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モノ探し行動への影響因のなかで「状況要因」は特に重要である。本稿では、まず、消費者行動研究における状況要因への着目について、筆者自身のモデル構成および購買態度分析での取組み方を振り返るとともに、Belk, R. W.(1974) の先駆的論考における概念化およびその構成内容を概観した。次いで、筆者による一連の研究ノート「"モノ探し行動"についての小考 (1～7)」での「状況要因」に関する既述内容を総覧し、その概念についての若干の考察を経て、筆者自身の理解内容を総括した。そして、モノ探しに関連する状況を「生活状況」と「探索状況」に区分した経緯をふまえて、特に重要な「探索状況」を構成する内容(事物、現象、特性)について、2次元モデルの3例を示すとともに、実態的側面と心理的側面に分けたリストを作成した。, Situational factors are especially influential in the search for lost objects. At the beginning of this study, the situational factors in the author's previous analysis of consumer behavior were reviewed, and the definition of the situational factor and its major components proposed by Belk (1974) were examined. It was followed by the concept of the situational factor and discussed the functional features of the factor. In addition to the distinction between "living situation" and "search situation," factual aspect and psychological aspect of the search situation were separated. Finally, three cases of two-dimensional models based on the selected components, and also a tentative list of the two aspects of the components was presented.

Motivation at a shopping Centres can be influenced by a pleasant shopping experience caused by other factors such as the role of companion, the shopping environment, and other situational factors. This study aims to determine the effect of co-shoppers, shopping environment, situational factors on shopping motivation through shopping experience in Jember Shopping Centres in the Covid-19 pandemic era. The population in this study are consumers who shop in all shopping Centres in Jember. The research sample is 125 respondents who are deemed sufficient to meet the requirements of the PLS analysis method of this study with purposive sampling methods. The results showed that the coshopper had no significant effect on the shopping experience; the shopping environment has a significant positive effect on the shopping experience; situational factors have no significant effect on the shopping experience. Co-shopper has a significant positive effect on shopping motivation. The shopping environment has no significant effect on shopping motivation. Situational factors have a significant positive effect on shopping motivation, and the Shopping Centre’s shopping experience has a significant positive effect on shopping motivation. Shopping Centres managers need to create an attractive and comfortable shopping environment to provide a pleasant shopping experience. Meanwhile, to increase shopping motivation, managers need to consider creating a comfortable atmosphere for coshoppers and creating co-conducive situational factors in increasing consumer shopping motivation in the shopping Centres they lead.

Previous research has identified cognitive and situational factors as causes of risky driving; however, little is known about what roles cognitive and situational factors have on a specific risky driving behavior. In this study, two simulated drives were conducted to examine the impact of cognitive factors, reflected as working memory capacity and response inhibition capacity, and situational factor, reflected as time pressure, on several risky driving measures. These measures included the percentage of the distance traveled while speeding, the standard deviation of the lateral lane position on curves, safety scores, and accident frequency. Fifty-one participants were recruited by means of monetary rewards. Similar to the results from previous studies, working memory capacity, response inhibition, and time pressure were found to be significantly correlated with risky driving behaviors. Further investigation showed that (1) time pressure, as a situational factor, contributed more to speeding; (2) response inhibition, as a cognitive factor, contributed more to lane-keeping precision; (3) cognitive factors (working memory capacity and response inhibition capacity) and situational factor had almost equal effects on responses to critical events. The results also indicated no significant interaction between cognitive and situational factors on risky driving behaviors. Our findings conclude that the mechanisms behind risky driving behaviors differ, and these results have possible implications for traffic safety interventions.

This study provided practical advice for energy and water conservation message design by examining the role of choice provision (a message feature), message elaboration (a situational factor), and ...

This research analyzes request expressions in Japanese language in correlation with situational factor. Situational factor may be related to age, position and closeness level factors. The request expressions analyzed are conversations in the context of services, about how a request expression is said by a speaker (the one to give service) to hearer (the one to receive service). The objective of a request expression is to persuade the hearer to do what the speaker instructs. If the request language used does not comfort the hearer, it is likely that the objective of a request expression is not communicated.

PurposeThis paper aims to examine how, why and when incidental curiosity might have an influence on consumers’ unhealthy eating behaviors in a subsequent, irrelevant context.Design/methodology/approachThree experiments were conducted. Study 1 tested the basic main effect; Study 2 further tested the proposed process; Study 3 identified an important moderator and offered additional support for the mechanism.FindingsStudy 1 demonstrated the basic main effect that incidental curiosity increases consumers’ preference for unhealthy food. Study 2 replicated the effect in a simulated grocery-shopping task and further provided direct process evidence that a reward-approaching orientation underlies the effect of curiosity on unhealthy food choice. Finally, Study 3 identified information nature as an important moderator of the effect. That is, when people are curious about threatening information, they are likely to adopt an avoidance motivation, which prevents them from seeking any unhealthy food.Practical implicationsOn the one hand, consumers could benefit from being educated that incidental exposure to curiosity cues might lead to unhealthy eating behaviors. On the other hand, public policymakers and responsible marketers should be mindful that, though widely used in marketing, the tactics that elicit consumers’ curiosity might sometimes backfire and undermine their healthy food choices.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the curiosity literature by demonstrating that incidental curiosity could have motivational impacts in the non-information domain, such as food choice. It also adds to the food decision literature by documenting incidental curiosity as an important situational factor of consumers’ food decisions.

To what extent can resiliency reduce negative work outcomes to help employees recover from failure? This study investigates how the interaction of trait resiliency and mistake tolerance play key roles in reducing turnover intention in organizations. Specifically, trait resiliency is hypothesized to be negatively related to managerial turnover intentions. Moreover, the author investigates the interactive role of perceived mistake tolerance as a situational factor that may impact the extent to which resiliency decreases turnover intentions. In a sample of 209 working managers and executives, moderated path modeling reveals that resiliency reduces turnover intentions. Additionally, results suggest a more nuanced view that takes into consideration the interaction of trait resiliency and perceptions of mistake tolerance in reducing turnover intentions.

Although the relationship between traditional media usage and moral evaluation has been studied in China, it is not clear what role religion plays in this relationship. The 2013 Chinese General Social Survey was used to examine the moderation role of religious identity and religious practice in this correlation. The STATA 15.1 and PROCESS macro for SPSS (Model 2) was employed. This research confirms that religion has a moderating role in the correlation between traditional media usage and moral evaluation. Specifically, religious identity, no matter whether it is polytheistic or monotheistic, will strengthen the correlation between traditional media usage and moral evaluation. However, religious practice will weaken the correlation between traditional media usage and moral evaluation, except the religious practice of monotheism in China. Furthermore, our findings prove that religion is an important situational factor in the correlation between traditional media usage and moral evaluation. We should take religious identity and religious practice as independent factors to conduct a richer study in the future. Most importantly, our findings further confirm that the rationalization of society does not necessarily lead to the secularization of religion.

Background Situational factors during a fall among three common types of fractures of the distal forearm, hip, and vertebrae among older women in Taiwan were investigated. Methods In 2016 ~ 2017, study participants were identified from those aged ≥65 years who visited emergency departments due to a fall in two university-affiliated hospitals in Taipei. In addition to individual characteristics, situational factors during the fall (location, activity, change of center of mass, fall mode, fall direction, initiating a protective response, and being hit) were collected. A sample of 203 distal-forearm fractures, 189 vertebral fractures, and 375 hip fractures was recruited, while 717 women with a soft-tissue injury were used as a control group. The identification of situational risk factors for each type of fracture was validated by using those who sustained one of the other two types of fracture as a control group. Results After adjusting for age and other individual characteristics, compared to soft-tissue injuries, distal-forearm fractures were significantly more likely to occur with slips (odds ratio [OR] = 11.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.76 ~ 25.4), trips (OR = 3.40; 95% CI = 1.42 ~ 8.17), step-downs (OR = 4.95; 95% CI = 2.15 ~ 11.4), and from sideways falls (OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.12 ~ 2.67) and significantly less likely to occur indoors (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.42 ~ 0.90) or from backwards falls (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.41 ~ 0.95). Hip fractures were significantly more likely to occur with step-downs (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.13 ~ 2.75) and from backwards (OR = 3.16; 95% CI = 2.15 ~ 4.64) or sideways falls (OR = 5.56; 95% CI = 3.67 ~ 8.41) and significantly less likely when hitting an object (OR = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.13 ~ 0.52) or initiating a protective response (OR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.36 ~ 0.93). Vertebral fractures were significantly more likely to occur with slips (OR = 2.42; 95% CI = 1.30 ~ 4.50), step-downs (OR = 2.53; 95% CI = 1.43 ~ 4.48), and backwards falls (OR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.39 ~ 3.32). Similar results were found in the validation analyses. Conclusions Large variations in situational risk factors for the three types of fracture in older women existed. A combination of individual and situational risk factors may display a more-comprehensive risk profile for the three types of fracture, and an intervention that adds training programs on safe landing strategies and effective compensatory reactions may be valuable in preventing serious injuries due to a fall.

Even though we know that communication apprehension is often regarded as a trait-like, predispositional anxiety or fear toward communicating with others, more recent research examines the influence of situational causes of that anxiety or fear. To assess the validity of that claim, Beatty developed a measure that assesses the original seven situational factors identified by Buss. (Beatty argued that the eighth factor, evaluation, was more accurately interpreted to be an individual difference variable, rather than a situational factor; thus, evaluation was omitted from his measure). In the published literature, each of the seven situational dimensions has been scored separately to preserve the conceptual framework appearing in the situationalists’ literature. Because the measure was initially designed for immediate administration, often in conjunction with other postperformance measures, the number of items was necessarily restricted.

Choosing between candidates for a position can be tricky, especially when the selection test is affected by irrelevant characteristics (e.g., reading speed). One can correct for this irrelevant attribute by penalizing individuals who have unjustifiably benefited from it. Statistical models do so by including the irrelevant attribute as a suppressor variable, but can people do the same without the help of a model? In three experiments (total N = 357), participants had to choose between two candidates, one of whom had higher levels of an irrelevant attribute and thus enjoyed an unfair advantage. Participants showed a substantial preference for the candidate with high levels of the irrelevant attribute, thus choosing the less suitable candidate. This bias was attenuated when the irrelevant attribute was a situational factor, probably by making the correction process more intuitive. Understanding the intuitive judgment of suppressor variables can help candidates from underprivileged groups boost their chances to succeed.

The “volunteer's dilemma” (VoD) is a group situation in which one member needs to incur a volunteering cost to provide public goods to the group. Considering that efficiency conflicts with equality in the VoD, we investigated how dispositional and situational variables regarding equality affect volunteering behavior in the VoD (specifically, in repeated VoD). We conducted an online VoD game comprising a new “lever-pulling paradigm,” and participants were grouped with two other participants to play the game iteratively. The results showed the effects of the dispositional factor (i.e., justice sensitivity; JS); those sensitive to suffering from inequality (i.e., those high in JS-Victim) were unlikely to volunteer, whereas those sensitive to benefiting from inequality (i.e., those high in JS-Beneficiary) were likely to volunteer. We also found the effect of the situational factor (i.e., previous relative volunteering rate); those who had volunteered more than others became less inclined to volunteer, and vice versa. This research shows that both dispositional and situational factors regarding equality play a crucial role in repeated VoD, while posing future questions and directions to understand their interaction effects.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to promote a wider understanding of the importance of distinguishing between presenteeism behavior and its motivation and between the avoidance and approach dimensions of motivation, and to rectify the neglect of presenteeism’s antecedents (in particular, situational ones). It develops a theoretical model that explains how situational antecedents affect presenteeism – conventionally defined as attending work while ill. Design/methodology/approach An ordinary least-squares regression-based path analysis is employed to analyze the findings of a sample of 277 employees in service organizations in southwestern China. Findings Findings demonstrate that the situational factor, leader–member exchange (LMX), is positively related to the approach dimension of presenteeism motivation and that of workload moderates the positive link between presenteeism motivation and behavior, such that employees who experience higher workload more frequently display presenteeism behavior. Practical implications Findings suggest that managers should be prudent when developing relationships with their subordinates and consider the ways in which they may most effectively encourage employees to support their organization. Originality/value This is the first study to consider LMX and workload as situational antecedents of presenteeism motivation and behavior.

Main risk factors of self or to others injurious behaviors in prison settings, as describing by researches, could be divided in situational factors, related to the prison environment and importation factors, related to the socio-demographic status and clinical characteristics prior the imprisonment. Related to the specificity of prison setting, considering self or others injurious behaviors in prison settings as the outcome of composite combinations of multiple risk factors is more appropriate for orienting the clinical interventions. Considering guidelines a specific protocol actuated at the Monza Prison to assess and prevent risk for harm in prisoners. It has been applied since September 2012 and within 72 hours from the entrance in prison every prisoner has a clinical session with a psychologist where some screening tools are administered: i) Jail Screening Assessment Tool (J-SAT), used to explore juridical situation, history of aggressive acts, psychosocial evaluation, drug assumption, presence of psychiatric disorder, suicide or self-harm risk, presence of anxious and depressive symptomatology; ii)Barrat Impulsiviness Scale-11 (BIS-11), a rating scale to evaluate the impulsiveness; iii)Clinical Outcome in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM), a rating scale to evaluate the distress' level. It could be used also to evaluate outcome of treatment. When the psychologist detect the risk by J-SAT and/or by BIS-11's score above cut-off, it's possible a psychiatric advice and the prisoner is included in a monitoring and treatment plan which is dependent on the development of the clinical conditions. In these prisoners, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCM-III) is also administered within 2 weeks from first clinical session, to investigate the structure and the functioning of personality.This protocol allows to investigate both situational and importation risk factors and how they interacting with each other and the psychologist could use these information for orienting the clinical interventions.

In tourism activities, tourists’ responsible environmental behaviors (REB) are the result of human’s interaction with environment. Most past studies about tourists’ REB paid attention to tourists’ individual factors while the influences of situational factors of sightseeing places on tourists’ REB were left out. Environmental interpretations are the significant component and the main situational factor of tourism environment. This research uses the theory of planned behavior; takes the Huangshan Mountain scenic spot in China as the case-study place based on 534 questionnaire survey samples of tourists; and adopts the method of structural equation model-multiple group analysis (SEM-MGA) to explore the moderating role of environmental interpretations in the sightseeing place on the relationship between tourists’ responsible environmental behavioral intentions (REBI) and REB. Results indicate that (1) tourists’ attitudes toward environmental behaviors and subjective norms positively affect their REBI; their perceived behavioral control positively affects their REBI and REB, and their REBI positively affect REB; (2) environmental interpretations in the sightseeing place positively moderate the relationship between tourists’ REBI and REB.

La presente investigación, se realizó con base en dos supuestos interconductuales: 1) el comportamiento es susceptible de modularse por factores históricos y/o situacionales; 2) el comportamiento pernicioso puede regularse por factores situacionales como las consecuencias. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de las consecuencias (positivas y negativas) sobre la elección entre perjudicar o no a un compañero durante la solución de una tarea. Participaron 35 estudiantes universitarios distribuidos aleatoriamente en cinco grupos. La tarea experimental consistió en la solución de operaciones aritméticas proporcionalmente puntuadas (1 a 5 puntos). El principal resultado fue que las consecuencias negativas por no perjudicar modulan mayoritariamente la ocurrencia de comportamiento pernicioso. Los resultados se discuten en términos del papel regulador de las consecuencias (en relación con el comportamiento pernicioso) en tanto factor situacional.

Despite its rarity, venture capital raising has captured the media’s attention rather than the far more common occurrence of venture death. We shed light on a situational factor that influences why...

The purpose of the paper is to build upon the existing literature a new approach to personorganization fit, in particular, employees’ perception of the P-O fit, taking into consideration two main criteria: 1) the level of formalization as a company’s characteristics and 2) an employee’s certainty orientation as a person’s characteristics. The congruence between the situational factor (level of formalization) and personal traits (certainty orientation) influence individual organizational behavior. A two-dimension model illustrated by a four-element matrix is created by the author to present the concept and describe employees’ organizational behaviors. There are four images of P-O fit developed in the paper: 1) a kayak on a stormy ocean 2) ferries on a lake, 3) a cruise ship in a pond and 4) yacht on friendly seas.

Purpose Leadership is considered to be a crucial situational factor in predicting and explaining employee deviance. The purpose of this paper therefore is to investigate the relationship between servant leadership on the one hand and employee deviance on the other. While previous studies on the impact of servant leadership on employee deviance typically aggregated all its dimensions into a single scale, this study also explores the impact of the various dimensions of servant leadership separately. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected via an online survey in two ministries of the Belgian Federal Government (n=3,445). The analyses were conducted using confirmatory factor analysis and multiple linear and negative binomial regression analysis. Findings The empirical results suggest that the generic servant leadership scale has the expected negative, protective effect on both self-reported and observer-reported employee deviance. As for the dimensions, the authors found that only the “putting subordinates first” dimension had a significant negative, protective effect on both self-reported and observer-reported employee deviance. The dimensions “behaving ethically” and “emotional healing” negatively impacted only observer-reported employee deviance and the dimension “creating value for society” negatively impacted only self-reported employee deviance. Surprisingly, the dimension “empowering” had a significant positive, strengthening effect on both self-reported and observer-reported employee deviance. Originality/value While most research assesses servant leadership’s impact on desirable behaviour, this study is about its impact on employee deviance. Also unlike most previous research, this study looks not only at the overall effect of servant leadership, but also at the impact of the various dimensions of servant leadership separately.

Introduction: Leprosy is a chronic infection’s disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Program imposed by government is giving free treatment with MDT. However, it has not been successful in reducing the appearance of new cases. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse the influence of interpersonal, situational factors, and commitment to action of family on preventive behaviour of leprosy transmission.Method: This study was descriptive analytic with the cross sectional approach, involve 14 respondents with the criteria were patients’ families of leprosy who were active treated in Kecamatan Semampir Surabaya. The independent variable were interpersonal, situational factors and commitment to action. The dependent variable was family behaviour on preventive of leprosy transmission. Data were collected by using questionnaires and observation, and then analysed by using multiple logistic regression test with a level of significance 𝛼

There is a growing stream of research on impulse buying behaviour, which is most likely conducted from retail purchasing context and was revealed that there are varieties of factors contributing to this behaviour. Generally, previous studies on impulse buying had focused on the factor that stimulates and influence the consumer to practice impulsive buying, which result in the variety of factors in the scope of the situational factor and individual factor. However, there is scarce conceptual and theoretical knowledge in marketing studies discussing the impulse buying behaviour from religious perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this conceptual paper is to review the perspective of Islamic religious towards the concept of impulse buying behaviour. It is essential to explore impulse buying behaviour from a different angle of view as this behaviour is normally conducted by all the consumers in this world. Therefore, a wide discussion of impulse buying behaviour from an Islamic perspective obviously will make some Muslim consumers understand how Islam treats this impulsive buying behaviour. In addition, this study surely contributes some additional knowledge towards a body of knowledge.

In this study, we examined the employee service dimensions which are associated with satisfaction and customers’ intention to revisit among Uzbekistani customers who visit halal restaurants in Korea. We also investigated the situational factor of the pandemic outbreak and the moderating role of the restaurant locations. A total of 264 respondents participated. The results revealed that behavior quality and appearance were important employee service quality dimensions for halal restaurants. However, interaction quality and expertise quality were not associated with satisfaction. The results may indicate that consumers did not prefer human interactions at the restaurants because of the risk of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The results affirmed that customers who positively evaluated their restaurant experience showed a higher intention to visit again. Finally, the findings showed a moderating effect of the location (the capital city vs. others). The customers visiting restaurants in the capital city were likely to be satisfied with employees wearing masks and wearing clean uniforms. These findings could enrich the literature on the multidimensional aspects of service encounters at Uzbekistani halal restaurants considering the tangible and intangible service qualities of employees during COVID-19.

Flow theory postulates that flow experience is the most intense under high-challenge/high-skill conditions, whereas an excess of challenge is aversive. This study explores potential moderators that may offset the negative impact of overly high challenge on flow state. The literature suggests that a situational factor, teamwork, and a dispositional factor, flow proneness, may moderate the relationship between challenge and flow state. We tested these moderators with Hong Kong Chinese students whose optimal condition for experiencing flow was biased toward low-challenge/high-skill. A total of 128 participants played puzzles in three challenge levels both alone and in pairs. Although challenge level was negatively associated with flow state, dyadic (team) game (compared with solitary game) and flow proneness mitigated the negative relationship between challenge and flow state. These findings shed light on factors that promote enjoyment in challenging activities even among people in cultures that are ...

Guided by self- and functional-congruity theory, this experiment tested a model to determine (1) whether the effects of nutrient-claimed food advertisements are differentially predicted by self- and functional-congruities and (2) how identified predictive effects are moderated by health consciousness, an individual level factor, and perceived food healthiness (i.e., healthy and unhealthy foods), a situational factor. Self- and functional-congruities were predictive of four specific attitudes toward nutrient-claimed food advertisements; however, the predictive power of functional-congruity was stronger than that of self-congruity. Predictive relationships were moderated by health consciousness level, but not by the perceived healthiness of advertised foods. The results advance understanding of the information processing of food advertising in a nutrition-related messaging context, and indicate potentially significant theoretical, managerial, and policy implications.

Cheating is a common problem yet unresolved issue in the classroom. Some factors make the students cheat, and they do it continually. This article aims to find factors that influence student cheating behavior; the strategies used by the English teacher to overcome student cheating behavior; and the difference in student cheating towards gender. This research is a case study using a descriptive qualitative method. The subjects were UPT SDN 1 Rijang Panua, a sample of schools with 4-grade to 6-grade classes. The questionnaire and the interview were used to collect the data. Data analysis techniques were sequential-parts of the study by Starovoytova and Namango. The result shows that: 1) Three categories of factors that influence student cheating behavior namely a) the situational factor; b) the individual factor; and c) the teacher factor; 2) There are four strategies to overcome student cheating behavior in the EFL Classroom such as explaining the bad impact of cheating behavior, instill character education at an early age, give questions-answer or quiz exercises and give appreciation or praise; 3) there is no difference between cheating behavior based on gender

Since Pay-What-You-Want is a relatively new field of study, the influence factors during the pricing process are not sufficiently explored. It was hypothesized that in a hypothetical Pay-What-You-Want situation, increased social interaction and social norm compliance would lead to a higher willingness to pay for a travel mug. In a laboratory experiment, 79 German students were randomly assigned to three groups which varied in the degree of social interaction. Social norm compliance was assessed with a questionnaire. A 3 × 3 between-group factorial ANOVA showed a significant main effect for social interaction (p = 0.025, η2 = 0.08), whilst social norm compliance was slightly not significant (p = 0.067, η2 = 0.03). Follow-up comparisons were calculated and the results discussed. The findings implicate that especially the degree of social interaction should be regarded, both by researchers and practitioners, as an important situational factor influencing the price in a Pay-What-You-Want situation.

The objective of the work is to understand the environmental and social influences that interfere in the purchase of industrialized and in-natura orange juice. The theoretical basis contemplates the stimulus for purchases that directly interfere in the process, delimiting three factors of influence: marketing, social and situational. The research is of applied and descriptive nature, classified as quantitative with data collection structured with the application of a questionnaire composed of 65 items concerning sociodemographic (six) and consumer behavior information (59). This research was conducted in the Federal District (FD), Brazil A total of 480 questionnaires were analyzed through exploratory factor analysis. The analysis shows that only 48 items were necessary and that there is a relationship between the factors of grouping and the influence of consumption, proving the projected theoretical model. The marketing influence factor presented a relevant correlation for strategies used to stimulate consumption. The social influence factor validated that the presence of stamps of social and environmental responsibility and quality are relevant to the sample. The factor of situational influence included the experience variables of purchase related to the interaction with variables of the store environment. It is evaluated that this research contributes empirically by bringing an initial determination of what factors stimulated the consumption of orange juice in the FD and are more significant for the consumer of this region; and theoretically, since it allowed, from a theoretical construct (consumer behavior) with evidence of the main chosen factors, to create and refine a set of variables.

A self-service technology is a tool that enables the customer to have a more prominent role in the service process. In retailing, one such self-service technology is the self-scanner which the customer uses to scan items by themselves instead of going to the regular checkout. The use of self-scanners is determined through situational factors which also influences the way the customer perceives its experience. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how customers perceive the shopping experience when using a self-scanner and how situational factors influence usage. This thesis uses a qualitative approach with a cross sectional research design. The data was collected from four different focus groups, through convenience sampling, with participants who had previous knowledge with self-scanners. The conclusions made in this thesis are that customers perceive their experience with a self-scanner as efficient and thus expect this as a result of using it. It was also concluded that the customers are influenced by all the situational factors when deciding to use the self-scanner. Most prominently they were influenced by the waiting time, the type items to purchase and finally if they were alone or shopping together with someone.

This study explores the flow experiences of collegiate athletes. NCAA Division I athletes and intramural athletes (N = 180) completed a series of measures on their flow experiences. Comparisons were made regarding the characteristics of flow, the perceived facilitators of flow, the frequency of flow experiences, and explored the role of perceived ability. Using a person by situation interaction framework, this study singles out perceived ability as a person factor and competitive level as a situational factor to more clearly examine flow experiences. Results indicated distinctions between the two groups. Mainly, the intramural athletes reported experiencing the merging of action and awareness, autotelic experience, transformation of time and having clear goals more frequently than the NCAA Division I athletes. No group differences were found for flow frequency or flow facilitators. Perceived ability was found to have a weak, but significant relationship with specific flow facilitators and characteristics.

Self-esteem is a positive evaluation of oneself that can facilitate optimal functioning. However, little research has focused on its antecedents in sport. Accordingly, we adopted an interactionism perspective and proposed that gratitude, a dispositional factor, will enhance an athlete's self-esteem and affective trust in coach, a situational factor, will strengthen such a positive effect. Athletes completed measures of gratitude, affective trust in coach, and self-esteem at Time 1 and self-esteem at Time 2 after 6 months. Results showed that athletes with higher levels of gratitude increased their self-esteem over time when they had higher affective trust in their coaches.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether responses to sexual media content depend on personal and situational factors. Specifically, we studied the role of the personal factor impersonal sex orientation (IS) and the situational factor multitasking in the effect of sexual media content on involvement with the character, a concept that has received increasing attention as an explanation of sexual media effects. College-aged women who were low or high in IS watched a neutral scene or a sex scene. Half of the participants in the neutral and sex condition had to multitask (a tone detection task) while viewing the scene. In the sex condition, participants high in IS were more involved with the character than participants low in IS. Multitasking resulted in opposite patterns of involvement with the character in the sex condition: Participants high in IS became less involved with the character, whereas participants low in IS became more involved with the character.

Human behavior is affected not only by individuals' own psychological factors but also by the surrounding environment and the behaviors of others. Existing studies on tourists' responsible environmental behaviors tend to focus only on tourists' own psychological and environmental factors while ignoring the referential role of other people's behavior. The behavioral reference of others in tourist destinations is an important situational factor that affects tourists' responsible environmental behaviors and has important research value. Based on the theory of planned behavior and taking the Zhongshan Mausoleum Scenic Area as an example, this paper explores the influence of other people's behavioral reference on tourists' responsible environmental behaviors by using the multi-group analysis method of structural equation modelling. The results show the following: (1) Tourists' attitudes toward environmental behavior and subjective norms have a significant positive impact on their responsible environmental behavioral intention, perceived behavioral control has a significant positive impact on their responsible environmental behavioral intention and their responsible environmental behaviors, and responsible environmental behavioral intention has a significant positive impact on responsible environmental behaviors. (2) Tourist destination behavioral reference plays a positive regulatory role in the relationship between tourists' responsible environmental behavioral intention and responsible environmental behaviors. Accordingly, this paper proposes relevant countermeasures and suggestions for the high-quality management and development of tourist destinations.

This study examines social actor attribution to mobile phones in general settings and travel context. Informed by attribution theory and computing technology continuum of perspective model, the hypothesized relationships between social characteristics of mobile phones, users’ core self-evaluation, and social actor attribution to mobile phones were tested to determine the locus of causality of people’s social responses to mobile technology. Further, the influence of mobile phones use for travel-related purposes was investigated to examine the situation attribution explaining the perceived social roles of mobile phones in travel. The results demonstrate that perceived positive and negative social characters of mobile phones as well as self-efficacy, locus of control and self-esteem of users significantly influence social actor attribution to mobile phones. In a travel setting, the significant influence of situational factor on the social roles of mobile technology emphasizes the importance of anthropomorphism in the designing of mobile technology for travel. As a managerial implication, features of mobile technology should suggest the roles of mobile devices as personal travel companions and/or assistants to increase the persuasive power of mobile phones for tourists.

For decades, aggressive behavior among psychiatric inpatients has been identified as disruptive to the therapeutic environment and a workplace hazard. Most previous research has focused on individual patient risk factors with less attention paid to the situational, environmental, or therapeutic milieu factors that could influence violence rates. This review outlines the prominent areas discussed in situational factor research and presents recent theoretical models that integrate these factors. Based on the identified shortcomings in the available literature, suggestions for future research directions are offered.

This research explores the relationships among personal accomplish- ment, mentoring, affect, creative self-efficacy, and creative involvement. With a sample of working adults (N = 242), structural equation modeling results revealed that the data fit the theoretical model well in that creative self-efficacy fully mediated the relationships between personal accomplishment and creative work involvement and between mentoring and creative work involvement. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that positive affect moderated the relationship between personal accomplishment and creative self-efficacy but negative affect did not, signifying that positive affect may be a necessary situational factor to optimize the personal accomplishment-creative self-efficacy link. In contrast, negative but not positive affect moderated the link between mentoring experiences and creative self-efficacy, suggesting that mentoring experiences associated with negative affect situationally may have been likely to have a significant consequence in weakening creative self-efficacy. The findings expand upon self-efficacy and mentoring theories by highlighting the importance of employing theoretically relevant moderating and mediating variables in research investigating the etiology of possible variables associated with vital workplace outcomes.

Метою дослідження є виявлення і аналіз ситуаційних факторів, що призводять до непорозумінь із клієнтами при наданні різних видів сервісу. Виокремлено фактори, що можуть зумовити такі непорозуміння з урахуванням минулого досвіду відносин між надавачами послуг та споживачами. Дослідження авторів здійснено на прикладі мереж роздрібної торгівлі в Ірані. Целью исследования является выявление и анализ ситуационных факторов, которые приводят к недоразумениям с клиентами при предоставлении различных видов сервиса. Выделены факторы, которые могут обусловить такие недоразумения с учетом прошлого опыта отношений между поставщиками услуг и потребителями. Исследования авторов осуществлено на примере сетей розничной торговли в Иране. The aim of this study is to identify and explore the situational factors, which lead customers to misbehave in service settings. This study is designed to develop a better understanding of different drivers of misbehaviours from situational factors’ perspective and examines the relationship of past misbehaviour and future misbehaviour intentions. The novelty point of this study is to illuminate the impact of situational factors on misbehaviour for the first time based on the background of Iranian culture. As the matter of fact that customer misbehaviour is prevalent in the Iranian chain stores, identifying the related antecedents especially from situation side is on the great center of attention.

How do consumers react when they believe that a transaction partner will view them through the lens of a stereotype? We predicted and found that being aware of a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs (e.g., gender) made consumers sensitive to whether service providers were in-group versus out-group members and lowered purchase intentions when the provider was an out-group member. We observed stereotype threat effects across diverse marketplace settings: financial services (experiment 1), automobile repairs (experiment 2), and automobile purchases (experiment 3). Furthermore, we found that reluctance to purchase from out-group (vs. in-group) members was caused by heightened anxiety. The presence of a soothing scent, as a situational factor to alleviate anxiety, mitigated stereotype threat effects on marketplace decisions.

PurposePast research on brand extensions has been searching for conditions for successful brand extensions. Two contradictory response patterns between fit levels and extension evaluation have been observed in past studies. This study attempts to synthesize these seemingly contradicting past findings by considering a situational factor (i.e. situational involvement) and a consumer personality factor (i.e. consumer innovativeness) as moderating factors for the effect of extension similarity on evaluation of brand extensions.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental design with three factors (i.e. extension similarity, consumer innovativeness, and situational involvement) is used to test the hypotheses.FindingsIt was found that, under the high involvement condition, innovative subjects show a pattern suggested by the inverted U‐shaped hypothesis in their extension evaluations. Subjects in other conditions, on the other hand, show a pattern suggested by the fit hypothesis.Practical implicationsThe findings of the study provide useful implications to marketers who are considering brand extensions. Marketers may need different strategies depending on the degree of extension similarity and the characteristics of their target customers.Originality/valueBy identifying boundary conditions for successful brand extension, the findings of the study contribute to increase understanding in the brand extension literature.

According to classic psychological theories of motivation, success expectations induce high motivation and thus lead to high performance. However, recent researchers have found that people sometimes select subjectively worse performance goals, thus lowering their expectations so as to avoid future mistakes and regret. Therefore, our research was directed to answer the "when" and "how" questions?when are the classic relationships (i.e., the positive correlations between expectations and performance) most likely to occur and what self-regulatory principles underlie their occurrence. Applying regulatory focus theory, we hypothesized that regulatory focus moderated the relations between expectations and performance and that motivation served as a mediator and partially explained the mechanism. These hypotheses were tested through two studies, both of which used the game "Spot the Differences" as experimental materials and recruited undergraduate students as participants. Study 1 measured the level of expectations and manipulated temporary regulatory focus with task framing techniques. Study 2 measured individual chronic regulatory focus with Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (RFQ) to further test the moderating effects. In addition, considering that Study 1 didn’t support the main effects of expectations as presented in classic motivational theories, Study 2 applied within-subject experimental design and manipulated expectations through the difficulty of tasks. Motivations were manipulated as the time participants spent on the tasks in both studies, and their mediating effects were tested according to the procedures proposed by Muller, Judd, Yzerbyt (2005). The findings showed that: ①Regulatory focus moderated the relationship between expectations and performance. For promotion focus individuals, success expectations correlated positively with performance, which was consistent with classic motivational theories; For prevention focus individuals, the correlation was not significant. ②Motivation mediated the interactions—high success expectations raised the motivational strength of promotion focus individuals, thus resulting in enhanced performance; while it made no significant motivational impacts on prevention focus individuals. The present research deepens our understanding of the relationship between expectations and performance by considering regulatory focus as both a situational factor and s chronic individual difference. Furthermore, it extends the moderating effect of regulatory focus from realistic outcomes to outcome expectations. It also suggests that positive beliefs about further (e.g., high success expectations) do not always lead to positive outcomes, which may depend on their relationships with individual properties and situational requirement.

Смысловую установку можно рассматривать не просто как ситуативный фак­тор и не только как структуру, регулирующую актуальную деятельность, но как структуру, которая обладает возможностью выходить из контекста актуальной деятельности и оказывать влияние на целостное развитие личности, выступая одним из его факторов. Данный факт важен в подростковом возрасте, когда осуществляется активное становление смысловой сферы личности. Смысловые установки, будучи регуляторными структурами личности, являются одним из факторов успешного становления личности формирующегося человека.

Choosing the right counterpart can have a significant impact on negotiation success. Unfortunately, little research has studied such negotiation counterpart decisions. Three studies examined the influence of past negotiations on preferences to negotiate again with a counterpart. Study 1 found that the more favorable a past negotiated agreement the stronger the preference to negotiate with the counterpart in the future. Moreover, this relation was mediated through liking of the counterpart. Study 2 manipulated the difficulty of achieving a favorable agreement in the negotiation and found a significant effect of this situational factor such that subsequent counterpart preferences were less favorable when the negotiation was difficult. Similar to Study 1, this effect was mediated through liking of the counterpart. Study 3 examined the possibility of debiasing negotiator preferences from the biasing influence of situational characteristics by providing relevant information about the negotiation situation. Replicating the results of Study 2, negotiation difficulty affected counterpart preferences before additional information was given or when irrelevant information was given. However, once negotiators received relevant information on the negotiation situation, the effect of negotiation difficulty disappeared. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating role of product involvement in predicting the effects of self‐concept and consumption situation on consumers' situational decision making.Design/methodology/approachAn experiment was conducted based on a two (self‐concept) × two (consumption situation) between group design. Participants' product involvement was treated as a covariate in repeated measures test to analyze the relationships between product involvement, self‐concept and consumption situation.FindingsResults suggested that, for consumers who were highly involved with the product, self‐concept and consumption situation were both determinant factors in a situational brand choice. For consumers who were not highly involved with the product, however, their situational brand choice was based solely on the situational factor, not their self‐concept.Research limitation/implicationsParticipants' pre‐existing attitude towards the brands might have influenced their answers. Only a single product category was used. The findings of this study can help us understand the underlying mechanism for the impact of self‐congruity and situational congruity. From a marketer's perspective, it seems logical to assume that both self‐concept and consumption situation are influential factors for those who find the product personally relevant, while only consumption situation is influential for those who are not.Originality/valueThe paper examines the interaction effect between self‐concept and consumption situation. It introduces a new variable, product involvement, to self‐concept research to extend our understanding of when self/situation congruity effects occur.

The dyadic interactions of industrial buyers and sales representatives is a topic of considerable interest in marketing but has received relatively little attention from academic researchers. In other disciplines; particularly organizational behavior, psychology and economics; there has been a large volume of research on negotiating and bargaining. This paper offers a conceptualization of negotiation in the industrial marketing context which should be helpful to researchers with interests in the interactions between buyers and sellers. This conceptualization focuses on the negotiation strategies of buyers and how these relate to situational factors and the strategies and tactics of the parties.