of dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans, and a quorum sensing (QS) system is an associated virulence factor in dental caries. Aim of the study The current work aimed to determine the anti-acidogenic effect of these polyherbal formulas against S. mutans and explore their anti-QS activity using Chromobacterium violaceum as a biosensor. Materials and methods Ethanol and water extracts from the formulas were evaluated for their anti-acidogenic effects using glycolytic pH drop assays. Qualification and quantification of anti-QS activity indicated by the level of violacein production in C. violaceum were performed using paper disc-diffusion and flask incubation assays, respectively. Results Among the extracts tested, THF-DC 02 and THF-DC 04 significantly inhibited the acidogenesis of S. mutans in a dose-dependent manner without affecting the cell viability. THF-DC 20 and THF-DC 29 sharply reduced the violacein production of C. violaceum, indicating the promising anti-QS activity of these extracts. Conclusion The findings of the present study, preliminarily propose that the polyherbal formulas THF-DC 02, THF-DC 04, THF-DC 20, and THF-DC 29 produce promising anti-acidogenic or anti-QS activities. The anti-acidogenic effect of THF-DC 04 may possibly act by interrupting streptococcal membrane enzymes via its herbal components: Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd., Albizia myriophylla Benth., Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. The anti-QS activity of THF-DC 20 and THF-DC 29 could be due to their herbal ingredients, including Piper betle L., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., Terminalia chebula Retz., and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry.

In present work, a film forming gel (FFG) was developed through ingenious amalgamation of polymers: Pullulan, Terminalia catappa and Carbopol®971P ® for cutaneous delivery of clotrimazole (CTZ) employing D-optimal mixture design. The developed FFG possess pseudoplastic, viscoelastic, thixotropic characteristics leading to good spreadability (35.71 ± 1.72 g·s, work of shear; 452.73 ± 8.23 g, firmness). Upon solvent evaporation, FFG converted in situ into bioadhesive film (81.90 ± 3.24 g) leading to longer residence on skin surface, prolonged delivery and ~1.3 fold enhanced CTZ skin retention as compare to commercial cream as evident from biopharmaceutical analysis, which is ideal for skin infections treatment. The simulation analysis suggested ≥10 μg/mL (MIC against C. albicans) CTZ concentration maintained for 2 times the days in rat skin as well as human skin as compared to commercial cream. Overall, the developed FFG system ascertained to be promising delivery system for treatment of chronic skin conditions.

Understanding the regeneration potential of tree species in natural forest ecosystems is crucial to deliver suitable management practices for conservation of biodiversity. We studied the variation in structural diversity and regeneration potential of tree species in three different tropical forest types, namely: Dry Deciduous forest (DDF), Moist Deciduous forest (MDF) and Semi-evergreen forest (SEF) of Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR), Eastern India. Random sample plots were laid for studying the diversity and distribution pattern of tree, sapling, and seedling stages of the tree species. A total of 84 species belong to 73 genera and 35 families were recorded from the study area. The highest species richness was reported for tree (54 species) in DDF, sapling (24 species) in MDF and seedling (22 species each) in SEF and DDF. The overall density of trees with GBH (Girth at Breast Height) ≥ 10 cm was 881 individuals/ha. The regeneration potential of tree species was poor in DDF (39%) where as it was fair in SEF (43%) and MDF (49%). Most of the dominant tree species at each forest type performed good regeneration. The species such as Ehretia laevis Roxb., Bridelia retusa (L.)A.Juss., Mitragyna parviflora (Roxb.) Korth., Terminalia tomentosa Wight & Arn., Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.etc. had either no regeneration or poor regeneration potential need immediate attention for conservation measures. The diversity of standing trees did not correlate with seedling or sapling diversity in all the cases but there was significant correlation among seedling and sapling diversity found in DDF (r = 0.67, p ≤ 0.05) and SEF (r = 0.83, p ≤ 0.05). Further, the diversity of tree species increased with their age (trees > saplings > seedlings) and the stem density decreased with their age (trees

A new species belonging to the previously monotypic steganine genus Mayagueza Wheeler, 1960 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is described. The new species, Mayagueza lopesi sp. nov., was collected in the Brazilian Cerrado. This is the first record of this genus for South America, and the description of the new species, based on male and female adult specimens, includes photographs and detailed illustrations of male and female terminalia.

The Fannidae includes over 400 described species, mainly known from the Holarctic Region. The number of species in the Oriental Region are underestimated. The Fannia fuscinata-group was established by Wang et al. in 2011, consisting of nine species at present. A new species of the genus Fannia (Diptera, Fanniidae) is described from Yunnan, part of the Oriental Region in China, namely Fannia menglaensis sp. nov. The detailed description, photographs and drawings of adults and male terminalia of F. menglaensis sp. nov. are provided. All specimens are preserved in the Museum of Beijing Forestry University.

Despite its veterinary, medical and forensic importance, the biodiversity of sarcophagid flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) has remained poorly investigated in India. We have performed a survey of Sarcophagidae species in connection with a study conducted on Diptera, which exposed the flesh fly diversity in and around the campus of the University of Calicut, Kerala, India. The survey was conducted using traps baited with decomposing fish and chicken liver and by the sweeping method. Eleven species were collected, including four species recorded from this state for the first time, one of which is new to the Indian mainland and the second record after Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve. Male terminalia of Sinonipponia bengalensis, Parasarcophaga choudhuryi, Boettcherisca karnyi, and Boettcherisca nathani are illustrated. This result expands the knowledge on the geographical distribution and habitat occupancy of sarcophagid species as well as their forensic relevance and provides a background for future systematic investigations.

There are 130 described species in the genus Mycodrosophila Oldenberg, 1914, distributed across all biogeographic regions. Most of these species show essential mycophagy. Currently, ten species are known from the Neotropical Region, nine of which are found in the Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Pampa biomes of Brazil. In this study, we describe the adult external morphology and structures of male and/or female terminalia for two new species from the Amazon Biome of Brazil. In addition, we propose a new species group, the Mycodrosophila neoprojectans group, encompassing the two new species described here, together with three previously described species from the Neotropics.

The genus Scaptomyza is one of the two Drosophilidae genera with Hawaiian endemic species. This genus is an excellent model for biogeographic studies since it is distributed throughout the majority of continents, including continental islands, the Hawaiian Islands, and many other remote oceanic islands. This genus currently comprises 273 described species, 148 of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. However, most descriptions were published before efforts to standardizing the morphological terminology across the Diptera were made in the 1980’s. Since research groups developed their own set of terminologies independently, without considering homologies, multiple terms have been used to refer to the same characters. This is especially true for the male terminalia, which have remarkable modifications within the family Drosophilidae. We reviewed the Scaptomyza literature, in addition to other studies across the Drosophilidae and Diptera, compiled the English synonyms, and provided a visual atlas of each body part, indicating how to recognize the morphological characters. The goal of the present study is to facilitate species identification and propose preferred terms to be adopted for future Scaptomyza descriptions.

Terminalia hadleyana (subsp. carpentariae C. T. White) is native to Northern Australia where fruits of this plant have been used as a traditional food by the Australian Indigenous people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology, chemical composition, functional (e.g. vitamin C, phenolic content) and antimicrobial properties of T. carpentariae fruits, harvested from the wild at full maturity. Variability has been observed in both fruit morphology (size and weight) and chemical composition. Proximate analysis showed that these fruits have high concentration of dietary fibre (DF) (51.2 g/100 gDW), and minerals such as K (1780 mg/100 g DW), Ca (373 mg/100 g DW) and Mg (150 mg/100 g DW). High levels of total phenolic content (TPC) (11,392 mg GAE/100 g DW) and vitamin C (11,046 mg/100 g DW) were also observed. Fruit extracts also showed inhibitory effects against the growth of foodborne microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shewanella putrefaciens. Overall, these results contribute to provide with relevant information of the potential of T. carpentariae fruit as a functional ingredient to the Australian Indigenous communities and the emerging Australian native food industry.

Two new species of Neotraginops Prado (Neotraginops fachini sp. nov. and Neotraginops arikemi sp. nov.) are added to the known Neotropical diversity of the Traginopinae (Odiniidae), and the range is expanded for Neotraginops mexicanus Hernández-Ortiz & Dzul-Cauich. A key to the species of the genus is provided. Along with descriptions, photographs and detailed illustrations of the male terminalia are included for the new species.

[413] Terminalia parvifolia (Ducke) Gere & Boatwr. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 184 (3): 321 [epubl. 22 June 2017] (Gere & Boatwright 2017). — Buchenavia parvifolia Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 4: 150 (Ducke 1925). HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 3 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: D. Sabatier 2300. SIZE. — Brazil, Rondônia. G.T. Prance et al. 8551 (P), 15 m × 10 cm., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 443, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

[408] Terminalia macrophylla (Eichler) Gere & Boatwr. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 184 (3): 320 [epubl. 22 June 2017] (Gere & Boatwright 2017). — Buchenavia macrophylla Eichler, Flora 49 (11): 166 (Eichler 1866). — Terminalia macrophylla Spruce ex Eichler, Fl. Bras. [Martius] 14 (2): 98 [17 Apr. 1867] (Eichler 1867), nom. nud. pro syn. Buchenavia stellae Cuatrec., Fieldiana, Bot. 27 (1): 109 (Cuatrecasas 1950). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Ka: katulimya • Wp: kwata kaya, tatulimã sili • Wn: alimi huhu, ekesima, ekesimë • Nt: kwata bobi • Cr: tapouliman, zanmann-sovaj • Br: tanimbucá. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 11 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: D. Sabatier & J.-F. Molino 5017, dbh 43 cm., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 442, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

[405] Terminalia grandis (Ducke) Gere & Boatwr. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 184 (3): 320 [epubl. 22 June 2017] (Gere & Boatwright 2017). — Buchenavia grandis Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 4: 148 (Ducke 1925). Buchenavia huberi Ducke, Bol. Técn. Inst. Agron. N. 4: 24 [31 Mar. 1945] (Ducke 1945). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Nt: anangosi • Cr: zanmann-sovaj • Fr: amandier sauvage • Br: marindiba, tanimbucá. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 11 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: D. Sabatier & M.-F. Prévost 4829. INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 23 trees in 19 plots; Fmax, Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 441, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

[406] Terminalia guyanensis Eichler Fl. Bras. [Martius] 14 (2): 88 [17 Apr. 1867] (Eichler 1867). Myrobalanus eichleriana Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 237 [5 Nov. 1891] (Kuntze 1891). HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 10 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: P.A. Poiteau s.n. (holo-, B[not seen, photo F neg. N° 14333]; iso-, GH[GH00068628], K[K000640657], P[P01901252, P01901253, P01901254], U[U0001197]). INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 9 trees in 7 plots; Fmax, Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 441, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

[412] Terminalia ochroprumna (Eichler) Gere & Boatwr. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 184 (3): 321 [epubl. 22 June 2017] (Gere & Boatwright 2017). — Buchenavia ochroprumna Eichler, Flora 49 (11): 165 (Eichler 1866). Buchenavia discolor Diels, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 48: 192 [“1906” publ. 8 Mar. 1907] (Diels 1907). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Br: tanimbucá-do-igapó, tanimbucá-rana. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — A single collection, P. Béna 1313. SIZE. — Up to 30 m tall (Stace 2009)., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 443, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777, {"references":["STACE C. A. 2009. - Combretaceae. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew (Flora of the Guianas. Series A, Phanerogams; Fascicle 27): 41 - 98."]}

[409] Terminalia megalophylla (Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.) Gere & Boatwr. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 184 (3): 320 [epubl. 22 June 2017] (Gere & Boatwright 2017). — Buchenavia megalophylla Van Heurck & Müll.Arg., Observ. Bot. [Van Heurck] 2: 211 [10 Sep. 1871] (Van Heurck & Müller 1871). NOTE. — Known only from the Guiana Shield. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — A single collection, J.-J. de Granville B-4792. SIZE. — Up to 45 m tall (Stace 2009)., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 442, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777, {"references":["STACE C. A. 2009. - Combretaceae. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew (Flora of the Guianas. Series A, Phanerogams; Fascicle 27): 41 - 98."]}

[415] Terminalia viridiflora (Ducke) Gere & Boatwr. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 184 (3): 322 [epubl. 22 June 2017] (Gere & Boatwright 2017). — Buchenavia viridiflora Ducke, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. 2 (1): 63 [Sep. 1935] (Ducke 1935). Buchenavia amazonia Alwan & Stace, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76 (4): 1127 (Alwan & Stace 1989). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Pa: wakaba • Wp: tatulimã • Cr: zanmanndan-bwa. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 5 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: P.Grenand 1776. INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 2 trees in 2 plots; dbhinv = 90 cm., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 443, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777, {"references":["DUCKE A. 1935. - Le \" Pajura \" et le \" Parinary \" d'Amazonie. Revue de Botanique appliquee et d'Agriculture coloniale 15: 179 - 182."]}

Japanese species of the subgenera Oreophila Lackschewitz and Parormosia Alexander of the genus Ormosia Rondani (Limoniidae) are revised. Two new species Ormosia (Oreophila) komazawai Kato & Kolcsár, sp. nov. and Ormosia (Parormosia) phalara Kato & Kolcsár, sp. nov. are described. The identities of all Japanese species of the two subgenera are clarified and redescribed with images of habitus and wings, and drawings of male and female terminalia. The first DNA barcode sequences of the species Ormosia (Parormosia) diversipes Alexander and Ormosia (Parormosia) phalara Kato & Kolcsár, sp. nov. are also provided. A key to, and distribution maps of, the Japanese species are provided.

In this study, sustainable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly biomass (

In this research, a novel sample pretreatment of whole wheat bread, granola, and crispy seaweed samples was developed for iron(III) determination by digital image colorimetry. The developed method was compared with UV-visible spectrophotometry. The procedure involved weighing the sample (∼0.1 g) and mixing it with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid (65%) and hydrogen peroxide (30%) (2 : 1 v/v). Then, the mixture was irradiated with UV light until it became dry. The residue was then dissolved in deionized water. The sample solution was diluted with deionized water before forming a complex with

This study reports changes in the concentrations of important health-related bioactive compounds (vitamin C and ellagic acid) and morphology of wild harvested Kakadu plum fruits that were collected during three harvest seasons and four maturities. The results showed that fruit weight increased, whereas fruit length and width changed slightly with the advance in maturity. Vitamin C increased up to 20 folds (from 1.2 to 21.2% dry weight [DW]) from immature to mature stage, whereas ellagic acid decreased approximately three times (from 6.5 to 2.1% DW). Similar trends were observed over the three harvest seasons studied. A positive correlation between fruit weight and vitamin C, whereas a negative correlation with ellagic acid was observed, indicating that maturity plays an important role in contributing to the variation of ellagic acid and vitamin C. Season also had an effect and showed the influences of rainfall, temperature and solar exposure on the biosynthesis of vitamin C and ellagic acid.

The aim of this study was to assess the floristic composition, vegetation structure and species associations of Cashew agro-ecosystems in the North region of Cameroon. The data were collected in 100 m x 20 m transect methods. An analysis of the data collected in the field was carried out around the diversity and richness of the flora, but also the structure of Cashew agrosystems. The vegetation structure is determined by tree density, basal area and biovolume. The inventory included trees with a dbh = 5 cm on an area of 1 ha per plot. The experimental device installed is a complete random Fisher block with five repetitions. A total of 7849 individuals in 17 families, 20 genera and 38 species were recorded. The Species Important Value of vegetation cover indicated that Diospyros mespiliformis, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Annona senegalensis and Terminalia laxiflora are the most represented. Combretaceae are the most ecologically important families. In addition, the grouping of species into four subdivisions showed that the Shannon diversity index varies from 2.18 ± 0.09 - 3.47 ± 0.17 bits, Pielou index varies from 0.98 ± 0.01 - 0.99 ± 0.01, Simpson's index ranges from 0.70 ± 0.18 - 0.93 ± 0.11, density ranges from 102 ± 1.92 - 128 ± 6.36 indiv/ha, basal area ranges from 2.02 ± 0.31 - 12.68 ± 2.01 m²/ha, biovolume ranges from 11.58 ± 1.29 - 68.03 ± 13.21 m3/ha. The Sorensen similarity index is generally very high with floristic affinities greater than or equal to 90 %. The diameters and heights structure shows a predominance of young individuals for the diameter and height classes on all plots. The most represented species associations are legumes (Arachis hypogeae: 40.54 %) and native fruit trees (Vitellaria paradoxa: 15%). These results show the contribution of Cashew agroecosystems in the biodiversity conservation.

Biomonitoring of heavy metals is one of the economic methods to identify and improve the quality of air. The aim of this work was to identify the concentration of nine heavy metals viz. Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, Al, Cd, As, Cr and Mn in the ambient air deposited on the leaves of five tree species such as Saraca asoca, Terminalia catappa, Syzygium cumini, Ficus religiosa and Pongamia glabra collected from six sites such as Pallavarmedu (Site I), CSI hospital (Site II), Moongilmandapam (Site III), Collectrate (Site IV), Near Cancer Institute (Site V) and VellaGate (Site VI) of the Kanchipuram town of TamilNadu State, in the months of February - March 2019. Even with some differences in the concentration of nine heavy metals on the species, few were identified with significant correlation, suggesting that these pollutants were emitted from similar sources. The deposition of iron (235.53mg/kg) and aluminium (157.91mg/kg) were higher on the leaves of S.asoca compared with other species. The metals such as Cu, Cd, As, Pb and Cr were nil and not detected on the leaves, but Pb concentration was high (185.79 mg/kg) only on P. glabra at Site 2 and Cr (2.37 mg/kg) was found on the leaves of S. asoca at Site 1. The heavy metal dust deposited on the leaf surface was probably due to vehicular emission and other anthropogenic activities. The analysis showed that all the selected tree species acted as a biomonitor and should be grown that may help to improve the air quality of the area.

The ash yield from the combustion of a mixture of Africa star apple and tropical almond seeds shells (biocomposite biomass) with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as an additive in a furnace was optimized using I-Optimal Design under the Combined Methodology of the Design Expert Software. The data obtained were analysed statistically using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for the prediction of ash yield and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the coefficient of determination (R²) between variables. Proximate analysis was used to evaluate Moisture Content (MC), Fixed Carbon Content (FCC), and Volatile Matter (VM) values while the Higher Heating Value (HHV) of the mixtures that gave the highest and lowest ash yields was evaluated numerically. The optimum conditions of process variables for the compositions of tropical almond, African star apple, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, as well as the temperature, were 30%, 60%, 10% and 704 oC, respectively leading to a minimum ash yield of 24.8%. The mathematical models for the ash using the I-optimal design indicate a good fit to the Quadratic model with a R² of 0.9999. The ANN model agreed significantly with the experimental results with an R² of 0.9939. The VM, FCC, MC, AC and HHV of the highest ash yield were 11.00%, 2.34%, 3.20%, 33.80% and 4487.747 , respectively. The study established the suitability of optimisation tool to develop solid fuel mixtures for possible use in grate furnaces and its efficiencies.

Terminalia catappa Linn (T. catappa) belongs to the family Combretaceae, locally known as Bengal Almond. The plant is known to have many phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, phytosterols, tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins. It is widely used in the treatment of various diseases such as dermatitis, leprosy, and scabies and internally for colic, headache and hepatitis and also, the plant possesses anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and extracts have been shown to modify reproductive behavior in rats. The main objective of this study is to assess the pharmacological potentials of T. catappa bark in the therapeutic areas of inflammation and arthritis. T. catappa bark alcoholic extract (TCE) and water extract (TCW) were prepared and evaluated for its possible anti-inflammatory activity by in vitro protein denaturation assays and membrane stabilization assay. Further, the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of bark extracts were evaluated by in vivo models such as carrageenan-induced paw edema, air-pouch model and Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis model in rats. Total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be 287 and 175 mg/g for TCE and TCW. Total flavonoid content (TFC) was found to be 10.2 and 61.7 mg/Kg for TCE and TCW. The concentration required for the 50 % inhibition of the protein denaturation (IC 50) was found to be lower for TCE (36.2 mg/mL) in egg albumin denaturation assay, whereas in the membrane stabilization assay method TCW exhibited a lower IC50 value in comparison with diclofenac. Both the extracts showed activity in the in vitro models of inflammation and were also found to be effective in reducing the paw edema in the carrageenan-induced inflammation model and inhibition of cellular infiltration and Myeloperoxidase activity in air pouch fluid, suggesting its anti-inflammatory activity. In CFA-induced arthritis model, the extracts exhibited anti-arthritic potential by improving the altered blood parameters, arthritic scores, radiographical, and histopathological changes. The results of the study suggested that the bark of T. catappa possessed anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities.

This work evaluation kernels of Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia. arjuna coated with chocolate and it evaluated sensory qualities as compared with commercial peanut coated with chocolate. T. bellirica kernels recorded a high percentage of protein and oil (27.5±0.03 and 34±2.00 %) respectively compared to T. arjuna. On this concern fatty acid composition percentage of terminalia sp. compared to commercial olive oil. T. bellirica and T. arjuna kernels showed that higher palmitic acid content (22.58 and 21.04%) respectively compared to olives oil, Palmitoleic acid monounsaturated is an omega-7 compared to T. bellirica kernels and olive oil and stearic contained (8.77 and 5.76 %) respectively compared to olives oil (2.37%). Terminalia sp. had content omega-3 addition enhanced than olives oil of linoleic acid and omega-6 percentage. Moreover, kernels are an excellent source of total amino acids. It dominated amino acid profiles glutamic acid was the most predominant amino acid followed by arginine and serine for T. bellirica and T. arjuna kernels flour content (28.8 and 23.04 g/16gN) respectively of total essential amino acids . T. arjuna kernels enhanced content Ca, Mg and K. T. bellirica and T. arjuna also contained (0.145 ± 0.10 and 0.110±0.08 mg), (0.351 ± 0.01 and 0.293±0.02 mg), (0.792 ± 0.09 and 1.030±0.03 mg) and (1.450 ± 0.02 and 0.952±0.02 mg) of vitamin B1, B2, C and A respectively per 100g of the kernel. The results showed that terminalia kernels coated with chocolate are more nutritious highly acceptable healthy food.

Increased accumulation of heavy metal ions such as Cr6+ and Co2+ due to release from prostheses and metallic implants has been reported. These metal ions have been shown to affect both resting and activated lymphocytes. Natural remedies towards mitigating the cytotoxic effects of metal ions are clearly warranted. Polyphenolic compounds which are part of hydrolysable tannins from natural plant sources are considered effective in cheating heavy metal ions in a biological system. We have isolated and characterized a polyphenolic compound (ellagic acid) from Terminalia arjuna fruits that has been tested for its ability to attenuate the metal ion toxicity in primary human lymphocytes in culture. Cr6+ and Co2+ (100 μM) decreased lymphocyte viability and proliferation and increased apoptosis of resting as well as CD3 and/or CD28-stimulated lymphocytes. Metal ions markedly diminished the cytokine (interleukin-2 and interferon-γ) secretion from activated lymphocytes. Pretreatment with ellagic acid at 25, 50, and 100 μM concentrations effectively improved viability and proliferative responses of both resting and activated lymphocytes, while attenuating the apoptotic index. Ellagic acid also tended to normalize the cytokine secretion from the activated lymphocytes even in the presence of metal ions, suggesting broad effects on the adaptive immune system.

Introduction: Terminalia catappa is a large tropical tree in the lead wood tree family, combretacea. This plant is regarded as a medicinal plant and can be used in the treatment of cough, syphilis, hydropsy, rheumatism, and other infections. Aim: This study assessed the nutritional value of Terminalia catappa and the composition of elements present in the plant fruit. Methods: Proximate analysis was carried out according to food chemistry analytical methods and elements were estimated by atomic absorption and flame spectroscopy respectively. Results: Proximate analysis showed that the fruits contained 81.96% moisture content, 1.47% ash, 0.04% crude fat, 1.11% crude protein, 14.05% carbohydrate, and 1.41% crude fibre. The fruits were found to be good sources of minerals. Sodium (2.1±0.01 mg/100 g), potassium (72.5±1.03 mg/100 g), calcium (320±2.00mg/100g), magnesium (20±2.65 mg/100 g), iron (20±3.0 mg/100 g), manganese (2±0.36 mg/100 g), and zinc (8±1.25 mg/100 g). Conclusion: The results revealed the presence of nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, crude fats, crude fibre, moisture, and ash in small amounts. And elements analysis shows that sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and zinc are in appreciable amount. These constituents are therefore responsible for the biochemical values of Terminalia catappa fruits.

Cancer chemotherapies may result in resistance, and therefore, contemporary treatments including natural products may find an increasing consideration. As per Persian medicine (PM), many natural products have been used for malignant and chronic diseases. Triphala, with a combination of Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia bellirica Retz., Phyllanthus emblica L., and honey, is a multi-ingredient traditional formulation attributed to anticancer activities in PM. This study is aimed at evaluating the cytotoxic activity of this preparation on HepG2, the human liver cancer cell line. Hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from the formulation and its components. Compared with the control and Cisplatin, the extracts were tested using MTT assay at different concentrations. All concentrations of the preparation, as well as Cisplatin, were effective significantly against HepG2 cells. All extract preparations at multiple concentrations were significantly effective as evidenced by MTT assay when compared to the control group. The IC50 level for Triphala extract was 77.63 ± 4.3 μ g / ml . Based on the results, Triphala and its components have cytotoxic activity on the HepG2 cancer cell line and they can reduce the survival rate significantly.

A complementary re-description of Kyphopteryx dorsalis Kimmins, 1947 is presented on the basis of a fresh male and additional females from southeastern Tibet, southwestern China. The hitherto unknown inner structures of the female terminalia are described, as well as further details of the male genitalia. In this study, we also present the first records of Capnia s.l. yunnana Li & Yang, 2011 from Tibet and a formal description of an unassociated Capnia s.l. female collected together with the above species. An updated checklist of the named species of Capniidae and Taeniopterygidae from China is also given.

The wood wastes from urban forestry management can be used for the production of bioenergy, producing zero net emission of greenhouse gases and giving more appropriate destination and greater added value to the material. To enable this use, we investigated the characteristics of charcoal produced from tree species commonly used in urban forestry in a subtropical region. The charcoal produced was evaluated for its yield and quality, through chemical analysis. Regarding the parameters required for household use or in steelmaking, none of the species met the recommended criteria for ash content, but showed potential for charcoal production in relation to moisture content, charcoal yield, and contents of non-condensable gases, pyroligneous liquid, volatile materials, and fixed carbon. Satisfactory charcoal yield and quality were obtained from the species Nectandra megapotamica, Terminalia catappa, Handroanthus sp., and Cenostigma pluviosum. We recommend investigating the partial introduction of these residues with the wood of species grown for the production of charcoal, or other species from urban forestry not yet evaluated. This waste valorization strategy can be incorporated in solid waste management plans regarding the choice of species for urban forestry, in order to meet this demand and fulfill its environmental role.

The relationships among lauxaniid genera Calliopum Strand, 1928, Lauxania Latreille, 1804 and related species from genus Sapromyza Fallen, 1820 are not fully understood. In this work, we provide a detailed morphological study of terminalia of selected species along with Bayesian phylogenetical analysis of DNA sequences of 4 gene fragments (16 S rRNA, 28 S rRNA, EF1-alpha and COI). Females of Calliopum have a characteristic structure of their terminalia with the exception of C. geniculatum (Fabricius,1805), which is almost identical to L. siciliana Merz, 2001 and L. bilobata Merz, 2001. Female terminalia of L. cylindricornis are rigid and fairly complex, in L. minor Martinek, 1974 they are simple and rigid and in L. albomaculata Strobl, 1909 they are membranous and retractable. In phylogenetic analysis, L. cylindricornis (Fabricius, 1794) clusters with Calliopum with high support. Lauxania minor appears to be sister to Sapromyza columbi Frey, 1936, an endemic species to the Canary Islands, however, support is very weak. Lauxania albomaculata clusters with S. schnabli Papp, 1987 with low support. S. madeirensis Frey, 1949, endemic to Madeira, falls well within Minettia fasciata species group. Our results support the non-monophyly of Lauxania, with the subgenera Callixania Papp, 1978 and Czernushka Shatalkin, 2000 being divergent in terms of DNA sequences from Lauxania s. str. The affinities of Calliopum geniculatum remain equivocal, yet seem to be closer to Lauxania s. str. Suggested systematic changes: Czernushka albomaculata (Strobl, 1909) comb. n, Callixania minor (Martinek,1974) comb. n, Callixania martineki (Shatalkin, 1999) comb. n, Minettia madeirensis (Frey, 1949) comb. n.

The genus Botanophila Lioy has several species distributed in North America, but none had been recorded from Mexico. Here we describe three new species of Botanophila from the highlands of the Mexican Transition Zone. We include images of habitus, drawings of the terminalia and a key to facilitate the identification of species. Remarkably, the male of the new species has dichoptic eyes, an unusual characteristic in Anthomyiidae.

Four new Neotropical species of Plecia Wiedemann (Diptera: Bibionidae) are described: P. abruptavena sp. n. (Colombia), P. elsalvadorensis sp. n. (El Salvador), P. nessiae sp. n. (Brazil), and P. schusteri sp. n. (Guatemala). Additionally, P. marginata Edwards is redescribed and the male described for the first time. A discussion of Neotropical species-groups is given and three species-groups based on male terminalia are outlined to include the new taxa: the americana-group (7 species), nigra-group (13 species), and xyele-group (2 species).