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Shorea leprosula Miq is a Dipterocarps forest plantation that has the prospect of being developed because it is a fast-growing species with high economic value. Given its commercial importance, this study was conducted to analyze the effect of slope class and slope direction on growth. Data were collected using the census method on S.leprosula stands with a spacing of 2m x 2m and 4m x 8m. The direction of the slope is determined based on the configuration of the slope according to the cardinal directions, while the slope of the land is determined based on the classification of the slope class of the land. The results showed that the slope class, slope direction, and the interaction between factors had a significant effect on the growth of S.leprosula. The interaction between the slope class and the direction of the slope produces the highest average annual increment of diameter in the flat slope class with the direction of the slope facing north, which is 1.79 m / year while the highest annual increment of the total average height is in the very steep slope class with to the slope facing to the north at 0.82 m / year.

Combo nursery technique is a technique where seedlings/cuttings of Shorea leprosula , Gliricidia sepium , and Brachiaria decumbens grass were planted in one polybag to support mining reclamation. To reduce competition effects among the three species, optimum media and size of polybag need to be investigated. The objective of this experiment is to analyse the effect of size of polybag and media composition on the growth of S. leprosula , G. sepium , and B. decumbens grass in the combo nursery technique. The experiment used Randomised Complete Design in Factorial with two factors, i.e. media compositions (soil : compost (2 : 1, v/v), (1 : 1, v/v), (1 : 2, v/v), and soil : compost : rice husk (7:3:1, v/v/v); and size of polybag (15 x 20 cm, 20 x 20 cm, dan 25 x 25 cm). Each treatment had four replications, and each replication consisted of four polybags. The results showed no significant interaction effects between the composition of media and the size of polybag; however, media compositions of soil: compost (1:1) and (1:2), and the sizes of polybag 20 x 20 cm and 25 x 25 cm significantly eliminated competition and significantly increased the growth of S. leprosula and the number of tiller of B. decumbens grass. Keywords: Brachiaria decumbens , Gliricidia sepium , mining reclamation, nursery, Shorea leprosula

Premise Leaf phenology is an essential developmental process in trees and an important component in understanding climate change. However, little is known about the regulation of leaf phenology in tropical trees. Methods To understand the regulation by temperature of leaf phenology in tropical trees, we performed daily observations of leaf production under rainfall‐independent conditions using saplings of Shorea leprosula and Neobalanocarpus heimii, both species of Dipterocarpaceae, a dominant tree family of Southeast Asia. We analyzed the time‐series data obtained using empirical dynamic modeling (EDM) and conducted growth chamber experiments. Results Leaf production by dipterocarps fluctuated in the absence of fluctuation in rainfall, and the peaks of leaf production were more frequent than those of day length, suggesting that leaf production cannot be fully explained by these environmental factors, although they have been proposed as regulators of leaf phenology in dipterocarps. Instead, EDM suggested a causal relationship between temperature and leaf production in dipterocarps. Leaf production by N. heimii saplings in chambers significantly increased when temperature was increased after long‐term low‐temperature treatment. This increase in leaf production was observed even when only nighttime temperature was elevated, suggesting that the effect of temperature on development is not mediated by photosynthesis. Conclusions Because seasonal variation in temperature in the tropics is small, effects on leaf phenology have been overlooked. However, our results suggest that temperature is a regulator of leaf phenology in dipterocarps. This information will contribute to better understanding of the effects of climate change in the tropics.

High productivity fast growing species plantation establishment such as the line planting of red meranti (i.e Shorea leprosula and Shorea parvifolia ) with intensive silviculture is one potential solution to improve wood supply for industries in Indonesia. However, the information of anatomical properties and wood properties of these two species related to the influence of the line planting system and tree growth rate is limited. This paper studies the anatomical features, wood cell proportions, fiber dimensions and physical properties of wood in radial variation in relation to the line planting effect and tree growth rate. Wood of the trees grown in the line planting system showed higher proportion of vessel element compared to those of wood from natural forest. The vessel diameter of wood from the line planting was also larger than that of in wood from natural forest. The specific gravity of wood from Shorea parvifolia grown on the line planting was higher than that of wood grown in natural forest. The variation of specific gravity on wood portion near to the pith of Shorea leprosula and Shorea parvifolia trees grown on the line planting was related to the variation of the cell wall thickness. The bigger diameter of trees grown or the faster growth rate in the line of planting at the same age shows the greater vessel diameter in wood of Shorea leprosula and Shorea parvifolia and greater specific gravity of Shorea parvifolia wood.

Selective Cutting and Line Planting (TPTJ) silvicultural systems and Indonesian Selective Cutting and Planting (TPTI) are two of the five silvicultural systems that have been determined by the Ministry of Forestry Regulation No. P.11 / Menhut-II / 2009 juncto P.65 / Menhut-II / 2014 concerning silvicultural systems in the area of timber forest product utilization permits (IUPHHK) in production forests. Three other silvicultural systems based on the regulation are the Gap Logging silviculture system, the Fully Made Rejuvenation System, and the Multi Silviculture System. This study aims to examine the implementation of the TPTJ and TPTI systems in the PT Intracawood Manufacturing (PT Intraca) area, Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan. The methodology of this research is through the approach of growth analysis, comparison of stand increment, observation of environmental conditions, interviews and literature study. Based on the field research, it was found that the diameter increments of Shorea leprosula, Shorea dasyphila, and Shorea parvifolia were greater in the TPTJ system compared to TPTI. However, the TPTI silviculture system at PT Intraca is easier to apply in the field than the TPTJ silviculture system. The TPTJ system has become less effective because planting in the TPTJ system has been carried out by making a 3-meter wide track with a length of approximately 1 km in a plot and if there is potential for the wood to become ineffective. In the area of PT Intraca, to improve the effectiveness of the TPTJ system a mosaic system is used where the planting path is made only in areas with less potential and representative for planting. The types of plants planted in the TPTJ system are far superior, perspective, and are faster than the types of plants in the TPTI system. Planting/enrichment in the TPTI system is easier because it does not need to make a planting path. Planting with seedlings from the extraction is only a transfer from the growth of tillers from areas with an excessive potential for tillers.

A b s t r a c t Information on calorific value is very important factor in fuel evaluation. The objective of the study was to investigate the calorific values of the leaves of five (5) selected trees species of dipterocarp in Piah Forest Reserve, Perak, Malaysia. The species are Hopea sp., Shorea parvifolia, Shorea leprosula, Shorea macroptera and Dipterocarpus sp. The calorific values were determined using the Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter. The difference of calorific value between the five species were also examined. It was found that, the mean calorific value for the dipterocarp species were within the range of 4041.28 Cal g -1 to 4820.78 Cal g -1 . The leaves of the Shorea macroptera contain higher calorific value compared to other four species. The findings will be useful in the preparation of forest fire management plan, and also in the development of bioenergy project of wood-based biomass from forest species.

Humans have interacted with trees for millennia and the strength of such interactions determines the long-term social values of trees and forests. Such ecocultural linkages could be important to promote during reforestation efforts, potentially helping to turn the tide on the current rapid extinction of cultural and biological diversity. In addition, predicting the fate of ecoculturally important species to changing climates may help guide tree species selection best-suited to future climates. We assessed the vulnerability of four ecoculturally important tree species native to Southeast Asia to an extreme drought: Koompassia excelsa, Nephelium lappaceum, Shorea fallax and Shorea leprosula. These species provide distinct and unique products, and Koompassia excelsa is well-represented in local mythological stories and considered a Cultural Keystone Species (CKS). We used two complementary approaches: 1) an experimental common garden and 2) naturally occurring wild trees growing in a secondary forest and compared the performance of trees before, after, and during the 2016 El Nino event with record breaking low precipitation and high temperatures. We found that mortality of the CKS K. excelsa in the common garden, along with mortality and growth of wild trees were unaffected by the El Nino drought. In contrast, young trees of N. lappaceum and S. fallax planted in the common garden had mortality 4 and 3 times higher, respectively, during the El Nino drought compared to normal years. Growth rate of S. fallax in the wild was also significantly lower during the El Nino drought and this effect was particularly pronounced in highly disturbed forests. Our results demonstrate that the impact of extreme climatic events, that are predicted to become more common with climate change, on culturally important tree species is species specific. Management of such species may thus need species specific measures to maintain viable populations and hence provide the basic physical settings for human-nature interactions and associated cultural identities to persist. In this context, our findings that cultural keystone species such as K. excelsa could be drought tolerant is noteworthy, as investing on such species could prove to be beneficial for both local cultures and conservation of native ecosystems and biodiversity.

Large‐scale conversion of tropical forests into oil palm monocultures has led to dramatic losses of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. While ecological restoration is urgently needed in many oil palm landscapes, there is a lack of scientific knowledge of sustainable management strategies. We established experimental tree islands of varying sizes (25 m² to 1,600 m²) and diversity levels (1, 2, 3 and 6 species) in an oil palm plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia. Six native multi‐purpose tree species including Archidendron pauciflorum (Jengkol), Durio zibethinus (Durian), Parkia speciosa (Petai), Shorea leprosula (Meranti), Peronema canescens (Sungkai) and Dyera polyphylla (Jelutung) were planted between living and felled oil palms. Here, we analyse the controlling factors of tree growth and survival during the first 4 years at the level of local neighbourhood and tree island. We found a significant effect of diversity levels on tree productivity, that is, basal area was higher in multi‐species than in single‐species tree islands. This overyielding was attributed to enhanced tree growth, while mortality had no effect. In the local neighbourhood, tree species richness had a positive effect on tree growth during the first year only, indicating that selection and dominance of well‐performing species at high level of diversity are most likely driving overyielding. Trees grew better away from living oil palms, suggesting tree‐palm competition. Proximity to felled oil palms increased growth especially during the first years, during which the planted trees might have benefited from the additional available space and resources. Despite positive edge effects from the conventional oil palm management in the surrounding, tree island size had an overall positive effect on tree growth. Synthesis and applications. We planted native trees in an oil palm landscape following a tree island pattern. The establishment success differed widely among the six planted species. The selection of particular species is a decisive factor to foster a positive relationship between diversity and tree growth. Planting larger tree islands (e.g. 1,600 square metres) is a better option to enhance tree growth, but tree‐palm competition implies a trade‐off between tree growth and palm oil production in the tree islands.

Forest and land fires become serious problems in Indonesia that could not be well managed until today. This is then the reasons why there is so many activties being conducted in order to find the best solution including fire suppression method. Until today the suppresion methods mostly using water rather than other sources, which actually is not so effective and efficient. The research is proposed to make sure that Gel Pack Extinguishing Agent (GPEA) could be used for fire suppression. Three different fuels used were Pinus merkusii, Shorea leprosula, and Dicranopteris linearis at different of 55g, 65g, 75g, dan 85g. The results of research shown that GPEA with 5 small box per litter of water was the best dosage. The fastes suppression time based on the three fuels was Dicranopteris linearis, and the lowest was Pinus merkusii.Keywords: fuels, forest and land fires, Gel, suppresion methode, dosage

Tirkaamiana MT, Partasasmita R. Kamarubayana L. 2019. Growth patterns of Shorea leprosula and Dryobalanops lanceolata in Borneo’s forest managed with Selective Cutting with Line Replanting System. Biodiversitas 20: 1160-1165. Dryobalanops lanceolata is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae, which indigenous of Borneo. It is found in at least five protected areas (Kabilli-Sepilok Forest Reserve, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Ulu Temburong, Lambir, and Gunung Mulu National Parks), but is threatened elsewhere due to habitat loss. The demand for its timber is very high, so it requires conservation efforts while at the same time maintaining its productivity to meet the timber demand. One of the efforts to increase productivity of production forest in Indonesia is implementing Selective Logging with Line Replanting System (TPTJ). In this system superior species are planted in the planting lines. This study aimed to determine the growth of Shorea leprosula and Dryobalanops lanceolata planted in different planting line widths. Data of diameter increment of S. leprosula and D. lanceolata were obtained by observing 4 permanent sample plots (PUP) at concession areas of PT Balikpapan Forest Industries in Penajam Paser Utara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The results showed that the average diameter increment of S. leprosula and D. lanceolata at the planting line width of 3 meters was 1.47cm/yr and 0.74 cm/yr respectively, and at the planting line width of 6 meters was 2.08 cm/yr and 1.14 cm/yr respectively. The differences in planting line width had very significant effect on the growth and diameter increment of S. leprosula, presumably due to the increase of light intensity to optimal level which accelerates stomata opening and transpiration rate, thus affecting the rate of photosynthesis.

Failure in degraded forest rehabilitation was caused by using chosen species without pay attantion on site characterictics. Species selection by looking at site limiting factor, will increase success in degraded forest rehabilitation. This research aims to study the influence of physical and chemical soil properties on growth of Shorea leprosula Miq , Shorea palembanica Miq , dan Shorea mecisopteryx. Data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with mean annual increment (MAI) of height and diameter as dependent variable and soil properties as independent variable . The results showed that growth increment of S.palembanica was the most species that influnced by soil perperties with R 2 a djusted value for MAI- diam e ter and MAI- h e i gh t repectively, 0.946 and 0.674 whereas others two Shorea have R 2 a djusted value < 0.5. The research also showed that available P content was the limiting factor of the three species . T here wa s a difference of each species in respond to the available P content. MAI- height on S . mecisopteryx and MAI- diam e ter and MAI- h e i gh t on S . pelambanica will increase in line with decreasing available P content w hile S . leprosula require d P available increasing in order to increas e of MAI-diameter . This indicates that each species have specific response on certain soil properties content .

In this research, Red Merantisawdust and water were mixed in a hydrothermal reactor equipped with a thermometer and pressure indicator. Experiments were conducted at the variation of the temperature of 200, 240 and 300°C; water to biomass ratio 1:10. The mixture was heated to the target temperature at an initial pressure of 1.0 MPaand then held for 30 minutes. After separated, the liquid product was applied for Sengon wood preservatives. Hence, the Sengon wood was tested for absorption, retention, weigh loss, and termite mortality. Based on experimental results, the liquid product at a temperature of 270°Cgenerated the highest absorption, retention, and termite mortality, that was 98.3291 kg/m3, 10.8479 kg/m3and 72.67% respectively. Analysis of the liquid product by GC-MS indicated that phenol compounds and organic acids are able to control microbial growth and preserve wood.

One of the rehabilitation efforts undertaken by the Forest Research and Development Center in Bogor was to establish a mixed meranti(Dipterocarp) forest in the Gunung Dahu Research Forest, Bogor - West Java. The rehabilitation activities adopted several planting techniques, including total and line planting, used several types of red meranti (Shorea spp.). The purpose of this study was to assess the success of rehabilitation effort by analyzing the growth performance of Shorea leprosula and Shorea selanicastands in which applying total and line planting techniques. Diameter and height, as well as environmental factors such as soil texture, average litter thickness, slope, the average thickness of topsoil, and canopy density, were plant growth parameters that were observed. Growth data analysis was performed using ANOVA and followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that planting techniques affected the diameter growth. The highest growth rate was found in S. selanicaspecies with line planting techniques with the average diameter and height increment was 1.13 cm/year and 0.78 cm/year. Line planting techniques also scored the highest value of basal area and stand volumes, 0.06 m2 and 0.64 m3per year for S. leprosulaand 0.06 m2and 0.66 m3per year for S. selanica.

Conversion of wood waste into bio-oil with low temperature pyrolysis method has been successfully carried out using tubular transport reactors. Pyrolysis carried out at temperatures of 250-300°C without using N2 gas. Bio-oil purified by a fractionation distillation method to remove water and light fraction compounds. The materials obtained from different types of wood waste, namely: Randu wood (Ceiba pentandra), Sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria), Coconut wood (Cocos nucifera), Bangkirei wood (Shorea laevis Ridl), Kruing wood (Dipterocarpus) and Meranti wood (Shorea leprosula). Bio-oil products are analyzed for their properties and characteristics, namely the nature of density, acidity, high heat value (HHV), and elements contained in bio-oil such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur content based on SNI procedures, while bio-oil chemical compositions are investigated using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The maximum yield of bio-oil products occurs at 300°C by 40%. Bio-oil purification by fractional distillation method can produce purity of 16-31% wt. The characterization results of the chemical content of bio-oil showed that bio-oil of methyl formate, 2,6-dimetoxy phenol, 1,2,3 trimethoxy benzene, levoglucosan, 2,4-hexadienedioic acid and 1,2- benzenediol.

The study on population dynamic and roosting trees damage by flying fox was conducted for 16 months (March 2008-June 2009) in Bogor Botanical Garden. Recording of individual flying fox was carried out by use direct observation in the roosting trees habitat at 9.00-15.00, with one replication every week. The result indicated that in 2008 the total flying fox were 420 individuals and in 2009 were 563 individuals (160 juveniles, 218 adult females and 185 adult males). The natality and mortality rate in this location is 0.0214 and 0.0099 respectively. The flying fox population growth can be predicted using exponential equation is N(t+1)=563(1.8395)t. The study also indicated that in the KRB there are 9 individual trees which are the main perch, 2 individual trees of Pterodotus alata, Pterocarpus indicus, and Shorea leprosula, and each 1 individual tree of the species Dipterocarpus cornutus, Ficus drupacea, and Syzygium syzygioides. The extent of damage to the tree where the perch is very dependent on the diameter of the canopy, bat population size in one tree, and time periods per roosting season. Keywords: Population Dynamic, Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus), Bogor Botanical Garden

Logging activities have an impact on changes in composition and standing structure, tree species distribution, community similarity and species diversity. This study aims to determine the diversity of structures and standing composition of logged-over forests. The results show that the composition and structure of the stands are ecologically different, which is indicated by the low type of species equality index. The types of stands at the level of seedlings, stakes, columns and trees from each location are almost all different. But there are some of the same types encountered dominating on the locations of 2005, 2010 and 2015 such as Shorea leprosula, Dipterocarpus borneensis, Shorea laevis, Litsea sp. The stand density at the 2005 block location is higher than the two sites in 2010 and 2015, while the location of 2015 is the location with the lowest stand density.

This study demonstrated that the cambial activities of three selected Shorea species with different stem diameters growing in a tropical rainforest in Malaysia responded differently to climatic factors. We investigated the cambial activities in Shorea leprosula, Shorea acuminata, and Shorea parvifolia trees with different stem diameters at breast height growing in a natural lowland dipterocarp rainforest in Malaysia. We collected and analyzed samples from the main trunks of selected trees in monthly intervals from March 2013 to April 2014. The cambium of the three Shorea species showed periods of active and less active growth in the humid forest. Selected trees with different stem diameters of the same and different species showed variation in rhythms of cambial activity (changes in the numbers of cambial and enlarging cell layers) at site with similar growing conditions. Monthly mean relative humidity and monthly mean vapour pressure deficit were important factors influencing the number of cambial cells of S. acuminata with larger stem diameter, and those of S. parvifolia with different stem diameters. Active cambium were detected in months with high relative humidity and low vapour pressure deficit in those trees. Total monthly precipitation had significant positive correlation with the cambial cells activities of S. parvifolia with different stem diameters, but no correlation with those of the other two species. The cambium of S. leprosula with smaller and larger stem diameters were found active throughout the year. We concluded that the three Shorea species examined with different stem diameters have different growth strategies and thus react differently to climatic factors.

Pieces of red meranti wood (Shorea leprosula) were soaked in horizontal and vertical positions in sea water for 9 weeks. Two species of bivalves settled on the wood: Bankia campanellata (Moll & Roch) and Martesia striata (Linné). Average densities of settling larvae were 125 ind. 100 cm-2 on horizontal wood, and 95 ind. 100 cm-2 on vertical wood, indicating a tendency to settle on the top side of the wood. The number of larvae settling on wood immersed at the surface was not significantly different from wood at 1.25 m depth.

Plantations of tropical species are becoming an increasingly important source of wood. However, it is important that research trials focus not only on tree growth performance, but also on wood quality. The aims of this study were to assess the growth performance of six commercially and ecologically important tree species from separate plantation trials in Indonesia and to determine the relationships between tree growth and wood quality in terms of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE) and wood density. Forty-eight 7-year Maesopsis eminii Engl. and thirty-five 9-year specimens (7 each of 5 Shorea spp.) were selected from two trials. The MOE, based on acoustic velocity, was indirectly measured to evaluate wood stiffness. Tree-growth performance was evaluated, and correlations between growth traits and acoustic velocity as well as density and wood stiffness properties were estimated. The growth performance of M. eminii in terms of tree volume was significantly different in three different categories of growth (i.e. fast, medium, slow). Of the five Shorea spp. studied, Shorea leprosula Miq. had the highest growth rate, as expected since it is known to be a fast-growing Shorea species. Indirect measurement of wood quality by means of non-destructive ultrasonic methods showed a weak negative correlation between tree volume and acoustic velocity and dynamic MOE. Although each fast-growing tree could reach a merchantable size faster than other varieties or species, wood traits of various species tested were not significantly different based on tree growth rate performance. The findings from this study could be used to improve selection criteria in future breeding trials; indirect measurements of the dynamic modulus of elasticity can be used in mass pre-selection of genetic materials, to choose the most-promising material for in-depth evaluation.

Elucidating the physiological mechanisms of the irregular yet concerted flowering rhythm of mass flowering tree species in the tropics requires long-term monitoring of flowering phenology, exogenous and endogenous environmental factors, as well as identifying interactions and dependencies among these factors. To investigate the proximate factors for floral initiation of mast seeding trees in the tropics, we monitored the expression dynamics of two key flowering genes, meteorological conditions and endogenous resources over two flowering events of Shorea curtisii and Shorea leprosula in the Malay Peninsula. Comparisons of expression dynamics of genes studied indicated functional conservation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and LEAFY (LFY) in Shorea. The genes were highly expressed at least 1 month before anthesis for both species. A mathematical model considering the synergistic effect of cool temperature and drought on activation of the flowering gene was successful in predicting the observed gene expression patterns. Requirement of both cool temperature and drought for floral transition suggested by the model implies that flowering phenologies of these species are sensitive to climate change. Our molecular phenology approach in the tropics sheds light on the conserved role of flowering genes in plants inhabiting different climate zones and can be widely applied to dissect the flowering processes in other plant species.

In a unique phenomenon restricted to the ever wet forests of Southeast Asia, hundreds of species from dozens of plant families reproduce synchronously at irregular, multi-year intervals. The proximate environmental cues that synchronize these general flowering events have not been evaluated systematically because there have been no long-term, high temporal resolution, species-level records from the region. We present 13 years of weekly flowering records for five Shorea species as well as daily temperature and rainfall records from the Pasoh Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. We constructed models to evaluate hypothesized relationships between flowering and cool temperature, drought, and additive and synergistic effects of cool temperature and drought for each species. Model parameters include periods of time for floral cue accumulation and flower development and temperature and/or rainfall thresholds required for floral initiation. Parameters estimated using flowering observations from 2001 to 2011 were used to forecast flowering for 2011–2014. We show that drought and cool temperatures acting synergistically best explain the timing of flowering events for all Shorea species in the section Mutica and forecast the largest general flowering event accurately. Periods estimated for signal accumulation ranged from 54 to 90 days among species. Periods estimated for flowers to develop ranged between 43 and 96 days and closely followed the interspecific sequence of flowering in the Shorea species. Drought and temperature thresholds also varied among species, with Shorea maxwelliana requiring the most severe drought and Shorea leprosula the lowest temperatures. Synthesis. Our results indicate that cool temperatures and low rainfall occurring on seasonal time-scales of about 2–3 months rather than brief cold snaps or brief droughts best explain general flowering in Shorea species at the Pasoh Forest Reserve. Low rainfall is equally likely in winter (December–February) and summer (July–August) and cool temperatures are most likely in winter at Pasoh, which explains why general flowering events are restricted to spring and fall, with more frequent and stronger flowering in spring. In addition, species-specific sensitivity to environmental cues suggests that future climate change will have differential impacts on the frequency of reproduction, with potential consequences for regeneration of these dominant species of lowland tropical forests.

The research objectives were to analyzed/ estimated the carbon stock in the different age of S.leprosula stand and increased of carbon stock along with the stand age increased, to analyzed CO2 absorption inside meranti stand. on intensive silviculture area. This result of research showed that total carbon stock were produced from S. leprosula stand with 0,067(D)2,859, at the age of 6, 8 and 10 years old each were 7,63 ton/ha, 47,10 ton/ha and 74,89 ton/ha. The tendency explained that the total carbon stock were increased along with the age increment. Its average was 16,82 ton/ha/year. That estimated showed that Meranti forest at 6, 8 and 10 years old could adsorb CO2 each 28,01 ton/ha, 172,83 ton/ha and 274,86 ton/ha. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis besarnya cadangan karbon yang tersimpan pada tegakan meranti yang berbeda umurnya dan besarnya peningkatan cadangan karbon dengan adanya pertambahan umur tegakan meranti, banyaknya CO2 yang terserap oleh tegakan meranti di hutan alam pada area silin. Pengukuran biomassa pohon Shorea leprosula dilakukan melalui pengukuran diameter pada tegakan yang berumur 6, 8 dan 10 tahun lalu dikonversikan dengan memakai alometrik 0,067(D)2,859 .Hasil penelitian menunjukkan cadangan karbon total yang dihasilkan dari tegakan Shorea leprosula dengan menggunakan alometrik 0,067 (D)2,859, diperoleh pada tegakan meranti umur 6, 8 dan 10 tahun masing-masing sebesar 7,63 ton/ha, 47,10 ton/ha dan 74,89 ton/ha. Kecenderungannya cadangan karbon total meningkat seiring bertambahnya umur. Peningkatan cadangan karbon yang didapatkan dengan adanya pertambahan umur tegakan meranti rata-rata sebesar 16,82 ton/ha per tahun. Hutan meranti berumur 6, 8 dan 10 tahun diduga dapat menyerap gas CO2 berturut-turut sebanyak 28,01 ton/ha, 172,83 ton/ha dan 274,86 ton/ha.

Natural regeneration of Dipterocarpaceae depends on the availability of the mother trees, flowering cycle, and favorable site conditions. Potential seed of Shorea leprosula in Haurbentes Forest Research, Jasinga District, Bogor, should be supported with sufficient regeneration ability. This research aims to identify the condition of regeneration of Shorea leprosula, environmental conditions and soil conditions that support for the sustainability of the S. leprosula regeneration in Haurbentes Forest Research, Jasinga, Bogor district. The results of the vegetation analysis showed that condition of the forest regeneration S. leprosula in KHDTK Haurbentes quite sufficient for seedling which are found quite a lot and dominating on every block of observations. However, seedlings are experiencing obstacles in resuming its growth to the level of sapling and poles. This can be seen by the existence of another species that dominates at the level of the sapling and the least amount of poles found. The existence of competition with other species and lack of space grows to regeneration due to the dominance of mature trees suspected that caused the regeneration S. leprosula on blocks of thisplant disturbed. Environmental conditions and soil conditions sufficiently support growth of S. leprosula. However, the lack of light intensity that goes into the stands is suspected to be one of the barriers to regeneration of S. leprosula .

Shorea leprosula Miq is one of major tropical timber within the dipterocarp family and known as red meranti in global trade. The species has been subjected to intensive timber extraction due to their high economic value and natural abundance in primary tropical forest. Timber supply of this species has been known to only from natural forests and none have been reported from commercial plantation. Thus, population decline, habitat contraction and local extinction become the major issues related to the species. This research was conducted to determine the natural regeneration potential of S. leprosula in 20-years-old man-made hilly dipterocarp forest. The research was located at Gunung Dahu Research Forest (GDRF), a 250 Ha-mixed dipterocarp forest established since 1997 in Bogor-West Java as landscape restoration together with native biodiversity conservation program. Five S. leprosula plots were chosen consisting from different spacing distance of 2 m x 2 m, 3 m x 3 m, and 4 m x 4 m. Result showed that each plot has been experiencing different total number of fruiting times, ranging from 1-3 times, with total numbers of natural juvenile reached 652 stocks. Among them, seedling were the most stocks available at GDRF, with the most dominant occupied at height class of 11 cm – 33 cm and 34 cm – 55 cm. Natural stocks were absent from 2 observed plots due to high human alteration at those area. Canopy openness, altitude and human intervention/disturbance are among the factors that affecting the regeneration potential at GDRF.

Oil palm is a very common commodity in rural communities of Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the farming activities in these areas create a high multiplier effect and increase welfare. However, the expansion of oil palm areas puts pressure on forests and resources. The research was carried out through a survey using the developmental research method. Efforts to implement sustainable development in the plantation sector need to be carried out to develop palm in the second cycle. One of the efforts is to implement agroforestry by planting forestry plants between oil palm trees, namely meranti trees (Shorea leprosula Miq). The model for the development of meranti is a monoculture palm plantation that is integrated with meranti trees. This has ecological, economic, and social benefits, following the basic concepts of environmental management. Planting copper meranti between palm trees has multiple benefits for the community, such as wood production. Planting copper meranti between oil palm trees has multiple benefits for the community, timber production as additional income for farmer families.

A proposed soil quality index named Tropical Soil Quality Index 2 (TSQI2) was developed in this study using statistical analysed data of selected properties (physical, chemical and biological) of composite soil samples collected from natural, secondary and rehabilitated forests of Chikus and Tapah Hill Forest Reserves, Perak, Malaysia. Results of soil evaluation using TSQI2 showed higher values for planted forest in Chikus Forest Reserve compared to those of the rehabilitated forest in Tapah Hill Forest Reserve. Likewise, rehabilitated forest of Tapah Hill Forest Reserve had slightly higher index value compared to that of the secondary forest. The higher index for rehabilitated Chikus Forest Reserve compared to that of the natural forest was due to high MBC/MBN ratio values. The reason for this condition was the lower amount of microbial biomass nitrogen as compared to microbial biomass carbon. Plant growth performance of dominant trees species showed that Shorea leprosula was high in natural forests, followed by rehabilitated forest of Tapah Hill Forest Reserve. The newly proposed TSQI2 (which had been validated using actual data) is suitable for determining the quality of natural and rehabilitated forests in tropical regions.

Background: Although natural hybridisation between dipterocarp trees is considered rare, putative dipterocarp hybrids (Shorea spp.) are found in a forest fragment in Singapore. Understanding the performance of hybrids is critical to inform conservation efforts and has implications for the demographic and genetic viability of these small populations.Aims: First, is there a difference in the frequency of hybrids between the mature and seedling stages, and second, do parent and hybrid seedlings have different ecological traits?Methods: We analysed seedling survival and growth rates in relation to environmental variables for Shorea curtisii, S. leprosula and hybrids of the two species. We monitored the height and diameter of seedlings for 4 years, as well as light conditions and soil moisture.Results: The proportion of hybrids at the seedling stage was 41% for S. leprosula and 17% for S. curtisii, respectively. Hybrids were more frequent at the seedling stage than at the mature stage. Hybrid individuals had g...

The development of sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers derived from amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) is described for Shorea leprosula. An AFLP fragment that showed nearly complete differentiation between Borneo and Sumatra was gel-extracted, sequenced, and converted into a SCAR marker using the inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that originally caused the AFLP was found in the MseI restriction site. Differentiation between islands was detected either as size variation of the codominant SCAR marker or after digestion of the PCR products with the restriction enzyme MseI (PCR-RFLP). Size variation was due to insertions/deletions found within the sequenced region that flanked the original AFLP fragment. After genotyping 151 samples of S. leprosula from 14 populations in Sumatra and Borneo, all but one sample from Sumatra were homozygous for one size variant (427 bp), while S. leprosula populations from Borneo showed different genotypes than Sumatra populations and variation not only among populations but also within populations. Complete differentiation and fixation on alternative variants was found for the geographic regions of Sumatra and Borneo by the PCR-RFLP method. The SCAR marker did not amplify in Shorea parvifolia and thus can also be used to distinguish between S. leprosula and S. parvifolia. The marker was successfully amplified from wood DNA extracts suggesting its applicability to track the geographic origin of timber.

Wood quality of five year-old of cultivated Red Meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq.) was studied in order to assure its proper utilization. The evaluation was conducted based on fiber dimension and physical properties of wood. Fiber dimension was measured through maceration specimen, while green moisture content, wood density, and specific gravity were measured following the modification of BS 373.75. Result shows that quality of Red Meranti wood studied was similar to that of naturally grown, except for its fibers which were shorter and thinner than those of naturally grown. It was found that wood quality of each tree was homogenous and even. Result also shows that average values of fiber length, cell wall thickness, moisture content in green condition, wood density and SG are 968.12 µm, 2.72 µm, 104.57%, 0.81 g/cm3, and 0.50, respectively. The wood is categorized as strength class of III, therefore, this Shorea leprosula wood is potential as raw material for plywood and furniture manufacturing, as well as for the 3-rd class of structural and other purposes. The trees unfortunately have not produce the mature wood yet, and the wood produced is not suitable for the highest quality of pulp and paper manufacturing.

Phyllosphere fungi show high species diversity and fulfill important ecological functions not only in natural forests but also in plantations. We sought to estimate the species diversity and community structure of phyllosphere fungi from tropical tree plantation plots in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. We conducted a massively parallel amplicon sequencing analysis of fungi collected from the leaves of Shorea leprosula (Dipterocarpaceae), an ecologically and commercially important tree species. Phyllosphere fungal compositions and spatial variability were investigated for 31 S. leprosula trees across four plots within a plantation stand. In total, 488 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were recognized in 153,194 ribosomal internal transcribed spacer reads at 95% OTU identity level. Rare OTUs accounted for the majority of fungal diversity detected in the study site; 200 OTUs (41%) comprised fewer than 10 reads and 465 OTUs (95%) were found in fewer than half of the samples. Fungal OTU compositions of S. leprosula trees were differentiated within a narrow area of the plantation and even between plots that were separated by 15 m. These findings indicate that highly diverse fungal OTUs form spatially structured communities even within a tropical plantation stand of single tree species.

Selective cutting and line planting silvicultural system has been carried out in natural forest to increase the growth rate of red meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq.). Even though high growth rate has been understood tend to decrease certain basic properties of wood; however measurement of the basic properties specifically done on the red meranti resulted from thinning and shade free gap treatment has been lacking. In the present research, measurement of the basic properties of red meranti resulted from thinning and shade free gap treatment was done. It was found that thinning and increasing shade free gap increased the diameter of tree, longitudinal shrinkage, fiber diameter, lumen diameter, sapwood extractives, and ash content. On the other hand, these treatment decreased heartwood proportion, crown coverage, specific gravity, wood density, mechanical properties, radial and tangential shrinkage, fiber length, cell wall thickness and heartwood extractives. Lignin, holocellulose, α-cellulose and hemicelluloses were not significantly influenced by the treatments. Overall, thinning and increasing shade free gap tended to reduce the quality of wood.

The rubber agroforestry experiments in Jambi started with the theory of change that productive clonal rubber could be economically used in low-labour intensity rubber agroforests, allowing selective retention of forest species or planted fruit trees in interrows. At the end of what was expected to be a 25-year production cycle we revisited the farmers (or their next generation), recorded what had happened to the plot and registered farmer plans for a way forward. Qualitatively, the results showed a wide range of directions of actual change. The envisaged plots, with full-grown tapped rubber in a secondary forest setting did occur – but as exception rather than rule. Some plots had early on been converted to oil palm when white root rot disease killed many of the rubber trees. Others were in a gradual transition to oil palm, already interplanted, or depended on natural regeneration of rubber within the plot for the trees currently being tapped. Some plots had been completely destroyed as the land was sold to a local coal-mine developer. Overall tapping frequency was low, as farmgate rubber prices have in recent years been low and farmers had other options (including participating in small-scale gold mining). Farmer experience with the various clones tested led to mixed opinions on which (if any) of the clones introduced were superior to what farmers used in the past (and what still regenerates in the landscape). GT1, a robust clone, was seen as hardly more productive as local germplasm, the PB260 and BPM1 clone were productive, but especially PB260 clone sensitive to white root rot disease. The quality of rubber wood was a concern for some farmers. The most successful intervention, from farmers’ as well as environmental perspective, has probably been the interplanting of meranti (Shorea leprosula) or tembesu (Fagraea fragrans) trees in young rubber stands, with good prospects for generating substantial income.

Fungal endophytes are fungi that lives within plant tissues without causing apparent disease. It is also suggested that these fungi have ability to enhance plant growth and plant resistancy against pest and disease. This research is a preliminary study about root fungal endophytes in dipterocarp since there are lack research concerning about this study focus. We examined root fungal endophyte isolated from seedling of Shorea leprosula and Shorea selanica taken from Dramaga Experimental Forest, Bogor. Furthermore, we also tried to find out the fungal potential ability to solubilize phosphate and suppres fungal pathogen by in vitro assay. Surface sterilization method was used to isolated fungal endophytes from root tissues. Trichoderma spirale, Velsalceae sp., Melanconiela ellisii, Chaetosphaeria callimorpha, and Trichoderma asperellum were isolated during this study. These fungi appear to have specific association between fungal species and host plant, but no evidence of fungal order-level specificiation in S. leprosula and S. selanica. In vitro test also suggested that root fungal endophyte Trichoderma spirale and Melanconiella elisii have potential ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate. In addition, this result also present that root fungal endophyte T. spirale and T. asperellum have the potential to inhibit pathogen fungi Fusarium sp.

There are many types of wood joinery used in carpentry projects, one of which is the mortise and tenon. Mortise and tenon are used in wooden school chairs, which need to be durable due to its frequent usage. The objective of this paper was to determine strength properties on three different tenon width of 25, 30, and 35 mm. Tree species that was used was Shorea leprosula or also known as Meranti Tembaga in Malaysia. In constructing the joints, gluing technique of brushing was applied to the mortise and tenon, then clamped and conditioned for 24 h. Two mechanical tests were undergone for this study, which were bending and tensile tests to evaluate the strength properties of each T-joints. ANOVA test using SPSS was evaluated to determine strength properties and its effect on different tenon width. Based on the results, the width dimension of 35 mm was reported to have the highest bending and tensile strength properties. The study concluded that tenons with wider dimensions have higher strength values.

Genetic diversity value of offspring might indicate a reproductive success in a forest. Aim in this study was to access genetic diversity values of offspring of Shorea leprosula from different forest types. Leaf samples were collected from six population i.e. a plantation from Carita, and five natural forests from Gunung Bunga A and B, SBK, ITCI and Gunung Lumut. Using four microsatellite markers, the results showed that SBK population maintained high value of genetic diversity. Values of expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged between 0.717 (Carita) and 0.836 (SBK). Values of coefficient inbreeding (F) were insignificant deviated from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, but the value was significant in SBK population. PCA analysis demonstrated a cluster among Gunung Bunga A, SBK, ITCI, and Gunung Lumut. Amova showed that different province significantly contributed 1% to the value of genetic diversity of S. leprosula.

Shorea leprosula Miq is a species from Dipterocarp family with high economic value but has complex problems in seeds availability and storage. S. leprosula stand in Gunung Dahu Research Forest (GDRF), Bogor-West Java has been flowering for several times that makes these stand to have potential to be developed as seed stand. This research was aimed to assess the potential of Gunung Dahu Research Forest as source-identified seed stand for S. leprosula. Assessment was carried outin plot number 1, 2, 5, 7 and 21A by developing a scoring technique to several criteria, those were: total amount of seed trees, stand’s quality, flowering and fruits quality, stand’s health, trees parentage, accessibility, and stand’s security. Only those of plots having 94 points or above would be accepted as seed stand and that designated plot number 2, 5, and 21A with total score 131; 131.5; and 96.5 points accepted as seed stands while plot number 1 and 7 were failed to fulfil the criteria. Among those of accepted plots, plot number 5 has higher potential as seed stand because it has fewer disturbances than plot number 2.

Vegetative propagation plays an important role to support Shorea leprosula’s clonal forestry development. This study aimed to determine the effect of mother trees and cuttings material position of S. leprosula shoot cuttings growth at 4 months of age. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used as the experimental design, which consists of two factors, i.e. cuttings material position (4 level) and mother trees (10 mother trees). The results showed that the interaction between mother trees and cuttings material position significantly affected the growth of height and the number of the leaf. The best interactions in height of growth values ranged from 7.83 to 8.83 cm and the best number of leaves ranged from 3.6 to 4.5 sheets. The single factor of the cuttings material position and mother trees significantly affected the rooting percentage, the number of the root, and the length of the root. The cuttings material position at 20 cm, 40 cm, and 60 cm found to be the best rooting percentage (84 to 88%), the cuttings material position at 40 cm and 60 cm found to be the best number of the root (4.04 to 4.43 pieces) and the best length of the root (10.23 to 10.93 cm).

Shorea leprosula belongs to the Dipterocarpaceae family, a dominant family in Indonesia’s rainforest. The population of this species has been depleted due to extensive logging, high rates of deforestation and forest degradation in the past several decades. However, the current status of the species’ range and distribution remains unknown. This research project aims to understand and predict the distribution of S. leprosula in Kalimantan using species distribution models (SDMs). This study used presence records and presence-absence records from field surveys and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database. Two modelling methods, MaxEnt and generalized linear models (GLMs), were used to predict species distribution. Prediction maps varied with modelling methods and different datasets, producing different emphases on areas suitable for S. leprosula. Even though the descriptive and predictive capabilities of the models are considered modest, the models provide useful insights about environmental factors that affect the distribution pattern of S. leprosula. Given the limitations of species records used in this study, the model outputs also need to be cautiously interpreted to avoid prediction biases. This research project also highlights some issues that arise in using small sample sizes in developing the model. Despite its limitations, the prediction maps generated by the models can give some hints to identify the areas with high possibility of the presence of S. leprosula in Kalimantan. In addition, this research project also provides some important information on how to improve model predictions for future development to support species conservation in Indonesia’s rainforests.

This study investigated the roundwood production and profit sharing for Shorea leprosula and Shorea smithiana in case of PT Inhutani I Bukit Bangkirai, Balikpapan. Five research aims pursued in order to better understand the economic valuation of Shorea tree species, are: 1) analyse the increments of woody; 2) identify the age of trees reached the highest increments of woody; 3) measure the highest value of mean annual increments (MAI); 4) examine the nominal rate of return ( i ) for roundwood production; 5) examine the profit sharing between the management of PT Inhutani I Bukit Bangkirai and investors. Additionally, the policy of profit sharing has been determined by the proportion of 55% for investors and 45% for the management.The results demonstrated that: 1) the wood potential of Shorea leprosula reached the highest value at the age of 40 years by producing 7.78 m 3 ha -1 year -1 , and Shorea smithiana reached the highest value at the age of 50 years by producing 333.34 m 3 ha -1 year -1 ; 2) the highest value of MAI for Shorea leprosula and Shorea smithiana are 7.78 and 6.67 m 3 ha -1 year -1 respectively; 3) the nominal rate of return ( i ) of Shorea leprosula is 7.8% for investors and 8.3% for the management, and Shorea smithiana is 6.3% for investors and 6.7% the management. Overall, this research found that the economic value of Shorea leprosula and Shorea smithiana provide the nominal rate of return ( i ), which is higher than minimum acceptable rate of return (MAR).

Shorea leprosula is one of the valuable species in the tropical rain forest and it has distributed widely in the lowland tropical rain forest with altitude up to 700 m above sea level. Due to decreasingthe number of forest area, it will affect the sustainability of S. leprosula in the tropical rain forest. Ex situ conservation through establishment of S.leprosula progeny test was one of the best way to evaluate the best genotypes of mother trees (family) in order toset up the breeding program and produce the improved planting stock materials for forest rehabilitation.The research was conducted in Balik Papan Forest Industries (BFI), a Forestry Company in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. A total of 60 open pollinated plus trees have been selected and used for the genetic materials of the study. The progeny test wasplanted in 2009and laid out in randomized completely block design (RCBD), 4-tree line plots/family with 3 replications and at a spacing6 x 3 meter. The result of research showed significant in both high and DBH variable at tα Family5%. The biggest and lowest of DBH growth were the family no. 51018 (2.78 cm.year-1 of mean annual increment/MAI) and family no. 51052 (1.66 cm.year-1 of MAI). Moreover, the highest and the lowest of height growth were family 51030 (2.6 m.year-1 of mean annual increment/MAI) and 51003 (1.5 m.year-1 of MAI) respectively. Families selected in this research could be used to produce the improved planting stock material for rehabilitation insecondary tropical rain forest

Vegetative propagation has an important role to produce high quality of seedling. Through vegetative propagation, the genetic potential of a mother tree will totally be inherited to the off-springs. Therefore, the success of stool plants preparation from selected mother tree is very important. The aim of study was to investigate the effect of populations and height of topping to sprouting ability of Meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula Miq.) stool plants. This study was arranged in completely randomized block design with factorial. The two treatments used in the study were three populations (Muara Wahau, East Kalimantan; Kenangan, East Kalimantan and Ketapang, West Kalimantan) and four height of toppings (20 cm, 40 cm, 60 cm and 80 cm). The results of study showed that population were significantly different for the number of sprouts, length of sprouts, diameter of sprouts and number of nodus. While the height of topping were significantly different only for the number of sprouts. The best number of sprouts (6.82 buds), length of sprouts (18.41 cm), diameter of sprouts (2.14 mm) and number of nodus (7.10 nodus) was found at Muara Wahau population. While among the height of toppings, the best number of sprouts was found at 80 cm height (8,06 buds), followed by 60 cm (6,00 buds), 40 cm (5,08 buds) and 20 cm (3,86 buds). There were no significant differences on the interaction between population and height of topping for all measured characters.

Tropical rainforests in South-East Asia have been affected by climatic fluctuations during past glacial eras. To examine how the accompanying changes in land areas and temperature have affected the genetic properties of rainforest trees in the region, we investigated the phylogeographic patterns of a widespread dipterocarp species, Shorea leprosula. Two types of DNA markers were used: expressed sequence tag-based simple sequence repeats and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence variations. Both sets of markers revealed clear genetic differentiation between populations in Borneo and those in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra (Malay/Sumatra). However, in the south-western part of Borneo, genetic admixture of the lineages was observed in the two marker types. Coalescent simulation based on cpDNA sequence variation suggested that the two lineages arose 0.28-0.09 million years before present and that following their divergence migration from Malay/Sumatra to Borneo strongly exceeded migration in the opposite direction. We conclude that the genetic structure of S. leprosula was largely formed during the middle Pleistocene and was subsequently modified by eastward migration across the subaerially exposed Sunda Shelf.

Dipterocarpaceae is the main species of tropical rain forest in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Phillippines and it ranges in eastwards as far as eastern New Guinea. This species is primary product in tropical rain forest of forest concessions. Recently, the quality and quantity of tropical rain forest are decreasing because of the land convertion become forest plantation; illegal logging and shifting cultivation. One of the strategies to reduce the forest degradation is enrichment planting on logged over forest (LOA) using dipterocarps species. The plantation trial was established with two (2) spacing, two (2) fertilizer dosages and five (5) Shorea spp as treatment to support the enrichment planting program in LOA. The research design was split-split plot design with 4 replications. The main plot was 2 spacings i.e. 6x2 m; and 6x4 m. The sub plot was 2 dosages of NPK Fertilizer i.e. 0 and 100 gr species-1. The sub-sub plot was 5 species of Shorea spp., i.e. Shorea leprosula, S.platyclados, S.parvifolia, S.virescens and S.johorensis. Each treatment was established in sguare plot (4x10 trees/treatment). The reserach result showed that spacing, fertilizer dosage and interaction between treatmens were not significant, while species was significant at tα=0.05 fertilizer dosage and interaction between treatmens were not significant, while species was significant at dipterocarps early growth. The highest growth was S.leprosula of DBH and high variables where the value of DBH and high variables were 8.90cm (2.9cm.year-1 of mean annual increment/MAI) and 6.31 m (2.1 m. year-1 of MAI) respectively. The lowest growth was S.virescens both on high and DBH variables where the value of DBH and high were 2.27cm. year-1 and 1.40 m. year-1 respectively.

This research aimed to study the ectomycorrhiza formed by basidiospores attached to the outer surface of Shorea leprosula (Dipterocarpaceae) seed collected from a lowland tropical dipterocarp forest. Two groups of seeds were collected: control seeds collected from plastic net hanging 2 m above the ground and forest floor seeds collected on the forest floor. Before planting, 15 seeds from each group were observed for basidiospores attached to the seed. Ten of the 3-week-old S. leprosula seedlings of each group were individually grown in 1.5 kg of sterile zeolite for 8 months in a greenhouse. Pots were fertilized with MMN solution containing half the strength of phosphate. Fungal identity, ectomycorrhizal root tip colonization and anatomy, plant growth, and phosphate uptake were measured. The control seeds did not have basidiospores attached, whereas the forest floor seeds had 2 × 105 basidiospores of Tomentella. Bioassay test results indicate that the seedlings from the control seeds did not form ectomycorrhiza, whereas those seedlings from the forest floor seeds formed 3 morphotypes of ectomycorrhizae. Based on ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 rDNA region analyses, the 3 morphotypes belonged to Tomentella sp. HBT2, Tomentella sp. HBT4, and Scleroderma sp. HBS3. Root colonization percentage was above 70% for all three morphotypes. Root colonization in general increased plant growth and phosphate uptake. This is the first report of Tomentella basidiospores attached on the seed surface as a functional inoculum and of Tomentella ectomycorrhiza from dipterocarps lowland tropical forest.

Ekyastuti W, Astiani D, Roslinda E. 2016. Prospect of indigenous plant species for revegetation in the tailings area of ex community gold mining. Biodiversitas 17: 764-768. One of the reclamation activities in the tailings area of ex community gold mine is revegetation. The success of revegetation is strongly influenced by the selection of suitable plant species. The purpose of this research was to determine the prospects of indigenous plant species for revegetation in the tailings area of ex community gold mine. Research has been conducted at the tailings area of ex community gold mining in Menjalin subdistricts Landak District West Kalimantan, using an experiment method with randomized complete block design (RCBD). Used ss basic for blocking is the difference of tailings area age: 2 years old and 10 years old after mining activities. In both locations, seven indigenous plant species were planted, i.e: Dillenia suffruticosa, Vitex pinnata, Archidendron pauciflorum, Anacardium occidentale, Shorea leprosula, Alstonia scholaris and Hevea brasiliensis. The results showed that the seven indigenous plant species are tolerant to mercury and can grow well in the tailing areas of ex community gold mine of both 2-years and 10-years after mining. Five indigenous plant species use phytostabilization to remediate mercury in the plant tissue, while two others species use phytoextraction. Therefore, the prospect of using indigenous plant species for revegetation in tailings area of ex community gold mine is very well. Keywords: Ex community gold mining, indigenous plant species, tailing