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A plethora of classification models for the detection of glaucoma from fundus images have been proposed in recent years. Often trained with data from a single glaucoma clinic, they report impressive performance on internal test sets, but tend to struggle in generalizing to external sets. This performance drop can be attributed to data shifts in glaucoma prevalence, fundus camera, and the definition of glaucoma ground truth. In this study, we confirm that a previously described regression network for glaucoma referral (G-RISK) obtains excellent results in a variety of challenging settings. Thirteen different data sources of labeled fundus images were utilized. The data sources include two large population cohorts (Australian Blue Mountains Eye Study, BMES and German Gutenberg Health Study, GHS) and 11 publicly available datasets (AIROGS, ORIGA, REFUGE1, LAG, ODIR, REFUGE2, GAMMA, RIM-ONEr3, RIM-ONE DL, ACRIMA, PAPILA). To minimize data shifts in input data, a standardized image processing strategy was developed to obtain 30 degrees disc-centered images from the original data. A total of 149,455 images were included for model testing. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for BMES and GHS population cohorts were at 0.976 [95% CI: 0.967-0.986] and 0.984 [95% CI: 0.980-0.991] on participant level, respectively. At a fixed specificity of 95%, sensitivities were at 87.3% and 90.3%, respectively, surpassing the minimum criteria of 85% sensitivity recommended by Prevent Blindness America. AUC values on the eleven publicly available data sets ranged from 0.854 to 0.988. These results confirm the excellent generalizability of a glaucoma risk regression model trained with homogeneous data from a single tertiary referral center. Further validation using prospective cohort studies is warranted. The first author is jointly supported by the Research Group Ophthalmology, KU Leuven and VITO NV. This research received funding from the Flemish Government under the “Onderzoeksprogramma Artificiële Intelligentie (AI) Vlaanderen” program. We thank prof. Erwin Bellon of the University Hospitals Leuven for the extensive help in anonymizing all fundus images and clinical data. We want to express our gratitude to all collaborators who trusted us with their data, which led to this validation work.

Background Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a widely applied non-invasive technique for evaluating optic nerve head parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biometric parameters such as the spherical equivalent (SE) and the anterior corneal curvature (ACC) on the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL), Bruch’s membrane opening (BMO), and the minimum rim width (MRW) measurements performed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in glaucomatous and healthy eyes. Methods In this cross-sectional, case–control prospective pilot study, the glaucoma group consisted of 50 patients with previously diagnosed and treated glaucoma and one healthy group of 50 subjects. Two consecutive examinations of pRNFL, BMO, and MRW with SD-OCT for every patient were performed without ACC and objective refraction (imaging 1) and with them (imaging 2). Results The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) reflected high agreement between imaging 1 and imaging 2 in both groups. The ICC in the glaucoma and healthy groups for pRNFL (0.99 vs. 0.98), BMO (0.95 vs. 0.97), and MRW (1.0 vs. 1.0) was comparable. Conclusions Our preliminary data from a small number of eyes showed that the measurements of pRNFL, MRW, and BMO reflected high agreement between both imaging techniques with ACC and objective refraction and without these parameters in subjects with a refractive error up to ± 6.0 diopters. Further studies with participants with higher refractive error are necessary to evaluate the impact of biometric parameters such as SE and ACC on measurements with SD-OCT.

Purpose Low birth weight is associated with altered retinal development in childhood, including reduced peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness. However, to the best of our knowledge, no population-based study has analyzed the relationship of low birth weight to pRNFL thickness in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether birth weight has a long-term effect on pRNFL thickness in adulthood. Methods In the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS), participants were examined with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using a peripapillary scan and automated measurement of pRNFL thickness as a global parameter and in six sectors. The association between self-reported birth weight and the different pRNFL sectors were analyzed with multivariable linear regression, adjusted for potential confounders including sex, age, axial length, self-reported age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Results In 3,028 participants, self-reported birth weight was documented and pRNFL measurements were successfully performed (1632 females, ages 54.9 ± 10.0 years). After adjustment for several confounders in the multivariable model, a positive association was observed between birth weight and pRNFL thickness in the global sector (β = 0.13 µm/100 g; 95% CI, 0.08–0.18; P < 0.001; R2 = 0.007) and especially in the inferotemporal sector (β = 0.22 µm/100 g; 95% CI, 0.15–0.29; P < 0.001; R2 = 0.008) and inferonasal sector (β = 0.28 µm/100 g; 95% CI, 0.17–0.39; P < 0.001; R2 = 0.005). Conclusions Our data show that there is a weak relationship between birth weight and pRNFL thickness in adulthood. This weak association is particularly present in the inferior part of the optic nerve head. Therefore, low birth weight may have an impact on optic nerve head development and potentially on ocular disease development.

Hintergrund: Intravitreale Injektionstherapien gehören zu den häufigsten medizinischen Prozeduren überhaupt. Über die klinischen Wirkungen und die Bewertung von Lebensqualität ist vieles bekannt, die Versorgungssituation der Patienten und ihre Bewertung der Therapie wird bislang [zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL]

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Patient���s gestational history questionnaire (general information about pregnancy and details of delivery).

Contains fulltext : 249581.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of physical activity (PA) on the incidence or progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the general population. DESIGN: Meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. METHODS: We included 14,630 adults with no or early AMD at baseline from 7 population-based studies and examined associations of PA with AMD incidence and progression using multistate models (MSM) per study and subsequent random effects meta-analysis. Age effects were assessed using meta-regression. The main outcome measure was the hazard ratio (HR) for incident early or progression to late AMD. RESULTS: At baseline, mean age was 60.7 ± 6.9 to 76.4 ± 4.3 years, and prevalence of early AMD was 7.7% (range, 3.6%-16.9%) between cohorts. During follow-up, 1461 and 189 events occurred for early and late AMD, respectively. In meta-analyses, no or low to moderate PA (high PA as reference) was associated with an increased risk for incident early AMD (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01-1.40; P = .04), but not for late AMD. In subsequent meta-regression, we found no association of age with the effect of PA on incident AMD. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests high levels of PA to be protective for the development of early AMD across several population-based cohort studies. Our results establish PA as a modifiable risk factor for AMD and inform further AMD prevention strategies to reduce its public health impact. 01 april 2022

Supplementary Material 1

Additional file 3: Figure S3. Extended general anesthesia examination form (extended GAEF). PHPV = Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous; ROP = Retinopathy of prematurity; FEVR = Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

Additional file 4: Table S1. Causes and genetic data of secondary childhood glaucoma in Germany.

This work presents first insights into the dynamics of free-surface release clouds from dynamically compressed polystyrene and pyrolytic graphite at pressures up to 200 GPa, where they transform into diamond or lonsdaleite, respectively. These ejecta clouds are released into either vacuum or various types of catcher systems, and are monitored with high-speed recordings (frame rates up to 10 MHz). Molecular dynamics simulations are used to give insights to the rate of diamond preservation throughout the free expansion and the catcher impact process, highlighting the challenges of diamond retrieval. Raman spectroscopy data show graphitic signatures on a catcher plate confirming that the shock-compressed PS is transformed. First electron microscopy analyses of solid catcher plates yield an outstanding number of different spherical-like objects in the size range between ten(s) up to hundreds of nanometres, which are one type of two potential diamond candidates identified. The origin of some objects can unambiguously be assigned, while the history of others remains speculative.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Medical history form with medical and social history of the child.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Validated 24-item Adherence Barriers Questionnaire for IVT (German).

Additional file 1: Table S1. Validated 24-item Adherence Barriers Questionnaire for IVT (translated to English).

Additional file 3: Table S3. Final 17-item Adherence Barriers Questionnaire for IVT (German).

Fragestellung: Die Katarakt-Operation gilt als die häufigste Operation in Deutschland. Zahlen hierzu basieren bisher auf Umfragen oder Verkaufszahlen von Intraokularlinsen. Wir berichten nun die Häufigkeit von Kataraktoperationen über ein Fünfjahresintervall bei Personen im Alter[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], 34. Kongress der Deutschsprachigen Gesellschaft für Intraokularlinsen-Implantation, interventionelle und refraktive Chirurgie

To investigate the prevalence and new onset of depression and anxiety among subjects with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and its association with AMD in a large European cohort with relatively good visual acuity. 11,834 participants enrolled in the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study were studied. AMD was diagnosed by grading of fundus photographs. Depression and anxiety were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 Scale, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were performed and adjusted for several parameters. 1,089 (9.2%) participants were diagnosed having AMD. Prevalence of depression in AMD and non-AMD participants was 7.2% and 8.0%, respectively and prevalence of anxiety was 4.2% and 7.0%, respectively. New onset of depression and anxiety at 5-year follow-up in AMD subjects was 2.6% and 3.6%, respectively. AMD was not associated with depression (OR 0.93; CI 95% 0.70–1.20; p = 0.62). AMD was associated with less anxiety (OR 0.67; CI 95% 0.47–0.93; p = 0.02). This is the first study analyzing both prevalence and new onset of depression and anxiety in AMD subjects. AMD- and non-AMD participants had a similar prevalence and new onset of depression in our population-based sample. Participants without AMD had a higher prevalence of anxiety. AMD was not associated with depression.

To investigate the prevalence and new onset of depression and anxiety among subjects with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and its association with AMD in a large European cohort with relatively good visual acuity. 11,834 participants enrolled in the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study were studied. AMD was diagnosed by grading of fundus photographs. Depression and anxiety were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 Scale, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were performed and adjusted for several parameters. 1,089 (9.2%) participants were diagnosed having AMD. Prevalence of depression in AMD and non-AMD participants was 7.2% and 8.0%, respectively and prevalence of anxiety was 4.2% and 7.0%, respectively. New onset of depression and anxiety at 5-year follow-up in AMD subjects was 2.6% and 3.6%, respectively. AMD was not associated with depression (OR 0.93; CI 95% 0.70–1.20; p = 0.62). AMD was associated with less anxiety (OR 0.67; CI 95% 0.47–0.93; p = 0.02). This is the first study analyzing both prevalence and new onset of depression and anxiety in AMD subjects. AMD- and non-AMD participants had a similar prevalence and new onset of depression in our population-based sample. Participants without AMD had a higher prevalence of anxiety. AMD was not associated with depression.

Additional file 3: Supplementary Figures.

Additional file 2: Supplementary Note.

Background To investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety among subjects with self-reported glaucoma and the association between self-reported glaucoma and depression respectively anxiety in a European cohort. Methods A study sample of 14,657 participants aged 35 to 74 years was investigated in a population-based cohort study. All participants reported presence or absence of glaucoma. Ophthalmological examinations were carried out in all participants and demographic and disease related information were obtained by interview. Depression was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and generalized anxiety with the two screening items (GAD-2) of the short form of the GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale). Prevalence of depression and generalized anxiety were investigated for subjects with and without self-reported glaucoma. Logistic regression analyses with depression, respectively anxiety as dependent variable and self-reported glaucoma as independent variable were conducted and adjusted for socio-demographic factors, systemic comorbidities (arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer), ocular diseases (cataract, macular degeneration, corneal diseases, diabetic retinopathy), visual acuity, intraocular pressure, antiglaucoma eye drops (sympathomimetics, parasympathomimetics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, beta-blockers, prostaglandins) and general health status. Results 293 participants (49.5% female) reported having glaucoma. Prevalence of depression among participants with and without self-reported glaucoma was 6.6% (95%-CI 4.1–10.3) respectively 7.7% (95%-CI 7.3–8.2), and for anxiety 5.3% (95%-CI 3.1–8.7) respectively 6.6% (95%-CI 6.2–7.1). Glaucoma was not associated with depression (Odds ratio 1.10, 95%-CI 0.50–2.38, p = 0.80) or anxiety (1.48, 95%-CI 0.63–3.30, p = 0.35) after adjustment for socio-demographic factors, ocular/systemic diseases, ocular parameters, antiglaucoma drugs and general health status. A restriction to self-reported glaucoma cases either taking topical antiglaucoma medications or having a history of glaucoma surgery did not alter the result. Conclusions This is the first study analyzing both depression and anxiety among glaucoma patients in a European cohort. Subjects with and without self-reported glaucoma had a similar prevalence of depression and anxiety in our population-based sample. Self-reported glaucoma was not associated with depression or anxiety. A lack of a burden of depressive symptoms may result from recruitment from a population-based sample as compared to previous study groups predominantly recruited from tertiary care hospitals.

Background To estimate the burden of diseases, it is important to consider patient-reported outcomes including Quality of Life (QoL). The aim of this study is to provide population-based reference data for the National Eye Institute 25-Item Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25), stratified by sex and age. Methods The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based, prospective, observational cohort study in Germany, including 15,010 participants aged between 35 and 74. The baseline examination was conducted between 2007 and 2012. To overcome known shortcomings of the NEI VFQ-25, we calculated the previously proposed visual functioning scale and the socio-emotional scale based on Rasch-transformed person-level data. We present mean values, standard deviations and percentiles for age decades stratified by sex. We used a linear regression model to assess the influence of age, sex, socioeconomic status, distance-corrected visual acuity (better-seeing eye) and the absolute difference in distance-corrected visual acuity of both eyes on vision-related QoL. Results NEI VFQ-25 data are available from 12,231 participants (82%). Both the long-form visual functioning scale (LFVFS) and the long-form socio-emotional scale (LFSES) showed a clear age dependency, with an average LFVFS score of 92.8 for men and 90.5 for women in the youngest age group and 85.7 and 83.4 in the oldest age group, and a LFSES score of 98.3 for men and 98.1 in women in the youngest and 94.7 and 94.5 in the oldest decade. The largest difference was observed between the youngest age group (35–44 years) and the 45–54 years group. Men tended to have slightly higher scores than women. In the multivariable linear regression analysis, age (per 5 years −0.42), female sex (−1.57), worse distance-corrected visual acuity of the better eye (per 0.1 increase in logMAR −2.92) and the difference between both eyes (per 0.1 increase in logMAR −0.87) were associated with a reduced LFVFS score (all p

Fragestellung: Sehbeeinträchtigende Augenerkrankungen, Hörminderungen, Hauterkrankungen wie auch urologische Erkrankungen nehmen mit dem Alter zu. Verschiedene Studien haben aufgezeigt, dass bei Seniorenheimbewohnern eine (fachärztliche) Unterversorgung besteht. Eine neue Gebührenordnungsposition[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], 18. Deutscher Kongress für Versorgungsforschung (DKVF)

Background To estimate the effect of strabismus (squinting) on mental health and health-related quality of life aspects in children and adolescents. Methods Data from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents KiGGS (2003–2006 baseline survey; N = 14,835, aged 3 to 17 years, 49% girls) were examined. The presence of strabismus was derived by parental questionnaire, and health-related quality of life and mental health were investigated with the KINDL-R and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Associations between strabismus and outcomes were analyzed using multivariable linear and logistic regression models. Results Of 12,989 children without missing data, 579 children (4.5% of the sample) were reported to have strabismus. Children with strabismus had lower scores in the parent-reported KINDL-R total scale (adjusted beta = − 1.02; 95%CI: -1.86 to − 0.18; p = 0.018) and sub-scale ‘friends’ (adjusted beta = − 2.18; 95%CI: -3.56 to -0.80; p = 0.002) compared to children without strabismus. The presence of strabismus was also associated with more mental health problems like ‘hyperactivity/inattention’ (adjusted OR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.14 to 1.98; p = 0.005), and ‘peer problems’ (adjusted OR = 1.35; 95%-CI: 1.05 to 1.74; p = 0.018) as reported by parents. Conclusions Strabismus in children and adolescents is associated with lower health-related quality of life. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12955-019-1144-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

We investigated the high-pressure behavior of polyethylene (CH2) by probing dynamically-compressed samples with X-ray diffraction. At pressures up to 200 GPa, comparable to those present inside icy giant planets (Uranus, Neptune), shock-compressed polyethylene retains a polymer crystal structure, from which we infer the presence of significant covalent bonding. The A2/m structure which we observe has previously been seen at significantly lower pressures, and the equation of state measured agrees with our findings. This result appears to contrast with recent data from shock-compressed polystyrene (CH) at higher temperatures, which demonstrated demixing and recrystallization into a diamond lattice, implying the breaking of the original chemical bonds. As such chemical processes have significant implications for the structure and energy transfer within ice giants, our results highlight the need for a deeper understanding of the chemistry of high pressure hydrocarbons, and the importance of better constraining planetary temperature profiles.

We investigated the high-pressure behavior of polyethylene (CH2) by probing dynamically-compressed samples with X-ray diffraction. At pressures up to 200 GPa, comparable to those present inside icy giant planets (Uranus, Neptune), shock-compressed polyethylene retains a polymer crystal structure, from which we infer the presence of significant covalent bonding. The A2/m structure which we observe has previously been seen at significantly lower pressures, and the equation of state measured agrees with our findings. This result appears to contrast with recent data from shock-compressed polystyrene (CH) at higher temperatures, which demonstrated demixing and recrystallization into a diamond lattice, implying the breaking of the original chemical bonds. As such chemical processes have significant implications for the structure and energy transfer within ice giants, our results highlight the need for a deeper understanding of the chemistry of high pressure hydrocarbons, and the importance of better constraining planetary temperature profiles.

Purpose Most definitions of visual impairment focus on the status of the better-seeing eye only, but this approach might underestimate the influence of the worse-seeing eye on the vision-related quality of life (VRQoL). Methods We assessed distance-corrected visual acuity in both eyes and VRQoL using the “National Eye Institute 25-Item Visual Function Questionnaire” (NEI VFQ-25) in the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study. We calculated the Rasch-based visual functioning scale (VFS) and socioemotional scale (SES). We categorized the visual acuity of the better-seeing eye (BE) and worse-seeing eye (WE) as follows: (1) no visual impairment (VI) ( 0.5 logMAR). Next, the subjects were categorized as follows: both eyes with no VI (no/no), the better-seeing eye with no VI and the worse-seeing eye with mild VI (no/mild), no VI/severe VI (no/severe), both eyes with mild VI (mild/mild), light VI/severe VI (mild/severe), and both eyes with severe VI (severe/severe). We calculated the median scores for VFS and SES. We used linear regression to estimate the combined influence of BE/WE on VFS and SES. Results We included 11,941 participants (49.9% female, age range: 35–74 years) with information on VRQoL and visual acuity. The median VFS/SES scores were 90/100 (no/no VI group), 84/97 (no/mild group), 81/94 (no/severe group), 70/90 (mild/mild group), 67/74 (mild/severe group), and 63/76 (severe/severe group). These differences were supported by the regression analysis results. Conclusion Relying on the function of the better-seeing eye considerably underestimates the impact of visual impairment on VRQoL. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12955-019-1158-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

PURPOSE:Myopia is increasing worldwide and possibly linked to education. In this study, we analyse the association of myopia and education in the U.S. and investigate its age-dependency. METHODS:We conducted a secondary data analysis using the public use files from the cross-sectional study National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of the period from 1999 to 2008. 19,756 participants aged 20 to 85 years were included with data on education and ophthalmic parameters (distance visual acuity, objective refraction and keratometry). Spherical equivalent, astigmatism, corneal power and corneal astigmatism were evaluated for an association with education using linear regression analysis with adjustment of potential confounders. RESULTS:Analysis revealed an association between spherical equivalent and educational level in the univariate analysis (P < .001), and in the adjusted model (P < .001). Subjects who attend school to less than 9th grade had a mean spherical equivalent of 0.34 D, subjects with 9-11th grade -0.14 D, subjects that finished high school -0.33 D, subjects with partial college education -0.70 D, subjects that graduated from college or a higher formal education -1.22 D. Subjects that graduated from college or above were -1.47 D more myopic compared to subjects that completed less than 9th grade school in the adjusted analyses. Astigmatism and corneal curvature was not associated with education. CONCLUSIONS:Myopia is associated with higher education in the U.S. Our analysis shows that corneal curvature does not contribute to this association, therefore axial elongation or lens power are likely to contribute to myopia.

High energy density physics 32, 63 - 69 (2019). doi:10.1016/j.hedp.2019.05.002, We present results from the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser (SACLA) X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) facility, using an X-ray pump, X-ray probe scheme to observe ultrafast changes in the structure of heated graphite. The 9.8 keV XFEL beam was focused to give an intensity on the order of ∼ 10$^{19}$ W/cm$^2$, and the evolution of the diffraction pattern observed up to delays of 300 fs. The interplanar diffraction peaks weaken significantly within 10s of femtoseconds, but in-plane diffraction orders i.e. those with Miller Index $(hk0)$, persist up to 300 fs, with the observed signal increasing. We interpret this as nonthermal damage through the breaking of interplanar bonds, which at longer timescales leads to ablation by removal of intact graphite sheets. Post-experiment examination of the graphite samples shows damage which is comparable in size to the range of the excited photoelectrons. These results highlight the challenges of accurately modelling X-ray driven heating, as it becomes a routine approach to generating high energy density states., Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam [u.a.]

"AIM: To describe the referral patterns of children with primary childhood glaucoma (PCG) or secondary childhood glaucoma (SCG) and their presenting symptoms in Northern Tanzania. METHODS: A retrospective observational study of children 0.48, better eye). Most of the children (60%) and their caretakers presented on their own initiative, while 24% were sent by different general health cadres and 16% by eye care professionals. Buphthalmos was the main symptom mentioned as a trigger for presentation. CONCLUSION: The study shows that most of the children presented late resulting in advanced stages of glaucoma at the time of initiation of treatment. The majority attended the referral eye department on their own initiative with buphthalmos being the most commonly described symptom. Awareness creation among caretakers of children, general health and eye care providers, ideally embedded in general child health promotion activities, is needed to increase and accelerate referrals."

Hintergrund: Sehbeeinträchtigende Augenerkrankungen nehmen mit dem Alter zu. Hierzu zählen insbesondere Erkrankungen wie Katarakt, altersassoziierte Makuladegeneration und Glaukom. Fragestellung: Ziel dieser Studie ist eine Einschätzung der Inanspruchnahme augenärztlicher Gesundheitsleistungen[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], 17. Deutscher Kongress für Versorgungsforschung (DKVF)

Diamond formation in polystyrene (C8H8)n, which is laser-compressed and heated to conditions around 150 GPa and 5,000 K, has recently been demonstrated in the laboratory [D. Kraus et al., Nat. Astron. 1, 606-611 (2017)]. Here we show an extended analysis of the acquired data and their implications for planetary physics and inertial confinement fusion. Moreover, we discuss the advanced diagnostic capabilities of adding high-quality small angle X-ray scattering and spectrally resolved X-ray scattering to the platform, which shows great prospects of precisely studying the kinetics of chemical reactions in dense plasma environments at pressures exceeding 100 GPa.

Ziel: Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es den Einfluss von Geburtsgewicht auf die Augenmorphologie, die Refraktion und auf die Sehschärfe bei Jugendlichen im Alter von 12 bis 15 Jahren zu untersuchen. Material und Methoden: Hierfür führten wir eine Analyse der öffentlich zugänglichen[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], 90. Versammlung des Vereins Rhein-Mainischer Augenärzte

© 2017 The Author(s). The effects of hydrocarbon reactions and diamond precipitation on the internal structure and evolution of icy giant planets such as Neptune and Uranus have been discussed for more than three decades1. Inside these celestial bodies, simple hydrocarbons such as methane, which are highly abundant in the atmospheres2, are believed to undergo structural transitions3,4that release hydrogen from deeper layers and may lead to compact stratified cores5-7. Indeed, from the surface towards the core, the isentropes of Uranus and Neptune intersect a temperature-pressure regime in which methane first transforms into a mixture of hydrocarbon polymers8, whereas, in deeper layers, a phase separation into diamond and hydrogen may be possible. Here we show experimental evidence for this phase separation process obtained by in situ X-ray diffraction from polystyrene (C8H8)nsamples dynamically compressed to conditions around 150 GPa and 5,000 K; these conditions resemble the environment around 10,000 km below the surfaces of Neptune and Uranus9. Our findings demonstrate the necessity of high pressures for initiating carbon-hydrogen separation3and imply that diamond precipitation may require pressures about ten times as high as previously indicated by static compression experiments4,8,10. Our results will inform mass-radius relationships of carbon-bearing exoplanets11, provide constraints for their internal layer structure and improve evolutionary models of Uranus and Neptune, in which carbon-hydrogen separation could influence the convective heat transport7.

Purpose. To report the distribution of iris conicity (steepness of the iris cone), investigate associated factors, and test whether pseudophakia allows the iris to sink back. Methods. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out. Ophthalmological examination including objective refraction, biometry, noncontact tonometry, and Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam®, Oculus) was performed including automated measurement of iris conicity. 3708 phakic subjects, 144 subjects with bilateral and 39 subjects with unilateral pseudophakia were included. Multivariable analyses were carried out to determine independently associated systemic and ocular factors for iris conicity in phakic eyes. Results. Mean iris conicity was 8.28° ± 3.29° (right eyes). Statistical analysis revealed associations between steeper iris conicity and shallower anterior chamber depth, thicker human lens and higher corneal power in multivariable analysis, while older age was related to a flatter iris conicity. Refraction, axial length, central corneal thickness, pupil diameter, and intraocular pressure were not associated with iris conicity. Pseudophakia resulted in a 5.82° flatter iris conicity than in the fellow phakic eyes. Conclusions. Associations indicate a correlation between iris conicity with risk factors for angle-closure, namely, shallower anterior chamber depth and thicker human lens. In pseudophakic eyes, iris conicity is significantly lower, indicating that cataract surgery flattens the iris.

PURPOSE:To analyze the effect of birth weight on ocular morphology, refraction and visual function in early adolescents aged 12-15 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We conducted a secondary data analysis using the public use files from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of the period from 1999 to 2008. Study participants aged 12 to 15 years were included with data on birth weight and ophthalmic parameters including presenting distance visual acuity, objective refraction and keratometry. Visual acuity, sphere, astigmatism in power vectors J0 and J45, corneal power and corneal astigmatism were evaluated for an association with birth weight. Linear and logistic regression with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, survey cycle and birth weight as independent variable were calculated. RESULTS:Linear regression analysis revealed an association between corneal power and birth weight (per 100g: beta = -0.04, p

Hintergrund: Myopie, auch als Kurzsichtigkeit bekannt, nimmt weltweit zu. 2015 erfuhr die Krankheit durch einen Artikel in Nature unter dem Titel „The Myopia Boom“ weltweit Aufmerksamkeit. Prävalenzen unterscheiden sich weltweit und schwanken beispielsweise zwischen 5% in Australien[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], HEC 2016: Health – Exploring Complexity; Joint Conference of GMDS, DGEpi, IEA-EEF, EFMI

The floating head (flh) gene in zebrafish encodes a homeodomain protein, which is essential for notochord formation along the entire body axis. flh orthologs, termed Not genes, have been isolated from chick and Xenopus, but no mammalian ortholog has yet been identified. Truncate (tc) is an autosomal recessive mutation in mouse that specifically disrupts the development of the caudal notochord. Here, we demonstrate that truncate arose by a mutation in the mouse Not gene. The truncate allele (Nottc) contains a point mutation in the homeobox of Not that changes a conserved Phenylalanine residue in helix 1 to a Cysteine (F20C), and significantly destabilizes the homeodomain. Reversion of F20C in one allele of homozygous tc embryonic stem (ES) cells is sufficient to restore normal notochord formation in completely ES cell-derived embryos. We have generated a targeted mutation of Not by replacing most of the Not coding sequence, including the homeobox with the eGFP gene. The phenotype of NoteGFP/eGFP, NoteGFP/tc, and Nottc/tc embryos is very similar but slightly more severe in NoteGFP/eGFP than in Nottc/tc embryos. This confirms allelism of truncate and Not, and indicates that tc is not a complete null allele. Not expression is abolished in Foxa2 and T mutant embryos, suggesting that Not acts downstream of both genes during notochord development. This is in contrast to zebrafish embryos, in which flh interacts with ntl (zebrafish T) in a regulatory loop and is essential for development of the entire notochord, and suggests that different genetic control circuits act in different vertebrate species during notochord formation.

Physics of plasmas 28(8), 082701 (2021). doi:10.1063/5.0048150, We present a proof-of-principle study demonstrating x-ray Raman Spectroscopy (XRS) from carbon samples at ambient conditions in conjunction with other common diagnostics to study warm dense matter, performed at the high energy density scientific instrument of the European x-ray Free Electron Laser (European XFEL). We obtain sufficient spectral resolution to identify the local structure and chemical bonding of diamond and graphite samples, using highly annealed pyrolytic graphite spectrometers. Due to the high crystal reflectivity and XFEL brightness, we obtain signal strengths that will enable accurate XRS measurements in upcoming pump���probe experiments with a high repetition-rate, where the samples will be pumped with high-power lasers. Molecular dynamics simulations based on density functional theory together with XRS simulations demonstrate the potential of this technique and show predictions for high-energy-density conditions. Our setup allows simultaneous implementation of several different diagnostic methods to reduce ambiguities in the analysis of the experimental results, which, for warm dense matter, often relies on simplifying model assumptions. The promising capabilities demonstrated here provide unprecedented insights into chemical and structural dynamics in warm dense matter states of light elements, including conditions similar to the interiors of planets, low-mass stars, and other celestial bodies., Published by American Institute of Physics, [S.l.]