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This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sodium monensin on the hepatic accumulation of copper in sheep. Twenty-four Santa Inês crossbred sheep were used and allocated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with six repetitions and considering the factors dietary copper (basal and high) and supplementation (with and without sodium monensin). Thus, four homogeneous groups were formed: control (basal diet); monensin (Mon), 30 ppm of monensin; copper (Cu), 10 10 mg/kg BW per day of copper; monensin + copper (MonCu). The experimental period lasted 14 weeks. Liver and bile samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experiment to determine mineral element concentrations, and weekly blood samples for biochemical, hematological, and mineral evaluation. Liver copper concentrations at the beginning of the experiment did not vary between groups, while mean liver copper concentrations at the end of the experiment were higher in the MonCu, Cu, and Mon groups when compared to the control. At the end of the study, hepatic copper concentration was influenced by copper (p = 0.0001) and monensin (p = 0.0003) supplementation. Copper-supplemented groups had reduced liver iron contents (p = 0.0287) and increased copper concentrations in bile. The biochemical evaluation showed increased serum GGT and AST activity (p 0.05) in the Cu and MonCu groups from the eleventh week on compared to the control and Mon groups. The increase in activity of these enzymes was influenced by copper supplementation (p = 0.0340). Monensin interferes positively with the hepatic accumulation of copper and the supplementation of this additive may predispose sheep to copper poisoning.

This study comprises a retrospective analysis of snakebites in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, from 2007 to 2017. Data were collected from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (NDIS). 17,056 snakebites were recorded in Amazonas between 2007 and 2017. During the study period, the Rio Negro and Tefé micro-regions had the highest accumulated incidence, while small municipalities such as São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Uarini and Alvarães presenting a high incidence rate during the same period. Snakes in the genera Bothrops and Lachesis caused 69.5% and 20.3% snakebites. Snakebites occurred more frequently in the Amazonian winter, between January and April, and most of the snakebite victims (78.6%) were men. The most affected individuals were between 20 and 39 years of age (59.4%). The time elapsed between snakebites and medical assistance varied from one to six hours (51.4%). 7,705 of the snakebite cases, were classified as moderate, 7,328 as mild, and 1,299 as severe. Of the 104 deaths that occurred in the period, Bothrops genus caused the highest mortality (68.3%). The State of Amazonas recorded both high numbers of snakebites in the period 2007-2017 and the time elapsed between snakebite and medical assistance, which may affect the clinical status of patients. KEY WORDS: Bothrops; Lachesis; Amazon; snakes; viperidae

We provide hematologic and biochemical information for 13 jaguars (Panthera onca) from the Amazon. Most showed increased lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase; all individuals showed lower mean red blood cell (RBC) counts compared to findings from other biomes. Males had a significantly higher RBC count and alkaline phosphatase than did females.

We evaluated the clinical aspects and feeding behavior of cattle with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) caused by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Ten healthy Nelore heifers were subjected to an adjusted SARA induction protocol using citrus pulp (CP). Clinical examinations were performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 h intervals after induction, with ruminal fluid, blood, and feces sampling. The animals&rsquo, feeding behavior was evaluated on, before, and for 3 days after SARA by observing the animals every 5 min for 24 h. The dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. The ruminal pH during SARA was always lower than baseline, with an acidotic duration of 547 &plusmn, 215 min, a minimum pH of 5.38 &plusmn, 0.16, and an average pH of 5.62 &plusmn, 0.1. SARA was mainly caused by SCFAs (maximum 118.4 &plusmn, 9.3 mmol/L), with the production of l-lactic acids (7.17 mmol/L) and d-lactic acids (0.56 mmol/L) 6 h after the experiment began. The DMI was reduced by 66% and 48% on days 1 and 2, respectively, and returned to normal levels on day 3. SARA caused a reduction in feed intake and rumination time, as well as an increase in the time spent in decubitus on days 1 and 2. These results were influenced by the ruminal pH, ruminal movement, and osmolarity. Furthermore, SARA caused different degrees of depression, which became more pronounced with higher ruminal lactic acid concentrations.

RESUMO O presente trabalho objetivou comparar o efeito do flunixin meglumine, cetoprofeno e meloxicam no tratamento da dor pós-operatória de ovinos submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia. Foram utilizados 32 ovinos, machos, pesando em média 35,5±3,5kg, distribuídos em três grupos: GFlu (flunixin meglumine 1,1mg/kg i.v.), GCet (cetoprofeno 3,0mg/kg i.v.) e GMel (meloxicam 0,5mg/kg i.v.). Exame clínico e coletas de sangue foram realizados no M0 (pré-avaliação), M1 (10 minutos após a pré-avaliação), M2 (início da sutura para fixação da cânula ruminal), M3 (logo após o término da cirurgia) e em duas, 12, 23, 25, 48 e 72 horas após a cirurgia (M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h, M48h e M72h), quando foram avaliados cortisol, glicose, proteína total, albumina, γ-glutamiltransferase (GGT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatina quinase (CK), ureia, creatinina e hemograma. Nos M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h e M48h, foi realizada avaliação comportamental. O GFlu apresentou maior concentração de cortisol no M12h e no M48h e maior escore de dor na fístula e no testículo no M12h, quando comparado ao GMel. Os animais do GCet apresentaram menor interação com outros membros da baia no M23h. A ação analgésica do meloxicam foi maior em animais submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia, quando comparado ao flunixin meglumine e ao cetoprofeno.

The study investigated the gross and microscopic anatomy of the genital organs of 20 agoutis at different stages of the estrous cycle and four in the final trimester of pregnancy. Specimens were euthanized and their reproductive organs were fixed in a 4% paraformaldehyde or 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution and submitted to routine histological techniques for light and scanning electron microscopy. In the ovary, during the proestrus phase, we observed developing follicles and corpus luteum (CL) in regression; during estrus, there were Graafian follicles; during metestrus, there was a hemorrhagic corpus, whereas in diestrus, there was a mature CL. The uterus was partially double because the cervix was cranially septate but caudally, the septum disappeared, forming a single ostium that opened into the vagina. Changes occurred along the estrous cycle in the uterine and vaginal epithelia, that is, an increase in the uterine epithelium height accompanied by an increase of thickness of the vaginal epithelium during the follicular phase and a decrease of thickness of both epithelia during the luteal phase. The endometrial lining was composed of a simple cuboidal epithelium to simple columnar epithelium with basal nuclei. The vaginal mucosa consisted of epithelium that varied from nonkeratinized stratified squamous (luteal phase) to keratinized stratified squamous (follicular phase). The clitoris was external to the vagina. It presented two protruding lateral keratinized spicules and a centralized urethra, with no common parts between the urinary and genital tracts. Anatomical and histological changes were observed mainly in the cervix, vagina and spicules of the clitoris during the EC.

The purpose of this work was to determine a radiographic standard of normality for lateral and medial ungulae in 3-year-old bovine females of the Nellore breed. Twenty-six cows underwent radiographic exposure of the medial and lateral ungulae of the hindlimbs and forelimbs; abaxioaxial projections were used. The images were analyzed; distances were measured between the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx and the surface of the hoof capsule. The two angles formed, i.e., an angle between the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx and a line parallel to the sole (inner), and an angle between the dorsal surface of the hoof and a line parallel to the sole (outer), were also recorded. The results suggested a standard of normality for the proximal, middle and distal distances of the ungulae of the forelimbs: 0.96 ± 0.12 cm. For the measurement of hindlimbs, except for the distal distances of the side ungulae, the suggested value was 1.02 ± 0.14 cm; for the distal measurement of the lateral ungulae of the hindlimbs, the value was 1.09 ± 0.12 cm. For inner and outer angles, the values were 36.45° ± 4.4° for the medial ungulae of the forelimbs and 42.50° ± 3.8° for other ungulae of the forelimbs and hindlimbs (standard deviations of the values suggested for the angles should be used as variations between different animals, limbs and ungulae; they should not be used between angles of the same ungula).

Seasonality effects on the mineral profile of goats were evaluated. Fifty males were divided into two groups, one with mineral supplementation and one control. Seasonal evaluation was conducted during four periods: beginning, middle, and end of the dry period and middle of the rainy period. Rib and liver biopsies were performed, and blood was collected at each period to evaluate mineral accumulation. Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mo, Zn, and Co concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after acid digestion. Normal Ca, P, and Mo; low Cu, Zn, and Co; and high Fe levels were observed in the diet. The young animals analyzed showed normal serum and bone Ca and P concentrations, suggesting no need for supplementation throughout the entire year under the conditions of this study. Iron showed high values throughout the year, being potentially dangerous especially owing to its antagonistic relationship with other elements. Cu and Zn deficiency in the diet was observed under the conditions of this study, requiring supplementation with values higher than those contained in the mineral supplement used in the middle and end of the dry period. The supply of specific mineral supplement formulated for animals farmed in the semiarid region is suggested and would reduce costs.

Leukoreduction (LR) is a technique that consists of reducing the number of leukocytes in whole blood or blood components that can contribute to decreasing storage lesions and the occurrence of post-transfusion complications. We propose that using a blood bag with pre-storage leukocyte filtration is sufficient for blood conservation under field conditions. Ten healthy Nelore cows were used. Whole blood was sampled from each animal and stored at 2 to 6 &deg, C in CPD/SAG-M (citrate phosphate dextrose bag with a saline, adenine, glucose, mannitol satellite bag) triple bags (Control) and in CPD/SAG-M quadruple bags with a leukocyte filter (Filter). At baseline and after 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days (D0, D7, D14, D21, D28, D35, and D42, respectively), complete hematological, blood gas, and biochemical evaluations were determined. The filtered bag removed 99.3% of white blood cells from cattle blood, and the entire filtration process was performed in the field. There was a reduction in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in both groups from D14 onward, with a decrease of 19.7% and 17.1% at D42 for the Control and Filter bags, respectively. The hemoglobin (Hb) concentration had variation in both groups. Potassium, pO2, pCO2, and sO2 increased, and sodium, bicarbonate, and pH decreased during storage. The filtered bag was efficient in removing white cells from cattle whole blood and could be used under field conditions. Blood stored after LR showed differences (p &lt, 0.05) in blood gas analysis towards a better quality of stored blood (e.g., higher pH, lower pCO2, higher sO2). Further experimental studies are required to prove that blood without white cells results in a decrease in transfusion reactions in cattle.

Quarter Horse breed (QH) has been more recently used in sports in Northern Brazil, however it does not have yet biometric evaluation in order to compare to horses from other Brazilian regions, where QH has a larger historic. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess and present the biometric profile of Quarter horse breed raised and used in sport activities (barrel racing and vaquejada) in the region of Manaus, AM, Brazil. For this purpose, eighty-two (82) QH, adults, were evaluated through photographs analyzed by the ImageJ® 1.46r software. Eight (8) linear morphometric measurements were performed per animal, namely: Withers height (WHe); Croup height (CrH); Codilho height (CoH); Body length (BL; Neck length (NL); Dorsal-lumbar length (DLL); Scapula length (SL) and Head length (HL). Our results were within the racial standard demanded by the Brazilian Quarter Horse Breeders Association, which demonstrates a racial standardization in the region. The animals were classified as having medium size, eumetric. Regarding the average values (in cm), we obtained: WHe of 147.53 (142.76 to 155.33), CrH of 147.38 (141.12 to 154.48), CoH of 83.13 (81.51 of 87.07), BL of 149.15 (147.20 to 152.70), NL of 57.12 (55.2 to 57.3), DLL of 54.94 (52.9 to 57.0) SL of 54.35 (53.4 to 55.20) and HL of 63.70 (62.20 to 64.60). Our findings suggest similarity between the animals of the Quarter Horse breed raised Manaus-AM region with animals from other Brazilian regions. as well as standardization within the required racial parameters. All animals showed good proportions for the barrel racing and vaquejada practices. La raza Quarter Horse (QH) se ha utilizado más recientemente en deportes en el norte de Brasil, pero aún no tiene una evaluación biométrica para comparar con QH de otras regiones brasileñas, con una mayor historia de uso. Por tanto, el objetivo de nuestro estudio fue presentar el perfil biométrico de la raza QH creada y utilizada en actividades deportivas (tres barriles y vaquejada) en la región de Manaus, AM, Brasil. Para tanto se evaluaron ochenta y dos (82) caballos adultos QH utilizando fotografías analizadas por el software ImageJ® 1.46r. Se realizaron ocho mediciones morfométricas lineales por animal, a saber: Altura del cruz (AC); Altura del crupa (ACr); Altura del codillo (ACo); Longitud del cuello (LC); Longitud del cuerpo (LCp); Longitud dorsal-lumbar (LDL); Longitud de la escápula (LE) y Longitud de la cabeza (LCa). Nuestros resultados estuvieron dentro del estándar racial requerido por la Asociación Brasileña de Criadores de Quarter Horse, lo que demuestra una estandarización racial en la región. Los animales fueron clasificados como de tamaño mediano, eumetric. En cuanto a los valores promedio (en cm), obtuvimos: AC 147.53 (142.76-155.33); ACr 147.38 (141.12-154.48); ACo 83.13 (81.51-87.07); LC 57.12 (55.2-57.3); LCp 149.15 (147.20-152.70); LDL 54,94 (52.9-57.0); LE 54,35 (53,4-55,20) y LCa 63,70 (62,20-64,60). Nuestros hallazgos sugieren similitud entre los animales de raza QH criados en la región de Manaus con los QH de otras regiones brasileñas. así como la estandarización dentro de los parámetros raciales esperados. Los animales mostraron buenas proporciones para tres barriles y vaquejada. A raça Quarto de Milha (QM) tem sido usada mais recentemente em esportes no norte do Brasil, mas ainda não possui avaliação biométrica para comparar com QM de outras regiões brasileiras, com maior histórico de utilização. Desta forma, o objetivo do nosso estudo foi apresentar o perfil biométrico da raça QM criada e utilizada em atividades esportivas (três tambores e vaquejada) na região de Manaus, AM, Brasil. Para tanto, oitenta e dois (82) cavalos QM, adultos, foram avaliados através de fotografias analisadas pelo software ImageJ® 1.46r. Oito medidas morfométricas lineares foram realizadas por animal, a saber: Altura de cernelha (ACE); Altura de garupa (AG); Altura de codilho (ACO); Comprimento de pescoço (CP); Comprimento corporal (CC); Comprimento dorso-lombar (CDL); Comprimento de escápula (CE); Comprimento de cabeça (CCA). Nossos resultados estavam dentro do padrão racial exigido pela Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Cavalos QM, o que demonstra uma padronização racial na região. Os animais foram classificados como de tamanho médio, eumétricos. Em relação aos valores médios (em cm), obtivemos: ACE de 147.53 (142.76 a 155.33), AG de 147.38 (141.12 a 154.48), ACO de 83.13 (81.51 a 87.07), CP de 149.15 (147.2o a 152.70), CP de 57.12 (55.2 a 57.3), CDL de 54,94 (52.9 a 57.0) CE de 54,35 (53,4 a 55,20) e CCA de 63,70 (62,20 a 64,60). Nossos achados sugerem similaridade entre os animais da raça QM criados na região de Manaus com QM de outras regiões brasileiras, bem como padronização dentro dos parâmetros raciais esperados. Os animais apresentaram boas proporções para provas de três tambores e vaquejada.

Dietary chromium supplementation before, during, and after weaning was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that chromium supplementation could reduce weaning-induced cortisol release in beef calves. We examined the effects of chromium supplementation in 150 crossbred calves (male and female) between five and six months of age. The calves were randomly divided by sex and breed into two equal homogeneous groups (n=75). One group was used as the control, and the other experimental group received supplementation with 0.9mg of chromium carbon-amino-phospho-chelate per 100kg BW. The chromium supplement was mixed with mineral salt for the consumption of 0.1% of BW, and the supplement was administered via creep feeding 60 days before and 60 days after forced weaning. Calves were weighed, and their blood and urine samples were obtained at four time-points: T0 (60 days before weaning), T1 (at weaning), T2 (48 hours after weaning), and T3 (60 days after weaning). Blood samples were used to determine chromium, cortisol, total protein, and albumin concentrations, and urine samples were used to determine urinary creatinine and chromium levels. Cumulative weight gain was higher in calves supplemented with chromium before weaning and during the experiment (P

Simple Summary In this paper we characterize oligofructose-induced acute rumen lactic acidosis in zebu cattle focusing on alterations of the experimental protocol concerning ruminal condition. Here we describe zebu cattle’s lack of adaptation to the oligofructose induction model for laminitis and we provide methodology of adaptation that allows the higher occurrence of laminitis with a lower degree of ruminal acidosis and better animal welfare. Additionally, we compare the animals that required and did not required supportive treatment, to try to understand which factors are related to susceptibility. The induction model promoted marked reduction in rumen pH, rumen anaerobiosis, carbon dioxide pressure, and an increase in rumen lactate, blood osmolarity, and cortisol concentration. The animals treated had lower values of rumen pH and marked dehydration, evidenced by the increase in globular volume and serum urea. The clinical condition caused by excess oligofructose is more severe than the classical sucrose induction model, but is efficient in producing laminitis. Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize oligofructose-induced acute rumen lactic acidosis and its consequences in zebu cattle. We used 29 Nellore heifers which were submitted to experimental induction of laminitis by oligofructose excess. During the induction period, the animals underwent clinical examination, including laminitis diagnosis (hoof pressure testing and locomotion score) and blood and ruminal fluid sampling every six hours (over the initial 24 h) and every 12 h (up to 72 h), after the highest dose. Almost half of the animals (48.1%) required treatment with bicarbonate and saline to correct metabolic acidosis and dehydration. Due to this treatment, the animals were analyzed in treated (n = 13) and non-treated (n = 14) groups. The induction model promoted marked reduction in rumen pH, rumen anaerobiosis, carbon dioxide pressure, and increase in rumen lactate, blood osmolarity, and cortisol concentration. The animals treated had lower values of rumen pH and marked dehydration, evidenced by the increase in globular volume and serum urea. The clinical condition caused by excess oligofructose is severe, with the differential of the appearance of ephemeral fever and respiratory compensation against systemic acidosis, in addition to the frequent appearance of laminitis.

This study aimed to characterize oligofructose-induced laminitis in zebu cattle and comparatively evaluate four different diagnostic methods for laminitis. A total of 29 rumen-cannulated Nelore heifers, weighing 474.5 ± 58.5 kg were used. Laminitis was experimentally induced by intraruminal administration of 0.765 g/kg oligofructose twice daily for three consecutive days, followed by a single dose of 10.71 g/kg oligofructose on the fourth day. The animals were evaluated before administration of the highest dose of oligofructose (basal) and every six hours for up to 24 hours (6, 12, 18, 24 hours) and thereafter, every 12 hours for up to 72 hours (36, 48, 60, 72 hours) post-induction. The following diagnostic methods were used: hoof pain sensitivity test (hoof-testing), locomotion scoring, hoof infrared thermography, and force platform. Diagnosis of laminitis was confirmed after two positive responses to hoof pressure testing. Using a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, we defined the appropriate cut-off for infrared thermography and force plate as 30 °C and < 24%, respectively. From the 29 heifers, 27 developed laminitis (93.1%) which occurred between 24 h to 72 h in the digits from two limbs, with more frequent sensitivity in the lateral digits. Locomotion analysis detected twenty-eight heifers with laminitis and showed that a greater (P = 0.006) number of animals had lameness in two limbs (n = 13; 56%). Using hoof-testing as gold standard for the diagnosis of laminitis the locomotion score displayed 100% sensitivity, 97% specificity and 98% accuracy; infrared thermography showed 96% sensitivity, 63% specificity, and 75% accuracy whilst force plate had 76% sensitivity, 82% specificity and 79% accuracy. This suggests that, for the diagnosis of laminitis in cattle, pain evaluation is more efficient. Considering the difficult to evaluate pain sensitivity in Nelore animals, filmed locomotion score, infrared thermography and force plate methods can be indicated for non-invasive lameness detection in beef farms.

Blood transfusion is a therapeutic procedure of great importance for veterinary medicine, in spite of only few studies in the literature on hemotherapy in goats. We aimed to evaluate the biochemical, blood gas, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation of goats submitted to homologous transfusion of fresh whole blood or stored for 15 and 35 days. Eighteen adult male goats were submitted to a single phlebotomy to remove 30% of the blood volume, and we transfused 20mL/kg of whole blood stored in CPDA-1 bags according to the experimental group, being: G0 composed goats who received fresh blood, G15 and G35 goats that received blood stored for 15 and 35 days, respectively. For the biochemical evaluation, blood gas, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, blood samples were collected at the following moments: before the induction of anemia (TC0); 6 hours after phlebotomy and before transfusion (TC1); 1, 6, 12, 24 and 96 hours after transfusion (T1, T6, T12, T24 and T96 respectively); 8, 16 and 32 days after transfusion (T8d, T16d and T32d respectively). Before transfusion, blood samples were also withdrawn from the bags for the same analyzes. Statistical analyzes were performed in the statistical program GRAPHPAD PRISM 5.0, adopting a significance level of 5%. The bags of blood stored for 15 and 35 days showed more biochemical changes, blood gas, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation than fresh blood bags. As for the biochemical analysis, after the transfusion was observed an increase of the total protein, albumin, glucose and creatine kinase in the 3 groups, and elevation of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and urea in G15 and G35. The changes observed in the blood gas analysis had no clinical significance, as they were within the reference values for the species. The goats that received stored blood showed disorder in their antioxidant system through alteration of the SOD activity. In the analysis of lipid peroxidation no difference between the groups for the concentration of malondialdehyde was found. Thus, it can be concluded that transfusion of whole fresh stored blood in goats did not compromise the blood gases, lipid peroxidation and liver and renal functions of the transfused animals. In addition, the method was proved to be efficient to restore, among other components, the total protein and albumin. The transfusion, as performed in this study, proved to be safe for used in the clinical practice of goats.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar resposta inflamatória e concentrações de proteínas em líquido peritonealde asininas submetidas à ovariectomia por laparotomia e laparoscopia. Foram utilizadas 18 fêmeas adultas, pesando em média 100kg, as quais foram divididas em dois grupos, de nove animais cada: o grupo I, em que foram ovariectomizadas por laparotomia, e o grupo II por laparoscopia. Após as cirurgias, em ambos os grupos foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis no líquido peritoneal: pH, densidade, número de hemácias, leucócitos e proteínas de fase aguda (fibrinogênio, haptoglobina, albumina, antitripsina, alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, imunoglobulinas A e G). Todas as variáveis foram analisadas antes das cirurgias, 12, 24, 48, 72 horas, oito e 16 dias após os procedimentos cirúrgicos. O número de hemácias e leucócitos aumentou 24 horas depois das cirurgias nos dois grupos. Haptoglobina, alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida,albumina, transferrina, gamaglobulinas A, G e proteínas totais aumentaram nos dois grupos. As concentrações de ceruloplasmina não variaram enquanto a antitripsina não foi detectada no líquido peritoneal de asininos.Foi identificada uma proteína com23.000kD, que não tem denominação nem descrição no líquido peritoneal de asininos.

Hyperketonemia in sheep is associated with a disease known as pregnancy toxemia. The purposes of this study were to (1) induce hyperketonemia by infusion with D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (D-BHB) in eighteen healthy, non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes, (2) to evaluate the metabolic pathways in which recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) may be involved, and (3) to evaluate the possible benefits of preventive rbST therapy on the metabolic profiles of the sheep. The sheep were intravenously infused with a D-BHB solution over 2 h. Three days prior to the infusion, one group (n = 9) was injected with a single dose of 160 mg rbST, and the other group (n = 9) was injected with saline as a control. Blood samples were collected and metabolic profiles were analyzed every 20 min during the infusion and at 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min post-infusion. Hyperketonemia was successfully achieved, demonstrated by serum BHB concentrations of 3.9 and 3.0 mmol/L in the rbST and control groups, respectively, without the presence of clinical signs. An increase in peripheral insulin resistance was observed after infusion but not during the infusion, in the rbST group. Higher glucose concentrations were observed in the rbST group post-infusion, suggesting a positive impact of D-BHB on gluconeogenesis. Our data suggest that prophylactic treatment with rbST may be useful in sheep to reduce the risk of PT.

The aim of this study was to evaluate a new source of injectable organic zinc (zinc edetate) on the energy and oxidative profile in sheep during the immediate postpartum period. Twenty-six Texel breed animals were previously identified and divided into two experimental groups: the treated group (TG; n= 13) that comprised the animals that received a subcutaneous (SC) injection of 100 mg of zinc edetate (2 mL) fifteen days before the parturition expected date and the control group (CG; n=13) that comprised the animals that received 2mL of physiological solution at the same date of TG. Blood samples were collected on the parturition day for the assessment of serum fructosamine, cholesterol and triglycerides, insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1), the oxidative stress index (OSi) and blood zinc concentration. In addition to these parameters, the measurement of zinc was made in food given to the animals. There was no difference in metabolic parameters and OSi between the experimental groups (P>0.05), as well as in blood zinc concentrations (P>0.05). The parenteral zinc edentate does not change the energy and oxidative profile of sheep in immediate postpartum.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and blood gas alterations of whole blood of buffaloes that was stored in citrate-phosphate-dextrose with adenine (CPDA-1) and CPD/SAG-M blood bags for 42 days. DESIGN Prospective study. INTERVENTIONS Ten male buffaloes were used in this study. A total volume of 900 mL of blood was collected from each buffalo so that 450 mL was stored in CPDA-1 and 450 mL was stored in CPD/SAG-M bags at 2-6°C for 42 days. The stored blood was evaluated at 7 time points (D): D0 (immediately after blood collection) and 7 (D7), 14 (D14), 21 (D21), 28 (D28), 35 (D35), and 42 (D42) days after collection. Blood gas, biochemical, and microbiological parameters were monitored. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The overall blood pH decreased from 6.997 ± 0.05 at D0 to 6.784 ± 0.09 at D42, differing from baseline from D14 onward (P 0.05) evaluated, with the exception of pCO2 , HCO3, cholesterol, and total protein, which had higher values in the CPDA-1 bag (P

The aim of this study was to assess the metaphylactic effect of subcutaneous doses of trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on biochemical (NEFA, BHBA, fructosamine, urea, triglycerides, HDL, and calcium) and hormonal parameters (cortisol, insulin, and IGF-1) of Holstein cows in the transition period. Sixty animals kept in a semi-confinement system, with an average production of 22 liters of milk per day (Farm 1) and 24 liters of milk per day (Farm 2) and a diet according to NRC (2001) with a low metabolic challenge, were divided into two groups: a treatment group, supplemented with trace minerals and vitamins (MTVG) (n=30), and a control group (CG) (n=30). The collection of blood samples was performed at the moments M1 (21 days prepartum), M2 (14 days prepartum), M3 (7 days prepartum), M4 (parturition day), M5 (7 days postpartum), M6 (14 days postpartum), and M7 (21 days postpartum). The experimental design was a randomized block design and the data were submitted to analysis of variance with repeated measures in time within the random variable cow. Differences were considered significant at 5% significance level and trend at 10% level. No difference was observed between treatment and the interaction treatment × day in the assessed parameters. However, some variables showed a significant difference of day. NEFA levels (P < 0.0001) were higher on the parturition day. BHBA concentrations were higher after parturition (P=0.0031), with a peak at the third week of lactation. Fructosamine showed increasing values until the parturition day (P=0.0373), in which higher concentrations were observed. Average values of HDL were higher at 21 days postpartum (P < 0.0001). Triglycerides levels remained high during the prepartum period but showed a sudden drop on the parturition day (P < 0.0001), with lower values postpartum. Regarding serum calcium and IGF-1, lower values were observed on the parturition day (P < 0.001) for both parameters. Cortisol presented a difference regarding day, with higher values on the parturition day (P=0.0151). Thus, the use of trace minerals and vitamins A and E in animals with an adequate body score and low metabolic challenge presents a low response to biochemical and hormonal parameters.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological, biochemical, and blood gas alterations of goat whole blood stored in different blood bags. Seven male, adult, crossbreed goats were used, weighing 62±1.8 kg. Nine hundred milliliters of whole blood from each animal was collected and stored in blood bags (450 ml in each), CPDA-1 (citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine) and CPD/SAG-M (citrate phosphate dextrose with saline-glucose-mannitol) as additive solutions, and kept refrigerated (2-4 ºC) for 42 days. Blood samples were collected from the plastic bags at baseline (T0) and after seven, 14, 21,28, 35, and 42 days for hematological, biochemical, blood gas, and microbiological evaluations. Free hemoglobin, degree of hemolysis, lactate, and pO2were increased in both bags, whereas hydrogen potential (pH) and the total hemoglobin concentration decreased overtime(P

The aims of this study were to investigate whether treatments with zinc edetate (Zn) and diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) enhance performance, immune responses, protein metabolism, and oxidant/antioxidant status in calf serum and muscle. Animals were divided into four groups (n=6 each): control (without supplementation), and groups supplemented on days 50 and 70 of life with (PhSe)2, Zn, and a combination of (PhSe)2 and Zn. Animals treated with (PhSe)2 gained more weight by experimental day 220 than did the control group, but there was no difference by the end of the experiment (day 300). The absolute number of leukocytes and lymphocytes increased in groups Zn and (PhSe)2+Zn on day 20 of experiment, but decreased on day 40 in groups (PhSe)2, and (PhSe)2+Zn. The number of monocytes decreased in all groups compared with control. One of the principal findings was that (PhSe)2+Zn together had beneficial effects on protein metabolism, represented by increases total protein and globulin levels, compared with the control group. The combination of (PhSe)2 and Zn led to low levels of TBARS and ROS in serum and muscle, and stimulated antioxidant enzyme activities. Thus, supplementation with (PhSe)2+Zn may be a compelling approach to augmenting the calf antioxidant system during weaning.

A ocorrencia de leptospirose e significativamente maior no clima tropical do que nas regioes temperadas, especialmente em periodos com altos niveis de chuva. Em cavalos, a leptospirose pode variar de subclinica a assintomatica, mas estes animais podem desempenhar um papel importante na transmissao da leptospirose por meio da eliminacao do agente no ambiente. Em relacao aos cavalos, entre os anos de 2004 e 2013, o rebanho Amazonico aumentou 30%. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi determinar a prevalencia sorologica de leptospirose em cavalos em Manaus e regiao metropolitana, estado do Amazonas, Brasil, bem como, determinar os principais sorogrupos envolvidos nas infeccoes desses animais. Para este proposito, entre agosto de 2018 e julho de 2019, foram colhidos soros de 198 cavalos para serem avaliados sorologicamente com o teste de microaglutinacao microscopica, utilizando-se um painel de dez sorogrupos. Como resultado, observou-se que 92 cavalos (44,46%) foram positivos para um ou mais sorovares de Leptospira, com maior prevalencia dos sorogrupos Icterohaemorrhagiae e Pyrogenes. Portanto, com o aumento do rebanho equino na regiao e, consequentemente, maior interacao entre criadores e animais, a identificacao de reagentes para pelo menos um sorovar de Leptospira spp. alerta para a possivel existencia de reservatorios de cepas patogenicas para outros animais e seres humanos.

Objetivou-se avaliar as alterações ruminais e sistêmicas da indução de acidose ruminal e laminite em zebuínos por meio do oferecimento de oligofrutose bem como caracterizar o quadro de laminite, comparar métodos diagnósticos e avaliar a eficácia entre tratamentos com três anti-inflamatórios não esteróidais (AINEs). Foram utilizadas 29 novilhas Nelore, providas de cânula ruminal e pesando 474,5±58,5 kg. A indução iniciou-se com a administração intraruminal de 0,765 g/kg de oligofrutose duas vezes ao dia por três dias consecutivos, seguida de dose única de 10,71g/kg de oligofrutose administrada 72 horas após o início da indução. Durante o período de indução os animais foram submetidos a exame clinico e coleta de sangue e fluido ruminal diariamente e após a dose maior foram avaliados a cada seis horas (durante as 24 horas iniciais) e a cada 12 horas (até 72 horas pós-indução). Duas novilhas não apresentaram quadro de laminite e foram descartadas. Quase metade dos animais (48,1%) teve que ser tratada com bicarbonato e solução salina para correção da acidose metabólica e desidratação. Devido a este tratamento os animais foram analisados em grupos medicado (n=13) e não medicado (n=14). Durante o período de avaliação pós-indução o diagnóstico da laminite foi confirmado após duas respostas positivas ao teste de sensibilidade dolorosa e escore de locomoção. As novilhas com laminite foram alocadas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos que receberam por três dias consecutivos dose diária (endovenosa) dos seguintes medicamentos: Controle (8 mL solução salina isotônica; n=6); Flunixin meglunine (1,1 mg/kg; n=7); Cetoprofeno (3 mg/kg; n=7) e Meloxican (0,5 mg/kg; n=7). Após o início do tratamento com AINEs os animais foram avaliados a cada 12 horas durante 96 horas. A fermentação máxima da oligofrutose ocorreu entre a 6ª e a 12ª h pós-indução com destacado acúmulo de ácido láctico, intensa diminuição da anaerobiose e aumento temporário na osmolaridade ruminal. No grupo medicado existiu uma correlação positiva entre o pH ruminal e o pH sanguíneo (r = 0,90; P = 0,0040), e uma correlação negativa entre o pH sanguíneo e a osmolaridade sanguínea (r =-0,69; P =0,0090) no auge da fermentação ruminal. Ambos os grupos tiveram uma febrícula efêmera e compensação respiratória frente à acidose sistêmica. A maioria dos animais desenvolveu laminite da 24ª h a 72ª h em dígitos de dois membros e uma pequena porcentagem (29,6%) polisinovite nas articulações tarsocrurais. Empregando-se a sensibilidade dolorosa como padrão ouro no diagnóstico o melhor método foi o de escore de locomoção, seguido da plataforma de força e termografia infravermelha. Porém, a plataforma de força não foi sensível para analisar a evolução do tratamento com AINEs dos animais laminíticos. Os três AINEs reduziram semelhantemente o cortisol em relação ao grupo controle (Plt;0,05) e não provocaram danos na mucosa abomasal. O meloxican foi bastante eficaz na diminuição de sensibilidade podal, melhorando da mesma forma que o cetoprofeno o escore de locomoção. Estes dois medicamentos estimularam o retorno do apetite e a melhora da atitude. Deve-se incluir no tratamento da laminite asséptica algum AINE, dando-se preferência ao meloxicam, seguido do cetoprofeno. This study aimed to evaluate ruminal and systemic alterations of laminitis and ruminal acidosis oligofructose-induced in Zebu cattle; characterize laminitis clinical picture and compare methods of diagnostic; and to evaluate the treatment efficacy between three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Twenty-nine rumen-canulated Nelore heifers weighing 474.5 ± 58.5 kg were used. Induction was initiated with intraruminal administration of 0.765 g/kg oligofructose twice a day for three consecutive days, followed by single dose of 10.71 g/kg oligofructose administered 72 hours after beginning of induction. During the induction period the animals underwent clinical examination, blood and ruminal fluid collection daily and after induction were evaluated every 6 hours (during the initial 24 hours) and every 12 hours (up to 72 hours post-induction). Two heifers that did not present laminitis were discarded. Almost half of the animals (48.1%) had to be treated with bicarbonate and saline for correction of metabolic acidosis and dehydration. Due to this treatment the animals were analyzed in groups medicated (n=13) and unmedicated (n =14). After induction, the diagnosis of laminitis was confirmed after two positive responses to the pain sensitivity and locomotion score tests. Heifers with laminitis were randomly assigned to four groups that received, for three consecutive days, daily doses (intravenous) of the following medications: Control (8 mL isotonic saline; n=6); Flunixin meglunine (1.1 mg/kg; n=7); Ketoprofen (3 mg/kg; n=7) and Meloxican (0.5 mg/kg; n=7). After NSAIDs treatment the animals were evaluated every 12 hours up to 96 hours. The maximum fermentation of oligofructose occurred between the 6th and 12th hour post-induction with marked accumulation of lactic acid, intense decrease of anaerobiosis and temporary increase in ruminal osmolarity. In the medicated group, there was a positive correlation between ruminal and blood pH (r =0,90; P= 0,0040), and a negative correlation between blood pH and blood osmolarity (r =-0,69; P=0,0090) at the peak of ruminal fermentation. Both groups had a mild fever and respiratory compensation due systemic acidosis. Most animals developed laminitis 24 to 72 hours after induction in digits of two limbs and a small percentage (29.6%) had polysinovite in the tarsocrural joints. Using the pain sensitivity as gold standard, the best diagnostic method was the locomotion score, followed by the force platform and infrared thermography. Notwithstanding, the force platform was not sensitive to evaluate animals during the treatment of laminitis with NSAIDs. The three NSAIDs similarly reduced cortisol in relation to control group (P

Background Acute ruminal lactic acidosis (ARLA) is a major nutritional and metabolic disorder usually characterized by excessive or non-adapted intake of diets rich in nonstructural carbohydrates. Feed additives that regulate the ruminal environment have been used to prevent ARLA, such as ionophores and, more recently, yeast culture. Thus, we aimed to compare the efficacy of a yeast-based culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with that of monensin sodium in the prevention of ARLA in sheep. Eighteen male, crossbred, rumen-cannulated sheep were randomly distributed into three groups of six animals: control, yeast culture and monensin. Thirty days after the start of supplementation with yeast culture (4 × 109 cfu/animal/day of S. cerevisiae) and monensin (33 mg/kg of total dry matter intake), 15 g/kg BW of sucrose was administered directly into the rumen of the animals to induce ARLA. Samples of blood and ruminal fluid were collected at the following time points: at baseline (T0 h) immediately before the induction of ARLA; 6 h (T6 h); 12 h (T12 h); 18 h (T18 h); 24 h (T24 h); 36 h (T36 h); and 48 h (T48 h) after ARLA induction. Results Ruminal pH was higher in monensin group at T12 h and in yeast culture group at T36 h when compared to control group. Lower values of L-Lactate were found at yeast culture group at T24 h and T36 h. Monensin showed prophylactic effect by decreasing the rate of ruminal pH decline and occasionally reducing ruminal acidosis, whereas probiotics resulted in less accumulation of lactic acid in the rumen and a lower degree of systemic acidosis. Conclusion The use of yeast culture can be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of ARLA in sheep, because it can effectively reduce the accumulation of lactic acid, and thereby increase ruminal pH and reduce ruminal osmolarity. On the other hand, monensin showed prophylactic effect by decreasing the rate of ruminal pH decline and occasionally reducing ruminal acidosis, however, it did not directly prevent these conditions.

The response to blood loss is directly related to the degree of hemorrhage, but for the caprine species some aspects still need to be investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the clinical and hemodynamic effects of acute blood loss in goats. Eight healthy, adult male crossbred goats were subjected to external jugular puncture to remove 30% of the total blood volume. A physical examination and blood gas, biochemical, and hematologic analyses were performed at baseline, before blood loss (T0), and after one (T1h), six (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) and 72 (T72h) hours, and eight (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) and 32 (T32d) days after the acute blood loss event. The goats presented with tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperthermia one hour after blood loss with a return to normal physiological values at T6h. Packed cell volume was decreased at T1h and red cell counts at T12h, both returning to baseline at T24d. There was a reduction in total protein and albumin levels at T1h, both remained below baseline levels until T16d and T8d, respectively. The serum calcium concentration decreased over the period T1h to T24h and glucose increased over the period T1h to T6h. The values of pH, TCO2, bicarbonate, and base excess were lower at T1h, while lactate increased markedly at this time. The pCO2 value only was reduced at T24h. Systolic (PS), diastolic (PD), and mean (PM) pressures were decreased at T1h. Acute loss of 30% of blood volume in goats caused changes in clinical, blood gas, and biochemical parameters, which were restored over a six-hour period, while hematologic changes were more persistent, with baseline values restored only after 24 days.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether zinc (Zn) supplementation protects against hepatic copper (Cu) accumulation in copper-loaded sheep. Forty cross-bred lambs were assigned to five experimental groups. These included the control group (C) and four treatment groups that received Cu and/or Zn supplementation (dry matter (DM) basis) over 14 weeks, as follows: Cu (450 mg Cu/kg), Zn-35 (450 mg Cu + 35 mg Zn/kg), Zn-150 (450 mg Cu + 150 mg Zn/kg), and Zn-300 (450 mg Cu + 300 mg Zn/kg). Blood, liver, and bile samples were obtained for mineral determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP&ndash, OES). The hepatic metallothionein (MT) concentrations were also determined. At the end of the experiment, hepatic Cu concentrations were higher in all Cu-supplemented groups than in C. Hepatic Cu accumulation was lower in the groups receiving the Zn supplementation than in the Cu group, although the difference was only statistically significant (66%) in the Zn-300 group. The MT concentrations tended to be higher (almost two-fold) in the Zn groups (but were not dose related) than in the C and Cu groups, and they were related to hepatic Zn concentrations. Zn supplementation at 300 mg/kg DM is useful for preventing excessive hepatic Cu accumulation in sheep exposed to high dietary concentrations of Cu.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la presentación clínica, perfil bioquímico, y la respuesta al tratamiento en los caballos con hipocalcemia inducida experimentalmente. Doce yeguas se distribuyeron en un grupo control (n = 5) y un grupo tratado (n = 7). Ácido etilendiaminotetraacético disódico (Na2EDTA 5%) se infundió a los animales hasta que presentaron signos clínicos de hipocalcemia, momento en el que fueron tratados con una solución comercial con calcio, fósforo, magnesio, y la glucosa en una dosis de 1 mL/ kg / PV de 30 minutos. El grupo control recibió 0,9% solución salina en el mismo volumen. Exámenes físicos y colección de muestras sanguíneas se realizaron en cuatro oportunidades: T0 (basal), T1 (al final de la infusión de Na2EDTA), T2 (al final del tratamiento), y T3 (24 horas después del fin del experimento). Todas las yeguas presentaron una disminución temporal en las concentraciones de calcio total y de magnesio y se observaron signos clínicos de hipocalcemia. En el curso del tratamiento, la taquicardia, taquipnea, hipofonesis, y la atonía del ciego desaparecieron, así como aumentaron las concentraciones de calcio total magnesio. El tratamiento efectuado posibilitó la recuperación de la hipocalcemia clínica dentro de 30 minutos y retorno de las concentraciones de los principales parámetros bioquímicos a los valores basales., The aim of this study was to examine the clinical presentation, biochemical profile and response to treatment among horses with experimentally-induced hypocalcemia. Twelve adult, mixed breed mares were used. A 5% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (Na2EDTA) solution was infused into all the mares until the animals presented clinical signs of hypocalcemia, at which point they were divided into a control group (n = 5) and a treatment group (n = 7). The treated group received an infusion of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and glucose at a dosage of 1 mL/kg/BW during 30 minutes. The control group received 0.9% saline solution at the same dosage. Clinical examination and blood sample collection were performed at the times T0 (baseline- thirty minutes before beginning the Na2EDTA), T1 (at the end of the Na2EDTA infusion), T2 (at the end of the treatment) and T3 (24 hours after the end of the experiment). Serum calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased in response to Na2EDTA administration. The clinical signs of hypocalcemia in the mares included tachycardia, tachypnea, hypophonesis and cecal atony. These signs disappeared over the course of treatment, while total calcium and magnesium increased. Treatment produced recovery from clinical hypocalcemia within 30 minutes and promoted return of the main biochemical parameters to baseline values.

The yellow-toothed cavy is a rodent belonging to the Caviidae family that inhabits the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. We used 20 cavies that had died of natural causes, obtained from the Reproduction Center of Wild Animals (CEMAS) of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid (UFERSA). The animals were fixed in aqueous solution of 10% formaldehyde and, after 48 hours, they were dissected to visualize plexus. The topographic relations of the lumbosacral plexus were grouped into tables and then they underwent statistical analysis (chi-square test with Yates’ correction). The lumbosacral plexus stemmed from the ventral roots of the last 3 lumbar nerves and the first 3 sacral nerves, corresponding to 65% of the animals under study (L5L6L7S1S2S3). These nerves stemmed from plexus: femoral, obturator, ischiatic, cranial gluteal, caudal gluteal, and pudendal. O preá silvestre é um roedor pertencente à família Caviidae presente na região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil. Foram utilizados 20 preás que vieram a óbito por causas naturais, obtidos no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS) da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA). Os animais foram fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e, após 48 h, foram dissecados para visualização do plexo. As relações topográficas do plexo lombossacral foram agrupadas em tabelas e, posteriormente, submetidas a análises estatísticas (teste do qui-quadrado com correção de Yates). O plexo lombossacral originou-se das raízes ventrais dos três últimos nervos lombares e dos três primeiros nervos sacrais, correspondendo a 65% dos animais estudados (L5L6L7S1S2S3). Originam-se do plexo os nervos: femoral, obturatório, isquiático, glúteo cranial, glúteo caudal e pudendo.

Resumo: Peixes-boi da Amazônia (Trichechus inungui) jovens são frequentemente encontrados e resgatados de rios, no entanto para avaliar e monitorar o estado de saúde desses animais é necessário conhecer os valores de referência das variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas nessa faixa etária. O trabalho objetivou determinar os valores hematológicos e bioquímicos de peixes-boi da amazônia jovens e saudáveis, mantidos em cativeiros. Foram coletadas 20 amostras sanguíneas de peixes-boi para a realização do hemograma e bioquímica. Os valores médios e desvio padrão das variáveis hematológicas foram: volume globular, 37±4%; eritrócitos, 4,4±0,35x106/μL; hemoglobina, 12,5±1,6g/dL; volume corpuscular médio (VCM), 85,33±4,28fL; hemoglobina corpuscular media (HCM), 28,29±1,39pg; e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular media (CHCM), 33,13±0,20%, leucócitos totais, 9.080±1.868x103/μL; segmentados, 5.078±1.044,24x103/μL; linfócitos 3.556±1,063x103/μL; eosinófilos, 288± 215,51x103/μL; e monócitos, 165± 114,11x103/μL. A média e o intervalo (mínimo e máximo) das variáveis bioquímicas foram: creatinina quinase (CK), 112,53 (50,10-295,80) U/L; aspartato aminotransferase (AST), 6,02 (2,80-10,20) U/L; gama glutamiltransferase (GGT), 25,24 (10,80-45,30) U/L; fosfatase alcalina (FA), 98,73 (14,66-198,30) U/L; proteína total, 6,12 (5,38-7,10) g/dL; albumina, 4,23 (3,50-5,00) g/dL; colesterol, 310,13 (144-518) mg/dL; triglicerídeos, 127,98 (57,50-213,50) mg/dL; glicose, 43,63 (24,50-73,80) mg/dL; ureia, 30,21 (14,30-54,25); creatinina, 1,34 (0,93-1,76) mg/dL; cálcio, 10,08 (9,25-11,10) mg/dL; e fósforo inorgânico; 6,50 (4,10-8,80) mg/dL. No presente trabalho foi possível determinar valores hematológicos e bioquímicos de peixes-boi da Amazônia (Trichechus inungui) jovens, mantidos em cativeiro, os quais podem ser utilizados como referência para animais em cativeiro e de vida livre, mantidos em condições ambientais, e de manejo, semelhantes. Abstract: Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) young are often found and rescued from rivers, however to assess and monitor the health status of the animals is necessary to know the reference values of hematological and biochemical variables in this age group. The study aimed to determine hematological and biochemical values of healthy young manatee amazonian, kept in captivity. Were collected 20 blood samples of manatees in captivity for the hematological and biochemical evaluation. Means and standard deviations of hematological variables were: pack cell volume, 37±4%; red blood cell, 4.4±0.35x106/μL; hemoglobin, 12.5±1.6g/dL; mean corpuscular volume (VCM), 85.33±4.28fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin (HCM), 28.29±1.39pg; and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (CHCM), 33.13±0.20%. White blood cell, 9,080±1,868x103/μL; neutrofil, 5,078±1,044.24x103/μL; lymphocytes 3,556±1,063x103/μL; eosinophil, 288±215.51x103/μL; and monocyte, 1.65±114.11x103/μL. Means and ranges (minimum and maximum) of values for the analytes were: creatine kinase (CK), 112.53 (50.10-295.80) U/L; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 6.02 (2.80-10.20) U/L; γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), 25.24 (10.80-45.30) U/L; alkaline phosphatase (FA), 98.73 (14.66-198.30) U/L; total protein, 6.12 (5.38-7.10) g/dL; albumin, 4.23 (3.50-5.00) g/dL; cholesterol, 310.13 (144-518) mg/dL; triglycerides, 127.98 (57.50-213.50) mg/dL; glucose, 43.63 (24.50-73.80) mg/dL; urea, 30.21 (14.30-54.25); creatinine, 1.34 (0.93-1,76) mg/dL; calcium, 10.08 (9.25-11.10) mg/dL; and inorganic phosphorum, 6.50 (4.10-8.80) mg/dL. In the present study we determined hematological and biochemical values of manatees Amazonian (Trichechus inunguis) young held in captivity, which can be used as a reference for animals in bondage and free life, kept under similar ambient conditions, and management similar.

This study evaluated the effects of varying amounts of melon with high sugar content offered to sheep without prior melon experience and that were not adapted to consuming it. We used 12 eight-month-old, rumen-cannulated crossbred sheep weighing 25 kg each. The animals received a base diet of roughage, and then half were randomly selected to have 25% of their diet replaced with melon (G25%) and the other half had 75% of their diet replaced with melon (75%). Ruminal fluid was collected before administration of melon and at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after the administration of the fruit. Sheep from the G25% group presented volatile fatty acid ruminal acidosis (sub-acute) between 3 and 6 h after consumption. This acidosis was characterized by a rumen pH slightly lower than 5.6, increased discrete L-lactic acid content, and increased redox potential (RP) and methylene blue redox (MBR) time of the ruminal fluid. The G75% group presented lactic ruminal acidosis at T6h, characterized by a rumen pH lower than 5.0, high lactate-L content, increased RP and MBR time, and increased ruminal fluid osmolarity. Therefore, offering large amounts of melon (75% of dry matter (DM)) is not recommended but 25% of DM of this fruit can be used safely.

Este artigo tem como objetivo a descrição clínica e microscópica de seis casos de carcinoma de células escamosas na região periocular de bovinos. Os animais, fêmeas adultas, resultados do cruzamento entre as raças Nelore e Simental, eram criados em regime extensivo na região Oeste do Pará, no município de Belterra. No exame clínico foram observadas lesões perioculares, com presença de massa tumoral de aspecto verrugoso em áreas espigmentadas, hiperemia e secreção. Diante disto, foi realizada biópsia excisional das massas tumorais e amostras dos tecidos foram armazenadas em formol 10%, para posterior processamento e exame histopatológico. No exame macroscópico a neoplasia foi classificada como produtiva, caracterizada por tecido de forma irregular, de consistência friável e coloração pardacenta. Microscopicamente confirmou-se o diagnóstico de carcinoma de células escamosas infiltrante diferenciado. O diagnóstico foi baseado nos achados macroscópicos e microscópicos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two additives (probiotic and monensin) over clinical parameters of sheep submitted to acute ruminal lactic acidosis (ARLA). Eighteen sheeps were divided into three groups of six animals each as follows: probiotic group, supplemented with 4×109 CFU/animal/day of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; monensin group, supplemented with 33 mg of monensin sodium per kg of diet; and control group, without any supplementation. After 30 days of diet (75% of Coast-cross hay and 25% concentrate with 14% of crude protein) and additive intake, ARLA was induced in the all animals by intraruminal administration of 15g of sucrose per kilogram (kg) of body weight. Complete physical examinations to assess the vital signs of the animals were conducted at the following times: baseline (T0), six (T6h), 12 (T12h), 18 (T18h), 24 (T24h), 36 (T36h), and 48 (T48h) hours after ARLA induction. At those times, blood samples were obtained to determine the plasma volume deficit (PVD) and ruminal content for pH measurement. All animals experienced clinical signs of ARLA with ruminal pH lower than 4.9 at T24h. The heart rate and PVD were lower (P < 0.05) in the probiotic group at T36h. Compared to the control and monensin groups, the probiotic group experienced milder ARLA characterized by lower degrees of dehydration and fewer clinical symptoms.

RESUMOO presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos da administração de duas diferentes quantidades de melão sobre variáveis hemogasométricas, bioquímicas e hematológicas de ovinos não adaptados. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos canulados, pesando 25kg de peso vivo, que nunca receberam ração concentrada. Os animais receberam dieta à base de feno (2,3% do peso vivo) e água à vontade. Os ovinos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos e receberam 25% ou 75% da matéria seca (MS) da dieta de melão triturado (G25% e G75%, respectivamente) diretamente no rúmen. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue e determinação do pH ruminal nos seguintes tempos: zero, 3, 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas após oferecimento do melão. Foi realizada análise hemogasométrica, do volume globular, determinação da concentração plasmática de lactato-L, glicose e osmolaridade sérica. No G25%, o pH sanguíneo variou entre 7,40 e 7,31, enquanto o G75% apresentou pH entre 7,38 e 7,26. Maiores concentrações de glicose plasmática foram detectadas no G75% no T3, T6 e T12 (P

Studies in relation to blood conservation and responses to transfusion are scarce for ruminants. We evaluated the clinical manifestations of sheep that received a single homologous transfusion of whole blood, focusing on transfusion reactions. Eighteen adult sheep were subjected to a single phlebotomy to withdraw 40% of the total blood volume, which was placed into CPDA-1 bags and then divided into G0, animals that received fresh blood, and G15 and G35, animals that received blood stored for 15 or 35 days, respectively. Clinical observations were recorded throughout the transfusion, whereas heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were assessed at the following times: 24 hours after phlebotomy and before transfusion; 30 minutes, six, twelve, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours and eight and 16 days after transfusion. All groups presented transfusion reactions, among which hyperthermia was the most frequent (50% of animals). Tachycardia occurred most frequently in the G35 animals (50% of them). During transfusion G35 animals presented more clinical manifestation(P<0.05). Transfusion of fresh or stored total blood improved the blood volume, but transfusion reactions occurred, demonstrating that a single transfusion of fresh or stored blood can cause inflammatory and febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions in sheep.

Background The economic consequences from mortality of sheep after blood loss can be considerable. To date there are no reports addressing hematologic, blood gas, and biochemical changes in ovine blood stored in CPDA-1 bags. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate hematologic, blood gas, and biochemical alterations resulting from storage of ovine blood in CPDA-1 bags to establish transfusion protocols in sheep. Methods From each of 7 healthy 8-month-old sheep 450 mL of blood were collected into CPDA-1 bags and stored for 35 days in at 3–6°C. Samples were taken from the bags at days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 35. Whole blood was used to assess PCV, MCV, RBC count, pH, pO2, pCO2, and concentrations of bicarbonate, sodium, and lactate. Plasma was used to measure potassium, hemoglobin, and glucose concentrations. Results The PCV remained stable throughout the storage period, while plasma hemoglobin and MCV began to increase on days 7 and 21, respectively. The RBC count began to decrease on day 21. Blood pH decreased and pCO2 increased steadily throughout the storage period. Potassium concentration increased from 3.8 to 18.3 mmol/L on day 7 and remained high thereafter. In contrast, sodium concentration began to decrease on day 7. Conclusions The results show that ovine blood undergoes hematologic, blood gas, and biochemical changes during storage. Further studies are required to establish RBC viability in CPDA-1 bags after a storage period of 35 days.

This study promoted epidemiological survey of snake bites that occurred in Mossoró in the period from 2004 to 2010, reported by the National System of Information of Diseases and Notification (SINAN). The accidents were analyzed in the following aspects: time of year with greater involvement, area of occurrence, the most affected age group, sex, site of the aggression, time of the accident until attendance, symptoms presented, evolution and classification of cases and the use of serotherapy. Of the 244 envenomations reported this period, 58.6% were assaults by snakes, and 44.8% for Bothrops, Crotalus genus of 9.8% and 2.8% of the genus Micrurus. The male were more affected (65.7%), predominantly aged between 20-49 years (57.4%) and lower limbs the anatomical region most affected (39.9%). The time between the bite and the attendance was less than 3 hours (66.4%), the majority of cases considered mild (58.7%), which evolved into healing (86.0%). An increasing trend in reported cases over the years was observed, but many people do not seek help, because of poor knowledge, occurring underreporting. O presente estudo promoveu o levantamento epidemiológico dos acidentes ofídicos ocorridos no município de Mossoró no período de 2004 a 2010, notificados pelo Sistema de Informações de Agravos e Notificação (SINAN). Os acidentes foram analisados nos seguintes aspectos: época do ano com maior acometimento, zona de ocorrência, faixa etária, sexo, local da agressão, tempo decorrido do acidente até o atendimento, sintomatologia apresentada, classificação e evolução dos casos e utilização de soroterapia. Dos 244 acidentes por animais peçonhentos notificados neste período, 58,6% correspondem a agressões por serpentes dos gêneros: Bothrops (44,8%), Crotalus (9,8%) e Micrurus (2,8%). O sexo masculino foi o mais acometido (65,7%), com predomínio da faixa etária de 20 a 49 anos (57,3%), sendo os membros inferiores a região anatômica mais afetada (39,9%). O tempo decorrido entre a picada e o atendimento foi menor que três horas (66,4%), sendo a maioria dos casos considerados leves (58,7%), os quais evoluíram para a cura (86,0%). Percebe-se tendência de aumento no registro de casos ao longo dos anos, porém muitas pessoas não procuram ajuda por não terem o conhecimento adequado, o que resulta em subnotificações.

An outbreak of enzootic ataxia among sheep raised in the northeastern region of Brazil is described. Copper (Cu) deficiency was diagnosed in a herd of 56 sheep, among which five presented characteristic clinical symptoms of enzootic ataxia. The symptoms began 30 days after birth, with a clinical condition that included locomotion difficulty, limb ataxia, tremors, and continual falls. Liver biopsies were performed and blood was collected to determine hepatic and plasmatic Cu, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) concentration, respectively. The laboratory results showed that the animals presented low copper concentrations in the plasma and liver, without difference between the clinically healthy animals and those affected by enzootic ataxia. Even after supplementation with adequate Cu levels had been recommended, it was found on a new visit to the farm four months later that one animal still presented a clinical condition and that the hepatic Cu levels of the herd had not risen. Despite the low copper content of the diet, the high hepatic Fe levels found suggest that antagonism due to this element may have been an important factor in triggering copper deficiency in these animals, and thus, additional copper supplementation may be necessary for these animals.

Background This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, haematological and biochemical responses to autologous blood transfusion and the feasibility of this practice in sheep. Thus, we used eight male, 8 months old sheep, weighing on average 30 kg, from which 15 mL/kg of whole blood was collected and stored in CPDA-1 bags. Blood samples were refrigerated for 8 days and subsequently re-infused. The clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated before blood collection and reinfusion, after 10 minutes of collection and reinfusion, after 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 hours after collection and reinfusion. Results With respect to clinical parameters, we observed a decrease in heart rate after 24, 48 and 196 hours from reinfusion compared to basal values (p p p p Conclusion Autologous transfusion in sheep slightly altered the physiological, biochemical and haematological responses of sheep, indicating that the technique proposed is safe and can be applied in the clinical practice of this species. The 8 d period was not sufficient for complete recovery of the haematological parameters after blood collection.

The goal of this paper was to study the epidemiological aspects of cases of dengue in the population of Mossoró. We conducted an observational descriptive study analyzing the variables: diagnosis confirmation, sex, age, lethality, final classification and time of the year, obtained from notification forms of the National Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), from 2006 to 2010. There were 1,917 dengue cases confirmed, with an annual incidence ranging from 51 to 539/100,000 inhabitants (2009 and 2008). Most cases were of classic dengue fever (87.95%); however there is an increasing trend on hemorrhagic dengue and dengue with complication cases over the years. The highest lethality rate was 1.40% in 2007. Cases of dengue were slightly more prevalent in females (52.63%), the most affected age group was 20 to 50 years and the time of the year that presented the largest number of cases was during the months of March, April, and May. O trabalho objetivou estudar os aspectos epidemiológicos dos casos de dengue na população do município de Mossoró-RN. Foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo, sendo analisadas as variáveis de confirmação diagnóstica, sexo, faixa etária, letalidade, classificação final e época do ano, cujos dados foram obtidos das fichas de notificação do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação correspondentes ao período de 2006 a 2010. Foram confirmados 1.917 casos de dengue, com incidência anual variando de 51 a 539/100.000 habitantes (2009 e 2008). Predominaram os casos de dengue clássico (87,9%), porém, com o passar dos anos, tem se evidenciado uma tendência de aumento do número de casos de dengue hemorrágico e dengue com complicações. A maior taxa de letalidade apresentada foi em 2007 com 1,4%. Os casos de dengue foram um pouco mais predominantes em pessoas do sexo feminino (52,6%), a faixa etária mais acometida foi a de 20 a 50 anos e a época do ano que concentrou o maior número de casos foi durante os meses de março, abril e maio.

A 6-month-old male mixed-breed dog weighing 12.6 kg weight was presented for evaluation of a subcutaneous nodule on the dorsum. The medical history indicated trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole treatment 2 months before presentation at the veterinary hospital. The initial complete blood cell count (CBC) results included an apparent left shift. Microscopic examination of a blood smear (Panoptic stain) revealed granulocytes with hyposegmented nuclei, coarse mature chromatin, and a nuclear shape varying from round to bilobed (pince-nez) or slightly indented. Occasional neutrophils and eosinophils had typical segmentation of nuclei. Abnormalities were not present in limited serum biochemical testing. The CBC was repeated 17 and 120 days later, and the results were similar to those observed in the first examination. The parents of the patient were located, and a CBC was performed on both animals. The dam, but not the sire, had nuclear hyposegmentation of granulocytes, confirming the diagnosis of Pelger-Huët anomaly.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa avaliou a dinâmica dos leucócitos e das subpopulações de linfócitos em vacas Holandesas soropositivas para o BLV no período de transição. Amostras de sangue (n=72) provenientes de 12 vacas foram coletadas entre as semanas -2 e +3 para a realização do leucograma, imunofenotipagem, dosagem de cortisol e haptoglobina (Hp). O perfil leucocitário foi caracterizado por leucocitose, neutrofilia, monocitose e eosinopenia próximo ao parto. Linfocitose e elevada proporção de linfócitos B CD21+ foram achados constantes entre as semanas -2 e +3; assim, as vacas foram testadas e confirmadas soropositivas para o BLV. Os valores das subpopulações de linfócitos T apresentaram-se baixos durante o período de transição, observando-se dois picos máximos que coincidiram com as elevações nas concentrações de cortisol no parto (2,11µg/dL) e semana +3 (1,97µg/dL). Hp apresentou aumento crescente de -2 (166µg/mL) a +3 (576µg/mL), provavelmente associada à elevada taxa de infecções uterinas observadas nas semanas +2 e +3. As vacas soropositivas para o BLV apresentaram leucograma de estresse próximo ao parto, exceto para linfócitos. A linfocitose e as elevadas proporções de células B CD21+, associadas com as baixas proporções de células T, podem ser indicativo de imunossupressão e predisposição aos processos inflamatórios no período pós-parto. ABSTRACT This research evaluated the dynamics of leukocytes and lymphocytes subsets in seropositive Holstein cows for BLV during the transition period. Blood samples (n=72) from 12 cows were harvested from week -2 up to week +3 to perform leukogram, immunophenotyping, cortisol and haptoglobin (Hp). Leukocytes pattern was characterized by leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis and eosinopenia around calving. Lymphocytosis and high proportions of B cells CD21+ were a constant finding between week -2 and +3, thus cows were tested and confirmed seropositive for BLV. The values of T lymphocytes subsets were low during the transition period, observing two peaks that coincided with high levels of cortisol at delivery (2.11µg/dL) and week +3 (1.97µg/dL). Hp had gradual increase from week -2 (166µg/mL) until week +3 (576g/mL) probably due to high rate of uterine infection detected between week +2 and +3. The seropositive cows for BLV presented stress leukogram around delivery, except for lymphocytes. Lymphocytosis and the high proportions of B cells, associated with the low proportions of T lymphocytes, can be indicative of immunosuppression and predisposition to the inflammatory process observed in the post-partum period.

RESUMO Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação com colina protegida sobre o perfil energético, as enzimas hepáticas e a reprodução de vacas leiteiras no periparto. Quinze vacas leiteiras foram divididas em dois grupos experimentais: oito receberam 80 gramas de colina protegida por 21 dias no pré-parto e por 40 dias no pós-parto e sete foram consideradas controle. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 10, 20, 30 e 60 pós-parto para avaliação dos perfis energético e hepático. Aos 60 dias pós-parto, realizou-se exame ginecológico dos animais para avaliação da saúde reprodutiva. A suplementação com colina protegida não alterou os níveis de beta-hidroxibutirato (BHBA), ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), frutosamina, fator de crescimento semelhante a glicose I (IGF-I), status oxidante total (TOS), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT) no pós-parto. Não houve diferença também quanto à produção de leite. Aos 60 dias pós-parto, vacas suplementadas com colina protegida apresentaram menor número de casos de endometrite que vacas do grupo controle. A suplementação de colina protegida não alterou o perfil bioquímico e a produção de leite, mas reduziu o número de casos de endometrite no pós-parto de vacas leiteiras. ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with protected choline on the energy profile, liver enzymes and reproduction in dairy cows in peripartum. Fifteen cows were divided into two groups: 8 received 80 grams of protected choline for 21 days pre-partum and 40 days postpartum, and 7 were considered control. Blood samples were collected on days 10, 20, 30, and 60 postpartum to evaluate the energy and hepatic profiles. After 60 days postpartum a gynecological examination of animals for evaluation of reproductive health was done. The supplementation with choline protected did not alter the beta-hydroxybutyrate levels (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), fructosamine, like growth factor glucose (IGF-I), total oxidant status (TOS), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamiltrasferase range (GGT) postpartum. There was no difference in milk production. After 60 days postpartum, cows fed protected choline had fewer cases of endometritis that cows in the control group. The protected choline supplementation did not alter the biochemical profile and milk production, but reduced the number of endometritis cases in postpartum dairy cows.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito metafilático de minerais traços e vitaminas A e E injetáveis, em parâmetros do estresse oxidativo e na função de neutrófilos em fêmeas da raça Holandesa no período de transição. Sessenta animais foram divididos em dois grupos: animais que receberam minerais traços e vitaminas A e E injetáveis (GMTV) (n= 30) e grupo controle (GC) (n= 30). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos nos parâmetros avaliados, porém observou-se diferença significativa entre tratamento e dia para os valores da SOD, com maior atividade dessa enzima em fêmeas GMTV, nas semanas próximas ao parto. Observou-se diferença de dia e para interação tratamento e dia para o TBARS, em que fêmeas GMTV mostraram menores valores de TBARS em todos os momentos, exceto sete dias após o parto. Houve efeito significativo de dia para leucócitos, interação tratamento e dia para neutrófilos e interação tratamento e dia para fagocitose de neutrófilos, em que as fêmeas GMTV apresentaram valores menores de leucócitos e neutrófilos próximo ao parto, além de maior fagocitose de neutrófilos. Pode-se observar que houve melhora no sistema oxidativo e imune de fêmeas GMTV, resposta que provavelmente está relacionada com a administração dos minerais traços e vitaminas A e E.

A quantificação da concentração de metabólitos provenientes principalmente da mobilização de tecidos corporais permite realizar um monitoramento adequado das vacas frente às exigências crescentes de energia, proteína e minerais particularmente no início da lactação. Além disso, esse perfil permite o diagnóstico de transtornos metabólicos e deficiências nutricionais, como preventivo de desordens latentes, além da pesquisa de problemas de saúde e do desempenho produtivo de um rebanho. Nesse estudo em específico, foi estudado o metabolismo na segunda fase desse período em animais da raça Gir leiteiro, ou seja, o período pós-parto, tendo como objetivos avaliar o metabolismo no período pós-parto, comparar e elucidar as taxas de metabolismo no pós-parto entre pluríparas e primíparas. Para isso foram selecionadas 10 primíparas e 10 pluríparas recém-paridas, totalizando 20 animais na composição do estudo. Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas por venopunção da veia coccígea média uma vez por semana, em oito momentos do dia do parto (D0) até 63 dias pós- parto (D63). Então foram avaliadas as concentrações dos seguintes metabólitos: Beta- hidroxibutirato (β-HBO), Ácido graxo não esterificado (AGNE), Albumina, Ureia, Proteína total, Creatinina, Triglicerídeo, Lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL), Cálcio, Fósforo e Magnésio. Foram observadas alterações significativas nos teores de β-HBO no D3 dos dois grupos. As maiores diferenças encontradas nos metabólitos energéticos se concentraram no período inicial da lactação e nesse caso, os achados sugeriram uma quadro acentuado de cetose. Os teores de triglicerídeos reduziram quando próximo ao pico de lactação, coincidindo com a redução dos níveis sanguíneos de triglicerídeos. Os teores de Proteínas totais só decresceram de fato no dia D28 e depois sofreram um aumento até o dia 42. A creatinina apresentou diferenças no grupo das multíparas, onde se manteve acima dos valores de referência no D0 ao D7 e somente no D42 voltou a subir, enquanto o grupo das primíparas se manteve dentro desses valores em todos os tempos de coleta. Na avaliação dos teores de cálcio as diferenças ocorrem apenas no grupo das multíparas onde o D21 tem um pico, se diferenciando principalmente de D7, D14 e D28. Com relação aos teores de fósforo sérico, as médias só manifestaram um pico acima da média de referência. Enquanto nas multíparas esse pico aconteceu um pouco antes, no D63. Entretanto, o Fósforo não foi o único a apresentar teores acima dos valores de referência no grupo das multíparas embora todos os valores se encontram acima dos valores de referência, o comportamento foi padrão. Enquanto o grupo da primíparas apresenta diferenças em diversos períodos e também apresenta teores acima dos valores de referência. Assim, o metabolismo das primíparas apresentou maior flutuação, ou seja, não se mostraram mais eficientes metabolicamente, como era esperado. Os animais não conseguiram manter o equilíbrio principalmente do metabolismo energético, sugerindo possíveis casos de cetose. O metabolismo mineral sugere que o aporte nutricional está elevado, assim apresenta discrepância em relação ao comportamento do metabolismo energético. The quantification of the concentration of metabolites coming mainly from the mobilization of body tissues allows to carry out an adequate monitoring of the cows in face of the growing demands of energy, protein and minerals, particularly at the beginning of lactation. In addition, this profile allows the diagnosis of metabolic disorders and nutritional deficiencies, as a preventive of latent disorders, in addition to researching health problems and the productive performance of a herd. In this specific study, metabolism was studied in the second phase of this period in animals of the dairy Gyr breed, that is, the postpartum period, with the objective of evaluating the metabolism in the postpartum period, comparing and elucidating the metabolism rates in the postpartum between pluriparous and primiparous women. For that, 10 primiparous and 10 newly hatched pluriparous were selected, totaling 20 animals in the study composition. Blood samples were collected by venopuncture of the middle coccygeal vein once a week, at eight moments from the day of delivery (D0) until 63 days postpartum (D63). Then the concentrations of the following metabolites were evaluated: Beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBO), Non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), Albumin, Urea, Total protein, Creatinine, Triglyceride, High density lipoproteins (HDL), Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium . Significant changes were observed in the levels of β-HBO in D3 of the two groups. The greatest differences found in energy metabolites were concentrated in the initial period of lactation and in this case, the findings suggested a marked condition of ketosis. The levels of triglycerides decreased when close to the peak of lactation, coinciding with the reduction of blood levels of triglycerides. The levels of total proteins only actually decreased on day D28 and then suffered an increase until day 42. Creatinine showed differences in the multiparous group, where it remained above the reference values in D0 to D7 and only in D42 it rose again , while the group of primiparous women remained within these values at all times of collection. In the assessment of calcium levels, differences occur only in the multiparous group where D21 has a peak, differing mainly from D7, D14 and D28. Regarding the levels of serum phosphorus, the averages only showed a peak above the reference average. While in multiparous women this peak happened a little earlier, in D63. However, Phosphorus was not the only one to present levels above the reference values in the multiparous group. Although all values are above the reference values, the behavior was standard. While the group of primiparous women presents differences in different periods and also presents levels above the reference values. Thus, the metabolism of primiparous women showed greater fluctuation, that is, they were not more metabolically efficient, as expected. The animals were unable to maintain the balance mainly of energy metabolism, suggesting possible cases of ketosis. Mineral metabolism suggests that the nutritional intake is high, so there is a discrepancy in relation to the behavior of energy metabolism.

Objetivou-se estudar efeitos negativos do transporte ao confinamento e do período de adaptação neste, assim como avaliar a presença de bactérias possivelmente patogênicas na nasofaringe durante este processo. Foram empregados 48 bovinos machos da raça Nelore, com 372 ± 27 kg de peso corpóreo, os quais viajaram ao confinamento, em caminhões-gaiola, em torno de 167 km, com duração de 4 h. Os mesmos foram pesados na saída, chegada e 48 h após. Amostras de sangue da veia jugular e swab da nasofaringe foram obtidos nos mesmos momentos e no 10º d, com exceção da saída. Para a obtenção do swab foi empregado zaragatoa acoplada à pinça Allis, ambas com 15 cm. O volume globular (VG) foi analisado no sangue total e a partir dessa variável foi calculado o déficit de volume plasmático (DVP). No soro foram determinados os teores de albumina e globulinas, calculando-se sua relação. O material do swab foi semeado em ágar sangue de carneiro (5%) com base Columbia e ágar McConkey e alíquotas desta cultura foram submetidas à técnica MALDI-TOF MS. Para a identificação bacteriana pelo espectro proteico, foi utilizado o programa BioTyper™. As colônias bacterianas identificadas pelo MADI- TOF MS como pertencentes a família Pasteurellaceae foram submetidas à identificação pelo sequenciamento parcial do gene 16S rRNA. Dessa família foi isolada, pela primeira vez no Brasil, apenas Mannheimia varigena em 31,2 % dos animais, no dia da chegada ao confinamento, desaparecendo em seguida. Identificaram-se também bactérias do gênero Bacillus ssp., que inibe o crescimento do gênero Mannheimia spp., principalmente dos animais negativos (93,7%) e em menor frequência (46,7%) dos positivos. Bovinos positivos à M. varigena perderam percentualmente mais peso (p = 0,045) durante a viagem que os negativos, não existindo diferença na 48ª h (p = 0,117). Quanto mais leve foi o bovino maior foi a sua perda de peso (p < 0,0001) e seu grau de desidratação (p = 0,005) durante a viagem, recuperando essa última variável parcialmente durante a adaptação. Nesse período a desidratação espelhou positivamente o peso perdido (r = 0,65). A viagem e a adaptação estimularam a produção de globulinas, em especial nos positivos no 10º d (p =0,023). A desidratação identificada foi de grau leve em 20% dos animais e moderada em 17,8%. O DVP identificou melhor o grau de desidratação que o VG. O estresse do transporte e a adaptação não foram suficientes para desencadear quadros respiratórios nas reses positivas para M. varigena. This survey studied the negative effects of transportation and adaptation of steers shipped to a feedlot, as well analyzed the presence of possible pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharyngeal during these events. Forty-eight male Nellore steers (372 ± 27 kg B.W.) travelled 167 km in trucks to the feedlot, for 4 h. The cattle was weighted on the departure, arrival and 48 h later. Jugular blood samples and swab of the nasopharyngeal were collected on the same schedule, but the departure, and on the 10th d. The nasopharyngeal samples were obtained with the use of a swab attached to an Allis clamp, both with 15 cm length. The globular volume (GV) was measured in the total blood and from this variable, the plasma volume deficit (PVD) was calculated. Serum albumin and globulin, as well its ratio were also determined. The swab was plated onto sheep blood agar (5%), Columbia base and MacConkey agar, and samples of this culture were analyzed by a MALDI-TOF MS technique. For bacterial identification by the protein mass spectrum biomarker a BioTyper™ program was used. The colonies identified as Pasteurellaceae family were submitted for identification by partial sequencing of gene 16S rRNA. From this family was isolated, by the first time in Brazil, Mannheimia varigena in 31.2% of the steers, on the arrival, which disappeared thereafter. Bacteria from the genus Bacillus, which inhibits the genus Mannheimia, were also identified in the negative (93.7%) and less frequently (46.7%) in positive steers. Positive cattle to M. varigena lost more weight during the shipment than the negatives (p = 0.045), but no difference was found at the 48th h (p = 0.117). The lighter the steer, the greater the lost of weight (p < 0.0001) and the degree of dehydration (p = 0.005), recovering partially the hydration at the 48th h. During adaptation, the higher the dehydration, the bigger the weight loss (r =0.65). The trip and adaptation enhanced the globulin levels, mainly in the positive steers at day 10 (p= 0.023). The degree of dehydration was light in 20% of the animals and moderate in another 17.8 %. The PVD identified better the the degree of dehydration rather than VG. The stress of transport and adaptation was not enough to trigger respiratory disease in the positive steer to M. varigena.

Objetivou-se adequar modelo de indução de acidose ruminal por ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (ARAGCC), com uso de polpa cítrica (PC), para bovinos mais pesados, assim como avaliar o metabolismo ruminal, alterações comportamentais, clínicas e diagnósticas. Para o primeiro objetivo foram utilizadas três vacas Nelore (544,2 ± 47 kg), com cânula ruminal, e alimentadas, duas vezes ao dia, com 75% de feno e de 25% concentrados. A dose fixa de PC (1,65% do peso vivo) administrada na cânula ruminal gerou inicialmente acidose láctica ruminal e após adequações apurou-se a fórmula (g de PC = Peso corporal 0,75 x 54,7) que provocou adequado quadro de ARAGCC (pH ruminal entre 5,8 e 5,2 com duração mínima de 5h). No 2º experimento foram empregados outros 10 animais da mesma raça, sexo e peso semelhantes, com a mesma alimentação, por no mínimo 45 dias antes da indução, acompanhando-se o consumo de matéria seca (CMS). No dia anterior à indução e nos próximos três dias foram registrados, a cada 5 min, o tempo de ruminação (TR), ingestão de alimentos (TIG) e ócio (decúbito e em estação), assim como o pH ruminal, por meio de bólus intraruminal de mensuração contínua. No decorrer do 1º dia foram coletadas amostras de fluido ruminal, sangue, fezes e urina e realizado exame clínico em oito momentos (zero, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 e 24h). Nove horas após o oferecimento matinal dos alimentos foram mensurados os movimentos ruminais (MR) no 2º e 3º dias. O pH ruminal na ARAGCC foi sempre inferior ao período basal, com duração da acidose de 547 ± 215 min, pH mínimo de 5,38 ± 0,16 e pH médio durante a acidose de 5,62 ± 0,1. Essa foi provocada principalmente por AGCC (máximo de 118,4 ± 9,3 mM/L), com máxima produção de ácido láctico (7,17mM/L) e de ácido láctico D (0,56 mM/L) na 6ª h. A osmolaridade foi máxima na 3ª h (405,5 ± 45,2 mOsm/L) influenciada pelo ácido láctico e teor de glicose ruminal. O CMS foi reduzido de 10 ± 1,23 kg no período basal em 66,3% no 1º d e 48% no 2º d regularizando-se no 3º. Quanto menor o pH médio da ARAGCC (R2 = 0,679), o TR (R2 = 0,807) a MR (R2 = 0,739) e quanto maior a osmolaridade ruminal (R2 = 0,5461) menor o CMS. O tempo para consumir 1 kg de MS aumentou de 32 ± 4 min no tempo basal para 94 no 1º d e 90 min no 2º d, normalizando-se no 3º. O TR foi reduzido de 450 ± 68 min no período basal em 58,4% no 1º d, em 48,7% no 2º d e em 20,9% no 3º d e foi influenciado positivamente pelo pH médio (R2 = 0,807). Os animais não modificaram o tempo de ócio em estação, mas aumentaram o tempo o de decúbito em relação ao período basal (380 ± 60 min) em 38,9% no 1º d em 26,6 % no 2º, regularizando-se no 3º. O decúbito foi mais prolongado quanto menor foi o pH ruminal mínimo (R2 = 0,466) e o grau de depressão neurológica (R2 = 0,616). Quanto menor o pH mínimo (R2 = 0,639) e maior o teor de lactato L ruminal (R2 = 0,373) maior o grau de depressão neurológica. O potencial de oxirredução, a acidez titulável e o tempo de redução de azul de metileno, em conjunto com o pH ruminal, podem auxiliar no diagnóstico da ARAGCC. Thirteen, rumen cannulated, Nellore cows (544.2 ± 47 kg) were used in two different studies. The first one was carried out to set up a standard model for induction of rumen acidosis by short chain fatty acid (RASCFA) in heavier cattle (n= 3 cows) with the use of citrus pulp (CF) (1.65% BW of CF into the rumen). The remaining, studied the effect of RASCFA on ruminal metabolism, behavior changes, clinical and diagnostics aspects (n=10). The cows were housed in individual tie stalls and fed twice a day 75% coast-cross hay and 25% commercial concentrates, for 45d before the trials, with feed intake (FI) monitored. The standard model caused initially rumen lactic acidosis, but after some corrections (g CP = BW 0.75 x 54.7) induced RASCFA adequately (rumen pH between 5.8 and 5.2 for at least 5h). On the day before and for three consecutive days after induction the following variables were recorded every 5 min: time spending for rumination (TR), for feeding intake (TFI), for idle laying down (ILD) or idle standing (IS). On the day before and during the day of induction an intraruminal bolus for measuring rumen, pH each 5 min, were installed. Rumen fluid, blood, fecal and urine samples were collected and clinical examination carried out every three hour on the day of induction. Rumen movements (RM) were also recorded on the 2ndand 3rd d 9h after the morning feeding. The rumen pH of RASCFA was always lower than the basal time and the lasting of acidosis was 547 ± 215 min, minimum pH 5.38 ± 0.16 and the average pH during acidosis 5.62 ± 0.1. The rumen acidosis was caused mainly by SCFA (maximum 118.4 ± 9.3 mM/L), L-lactic acid (7.17mM/L) and D-lactic acid (0.56 mM/L) on the 6thh. Osmolality was maximum at the 3rdh (405.5 ± 45.2 mOsm/L) mostly caused by lactic acid and glucose. FI was reduced 66.3 % on the 1std and 48% on the 2ndd returning to normal status on the 3rd d (basal 10 ± 1,23 kg). The FI was positively influenced by the average rumen pH (R2 = 0.679), the RM (R2 = 0.807), and MR (R2 = 0.739), but negatively by the rumen osmolality (R2 = 0.546). The time for consumption of 1 kg DM was higher on the 1std (94 min) and 2nd d (90 min) but recovery on the 3rd d (basal 32 ± 4 min). The TR was reduced on the 1st d (58.4%), 2nd d (48.7%) and 3rd d (20.9) (basal 450 ± 68 min) and was mostly positively influenced by the average rumen pH (R2 = 0.8077). The IS hasnt change, but ILD time increased by 38.9% on the 1std, 26.6% on the 2ndd returning to normal on the 3rdd (basal 380 ± 60 min). The ILD time was negatively influenced by the minimum rumen pH (R2 = 0.466) and the neurological depression status (R2 = 0.616). The neurological depression status was positively influenced by the rumen minimum pH (R2 = 0.639) and positively by the level of rumen L-lactic acid (R2 = 0.3733). The tests of redox potential, titratable acidity and time for reduction of methylene blue, along with rumen pH, are good alternatives for diagnosing RASCFA.

Objetivou-se compreender melhor o modelo de indução de acidose láctica ruminal (ALR) com sacarose destacando-se aspectos básicos da fermentação ruminal e suas consequências, assim como avaliação comparativa da eficácia de dois aditivos (Virginiamicina VM e Monensina MON), associados ou não, na prevenção desta enfermidade em bovinos adultos de corte. Para tal, foram utilizados 30 fêmeas da raça Nelore, providas de cânula ruminal, com cerca de 413 kg de peso corpóreo. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais e alimentados com dieta basal composta de 75% de feno de capim de coast-cross e de 25% de ração concentrada comercial, por 30 dias antes da indução de ALR. Durante esse período os bovinos foram distribuídos em cinco grupos iguais de seis animais cada, assim constituídos: controle (CON); MON 30 ppm; VM 25 ppm; VM 34 ppm e MON 30 ppm + VM 25 ppm. Os aditivos foram administrados numa mistura de 500 g fubá, antes do oferecimento do alimento. Em seguida, foi realizada indução individual de ALR com uso de sacarose de acordo com peso metabólico corrigido, administrada pela cânula ruminal. Foram obtidas amostras de conteúdo ruminal, sangue, urina e fezes, assim como realizado exame físico nos seguintes momentos: zero (basal) e após três, seis, 12 e 18 horas da indução. Foi realizada análise de variância (Teste F) dos dados que obedeceram à distribuição paramétrica, e utilizado o comando Proc mix para medidas repetidas no tempo de duas vias considerando os fatores tratamento, tempo e interação entre tratamento e tempo. Alguns dados foram submetidos ao teste T de Student. Os dados que não obedeceram a distribuição paramétrica foram avaliados pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e qui-quadrado. Para o estudo da relação entre duas variáveis foi determinado os índices de correlação e determinação. Ocorreu acidose ruminal intensa, por grande produção inicial de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), seguido de ácido láctico, com predomínio do isômero L sobre o D, os quais com a glicose gerada na fermentação provocaram aumento de osmolaridade nesse conteúdo. A acidose sistêmica foi de grau moderado em pequena parte dos bovinos, com presença de desidratação num expressivo número de animais. Boa parte dos bovinos tratados (n =15) apresentavam depressão nervosa e desidratação. Ocorreu pontualmente um quadro de hipertermia no auge da fermentação ruminal. Os melhores resultados preventivos da ALR foram obtidos com a associação VM + MON, a qual postergou a produção de ácido láctico, quer seja pela menor produção deste, como pela conversão de ácido láctico L em ácidos acético e propiônico. Ao término do experimento essa associação promoveu maior pH e menor acúmulo de ácido láctico L, assim como viabilizou que um menor número de animais necessitassem ser tratados, em relação ao grupo controle. As duas diferentes doses de VM tiveram resultados intermediários, seguidos da MON, a qual não se recomenda como único aditivo com fins de prevenção da ALR. The objective was to better understand the induction model of rumen lactic acidosis (RLA) with sucrose, highlighting the basic aspects of ruminal fermentation and its consequences, as well as comparative evaluation of the efficacy of two additives (Virginiamycin VM and Monensin MON), associated or not, in the prevention of acidosis in adult beef cattle. For this purpose, 30 Nellore ruminally-cannulated females were used, with average body weight of about 413 kg. The animals were kept in individual stalls and fed a basal diet composed of 75% coast-cross grass hay and 25% commercial concentrated feed for 30 days prior to RLA induction. During this period the cattle were distributed into five equal groups of six animals each, as follows: control (CON); MON 30 ppm; VM 25 ppm; VM 34 ppm and MON 30 ppm + VM 25 ppm. The additives were provided in a 500 g corn meal before the feed was offered. Subsequently, individual RLA induction with sucrose was performed according to corrected metabolic weight, via ruminal cannula. Samples of rumen contents, blood, urine and feces were collected, and physical examination at: zero (baseline) and after three, six, 12 and 18 h after induction. Variance analysis (Test F) of the data that obeyed the parametric distribution was performed, and the Proc mix command was used for repeated measurements in two-way time considering the factors treatment, time and interaction between treatment and time. Some data were submitted to Student\'s t-test. The data that did not obey the parametric distribution were evaluated by the Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests. The correlation and determination indices were determined for the study of the relationship between two variables.. A severe ruminal acidosis occurred due to the large initial production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), followed by lactic acid, with predominance of the L over D-isomer, which with the glucose generated in the fermentation caused an increase in osmolarity in this content. Systemic acidosis was moderate in a small number of cattle, with dehydration in an expressive number of animals. Most treated cattle (n =15) presented nervous depression and dehydration. A temporary hyperthermia occurred at the peak of ruminal fermentation. The best results of RLA prevention were obtained from VM + MON association, which postponed the lactic acid production, either by its lower production, or by the conversion of L-lactic acid in in acetic and propionic acids. At the end of the experiment, this association promoted greater pH and lower L-lactic acid accumulation, and a smaller number of animals needed to be treated, compared to the control group. The two different doses of VM had intermediate results, followed by MON, which is not recommended as a single additive for the RLA prevention.