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The Orchidaceae family stands out when it comes to the commercialization of pot flowers, this is due to their flowers being widely attractive and have variability of colors, size and shapes according to the species; this results in plants with high relevance to the economy in the floriculture sector. The goal of this study was to elucidate questions about the effect of micronutrients on initial growth, the influence of electrical conductivity and frequency of fertilizer application, and the efficiency of organic fertilization with castor bean cake, on the growth and nutrition of Brassia verrucosa Lindley orchid. Studies with mineral fertilization involving nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in Cattleya and Phalaenopsis seedlings allowed to obserevar that the N increment increased the number of flowers in Cattleya, while P and K did not affect this variable. The salinity of irrigation water also has an effect on growth and flowering. The electrical conductivity, the sources of fertilizers, their interaction with the substrate, the balance between the nutrients, the quantities and frequencies to be used, in addition to the different phenological requirements and characteristics intrinsic to the species, are important aspects to be considered in fertirigation.

Potted flower production is an important floricultural activity. However, there have been few studies on the fertilization management of orchids. Fertigation with urea and potassium chloride is feasible, but little information is available regarding the interaction of these fertilizers with other sources of nutrients. Thus, the present study evaluated the effects of application of bokashi and a simple superphosphate and their interactions with fertigation on the growth and nutrition of hybrid Cattleya. Seedlings of Laeliocattleya Drumbeat × Laeliocattleya Gold Digger hybrid were submitted to two ferti-irrigation levels (absent and present) using urea and potassium chloride as nitrogen and potassium sources, respectively. As complementary fertilization, bokashi and superphosphate were applied singly and in combination. A commercial fertilizer (Peters®) was used as an additional control. Fertigation increased plant height; leaf area; number, length, and diameter of pseudobulbs; dry mass of leaves, pseudobulbs, and roots; and content of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen. The application of bokashi resulted in dry mass gain in all plant organs. The combination of fertigation and bokashi was superior to the commercial fertilizer in terms of increased leaf area, chlorophyll A content, carotenoid content, and dry mass. A produção de flores em vaso é uma importante atividade da floricultura. Todavia, são escassos os estudos sobre o manejo da fertilização em orquídeas. A fertirrigação com ureia e cloreto de potássio é uma prática comum; porém, pouco se sabe sobre suas interações com outras fontes de nutrientes. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do bokashi e do superfosfato simples e suas interações com a fertirrigação no crescimento e nutrição de um híbrido de Cattleya. Mudas do híbrido entre Laeliocattleya Drumbeat × Laeliocattleya Gold Digger foram submetidas à dois regimes de fertirrigação (ausência e presente) utilizando ureia e cloreto de potássio como fonte de nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K), respectivamente. Além disso, como fertilização complementar foi utilizado o bokashi e superfosfato, aplicados isolados e em combinação. O fertilizante comercial Peters® foi utilizado como testemunha adicional. A fertirrigação propiciou incrementos na altura, área foliar, número, comprimento e diâmetro dos pseudobulbos, bem como na massa seca de folhas, pseudobulbos e raízes, além de aumento nos teores de clorofila, carotenoides e teor de N. O uso do bokashi resultou em ganhos na massa seca em todos os órgãos da planta. A utilização combinada entre a fertirrigação e bokashi foi superior ao fertilizante comercial para as características área foliar, teor de clorofila A, carotenoides, além das características de massa seca.

The hybrid, obtained by back crossing between (Cattleya labiata x Cattleya forbesii) x Cattleya labiata is a vigorous plant, bi- or unifoliate, features slender and cylindrical pseudobulbs and leathery dark-greenish leaves, with oblanceolate shape format of blunt tips with the first flowering four years after sowing. In Londrina, flowering occurred twice a year, between the months of April and May and October and November with 2-4 flowers per pseudobulb and durability ranging from 15 to 20 days. The flowers of the new hybrid were purple with a labellum with a yellow center and purple stripes.

The desert rose (Adenium obesum) has been highlighted in the internal market, however there are not many studies related to its demands regarding its nutrition and substrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different fertilizations and its interactions with different substrates in the initial growth of the desert rose. The seedlings of desert rose with 60 days have been potted transplanted with a capacity of 0.415 L, filled with two kinds of substrates: sand + coconut fiber and sand + composted pine powder. Four different fertilization managements have been done: without fertilization, application of the Hoagland & Arnon nutrient solution; application of NH3 NO4 at 590 g L-1 of nitrogen (N); and the application of the Hoagland & Arnon nutrient solution modified through the addition of NH3 NO4 , increasing the concentration of N to 800 g L-1. The solutions have been applied biweekly adding 50 mL per pot. The experiment has been entirely randomized in a 2x4 factorial design, with 10 repetitions. After 150 days from the beginning of the fertilizations the phytometrical parameters evaluated were: height of the shoot; diameter of the basal caudex; number of shoots; dry mass of the roots, caudex and leaves; and determination of the levels and accumulation of macronutrients in the shoot, and the pH and electrical conductivity of the substrates. The evaluated data have been submitted to an analysis of variance and the Tukey test compared through the test at 5% of error probability. For all the evaluated parameters, when the composted pine mixture was used, the seedlings showed a higher development compared to coconut fiber mixture. The seedlings had a better performance with the modified Hoagland solution for height, number of shoots, caudex diameter and leaf dry mass in both substrates. The use of the sand + pine powder (1:1 v v-1) and the fertilization with Hoagland & Arnon solution combined with the NH3 NO4 solution provided a better initial growth on the desert rose.

In vitro cultivation is a very important method for the conservation of germplasm and the multiplication of endangered plants; however, studies on the adequacy of the nutrients used for a good development of each species are needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro development of Laelia marginata Lindl. in culture media containing different nitrate/ ammonium ratios. Seedlings were obtained from seeds germinated in vitro. The treatments consisted of different nitrate/ ammonium ratios, with five proportions of NO3 - and NH4 + : T1-0/100; T2-25/75; T3-50/50; T4-75/25 and T5-100/0. At 200 days after seedling transplanting, height of the aerial part, root length, number of leaves, number of shoots, leaf length, leaf width, aerial and root dry mass and contents of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were evaluated. A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and ten replicates. The combination of 50/50 nitrate/ammonium resulted in the highest values of aerial part and root length, dry mass of the aerial part and root, as well as leaf length and width. The proportion of 50/50 nitrate/ammonium resulted in the best initial development of L. marginata seedlings.

The hybrid of Cattleya forbesii x Cattleya loddigesii has a short stature and early flowering, a light lilac tending to white color and a labellum with a velvety purple lobe and corrugated edges. The flower lifetime lasts approximately 20 days.

Many plant bacterial pathogens monitor their group behaviour and their population density via production of N-acyl homoserine lactone signals which regulate the expression of several genes via the LuxI/R homologs. This regulatory network, termed quorum sensing (QS), is present in the soybean bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas savastanoi pv glycinea (Psg). The sequenced genomes of two strains of Psg, race 4 and B076, contain an N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) based LuxI/R QS system named AhlI/R. While studying the QS system of Psg strains race 4 and B076 isolated in USA, LMG5066 in New Zealand and IBSBF355 in Brazil, we found that B076, LMG5066 and IBSBF355 possess a point mutation in the ahlR gene that causes a frameshift resulting in a truncated AhlR protein. Psg race 4 does not possess the mutation in ahlR and the QS system is functional. The same mutation in the ahlR gene was found to be also present in 9 of 19 Psg strains isolated from diseased soybean in Illinois. Phenotypic analysis of strains showed that swarming motility is repressed whereas phosphate solubilisation was activated by QS in Psg. Analysing the secretome, we also found that four proteins were under QS regulation.

RESUMO A falta de estudos que indiquem as necessidades nutricionais de muitas orquídeas resulta na realização de práticas de adubação embasadas em experiências práticas e que não necessariamente atendem às demandas nutricionais de todas as espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da adubação mineral e orgânica e suas respectivas combinações no desenvolvimento da orquídea Cattlianthe 'Chocolate drop'. As mudas desse híbrido foram obtidas por clonagem in vitro, e cultivadas em condição de casa de vegetação, utilizando potes plásticos com capacidade de 1 L contendo como substrato uma mistura de casca de pinus e carvão (4v:3v). Os tratamentos avaliados foram: sem adubação (testemunha), fertirrigação com fertilizante mineral ultra solúvel (FMU), mistura de torta de mamona e farinha de ossos (TM+FO), bokashi (BOK), FMU + mistura de torta de mamona e farinha de ossos {FMU+(TM+FO)}, FMU + bokashi (FMU+BOK), mistura de torta de mamona e farinha de ossos + bokashi {(TM+FO)+BOK}, FMU + mistura de torta de mamona e farinha de ossos + bokashi {FMU+(TM+FO)+BOK}. Após oito meses do início das adubações foram avaliados o desenvolvimento da parte aérea e o acúmulo de nutrientes. O tratamento FMU+BOK foi significativamente superior ao tratamento sem adubação, com incrementos aproximados de 54, 42, 33 e 78% da massa seca da parte aérea, comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento médio radicular e área foliar, respectivamente. A combinação entre adubação mineral e orgânica favoreceu o desenvolvimento de plantas do híbrido de Cattlianthe 'Chocolate drop'.

Fertilization through nutrient solution is commonly used in commercial production of potted flowers, being employed soluble NPK formulations. However, most commercial formulations available in the market have high costs and the use of agricultural fertilizers can be an economically viable alternative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of agricultural fertilizers applied as nutrient solutions, in replacement of commercial formulations, on initial growth of Cattleya labiata. C. labiata seedlings in vitro propagated were grown in a greenhouse with controlled temperature, 27 ± 2° C, and retaining 50% brightness. Polypropylene pots were used with 0.415 L capacity, containing a mixture of pine bark and charcoal (1:1, v:v) as substrate. Altogether were used 4 treatments: without fertilization (control); Peters® - NPK 20 20 20 (3.0 g L -1 ); NPK - urea (1.3 g L -1 ), superphosphate (3.3 g L -1 ) and potassium chloride (1.0 g L -1 ); NK - urea (1.3 g L -1 ) and potassium chloride (1.0 g L -1 ). The nutrient solutions were applied 50 ml per pot every two weeks, according to the treatments. Were evaluated phytometric characteristics, pH and electrical conductivity of the substrate beyond the levels and accumulation of macronutrients. The experimental design was completely randomized with 12 replications, being considered each pot with two plants as an experimental unit. The parameters were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 5% probability. Regarding phytometric parameters no significant differences were observed between the treatments that received fertilization, which are superior to the control in height and dry mass of shoots. The more accumulated nutrients were K>Ca>N, in the treatments that received fertilization. The use of urea, superphosphate and potassium chloride, applied in nutrient solution, have potential to replace the commercial formulations in the initial growth of native orchid Cattleya labiata.

The hybrid between Cattleya forbesii x Cattleya bowringiana shows flowers of lilac coloration, labellum with a light yellow center and striated with purple stripes of the same tone of other floral whorls. The plant flourished four years after seeding and produced, on average, six flowers.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the cryopreservation of Chlorella vulgaris using different substances. The C. vulgaris was cultured in medium MH, the microalgae were grown under a 12:12 h light: dark photoperiod, illumination with 40 W led lamps, and a controlled temperature of 28±1 ºC. C.vulgaris was cultured for 15 days and the culture was aliquoted into 3-mL cryogenic tubes. The 3-mL aliquot was centrifuged, the supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended in different cryoprotectant solutions, T1-PVS1, T2-PVS2, T3-PVS2 (1% phloroglucinol), T4 (2 M glycerol), and T5 (5% methanol). The samples were rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen (-196 °C) and analyzed after 15, 150, and 300 days of freezing. Cell viability was determined in cultures grown for 20 days. The only effective treatment was T5, which promoted the growth of thawed cultures in both solid and liquid media. After 15 days of freezing in liquid nitrogen and 20 days of culture growth, the number of viable and nonviable cells was 3.42±0.72 × 107 and 0.06±0.009 × 107, respectively, and viability was 98.2%. Similar values were obtained after 150 and 300 days of freezing: 2.17±0.15 × 107 and 2.35±0.18 × 107 viable cells, 0.05±0.02 × 107 and 0.10±0.02 × 107 nonviable cells, and viability of 97.6% and 95.8%, respectively. The cryopreservation protocol for microalgae C. vulgaris using 5% methanol was effective; therefore, it is possible to maintain this strain under axenic conditions in liquid nitrogen for long periods.

Adenium obesum, also known as desert rose, has recently become popular in Brazil, due to its exuberance and sculptural shape. However, the production of the species in commercial scale has been facing challenges regarding propagation of hybrids by in vitro cultivation techniques, potting medium composition, irrigation and fertilization management, disease and pest control. Unlike other species sold as potted plants, there are no commercial production protocols established for Adenium, mainly due to the scarcity of technical information about this species. Thus, this technical article aimed to provide information related to the Adenium growth, in view of its commercial scale production. In addition, aspects related to floral morphology, pollination and seed production of the species, as well as, vegetative propagation strategies were discussed.

O gênero Oncidium apresenta cerca de 315 espécies e centenas de híbridos. O melhoramento genético com espécies nativas, de potencial ornamental, é uma importante estratégia para garantir melhor adaptabilidade das cultivares obtidas às condições brasileiras de cultivo. Dentre elas, a espécie brasileira Oncidium sarcodes, se destaca por longas hastes com flores grandes e amarelas, com máculas marrons. Objetivou-se nesse trabalho caracterizar progênies obtidas da hibridação entre oncidiums, de modo a selecionar uma potencial cultivar. Plantas selecionadas de O. sarcodes foram utilizadas como parental feminino e O. Aloha 'Iwanaga' como parental masculino. Para o cruzamento utilizou-se polinização manual controlada e as sementes obtidas desse cruzamento foram germinadas in vitro. Após o crescimento in vitro e aclimatização das plântulas em casa de vegetação, as mesmas foram transplantadas para vasos com volume de 1000 mL utilizando como substrato casca de pinus e fibra de coco, na proporção de 1:1 (v/v). Para a descrição morfológica dos híbridos selecionou-se 10 progênies, nas quais foram avaliadas as características fitométricas da parte vegetativa e das inflorescências. O florescimento dos híbridos ocorreu aos 48 meses após a germinação, entre os meses de dezembro a janeiro, com flores durando entre 25 e 30 dias. O cruzamento trouxe às flores maior equilíbrio e simetria entre os verticilos florais. As sépalas e as pétalas apresentam coloração amarelo ouro com máculas marrons, com limite bem determinado entre as cores. Oncidium genus has about 315 species and hundreds of hybrids. Breeding of native species with ornamental potential is an important strategy to ensure a better adaptability of cultivars to Brazilian conditions. Among them, the Brazilian species Oncidium sarcodes stands out for long stems with large yellow flowers with brown stains. The aim of this work was to characterize the progenies resulting from the oncidiums hybridization in order to select a potential cultivar. Selected O. sarcodes plants were used as the female parental and O. Aloha 'Iwanaga' as the male parental. Pollination was manually controlled and the obtained seeds were germinated in vitro. After seedling establishment in vitro and acclimatization in the greenhouse, they were transplanted to plastic pots with volume of 1000 mL using as substrate pine bark and coconut fiber 1:1 (v/v). For the morphological description of the hybrids, 10 progenies were selected to evaluate the characteristics of vegetative development and inflorescences. Flowering occurred 48 months after germination, from December to January, flowers with durability of 25 to 30 days. The crossing brought flowers to a greater balance and symmetry between the verticils. The sepals and petals have yellow gold color with brown spots, with well-defined limits between the colors.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:38:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01 Dendrobium nobile Lindl. is one of the most cultivated and distributed orchids around the world; however, information on its nutrition is scarce. Our objective was to study the plant development and nutrient accumulation in plants of D. nobile weekly fertilized with 100 mL Sarruge nutrient solution at 75% concentration. One plant per replication was randomly collected every month, along 12 months, totaling four plants. Dry matter (DM) and nutrient accumulation were determined for the different plant parts. Plants had already accumulated nearly 50% of total DM up to the flowering stage (240 days after first fertilization, DAFF). Order and amount of accumulated nutrients, at 360 DAFF, was, in mg per plant: K (701.07) > N (339.44) > Ca (289.03) > Mg (135.44) > P (118.83) > S (23.56); in µg per plant, it was Fe (14,122.35) > Zn (5,277.82) > Mn (3,216.87) > B (1,253.02) > Cu (271.25). School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (UNESP/FCAV) Path of Access Professor Paulo Donato Castellane São Paulo State University Campus in Jandaia do Sul Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) State University of Londrina (UEL) School of Agriculture (UNESP/FCA) São Paulo State University School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (UNESP/FCAV) Path of Access Professor Paulo Donato Castellane São Paulo State University School of Agriculture (UNESP/FCA) São Paulo State University

A floricultura gera renda e desenvolvimento nas regiões onde se desenvolve, pois viabiliza pequenas unidades de produção, devido ao alto valor agregado de seus produtos. A fertilização é um manejo fundamental a ser considerado na produção comercial de orquídeas, que além de garantir qualidade e padronização, também reduz o tempo necessário para que as mudas e flores atinjam padrões comerciais. É conhecido o efeito benéfico do uso de fórmulas NPK, contudo as fórmulas negligenciam os efeitos dos demais macro e micronutrientes. Além disso, estudos indicam que a eficiência da fertirrigação varia de acordo com a condutividade elétrica das soluções e as frequências de aplicação utilizadas. Quanto à fertilização orgânica, sua eficácia e recomendações de uso ainda permanecem empíricas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a fertilização e nutrição mineral em Brassia verrucosa (Orchidaceae), com ênfase sobre: i - os micronutrientes no crescimento inicial; ii - a condutividade elétrica e frequências de aplicação das soluções nutritivas; iii - o uso da torta de mamona como fertilizante orgânico. Para avaliação do efeito dos micronutrientes, as plantas foram fertirrigadas semanalmente, com soluções nutritivas de Hoagland e Arnon, modificadas para fornecer diferentes concentrações de micronutrientes, sendo: 0; 25; 50; 100; 200 e 400% da concentração padrão. Plantas irrigadas com água deionizada foram utilizadas como controle. Para determinar os efeitos da condutividade elétrica e frequências de aplicação, foram utilizados a ureia, o cloreto de potássio e fosfato monoamônico, como fonte de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K), diluídos em três diferentes concentrações de iguais proporções em massa: C1 (0,5:0,5:0,5; g L-1), C2 (1:1:1; g L-1) e C3 (2:2:2; g L-1). As condutividades elétricas das soluções apresentaram 1,25, 2,5 e 4,7 mS cm-1, respectivamente. As soluções foram aplicadas, por regas com 50 mL, em três frequências: mensal (F1), quinzenal (F2) e semanal (F3). Plantas não fertilizadas foram utilizadas como controle. Para avaliar a eficácia da torta de mamona (TM) foram aplicadas sobre o substrato as quantidades de 0,0; 4,8; 9,6 e 14,5 g do fertilizante orgânico para cada litro de substrato. A TM foi reaplicada a cada 03 meses. Como testemunha adicional foi realizada a fertilização mineral com ureia, cloreto de potássio e fosfato monoamônico diluídos em água (1:1:1; g L-1) aplicados 50 mL quinzenalmente. Variáveis fitométricas e os teores de nutrientes na parte aérea foram avaliados, com 10 repetições por tratamento. A fertilização com micronutrientes em Brassia verrucosa não apresentou efeitos sobre o crescimento vegetativo inicial, na qual a fertilização com solução nutritiva de Hoagland e Arnon promoveu aumentos significativos sobre a altura, volume radicular e massa seca de raízes e parte aérea, mesmo na ausência de micronutrientes, entretanto os teores de P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu na parte aérea foram alterados em função das concentrações de micronutrientes. O aumento da condutividade elétrica resultou em incrementos no crescimento da orquídea Brassia verrucosa, através de aumentos no diâmetro do maior pseudobulbo, número de pseudobulbos, número de brotos, massa seca de pseudobulbos e massa seca de folhas, e para a frequência de aplicação, a utilização de mensal para semanal, resultou em incrementos no número de brotos e massa seca de folhas dentro de cada condutividade elétrica. O aumento da condutividade elétrica bem como o aumento da frequência de aplicação, de mensal para semanal promoveu incrementos nos teores de N, P e K em pseudobulbos e folhas. A fertilização com 14,5 g de torta de mamona para cada litro de substrato promoveu incrementos na altura, comprimento e diâmetro dos pseudobulbos, número de pseudobulbos, massa seca de folhas pseudobulbos em raízes. O aumento das doses de torta de mamona resultou na diluição dos teores de Ca e aumento nos teores de Mg, não alterando os teores de N, P e K, na parte aérea da orquídea Brassia verrucosa. Floriculture generates income and development in the regions where it develops, it feasible small production units, due to the high value of its products. Fertilization is a critical management to be considered in commercial production of orchids, which will guarantee quality and standardization also reduces the time required for seedlings and flowers reach commercial standards. It is known beneficial effect of NPK use, however the formulas neglect the other macro and micronutrient effects. Moreover, studies indicate that the fertigation efficiency varies with the electrical conductivity of solutions and frequencies used. Regarding organic fertilization, its effectiveness and recommendations still remain empirical. The objective of this work was to study fertilization and mineral nutrition in Brassia verrucosa (Orchidaceae), with emphasis on: i - micronutrients in initial growth; ii - electrical conductivity and application frequencies of nutrient solutions; iii - use of castor cake as organic fertilizer.To evaluate the micronutrients effect, the plants were fertigated weekly with Hoagland and Arnon solutions, modified to provide different micronutrients concentrations, as follows: 0; 25; 50; 100; 200 and 400% from standard concentration. Plants just irrigated were used as an additional control. To determine the electrical conductivity effects and application frequencies were used urea, potassium chloride and monoammonium phosphate as a source of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), it was diluted in three different concentrations of the same mass ratios: C1 (0.5:0.5:0.5; g L-1), C2 (1:1:1; g L-1) e C3 (2:2:2; g L-1). The electrical conductivities of the solutions showed 1.25, 2.5 and 4.7 mS cm-1, respectively. The solutions were applied by watering with 50 ml, under three frequencies: Monthly (F1), biweekly (F2) and weekly (F3). Plants just irrigated were used as control. To assess the organic fertilization efficacy, it was used castor meal (TM) applied on the substrate in amounts of 0.0; 4.8; 9.6 e 14.5 g L-1 by substrate. The TM was reapplied every 03 months. As additional control was performed with mineral fertilization with urea, monoammonium phosphate and potassium chloride diluted in water (1:1:1; g L-1) applied 50 ml every two weeks. Micronutrient fertilization in Brassia verrucosa had no effect on the initial vegetative growth, in which fertilization with Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution promoted significant increases in height, root volume and dry mass of roots and shoot, even absence of micronutrients, however the contents of P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in the aerial part were altered as a function of micronutrient concentrations. The increase in electrical conductivity resulted in increases in the growth of Brassia verrucosa orchid through increases in the diameter of the largest pseudobulb, number of pseudobulbs, number of shoots, dry mass of pseudobulbs and dry mass of leaves, and for the frequency of application, its utilization from monthly to weekly, resulted in increases in the number of shoots and leaf dry mass within each electrical conductivity. The increase of the electrical conductivity as well as the increase of the frequency of application, from monthly to weekly, promoted increases in N, P and K contents in pseudobulbs and leaves. The fertilization with 14.5 g of castor bean cake for liter of the substrate promoted increases in height, length and diameter of pseudobulbs, number of pseudobulbs, dry mass of pseudobulbs leaves in roots. The increase of castor bean doses resulted in the dilution of Ca contents and increase in Mg contents, without altering the levels of N, P and K in the shoot of the orchid Brassia verrucosa.

The Arundina graminifolia, is popularly known as bamboo orchid, by having their stems quite extensive. It is widely used in the business landscape, with a very rustic plant. Sphagnum moss is the most widely used substrate in the acclimatization of orchids, but environmental issues have led to an increase in the search for alternative substrates. The objective of this study was to evaluate substrates that can replace all or part of the use of sphagnum moss on the acclimatization of A. graminifolia. The substrates used were: sphagnum moss, rice hulls, rice hulls + coir 1:1 (v / v) sphagnum + carbonized rice husk, 1:1 (v / v). Seedlings were kept in a greenhouse and after seven months were evaluated for survival rate (%), shoot height (cm), average root length (cm), number of leaves and roots, dry leaves, pseudobulbs and roots (g) and leaf area (mm2). Also evaluated were pH, conductivity (uS.cm-1), density (g.cm-3) and water holding capacity (mL.L-1) were evaluated. The results showed high levels of survival (80%) and the number of leaves (4.3) grown plants in rice hulls + coconut fiber 1:1 (v / v). The same with respect to pH (5.9) within the optimal range of nutrient availability. It is concluded that the mixture of rice hulls + coconut fiber 1:1 (v / v), is a suitable substrate for plant growth A. graminifolia during the acclimatization phase, which may replace the sphagnum, and the use of carbonized rice husk alone unfeasible during this period.

Propagation of in vitro plants through other culture media rather than the traditional ones has been widely researched, with satisfactory results. However, to increase the effectiveness of these media, the addition of organic products has been presented satisfactory results. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the FishFértil® organic fertilizer on the in vitro cultivation of the Brazilian orchid Cattleya labiata. Treatments included FishFértil® fertilizer concentrations of 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 and 6 mL L-1 in a simplified culture medium. At 180 days, shoot height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of roots, root average length, shoot and root dry mass and the shoot: root ratio were evaluated. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with 10 replications, each one containing 10 plantules. Data were submitted to an analysis of variance and regression analysis, at 5% of significance. The FishFértil® organic fertilizer at the concentration of 6 mL L-1 promoted better plantule growth of Cattleya labiata, subcultivated in vitro, in a simplified culture medium.

Na floricultura a comercialização de flores de orquídeas é destaque pelo alto potencial ornamental desta família, onde o gênero Cattleya se destaca pela forma e beleza de suas flores. A adubação é um manejo fundamental para garantir eficiência produtiva e qualidade às flores. Entretanto existem poucos estudos sobre a nutrição em orquídeas, sendo adotadas pelos produtores, diversas receitas empíricas com uma ampla gama de fertilizantes. Porém estudos mais recentes revelam uma grande complexidade do tema, sendo as fertilizações variáveis de acordo com a espécie, o estágio fenológico, além da finalidade de produção, devendo ser levado em consideração os tipos de fertilizantes, a dosagem, a frequência, as interações entre nutriente/substrato e nutriente/nutriente. A maior parte destes estudos está relacionada com a utilização de formulações NPK, aplicados via fertirrigações, entretanto a eficiência da aplicação de um nutriente depende do equilíbrio com os demais. Assim estudos apontam que a utilização de adubos orgânicos, aliados às fórmulações químicas (NPK), provê as plantas uma nutrição mais adequada, dado que os adubos orgânicos possuem maior diversidade de nutrientes, os quais são liberados de forma gradual, garantindo um suprimento de nutrientes equilibrado e contínuo. Deste modo o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento da orquídea Cattleya 'Chocolate Drop', utilizando a adubação química, orgânica e suas respectivas combinações. As plantas utilizadas neste estudo foram clones de Cattleya 'Chocolate Drop' com dois anos de idade. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: T1) Sem adubação, T2) NPK 20-20-20, T3) mistura de torta de mamona e farinha de ossos, T4) bokashi, T5) NPK 20-20-20 + mistura de torta de mamona e farinha de ossos, T6) NPK 20-20-20 + bokashi, T7) mistura de torta de mamona e farinha de ossos + bokashi, T8) NPK 20-20-20 + mistura de torta de mamona e farinha de ossos + bokashi. Após oito meses do início do experimento foram avaliados: massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raízes, comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento médio radicular, número de pseudobulbos, número de brotos, área foliar, teor de clorofila, determinação dos teores e acúmulo de macro e micro nutrientes da parte aérea e o índice de balanço nutricional. Nos substratos foram avaliados o pH e a condutividade elétrica. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 10 repetições e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste Tukey à 5% de significância. A combinação de NPK 20-20-20 com o adubo orgânico bokashi (T6), foi superior ao tratamento sem adubação (T1) para a maioria das características fitométricas, exceto em relação à massa seca de raízes e número de pseudobulbos, sendo o único tratamento superior, no parametro massa seca da parte aérea, onde o uso isolado de NPK 20-20-20 (T2) ou bokashi (T4) não diferiu estatisticamente do tratamento sem adubação. Em relação aos teores de nutrientes, a combinação T6 apresentou maiores teores de fósforo e potássio, e acúmulo em nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, magnésio e ferro em relação ao tratamento sem adubação, sendo entre todos os tratamentos o mais equilibrado, segundo os índices de balanço nutricional. Conclui-se que, a combinação entre adubação química e orgânica favorece o desenvolvimento de plantas do híbrido de Cattleya ?Chocolate Drop. In floriculture marketing of orchid flowers is highlighted by the high ornamental potential of this family, where the genus Cattleya is highlighted by the shape and beauty of its flowers. Fertilization is a key to ensure production efficiency and quality management to flowers. There are few studies on nutrition orchids, being adopted by producers, several empirical recipes with a wide range of fertilizers however. But more recent studies reveal a great complexity of the subject, and the variables fertilizations according to species, phenological stage, beyond the scope of production, should be taken into consideration the types of fertilizers, the dosage, the frequency, the interactions between nutrient/substrate and nutrient/nutrient. Most of these studies is related to the use of NPK formulations applied for fertigation, however, the efficiency of the application of a nutrient depends on the balance with the other. Thus studies indicate that the use of organic fertilizers, combined with chemical formulation (NPK), provides plants a more adequate nutrition, given that organic fertilizers have a greater diversity of nutrients, which are released gradually, ensuring a supply of nutrients balanced and continuous. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of the orchid Cattleya 'Chocolate Drop', using chemistry and organic fertilizers and their combinations. The plants used in this study were clones of Cattleya 'Chocolate Drop' with two years of age. The treatments were: T1) without fertilization, T2) NPK 20-20-20, T3) mixture of castor bean meal and bone meal, T4) bokashi, T5) NPK 20-20-20 + mixture of castor bean meal and bone meal, T6) NPK 20-20-20 + bokashi, T7) mixture of castor bean meal and bone meal + bokashi, T8) NPK 20-20-20 + mixture of castor bean meal and bone meal + bokashi. Eight months after the start of the experiment were evaluated: dry weight of shoots, dry weight of roots, shoot length, mean root length, number of pseudobulbs, number of shoots, leaf area, chlorophyll content, determining the levels and accumulation macro and micro nutrients of shoot and nutrient balance index, the substrate pH and electrical conductivity were evaluated. The design was completely randomized with 10 replications and the data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% significance. The combination of NPK 20-20-20 with bokashi organic fertilizer (T6), was superior to treatment without fertilization (T1) for most characteristics, except in the dry mass of roots and number of pseudobulbs, being the only superior treatment in relation to the dry weight of shoots, where the isolated use of NPK 20-20-20 (T2) or bokashi (T4) did not differ statistically from the treatment without fertilization. In relation to nutrient content, the combination T6 showed higher levels of phosphorus and potassium, and accumulation in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and iron in relation to treatment without fertilization, being among all the most balanced treatments, according to indexes nutritional balance. We conclude that the combination of chemical and organic fertilization favors the development of hybrid plants of Cattleya 'Chocolate Drop'.

Fertilization through nutrient solution is commonly used in commercial production of potted flowers, being employed soluble NPK formulations. However, most commercial formulations available in the market have high costs and the use of agricultural fertilizers can be an economically viable alternative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of agricultural fertilizers applied as nutrient solutions, in replacement of commercial formulations, on initial growth of Cattleya labiata. C. labiata seedlings in vitro propagated were grown in a greenhouse with controlled temperature, 27 ± 2° C, and retaining 50% brightness. Polypropylene pots were used with 0.415 L capacity, containing a mixture of pine bark and charcoal (1:1, v:v) as substrate. Altogether were used 4 treatments: without fertilization (control); Peters® - NPK 20 20 20 (3.0 g L -1 ); NPK - urea (1.3 g L -1 ), superphosphate (3.3 g L -1 ) and potassium chloride (1.0 g L -1 ); NK - urea (1.3 g L -1 ) and potassium chloride (1.0 g L -1 ). The nutrient solutions were applied 50 ml per pot every two weeks, according to the treatments. Were evaluated phytometric characteristics, pH and electrical conductivity of the substrate beyond the levels and accumulation of macronutrients. The experimental design was completely randomized with 12 replications, being considered each pot with two plants as an experimental unit. The parameters were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 5% probability. Regarding phytometric parameters no significant differences were observed between the treatments that received fertilization, which are superior to the control in height and dry mass of shoots. The more accumulated nutrients were K>Ca>N, in the treatments that received fertilization. The use of urea, superphosphate and potassium chloride, applied in nutrientsolution, have potential to replace the commercial formulations in the initial growth of native orchid Cattleya labiata.

A Arundina graminifolia, conhecida popularmente E Como orquídea bambu, POR SEUS apresentar caules Bastante extensos. E Muito utilizada no ramo paisagístico, Sendo UMA planta Bastante rústica. O esfagno E o pelo substrato Mais USADO na aclimatização de orquídeas, entretanto questões Ambientais TEM Gerado hum aumento na Pesquisa POR substratos Alternativos. O Objetivo dEste Trabalho FOI avaliar substratos Alternativos AO USO fazer esfagno na aclimatização de A. graminifolia. Os substratos utilizados foram: esfagno; casca de arroz carbonizada; casca de arroz carbonizada + fibra de coco 1: 1 (v / v); esfagno + casca de arroz carbonizada 1: 1 (v / v). Como plântulas foram mantidas em Casa de Vegetação E Depois de Sete Meses foram avaliadas a taxa de Sobrevivência (%), Altura da Parte Aérea (cm), comprimento do Médio de Raiz (cm), Numero de Folhas e raízes, massa seca de Folhas, pseudobulbos e raízes foliar (g) Área ea (mm2). AINDA foram avaliados o pH, condutividade (uS.cm-1), densidade (g.cm-3) e capacidade de retenção de água (mL.L-1) do DOS substratos. Os Resultados mostraram Valores Elevados de Sobrevivência (80%) e de Numéro de Folhas (4,3) NAS Plantas cultivadas in casca de arroz carbonizada + fibra de coco (1: 1 v / v). O MESMO apresentou pH (5,9) Dentro da Faixa ideal de disponibilidade de nutriente. CONCLUI-SE Que a Mistura de casca de arroz carbonizada + fibra de coco (1: 1 v / v) E hum pelo substrato adequado par o Desenvolvimento vegetativo de A. graminifolia Durante a fase de aclimatização, podendo substituir o esfagno, Sendo o OSU fazer pelo substrato casca de arroz carbonizada isoladamente inviável Durante ESTA Etapa.

As gérberas estão entre as flores ornamentais de maior comercialização como flor de vaso, a inoculação dessas plantas com microrganismos promotores de crescimento são uma estratégia sustentável que auxiliam o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inoculação com microrganismos promotores de crescimento no cultivo de gérbera em vaso e a produção de auxinas em suas raízes. O experimento foi realizado utilizando a Gerbera jamesonii L. híbrido Festival, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, contendo quatro tratamentos e doze repetições. Os tratamentos foram aplicados em dose única via fertirrigação, sendo eles: T1: Controle (água); T2: Streptomyces sp. Estirpe 102; T3: Bacillus subtilis ZK; T4: Adubação química (N:P:K 13-13-15). Os microrganismos foram provenientes da coleção de Bactérias Promotoras de Crescimento da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Foram realizadas avaliações aos 15, 47 e 78 dias após a inoculação (DAI) e as variáveis avaliadas foram as seguintes: número de folhas, número de raízes, comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento de raiz, volume de raiz, massa fresca e seca de parte aérea e das raízes. Ao final das avaliações foi feita a quantificação de auxinas nas raízes com 15 DAI através da cromatografia líquida de ultra performance. As pressuposições de normalidade dos erros e homogeneidade das variâncias foram testadas por Shapiro-Wilk e Bartlet, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de variância através do teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Todas as análises foram realizadas pelo software R. Os resultados indicam que houve melhora significativa no volume das raízes de gérbera com a inoculação de B. subtilis aos 15 DAI com um volume de 23,0 mL em relação apenas com o controle (13,0 mL) e aos 78 DAI com um volume de 16,17 mL em relação a adubação química (6,83 mL). Na segunda avaliação aos 47 DAI o comprimento das raízes de gérbera teve resultado significativo com 31,10 cm quando inoculadas com Streptomyces sp. em relação apenas ao B. subtilis (21,50 cm). A análise de componentes principais dos compostos radiculares do metabolismo de AIA agrupou os tratamentos de modo separado com a análise de cromatografia líquida, pois os microrganismos atuam sobre a via metabólica do AIA de modo diferente, resultando em perfis cromatográficos distintos e característicos para cada tratamento. Concluiu-se que durante o período experimental não houve uma tendência de crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas em relação aos tratamentos, obtendo diferenças significativas isoladas. Maiores análises serão realizadas para identificação e quantificação dos compostos encontrados relacionados ao metabolismo do AIA. Gerberas are among the most commercialized ornamental flowers as vase flowers, the inoculation of these plants with growth-promoting microorganisms is a sustainable strategy that helps the growth and development of plants. The objective was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms in the cultivation of gerbera in pots and on the production of auxins in their roots. The experiment was carried out using the Gerbera jamesonii L. hybrid Festival, in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and twelve replications. The treatments were applied in a single dose via fertigation, as follows: T1 – Control (water); T2 – Strepmomyces sp. Strain 102; T3 – Bacillus subtilis ZK; T4 – Chemical fertilization (N:P:K 13-13-15). The microorganisms came from the collection of Growth-Promoting Bacteria at the Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Evaluations were performed at 15, 47 and 78 days after inoculation (DAI) and the variables evaluated were the following: number of leaves, number of roots, shoot length, root length, root volume, fresh and dry mass of shoots and roots. At the end of the evaluations, the quantification of auxins in the roots was performed using ultra performance liquid chromatography. The assumptions of normality of errors and homogeneity of variances were tested by Shapiro-Wilk and Bartlet, respectively. The results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using the Tukey test (p < 0.05). All analyzes were performed using the R software. The results indicate that there was a significant improvement in the volume of gerbera roots with the inoculation of B. subtilis at 15 DAI with a volume of 23,0 mL in relation to the control alone (13,0 mL) and at 78 DAI with a volume of 16.17 mL in relation to chemical fertilization (6.83 mL). In the second evaluation at 47 DAI, the length of the gerbera roots had a significant result with 31.10 cm when inoculated with Streptomyces sp. compared only to B. subtilis (21.50 cm). The analysis of principal components of root compounds of AIA metabolism grouped treatments separately with liquid chromatography analysis, as microorganisms act on the AIA metabolic pathway differently, resulting in distinct and characteristic chromatographic profiles for each treatment. It was concluded that during the experimental period there was no trend of growth and development of the plants in relation to the treatments, obtaining significant differences isolated. Further analyzes will be carried out to identify and quantify the compounds found related to the metabolism of AIA.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inoculação com bactérias promotoras de crescimento no desenvolvimento de Phalaenopsis sp. em fase de aclimatização. Mudas de Phalaenopsis sp. em fase de aclimatização foram padronizadas e mantidas em casa de vegetação onde receberam os seguintes tratamentos: T1: Água (testemunha) T2: Bacillus sp., T3: Streptomyces sp. estirpe 102, T4: Adubação química + Bacillus sp., T5: Adubação química + Streptomyces sp. estirpe 102, T6: Adubação química. Foram realizadas três avaliações, aos 2, 4 e 6 meses após a instalação do experimento para análise das variáveis: número de folhas e de raízes, comprimento de raiz, comprimento e largura da maior folha, área foliar, massa seca radicular, e massa fresca de parte aérea, sistema radicular e total. Com os resultados obtidos realizou-se o cálculo do índice de aumento para cada variável através da fórmula proposta por Edignton et al., 1971. Os resultados indicam que na primeira avaliação houve incremento de 10,67% no comprimento de raiz e 146,76% na massa fresca de parte aérea em comparação a testemunha nos tratamentos com Bacillus sp. e Bacillus sp. associado a adubação química respectivamente. Após a segunda avaliação a utilização da adubação química foi superior a testemunha para a maioria das variáveis com exceção do comprimento radicular, massa fresca e seca de raiz. Contudo, sua associação com Streptomyces sp. estirpe 102 resultou em maior número de folhas. Na terceira avaliação observou-se que a combinação da adubação química aos inoculantes foi prejudicial para as variáveis massa seca de raiz e massa fresca total, quando comparada com a adubação química isolada. A adubação associada ao Streptomyces sp. promoveu 128,57% de aumento no número de folhas, enquanto que sua associação com Bacillus sp. aumentou 72,41% e 80,34% na largura e área foliar respectivamente com relação a testemunha. Concluiu-se que a utilização do microrganismo isolado não promoveu nenhum ganho significativo com relação as variáveis analisadas ao longo do experimento, e que após seis meses a adubação química promoveu os melhores resultados na promoção do crescimento das mudas de Phalaenopsis sp. durante a fase de aclimatização. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with growth promoting bacteria on the development of Phalaenopsis sp. undergoing acclimatization. Seedlings of Phalaenopsis sp. in the acclimatization phase, they were standardized and kept in a greenhouse where they received the following treatments: T1: Water (control) T2: Bacillus sp., T3: Streptomyces sp. strain 102, T4: Chemical fertilization + Bacillus sp., T5: Chemical fertilization + Streptomyces sp. strain 102, T6: Chemical fertilization. Three evaluations were carried out, at 2, 4 and 6 months after the installation of the experiment to analyze the variables: number of leaves and roots, root length, length and width of the largest leaf, leaf area, root dry mass, and fresh mass aerial part, root system and total. With the results obtained, the increase index for each variable was calculated using the formula proposed by Edignton et al., 1971. The results indicate that in the first evaluation there was an increase of 10.67% in the root length and 146.76 % in the fresh weight of shoots compared to the control in treatments with Bacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. associated with chemical fertilization respectively. After the second evaluation, the use of chemical fertilization was superior to the control for most of the variables, with the exception of root length, fresh and dry root mass. However, its association with Streptomyces sp. strain 102 resulted in a greater number of leaves. In the third evaluation, it was observed that the combination of chemical fertilizer with inoculants was harmful for the dry root mass and total fresh mass variables, when compared with the chemical fertilization alone. Fertilization associated with Streptomyces sp. promoted a 128.57% increase in the number of leaves, while its association with Bacillus sp. increased 72.41% and 80.34% in the width and leaf area respectively with respect to the control. It was concluded that the use of the isolated microorganism did not promote any significant gain in relation to the variables analyzed during the experiment, and that after six months the chemical fertilization promoted the best results in promoting the growth of the seedlings of Phalaenopsis sp. during the acclimatization phase.

A produção de orquídeas Phalaenopsis teve um crescimento extraordinário, tornando-se a espécie mais produzida e comercializada no mundo. A adubação é fundamental para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas em geral, sendo que a nutrição mineral influencia diretamente no vigor, quantidade e qualidade das flores em espécies ornamentais. Porém às exigências nutricionais dessas espécies ainda não estão bem estabelecidas. Neste contexto o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento, curva de absorção de nutrientes e determinar a influencia da concentração de cálcio em solução nutritiva na cultura da orquídea Phalaenopsis. Foram conduzidos 2 experimentos, no primeiro foi avaliado o crescimento e a curva de absorção de nutrientes, as plantas foram fertilizadas com solução nutritiva propostas por Hoagland e Arnon. Foram realizadas 12 coletas durante o período amostral, sendo avaliadas 10 plantas aleatoriamente por coleta. As coletas ocorreram em um intervalo médio de 35 dias, o que totalizou um período total de 424 dias. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros fitométricos: número de folhas, largura e comprimento da maior folha, área foliar, massa seca de parte aérea e de raíz, e determinação dos teores de macronutrientes. Do substrato foram determinados o pH e a condutividade elétrica. Os parâmetros analisados foram submetidas a analise de variância a 5% de probabilidade de erro e posteriormente ajustado aos modelos, logísticos e polinomiais de primeiro, segundo e terceiro graus, utilizando o software R. No segundo experimento foi determinado a influencia da concentração de cálcio em solução nutritiva, foram avaliadas diferentes concentrações de Ca em solução nutritiva de Hoagland e Arnon constituindo 5 tratamentos, que forneceram : 0 mM, 2,5 mM, 5 mM, 7,5 mM e 10 mM de Ca. Após 24 meses foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros fitométricos: número de folhas, largura da maior folha, comprimento da maior folha, área foliar total, massa seca de folhas, massa seca de raízes, textura das folhas, número de flores e massa seca de flores. Foram determinados os teores de macronutrientes. Do substrato foram determinados o pH e a condutividade elétrica. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 10 repetições por tratamento, no qual um vaso contendo uma planta foi considerado uma unidade experimental As variáveis, foram submetidas a analise de variância a 5% de probabilidade de erro e posteriormente ajustadas aos modelos de Mitscherlich e polinomiais de primeiro e segundo graus pelo software estatístico R. No final do primeiro experimento, a captação de macronutrientes pelas plantas de Phalaenopsis, seguiram a ordem decrescente: K> Ca> N> Mg> P> S. O pH e a condutividade elétrica do substrato não foram alteradas durante o período experimental. No segundo experimento a fertilização com 6,25 mM de Ca apresenta efeitos positivos sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo da orquídea Phalaenopsis sp. A deficiência em Ca resulta na redução do número de flores, o que afeta a qualidade do florescimento; e diminuição da firmeza das folhas em Phalaenopsis sp. Não é possível observar sintomas visuais de deficiência nutricional de Ca, durante todo o desenvolvimento vegetativo. A fertilização com 200 - 250 mg L-1 de Ca é recomendada. The production of Phalaenopsis orchids has grown extraordinarily, becoming the most produced and commercialized species in the world. Fertilization is essential for plant growth and development in general, and mineral nutrition directly influences the vigor, quantity and quality of flowers in ornamental species. However, the nutritional requirements of these species are not yet well established. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, nutrient absorption curve and determine the influence of calcium concentration in nutrient solution on the culture of the Phalaenopsis orchid. Two experiments were conducted, in the first one the growth and the nutrient absorption curve were evaluated, the plants were fertilized with a nutrient solution proposed by Hoagland and Arnon. Twelve collections were carried out during the sampling period, with 10 plants being randomly evaluated per collection. The collections took place in an average interval of 35 days, which totaled a total period of 424 days. The following phytometric parameters were evaluated: number of leaves, width and length of the largest leaf, leaf area, dry mass of aerial part and root, and determination of macronutrient contents. From the substrate, pH and electrical conductivity were determined. The collections took place in an average interval of 35 days, which totaled a total period of 424 days. The following phytometric parameters were evaluated: number of leaves, width and length of the largest leaf, leaf area, dry mass of aerial part and root, and determination. The parameters analyzed were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% probability of error and subsequently adjusted to the first, second and third degree models, logistical and polynomials, using software R. In the second experiment, the influence of calcium concentration in nutrient solution was determined, different concentrations of Ca in Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution were evaluated, constituting 5 treatments. , which provided: 0 mM, 2.5 mM, 5 mM, 7.5 mM and 10 mM of Ca. of the macronutrient contents. From the substrate, pH and electrical conductivity were determined. The design was completely randomized, with 10 replicates per treatment, in which a pot containing a plant was considered an experimental unit. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% probability of error and subsequently adjusted to the Mitscherlich models and polynomials of first and second degrees by the statistical software R. resultados dos dois artigos.