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A necessity for cell survival is finely tuned signaling inputs and the propagation of those signals. Protein kinases that phosphorylate signaling proteins are known as the “writers” of these signals, whereas phosphatases are known as the “erasers.” The interplay between these two proteins is crucial for signal propagation. When these signals are not tightly regulated, they often lead to a wide variety of cancers. A commonly studied protein kinase family is the Src family kinases that are crucial to cell regulation and implicated in many types of cancer. Using a suite of biochemical and biophysical techniques, we show activation loop phosphorylation (activating) wins the tug of war over C-terminal tail phosphorylation (inactivating) by modulating the open and closed equilibrium. We uncover a novel mechanism of activation of Src kinase dependent on phosphorylation of the activation loop in the closed conformation. We show dephosphorylation of the inhibitory tyrosine by the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 can only occur in the open state, and activation loop phosphorylation can drive dephosphorylation of the C-terminal tail through a, global opening of the kinase. Intriguingly, our 13C-methyl NMR data revealed why Src evolved an inhibitory C-terminal phosphorylation site. We found nucleotide binding stabilizes the open a-C helix-“In” active state, and therefore Src would be constitutively active under in vivo concentrations of 4-5 mM ATP. Lastly in Chapter 2, we use our experimental setup to show how, vi small-molecule inhibitors can hijack these built-in dynamics and promote different conformational states of Src. We describe a second experimental setup to dissect the kinetics of opening and closing of all Src phosphorylated states. This Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) experimental setup would have the advantage of looking at protein dynamics on the single-molecule level. A FRET dye pair was designed to report on distance changes when the protein undergoes exchange between conformational states. Sortase ligation reactions were optimized to ligate separately fluorophore-labeled regulatory and catalytic domains of Src. Sortase ligation was found not to alter Src catalytic activity. However, biotinylation and fluorophore labeling did alter the catalytic activity of Src, measured by substrate peptide phosphorylation levels. We observed very minimal EFRET transitions in our data, indicating we were not observing conformational transitions in the protein. We reasoned the altered catalytic activity of our Src constructs was from modifying the protein with labels and they were disrupting the conformational dynamics of Src. Further, minimal to-no changes in EFRET populations were observed when looking at the various phosphorylation states of Src. This was a concerning result that contradicted the NMR experimental evidence in Chapter 2. To determine if the Src FRET construct could conformationally exchange, data was recorded of Src bound to conformationally selective inhibitors Src kinase inhibitor 1 (SKI) and imatinib (Gleevec). We again found very few differences in the raw and processed data that led us to conclude our FRET construct design was not optimal. Taken together, we provide an in-depth, study on Src activation and inactivation through its regulatory tyrosine sites and its open and closed conformational equilibrium.

This article analyzes the evolution of the design regulatory framework in Ukraine and the EU countries.The purposeis to identify the features of the evolution of the design legal framework in Ukraine and the EU.The research methodologyconsists in applying a number of approaches: analytical for comprehending the literature on the topic of the article; interdisciplinary for a comprehensive study of factual material and obtaining new knowledge; systematic with the use of a whole range of methods (biographical, semiotic, cultural, hermeneutical, historical, theoretical generalization) for a comprehensive understanding of the stated purpose of the study.Scientific novelty.For the first time, the European experience of developing the regulatory framework of design in comparison with the Ukrainian one is systematically studied. The results of the article can be used in the preparation of didactic materials for teaching courses on the regulatory framework of design.Сonclusions.Ukraine’s legislative framework currently does not sufficiently address the humanitarian factor, including its design and ergonomic factors, which does not contribute to the optimization of the state’s social sphere. In view of this, it is advisable to optimize the legislative framework in line with the best European practices to ensure the effective development of design and ergonomics in our country. The fundamental rationale for the EU design legal environment is that the protection of design legal property should ultimately lead to the economic well-being of countries in the EU region. The design harmonization program has always been part of the EU’s larger program for a harmonized legal environment and the completion of the internal market, especially with regard to intellectual property rights. The harmonization by means of the Design Directive and the Design Regulation in the EU is necessary in view of the significant differences in the protection of intellectual property for design objects in the various member states of the European Union.

The next generation of mobile networks, namely 5G, promises significant qualitative and quantitative advances for multiple vertical domains. However, most studies and investigations assess these advances under the implicit assumption of a single network service provider, with typical national coverage. In this article, we take a close look at the automotive sector and highlight a series of challenges emerging in the context of its inherent (inter)national mobility and the corresponding importance of cross-border and/or multioperator environments. Our target is to pinpoint the key influential factors affecting the transition toward seamless (cooperative) connected and automated mobility services within and across national borders. To this end, we identify and analyze a series of challenges in the areas of, networking, application, security, and regulation. We further present and discuss a series of corresponding solutions investigated in the pragmatic context of our experimental activities.

This article uses the example of alcohol regulation in England and Wales to explore how historical change can be understood within criminology. Pivoting away from criminology’s tendency to understand historical change as occurring in rapid, radical bursts (usually followed by periods of stability), it takes inspiration from the emerging use of historical institutionalist and Koselleckian approaches within historical criminology. Alcohol regulationin England and Wales is complex, overlapping and sometimes even contradictory. It is shown here that this regulatory messiness reflects the plurality of temporalities which, following Koselleck, animate alcohol regulation in the contemporary historical moment. It is further demonstrated that historical institutionalist concepts (e.g. near misses, transformation by accumulation, layering) can be used to help identify and analyse the non-contemporaneousorigins and discrete lineages of these currently co-existing temporalities. The article thus provides a new and original account of the historical development and contemporary character of alcohol regulation in England and Wales. Moreover, its theoretical synthesis of Koselleckian and historical institutionalist ideas offers a promising theoretical framework which could be used more widely in criminological studies to examine the connections between historical change and crime or its control in contemporary societies.

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the stringency of red tape and the entry and exit rates of firms. To do so, we use a panel dataset on firm entry and exit rates, obtained from Eurostat Business Demography, covering 22 European countries and 14 manufacturing sectors observed over the period 2013–2019. We complement the information on firm dynamics with country-level data on red tape from the World Bank’s Doing Business database. Five dimensions of red tape are considered: regulations for starting a business, construction permits, procedures for getting electricity, registering property, and contract enforcement. In addition, both the cost and the time taken to complete the administrative procedures are used as metrics of red tape. Using a difference-in-difference approach à la Rajan and Zingales (1998), we find a negative effect of administrative burdens on the entry and exit rates of firms across European countries. Moreover, we find that the negative effect is more pronounced for smaller firms. Finally, the time taken to comply with bureaucratic procedures is a greater impediment to smooth entry and exit than the monetary costs associated with these administrative barriers.

This article proposes a mode-switching-based phase shift control (MS-PSC) for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, which is able to achieve power regulation, load matching, and wide ZVS operations simultaneously without using additional dc-dc converters. Based on the mode transitions between the full-bridge, mixed-bridge, and half-bridge modes of both the inverter and the rectifier, the MS-PSC method guarantees a wide-range ZVS with minimized circulation of reactive power. Therefore, the system efficiency is improved over a wider power range compared to the conventional triple-phase-shift (TPS) control and the existing hybrid modulation control. The principles of different operating modes are analyzed. Then, the implementation of the proposed MS-PSC method and the mode selection strategy are presented. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed MS-PSC method is validated in a WPT prototype. Experimental results show that the proposed MS-PSC method can achieve a high overall efficiency in a wide power range. Compared with the conventional TPS control, the MS-PSC method further optimizes the efficiency in 10%-63% of the rated power, with efficiency improvements ranging from 1.5% to 6%. As a result, the system efficiency remains at 93.5%-96.1% in the power range of 1-10 kW, with the transformer coupling coefficient k = 0.19.

Introduction: The Krebs cycle is an important set of reactions that synthesize different molecules and substances that affect various organs. The objective of this paper was to compare the effects of Krebs cycle intermediates on the endocrine system and the immune system. Methods and Materials: The articles used in this paper were obtained from a systematic search of PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and primary databases. The search terms were “Krebs cycle,” “intermediates,” “endocrine system,” “tricarboxylic acid,” “citric acid cycle,” and “immune system,” and Boolean operators (AND/OR) were used to combine terms. Results: A review of the selected studies showed that Krebs cycle intermediates influence how the endocrine system regulates and controls body processes, including energy uptake. Moreover, these intermediates have both direct and indirect effects on immune function, memory, and activation. Discussion: An understanding of the effects of Krebs cycle intermediates on endocrine and immune processes will provide valuable insights for the development of new therapies. Additionally, this knowledge is a basis for exploring the pathogenesis of the complications related to endocrine system function and for evaluating the immune system response to pathogens. Conclusions: The evidence gathered in this review shows that Krebs cycle intermediates have significant effects on immune and endocrine processes. However, further human and in vivo studies are required to generate additional evidence for the underlying pathways and to identify the potential strategies for targeting these mechanisms to manage specific disorders.

An increasingly important form of electronic currency is the ‘stablecoin’. Unlike other high-profile ‘cryptocurrencies’, such as Bitcoin, stablecoins claim to be matched by a corresponding amount of secure assets in a national currency to which the stablecoin can be converted at par. These crypto-assets, however, create significant legal and economic problems. Notably, issues about trust in both issuers and backing assets, the risk of runs, and particular challenges associated with public and private law regimes resist the adoption of stablecoin both in Europe and beyond. This article draws from previous experiences to analyse these issues and propose solutions. Taking a multi-disciplinary approach, the article argues that the legal and economic issues surrounding today’s stablecoins could be addressed using the lessons from prior centuries.

Water scarcity and security drive attention to water reuse in policy and business. However, water reuse may generate new water loops and challenge water governance with new and different types of water, risks, involved actors, and responsibilities. These challenges demand robust institutional arrangements related to water governance. This article assesses the institutional arrangements associated with four case studies in Spain, Italy, Croatia, and Israel. The findings reveal that the more diverse the water uses and users, the more challenges and risks, particularly those associated with institutional arrangements such as quality standards, sanctions, and conflict prevention, are likely to emerge. The weaknesses of governance models and regulations to deal with changes, uncertainties, and public resistance call for special attention to the design of the institutional arrangements before the adoption. Independent of the type of technology adopted, governance may be improved by ensuring internal and external water monitoring; integrating water management with spatial concerns; improving training, expert engagement, and civil society awareness; and reducing water reuse costs. In addition, alternative models that guarantee the efficiency of governance in attaining objectives and assuring the participation of new water users in the management of water reuse loops may also improve governance.

The problem of voltage restoration and current balancing has been a hot topic in the study of DC microgrids (MGs), and how to engineer a secondary controller to solve the conflict between these two is the concern of this paper. With the above consideration, an optimal distributed data-driven secondary control strategy is proposed in this paper, which relies entirely on the input and output (current measurements) data of DC MGs. The proposed framework completes the design of a secondary control strategy for DC MGs based on a data model for the first time, which incorporates the physical coupling relationship between voltage and current into the controller design and is independent of the global circuit parameters and topology information. As a result of the proposed cost function with future current prediction, the designed secondary control strategy not only retains the advantages of consensus control, such as facilitating the plug-and-play of generation units, but also enables DC MGs to achieve better output current quality at steady state, fast dynamic response and improves robustness to external disturbances. Unlike the existing schemes based on average voltage observer, this paper resorts to a combination of limiting the voltage reference value generated by the secondary controller and a current cooperative strategy based on the learned data model to achieve an easy-to-use trade-off between the two objectives of voltage regulation and current sharing in DC MGs. From the design and implementation point of view, the solution proposed in this paper is going to be simpler. Then, an analytical model of a closed-loop DC MG system under the proposed control scheme is developed, and the analysis of stability and consensus of weighted output current is given accordingly. Finally, the proposed control strategy is tested on a hardware DC MG system with solar panels and an MPPT controller to verify its feasibility.

Objectives: Commercial gambling markets have undergone unprecedented expansion and diversification in territories across Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This gambling boom has popularised the uptake of gambling products in existing circuits of popular culture, sport and leisure and raised concerns about the extent to which state legislation is equipped to regulate the differentiated impacts of gambling on public health.Study design: Comparative policy analysis. Methods: This article provides a systematic mapping of the regulatory environment pertaining to gambling across SSA. The review was conducted by obtaining and triangulating data from a desk review of online materials, consultation with regulatory bodies in each territory and the VIXIO Gambling Compliance database.Results: Gambling is legally regulated in 41 of 49 (83.6%) SSA countries, prohibited in 7 (14.3%) and is not legislated for in 1 (2.0%). Of those countries that regulate gambling, 25 (61.0%) countries had dedicated regulators and 16 (39.0%) countries regulated via a government department. Only 2 of 41 (4.9%) countries have published annual reports continuously since the formation of regulatory bodies, and 3 (7.3%) countries have published an incomplete series of reports since the formation. In 36 (87.8%) countries, no reports were published. Enforcement activities were documented by all five regulators that published reports.Conclusion: The review uncovered a lack of coherence in regulatory measures and the need for more transparent public reporting across SSA territories. There are also variations in regulating online products and marketing, with most countries lacking apt guidelines for the digital age. Our findings suggest an urgent need to address the regulatory void surrounding online forms of gambling and the promotion of gambling products. This underlines the importance of a public health approach to protect against an increase in gambling-related harms.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

In this paper, a converter-based multi-bus DC microgrid (MG) in series is studied, in which the trade-off between voltage recovery and current equalization has been a hot topic of interest. To solve this problem, a distributed learning-based high-order fully actuated (DL-HOFA) secondary control is proposed in this paper, and the simple structure of this control technique facilitates its application in various modern DC MGs with different configurations. Before designing the secondary control protocol, this paper provides a comprehensive description of DC MGs in advance. In the suggested control strategy, the controller design is tightly related to the underlying physical characteristics of the MG, and this prominent feature represents a significant improvement in its adaptability. In addition, the DL-HOFA control obtains fast dynamic and accurate current sharing performance by virtue of the high-order fully actuated DC MG model. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is verified on a real photovoltaic- and battery-based hardware system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller.

The granting of marriage dispensation by judges experienced a discourse from the age of marriage, which originally occurred because of the age difference between men and women, which caused family conditions that were not solid, with the younger age of women causing marriage to look more discriminating against women in the purpose of marriage. Then it changed to a regulation that equalized the age limit for marriage for both men and women. In the treatment of deviations from the rules of marriage age, it is also emphasized that there is equal treatment. However, this cannot limit the judges' ability to render judgments. The examination of marriage dispensation must be carried out thoroughly, so the focus of this study is on how the dynamics present in each decision by judges need to be analyzed. The research method is a study of normative law related to the provisions of the marriage dispensation. The analysis is carried out with the theory of judicial power, which includes legal justice, legal certainty, and legal expediency. The results showed that every judge's decision is affected by the disparity of the judgment on the granting of marriage dispensation when the judge does not examine all the offenses of the application for dispensation in the search for the application for dispensation, which becomes the basis for the judge to consider the decision. So that stigma for urgent reasons does not become unclear and clear. Therefore, every trial must systematically follow the judicial process in order to realize the purpose of marriage.

Resumo O presente estudo busca contribuir para a melhor compreensão de processos de difusão de política com base em arenas transnacionais - mais especificamente, do processo de difusão que influenciou a regulação das Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) de medicamentos no Brasil num contexto envolto por atores internacionais. Por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, analisamos o processo de adesão da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) ao arranjo de cooperação Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S), iniciado em 2010 e alcançado em 2021. Foi identificado um processo influenciado por 2 constelações de difusão, motivado por interesses da agência nacional em manter sua relevância e por atores que integram o Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, no qual o modelo de equivalência e convergência regulatória do PIC/S se mostrou fundamental para a adaptação da referência internacional em nível nacional, mantendo o sistema em funcionamento. Tal processo de difusão de política ficou mais relevante nos últimos anos por ampliar a convergência regulatória e, potencialmente, tornar mais eficiente a avaliação das BPF de medicamentos pelas diversas autoridades sanitárias. Resumen El presente estudio pretende contribuir a una mejor comprensión de los procesos de difusión de políticas, más concretamente, del proceso de difusión que influyó en la regulación de las Buenas Prácticas de Fabricación (BPF) de medicamentos en Brasil, a partir de arenas transnacionales. A través de una investigación cualitativa, analizamos el proceso de adhesión de la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (Anvisa) al Esquema de Cooperación de Inspección Farmacéutica (PIC/S), iniciado en 2010 y alcanzado en 2021. Se identificó un proceso influenciado por dos constelaciones de difusión, motivado por el interés de la agencia nacional en mantener su relevancia y por los actores que componen el Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria, en el que el modelo de equivalencia y convergencia normativa del PIC/S resultó fundamental para la adaptación de la referencia internacional al ámbito nacional, manteniendo el sistema nacional en funcionamiento. Este proceso de difusión de políticas adquirió aún más relevancia en años recientes al ampliar la convergencia normativa y hacer potencialmente más eficiente la evaluación de las BPF de los medicamentos por parte de las distintas autoridades sanitarias. Abstract The present study seeks to contribute to a better understanding of policy diffusion processes, more specifically, of the diffusion process from a transnational arena that influenced the regulation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for medicinal products in Brazil in a context surrounded by international authorities. By conducting qualitative research, we analyzed the process of adhesion of the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa) to the Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S), initiated in 2010 and achieved in 2021. A process influenced by two constellations of diffusion was identified, motivated by the national agency’s interests in maintaining its relevance and by actors that make up the National Sanitary Surveillance System, in which the PIC/S model of regulatory equivalence and convergence proved to be fundamental for the adaptation of the international reference to the national level, keeping the national system functioning. Such a policy diffusion process became even more relevant in the past years due to the expansion of regulatory convergence and potentially making the various health authorities’ GMP assessment of medicinal products more efficient.

Voulant réduire la pression sur la capitale (Alger), tout en satisfaisant ses besoins en habitat et en équipements, les pouvoirs publics optent parfois pour des solutions inappropriées, en sacrifiant des terres agricoles au gré de programmes ambitieux mais inadéquats, à l’instar de la ville nouvelle de Bouinan. En effet, le législateur algérien a mis en avant d’une part, la protection de ces terres comme objectif fondamental dans divers textes dont celui de 2016 relatif à la révision constitutionnelle, et d’autre part, le socle juridique à travers une panoplie de textes cadrant les villes nouvelles. Devant cette dualité, le décideur sera appelé à évaluer l’apport de ce projet en termes de développement urbain, parallèlement à ses impacts sur le plan agraire. In order to reduce the pressure on the capital (Algiers), while satisfying its housing and equipment needs, the public authorities sometimes choose inappropriate solutions, sacrificing agricultural land for ambitious but inadequate programs, as in the case of the new town of Bouinan. Indeed, the Algerian legislator has put forward, on the one hand, the protection of this land as a fundamental objective in various texts, including that of 2016 relating to the constitutional revision, and on the other hand, the legal basis through a panoply of texts framing the new towns. Faced with this duality, the decision-maker will be called upon to evaluate the contribution of this project in terms of urban development, in parallel with its impacts on the agrarian plan. رغبة منها في تخفيف الضغط على العاصمة، والتطلع إلى تلبية احتياجاتها من حيث السكن والتجهيـزات، تختار السلطات العمومية أحيانًا حلولًا ملتبسة، لكونها تضحي بأراض فلاحية ضمن برامج طموحة لكنها غير لائقة، كما هو الحال بالنسبة لمدينة بوينان الجديدة. في هذا الإطار، سلّط المشرع الجزائري الضوء من جهة على حماية الأراضي الفلاحيـة والحفاظ عليها كهدف أساسي في العديد من النصوص، بما في ذلك الصادر سنة 2016 المتعلق بالمراجعة الدستورية، ومن جهة أخرى، على الإطار القانوني عبر مجموعة من النصوص المؤطرة للمدن الجديدة. في مواجهة هذه الازدواجية، سيتعين على صانع القرار تقييم إسهام هذا المشروع من حيث التنمية الحضرية، موازاة مع تأثيراته على المستوى الفلاحـي.

For decades, scholars of the sociology of development have investigated how “underdeveloped” countries might be able to “catch up” to what have traditionally been considered the advanced economies. The developmental state literature is one well-established interdisciplinary subfield that emerged to explain development outcomes in newly industrialized countries (NICs) during the second half of the 20th century—a period when development was largely synonymous with industrialization. In the contemporary global economy, attempts to achieve sustainable economic growth have generally shifted from manufacturing towards economic activity centered on knowledge-intensive fields. If, previously, the definition of development focused on the promotion of industrialization, what does development entail today? What are the new strategies that latecomer states and firms can adopt in this ever-evolving context? Today, the accrual and dissemination of intellectual property and the globe-spanning activities of frontier technology firms make the role of the regulatory environment ever more critical for answering these questions. Using a knowledge-intensive sector, pharmaceuticals, in a country often advanced as a paradigmatic successful late developer, South Korea, as a primary case study, the dissertation explores how the regulatory landscape is now a key domain of government action for a developmental state. The dissertation also explores the Argentine agri-biotech industry to provide a point of comparison. While regulation is by definition an application of state authority, how well a country navigates what I term an interconnected global regulatory chain—a worldwide chain of regulation that impacts many different stages of production processes—is what fundamentally determines its developmental trajectory in the knowledge economy era. Not all states are equally well-positioned to overcome the range of regulatory hurdles this process presents, however, and the difficulties are more pronounced for latecomer states lacking large domestic markets –the case of most late developers, which generally do not have a domestic economy capable of absorbing the bulk of their local production. This leaves them heavily reliant on export, and, therefore, on the global regulatory landscape. That does not mean that countries with little power to contest global standards remain mere passive regulatory-takers; rather, they regularly reorient domestic regulatory frameworks to cope with changing circumstances. By combining the global value chain (GVC) perspective with insights from scholarship on regulation and governance, this dissertation demonstrates that the contemporary developmental state strategically employs available regulatory means, depending on the links or segments in the relevant global value chain the state has the practical ability to affect, with the goal of supporting domestic firms in their efforts to participate in global market. The global regulatory chain perspective, in this sense, provides a new way to conceptualize both the possibilities and challenges that await latecomer states in the global knowledge economy.

This dissertation adopts a socio-legal approach to explore the interaction between regulation and contracts in the independent television production industry. “Regulation” is defined as a system of *ex ante* and *ex post* rules intended to govern behaviour, which involves monitoring compliance and sanctioning, and has a stable source. “Contract” is defined as a mode of coordinating exchange that operates within the framework of rules set by regulation, while itself operating as a source of rules. The dissertation studies the way in which contracts and regulation interact and evolve over time in such a way as to shape industry structure. This issue is first examined at a theoretical level. Two sets of theories are reviewed: new institutional economics, with particular reference to transaction cost economics and norms theory; and autopoietic social systems theory. Despite their different methodological foundations, these theories are shown to be reconcilable and to provide a common set of research questions concerning the interaction of contracts and regulation. The research questions are then explored at an empirical level through the use of a cross-national case study. The study analyses the role of compulsory independent production quotas, licensing models of terms of trade, and social norms in creating competitive markets for television production in the United Kingdom and Portugal. Case study evidence indicates that there has not been a straightforward move from in-house television production to a competitive market in either country. The elements of regulation intended to introduce competition in television production have so far accommodated norms that sustain contractual relationships and which have emerged to safeguard quality in television programming. But as independent production firms increase their commercial orientation, television programming is reconfigured as a commodity, with significant consequences for the concept and practice of public service broadcasting. Changes in terms of trade and legal rules are having an effect on the boundaries of firms and markets, but the norms that sustain contracts in television production are also influencing the way in which legal rules and terms of trade are being redesigned and interpreted. The dissertation demonstrates the role played by both regulation and contract in redrawing organisational boundaries, reconstituting inter-firm relationships and engendering new financial flows, in ways which are fundamentally changing the nature and structure of the television production industry.

Pregovori su sveprisutna pojava današnjice, koja je obilježena interdisciplinarnošću i kao takvi zauzimaju velik dio znanstvene literature psihologije i sociologije, dok pravo šturo razrađuje pitanje pregovora. Sažeto definiranje pregovora bilo je preduvjet za dalju razradu teme i detektiranje problematičnih pitanja. Istaknut je utjecaj adhezijskih tj. tipskih ugovora i općih uvjeta poslovanja na pregovore. Napose, dovedena je u pitanje praktična ostvarivost članka 251. stavka 4. Zakona o obveznim odnosima. Nije zaobiđeno ni obraditi vrlo upitno i teško dokazivanje pregovaranja suprotnog načelu savjesnosti i poštenja., Negotiations are a pervasive phenomenon of the today’s world, which is marked by interdisciplinarity and as such occupies a large part of the scientific literature of psychology and sociology, while law elaborates the issue of negotiations scarcely. A concise definition of negotiations was a prerequisite for further elaboration of the topic and the detection of problematic issues. The influence of adhesion contract i.e. type contracts and general terms and conditions for negotiations has been emphasised. Above all, the practical feasibility of Article 251 (4) of the Obligations Act has been called into question. It is not circumvented to analyse the very questionable proving of negotiating in bad faith.

Après l’arrêt de l’industrie des croisières provoqué par la pandémie, on assiste à une reprise significative des croisières internationales sur le fleuve Saint-Laurent. Le retour des croisières internationales s’inscrit dans un écosystème d’affaires où chacune des escales du fleuve Saint-Laurent possède un niveau de développement qui lui est propre, dans un cadre législatif et réglementaire complexe (législation internationale canadienne, québécoise, municipales) et dans un environnement composé de plusieurs acteurs. Ainsi, l’objectif de cet article vise à comprendre l’écosystème d’affaires des croisières internationales pour le marché du Saint-Laurent et d’identifier les organisations ayant les capacités décisionnelles en matière de croisières internationales. After the shutdown of the cruise industry caused by the pandemic, we are witnessing a significant resumption of international cruises on the St. Lawrence River. The return of international cruises is part of a business ecosystem where each port of call on the St. Lawrence River has its own level of development, within a complex legislative and regulatory framework (Laws and Regulations from international, Canadian, Quebec and municipal levels) and in an environment composed of several actors. Thus, the objective of this article is to understand the business ecosystem of international cruises for the St. Lawrence market and to identify organizations with decision-making capabilities in international cruises.

This abstract was preparedfor the Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute (INDI) Fresenius Kabi Symposium 2023 in Trinity College Dublin.The target audience for this particular conference are healthcare professionals. The resultswere based on a survey conducted of Irish Dietitians and their attitudes towards Food for Special Medical Purposes (FSMPs) for the management of malnutrition. These products are required to be notified to the competent authority who is the Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) in Ireland.&nbsp

This dissertation focuses on the period between 1948 and 1968 in the British metropole and examines the regulation of interracialised relationships during this time. The large-scale immigration from Britain's former colonies to the metropole began after 1948, coinciding with the development of the British welfare state and job opportunities. The dissertation highlights the political and public discourse surrounding the settlement of colonial citizens, with employment, housing, and 'miscegenation' being recurring themes in political debates and media coverage. The author specifically explores the national discourse on interracialised relationships, particularly between White women and Black men, which attracted political and media attention. The author argues that such relationships posed a threat to the racial order and the construction of a white British nation because they were seen as crossed racialised, gendered and class boundaries thereby challenging societal norms within Britain. This research expands on legal scholarship by exploring the ways control and regulation occurred across diverse social authorities, including non-governmental institutions. It demonstrates that regulation of interracialized relationships went beyond strict legal codes or the state itself. This dissertation presents a comprehensive analysis of the locations where moral regulation occurred by examining the interconnectedness of various governmental and non-governmental departments and institutions. It highlights how institutions such as the police, the church, and immigration agencies played a role in regulating interracial relationships. By situating the analysis of UK policy and governance within the broader historical context of the British empire, the dissertation aligns with postcolonial and decolonial scholarship. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of colonial and metropolitan spaces and contributes to understanding how interracial relationships were racialized within the empire. Overall, the dissertation contributes to the field of 'mixed race' studies by providing a comprehensive analysis of the regulation of interracialized relationships, situating them within historical, social, and cultural processes, and exploring the nuanced ways in which they were governed.

This dissertation focuses on the period between 1948 and 1968 in the British metropole and examines the regulation of interracialised relationships during this time. The large-scale immigration from Britain's former colonies to the metropole began after 1948, coinciding with the development of the British welfare state and job opportunities. The dissertation highlights the political and public discourse surrounding the settlement of colonial citizens, with employment, housing, and 'miscegenation' being recurring themes in political debates and media coverage. The author specifically explores the national discourse on interracialised relationships, particularly between White women and Black men, which attracted political and media attention. The author argues that such relationships posed a threat to the racial order and the construction of a white British nation because they were seen as crossed racialised, gendered and class boundaries thereby challenging societal norms within Britain. This research expands on legal scholarship by exploring the ways control and regulation occurred across diverse social authorities, including non-governmental institutions. It demonstrates that regulation of interracialized relationships went beyond strict legal codes or the state itself. This dissertation presents a comprehensive analysis of the locations where moral regulation occurred by examining the interconnectedness of various governmental and non-governmental departments and institutions. It highlights how institutions such as the police, the church, and immigration agencies played a role in regulating interracial relationships. By situating the analysis of UK policy and governance within the broader historical context of the British empire, the dissertation aligns with postcolonial and decolonial scholarship. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of colonial and metropolitan spaces and contributes to understanding how interracial relationships were racialized within the empire. Overall, the dissertation contributes to the field of 'mixed race' studies by providing a comprehensive analysis of the regulation of interracialized relationships, situating them within historical, social, and cultural processes, and exploring the nuanced ways in which they were governed.

Two distinct metabolic modes provide bacteria with energy (i.e., catabolism) and cellular building blocks (i.e., anabolism). At the interface between both lie the central metabolite acetyl-CoA, as well as the amphibolic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The fate of acetyl-CoA in catabolism is its complete oxidation in the TCA cycle for the generation of reducing equivalents and energy, whereby the carbon backbone of the metabolite is fully lost to CO2. To assimilate acetyl-CoA into biomass in anabolism, instead, additional help of so-called replenishment (i.e., anaplerotic) pathways is therefore needed. These pathways circumvent the oxidative, CO2-producing steps of the TCA cycle, thereby allow the incorporation of acetyl-CoA into biomass, and ultimately enable bacterial growth on small carbon compounds such as acetate. While the old picture of metabolism has assumed a biochemical unity, according to which each organism possesses the same dedicated metabolic route for the conversion of a certain substrate, multiple distinct replenishment routes have been discovered in bacteria by today. Amongst them are the glyoxylate cycle (GC) and the ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway (EMCP). Most bacterial species possess only one of the two acetyl-CoA assimilation pathways as standalone route. However, the Alphaproteobacterium Paracoccus denitrificans, like only few others, has the genetic potential for both. This raised the questions what the biological purpose behind this apparent functional degeneracy in the metabolism of this organism is and how it is coordinated in the cell. This work shows that both routes the GC and the EMCP are employed by P. denitrificans during different stages of growth on acetate. While the EMCP is constitutively expressed on various substrates and additionally upregulated in the lag phase after growth switch to acetate, the GC is specifically induced on this substrate and only few others that are solely assimilated via acetyl-CoA as well. Each acetyl-CoA assimilation strategy alone confers distinct advantages on the cell. The EMCP allows metabolization of a great variety of carbon substrates and its action results in high growth yields of P. denitrificans on acetate. The GC, in contrast, is specialized for the rapid metabolization of acetyl-CoA and enables fast exponential growth of the bacterium on the carbon source. A fine-tuned genetic regulation controls expression of both pathways in P. denitrificans and thereby mediates dynamic metabolic rewiring between the two acetyl-CoA assimilation routes. This metabolic plasticity provides the organism with the ability to respond to changes in the nature and availability of carbon sources in a highly flexible manner to meet its physiological requirements. Using a combination of genetic, molecular biological, and biochemical methods, this work shows that RamB, a transcription factor of the ScfR family, senses CoA-ester intermediates of the EMCP to activate expression of the GC. This demonstrates a so-far undescribed phenomenon in bacterial metabolism, in which one seemingly degenerate metabolic pathway directly drives expression of the other. In all, this work expands our understanding of microbial metabolism and presents the molecular basis of plasticity in the central carbon metabolism of bacterial cells. Complete elucidation of the underlying mechanisms hereafter may open possibilities to develop new regulatory modules for application in synthetic pathways and metabolic engineering in the future.

The parliament and the government may pass many environmental laws, but if those laws are not effectively implemented by Public Administration, they will not bring about the desired changes, i. e. there is an implementation gap. This paper presents a case study on the implementation of the statute that regulates water quality for human consumption in Portugal. We find that when the implementation is successful, the main factors are the clarity and visibility of the procedures used vis-à-vis those affected, and when it fails, the main obstacle is the insufficient connection between the regulation of water quality for humanconsumption and the environmental protection of the water source., O Parlamento e o governo podem aprovar um conjunto vasto de legislação ambiental, mas se esta não for implementada de forma efetiva pela administração pública estaremos perante um défice de implementação. Este artigo apresenta um estudo de caso sobre a implementação de políticas públicas, baseadas no diploma que estabelece o regime da qualidade da água para consumo humano em Portugal continental. Verifica-se que uma implementação bem-sucedida é facilitada pela clareza e visibilidade dos procedimentos aplicados aos regulados, sendo o principal obstáculo a insuficiente conjugação da regulação da qualidade da água para consumo humano com a proteção dos recursos hídricos na sua origem.

A mathematical and computer model of the torque control system of a DC motor with independent excitation was built using the NARMA 2 neurocontroller. NARMA - a nonlinear moving average autoregressive model is one of the basic structures of a discrete and nonlinear model. The task was to conduct a comparative analysis of the operation of the neurocontroller-based control system using plant model of varying complexity. For the experiment, three models of the object were built with different degrees of detail, and therefore the reliability of the object. The full model includes an independently excited DC motor model that takes into account all the main parameters of the DC machine, internal friction parameters, excitation circuits, etc. The simplified model is a linear approximation of the DC motor by a second-order system that takes into account both mechanical and electrical time constants. The simplest model is a linear approximation of a DC motor by a first-order aperiodic link that takes into account only the mechanical time constant. The neurocontroller was trained using the above object models and an experiment was conducted to process the reference torque signal by the system. For each of the three training cases, the neurocontroller was set to 1000 epochs, since further training performance improvement is unnecessary due to the huge loss of computation time. The NARMA-L2 neurocontroller, which is also called feedback linearization control, was used. This controller can be implemented using a pre-identified NARMA-L2 object model. Neural networks that are trained on simplified object models do not take into account most of the electrical processes in a DC motor, especially the excitation winding is not modeled at all. The obtained results were compared with the use of a neurocontroller as a torque regulator. Further research in this direction involves the study of the necessary computing power for the microprocessor implementation of the neurocontroller., Побудовано математичну та комп’ютерну модель системи керування моментом двигуна постійного струму з незалежним збудженням за допомогою нейроконтролера NARMA 2. NARMA – нелінійна авторегресійна модель ковзного середнього є однією з базових структур дискретної та нелінійної моделі. Завдання полягало в проведенні порівняльного аналізу роботи системи керування на основі нейроконтролера з використанням моделі об'єкта різного ступеня складності. Для експерименту було побудовано три моделі об’єкту з різним ступенем деталізації, а отже і надійності об’єкта. Повна модель включає модель двигуна постійного струму з незалежним збудженням, яка враховує всі основні параметри машини постійного струму, параметри внутрішнього тертя, кола збудження і т. д. Спрощена модель є лінійною апроксимацією двигуна постійного струму системою другого порядку, яка враховує як механічні, так і електричні постійні часу. Найпростіша модель є лінійною апроксимацією двигуна постійного струму аперіодичною ланкою першого порядку, яка враховує лише механічну постійну часу. Нейроконтролер був навчений за допомогою наведених вище моделей об'єктів та проведено експеримент, щоб опрацювати еталонний сигнал крутного моменту системою. Для кожного з трьох випадків навчання нейроконтролера було встановлено на 1000 епох, так як подальше підвищення продуктивності навчання є непотрібним через величезні втрати часу на обчислення. Було використано нейроконтролер NARMA-L2, який ще називають управлінням лінеаризації зворотного зв’язку. Цей контролер може бути реалізований за допомогою попередньо ідентифікованої моделі об’єкта NARMA-L2. Нейронні мережі, які навчені на спрощених моделях об’єктів не враховують більшість електричних процесів у двигуні постійного струму, особливо обмотка збудження взагалі не моделюється. Отримані результати порівнювали з використанням нейроконтролера як регулятора крутного моменту. Подальші дослідження в цьому напрямку передбачають дослідження необхідної обчислювальної потужності для мікропроцесорної реалізації нейроконтролера.

This poster was prepared for the Nutrition Society Irish Section Conference 2023 - Understanding the Role of Sex and Gender in Nutrition Research. The results from this poster were based on data analysed on Food for Special Medical Purposes (FSMPs) for the management of malnutrition that were notified to the FSAI Food Notification System. These products are required to be notified to the competent authority who is the Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) in Ireland., IE; en; pdf; amooney@fsai.ie, {"references":["National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2017) [Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg32 ].","Regulation (EU) No 609/2013. [Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32013R0609 ].","McMonagle. L et al. (2021) Proc Nutr Soc 80(OCE5), E189."]}

The method used in this research is a qualitative approach supported by an empirical juridical analysis approach by collecting data through observation and interviews. The results of the research are expected to be able to formulate a model of governance of authority, human resources and governance arrangements related to policies for the development of Special Economic Zones in Indonesia. the evaluation of the development and management of SEZ by the SEZ National Council based on the progress of its development is strengthening various aspects and sectors in supporting SEZ, which determines how it is realized in terms of effectiveness and efficiency in order to accelerate the achievement of national economic development, it is necessary to increase investment in the focus of tourism research that will be carried out by team through setting up regulations, governance

El COVID-19 ha afectado el desarrollo de las actividades económicas y ha aumentado el desempleo. La alternativa más viable es promover el emprendimiento. El emprendimiento digital tomó mayor importancia ante el confinamiento impuesto para frenar la propagación del COVID-19. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar algunas áreas de trabajo para el desarrollo del emprendimiento digital con el objetivo de promover el autoempleo de los jóvenes. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con alcance transversal y descriptivo utilizando fuentes secundarias. Los resultados muestran que las herramientas tecnológicas como el Marketing de Contenidos y Redes Sociales, Inteligencia Artificial, Impresión 3D, Realidad Virtual, Big Data, Dispositivos a través de la Voz, Robotización, automatización y transformación digital de empresas, Comercio Electrónico y Ocio Digital son la nueva fuente para el desarrollo empresarial. Si bien México está preparado para la implementación de negocios vía Internet, cabe señalar que aún existen barreras como la burocracia, capacitación, mayor inversión, desconocimiento y resistencia al cambio. Entonces, es urgente desarrollar estrategias colaborativas público-privadas-académicas para fortalecer las instituciones, la infraestructura y las capacidades humanas enfocadas en las nuevas tecnologías para garantizar el empleo digno para la generación Z, también conocida como la generación Centennials, los nacidos entre 1995 y 2010., COVID-19 has affected the development of economic activities and increased unemployment around the world. The most viable alternative is to promote entrepreneurship. Digital entrepreneurship took on greater importance in the face of the confinement imposed to curb the spread of COVID-19. The objective of this research is to analyze some work areas for the development of digital entrepreneurship with the aim of promoting self-employment of young people. A qualitative methodology with cross-sectional and descriptive scope was used using secondary sources. The results of this study show that technological tools are the new source for business development as Content Marketing and Social Networks, Artificial Intelligence, 3D Printing, Virtual Reality, Big Data, Devices through the Voice, Robotization, automation and digital transformation of companies, Electronic Commerce and Digital Leisure just to mention these. Although Mexico is prepared for the implementation of businesses via the Internet, it should be noted that there are still barriers such as bureaucracy, training, greater investment, ignorance and resistance to change. Then, it is urgent to develop collaborative public-private-academy strategies to strengthen institutions, infrastructure and human skills focused on new technologies to guarantee decent employment for generation Z, also known as the Centennials generation, those born between 1995 and 2010.

This article focuses on the interactions between the Digital Markets Act (DMA) and the laws and competition frameworks of Member States. Specifically, the article sets out three different interpretations on the text of articles 1 (5) and (6) of the DMA, which govern interactions between the DMA and national law and competition policy. The article identifies a narrow, broader, and broadest interpretation of the legal interests protected under the DMA. Each interpretation creates different harmonization effects. The article argues that the narrow and broader interpretations allow for significant divergence between national rules, creating the risk of regulatory fragmentation. The broadest interpretation would allow competition authorities and courts to weigh the interests protected in the DMA against national interests and create greater convergence of laws and competition policy in the Digital Single Market. The article also proposes ways forward for the implementation and enforcement of the DMA and national competition laws.

Universities have increasingly been subjected to policy- and industry demands to produce multi- and interdisciplinary knowledge. This paper explores the extent to which different higher education policy instruments are used to promote interdisciplinarity in teaching and research at universities in the German higher education system comparing them across different federal states. Based on a manifest content analysis of higher education laws and performance agreements with universities in the 16 German states, we were able to distinguish between three types of states: Those a) with a general use of policy instruments aimed at all universities in a state, whereas considerable differences could be observed with regard to the degree of coercion (enabling versus prescriptive provisions) and scope (teaching or research), b) a directed use of policy instrument, targeting specific universities, and c) a hybrid use of policy instruments using both general and directed elements. This paper provides a novel mapping of the promotion of interdisciplinarity in German higher education policies through a variety of policy instruments and hereby contributes to the extant literature on interdisciplinarity in higher education., Tertiary education and management;28(4)

The failure of 97% of Iceland’s financial system in October 2008, was not solely due to the tight coupling and complexity of the financial system but was the result of bankers and their owners, who took actions that violated system rules and regulations so that complete system failure was inevitable. Regulators were silent during such activities. Actions taken by bankers, and others, have been termed agentic behaviour — willful violation of system rules and regulations in a way that brings the entire system down (Perrow, 2010). This paper demonstrates via a case study that agentic behaviour was facilitated by a set of institutions, actors, Icelanders, and underlying context; which we term enablers. The role of enablers extends the concept of agentic behaviour. Such conduct examines bad behaviour, allows systemic analysis, and points to several factors that extend financial crises beyond Iceland. In a brief period, Iceland went from statism to neoliberalism with profound ill effects on its financial system, its public institutions along with its relationships with other nations.

Key Points:We conceptualise innovation as new interactions being created by the digital platform, in contrast to coordination which facilitates existing interactions or market transactions.We apply this framework to the DMA to assess two of the most contentious practices: self-preferencing and data-sharing.We show that these practices differ hugely in the extent to which they replace existing interactions (little to negative innovation effect), sustain existing interactions (moderate, positive innovation effect), or trigger new interactions (large, positive innovation spillovers).We thus derive that the business model agnostic approach to digital platforms taken in the DMA risks treating practices that increase the value created by an interaction equally to those that simply shift the distribution of value.

Novel genetically modified biological control products (referred to as “GM biocontrol products”) are being considered to address a range of complex problems in public health, conservation, and agriculture, including preventing the transmission of vector-borne parasitic and viral diseases as well as the spread of invasive plant and animal species. These interventions involve release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the environment, sometimes with intentional dissemination of the modification within the local population of the targeted species, which presents new challenges and opportunities for regulatory review and decision-making. Practices developed for GMOs, primarily applied to date for GM crops may need to be adapted to accommodate different types of organisms, such as insects, and different technologies, such as gene drive. Developers of new GM biocontrol products would benefit from an early understanding of safety data and information that are likely to be required within the regulatory dossier for regulatory evaluation and decision making. Here a generalizable tool drawing from existing GM crop dossier requirements, forms, and relevant experience is proposed to assist researchers and developers organize and plan their research and trialing. This tool requires considering specifics of each investigational product, their intended use, and country specific requirements at various phases of potential product development, from laboratory research through contained field testing and experimental release into the environment. This may also be helpful to risk assessors and regulators in supporting their systematic and rigorous evaluation of new biocontrol products.

Since May 2015 several U.S. Bank Holding Companies (BHCs) have been newly classified as small banks by regulators, thus benefiting from a friendlier regulatory capital environment. Using a difference-in-differences setting, we show that less regulation on small BHCs boosts small business lending of the affiliated commercial banks. We employ various tests to demonstrate that these findings are attributable to a capital channel where increases in lending are driven by the preferential capital treatment granted to the small BHC. The regulatory capital relief also has some positive effects for the local economy. Overall, the effects of the regulatory capital relief for small BHCs are consistent with its desired policy objectives. This paper was accepted by Tomasz Piskorski, finance.

The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The purpose of this article is to present the impact of capital gains tax on the returns of the two most popular cryptocurrencies: BITCOIN and Ethereum Classic (ETC).Methodology: In this study, the rates of return on selected cryptocurrencies were proposed as a variable that may be affected by taxes on capital gains. The article presents a new approach to the analysis of issues related to cryptocurrencies.Results of the research: The results show that for selected countries (Hungary, Italy, Poland, the USA) there is a correlation between the tax rate on capital gains and the return on ETC. In the case of BITCON, however, there is no such a relationship. Cel artykułu/hipoteza: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wpływu podatku od zysków kapitałowych na zwroty dwóch najpopularniejszych kryptowalut: BITCOIN i Ethereum Classic (ETC).Metodyka: W niniejszym opracowaniu stopy zwrotu z wybranych kryptowalut zostały za-proponowane jako zmienna, na którą mogą wpływać podatki od zysków kapitałowych. Artykuł przedstawia nowe podejście do analizy zagadnień związanych z kryptowalutami.Wyniki/Rezultaty badania: Wyniki pokazują, że dla wybranych krajów (Węgry, Włochy, Polska, USA) istnieje korelacja między stawką podatku od zysków kapitałowych a zwro-tem z ETC. W przypadku BITCON-u jednak takiej relacji nie ma.

This study investigates housing conditions of single mothers in the context of housing policies. We study single mothers' probability to experience housing deprivation, overcrowded housing, overburdening costs of housing, and neighbourhood problems across European countries. We consider the structural consequences of home ownership rates, and policies related to regulation of rental markets, housing benefits and housing prices. We apply a multi-level framework to EU-SILC data on 21,937 single mothers, from 195 country-years and covering 21 European countries from 2008 to 2017. First, we find a trade-off in the provision of free housing or housing at reduced rents, that helps to reduce housing cost overburden for single mothers, but is also associated with higher rates of housing deprivation, overcrowding and neighbourhood problems. Next, in contexts with stricter rental market regulation, single mothers' housing deprivation is lower. Higher housing benefits reduce the risk of housing deprivation as well as overcrowding, but in contexts where home ownership is common, single mothers tend to experience more overcrowding. Single mothers are more likely to report neighbourhood problems in societies where housing prices are high. Our findings suggest that factors within the control of policy makers can be beneficial to the housing conditions of single mothers.

Phthalates are a group of phthalic acid esters used as plasticisers in a large number of products to improve their flexibility, softness, and extensibility. Their wide use in medical devices, however, raises a lot of concern, as they can enter the organism and have toxic effects on human liver, thyroid, kidneys, lungs, reproductive, endocrine, nervous, and respiratory system and are associated with asthma, obesity, autism, and diabetes. The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge about phthalate migration from medical devices during different medical procedures and possible impact on patient health. It also looks at alternative plasticisers with supposedly lower migration rates and safer profile. Not enough is known about which and how many phthalates make part of medical devices or about the health impacts of alternative plasticisers or their migration rates., Ftalati su esteri ftalne kiseline, koji se koriste kao plastifikatori u velikom broju proizvoda kako bi poboljšali njihovu fleksibilnost, mekoću i rastezljivost. Uvelike se primjenjuju u proizvodnji medicinskih proizvoda, što stvara zabrinutost zbog migracije ftalata s proizvoda I njihova utjecaja na ljudsko zdravlje. Pregled objavljenih znanstvenih radova upućuje na povezanost ftalata s poremećajem reproduktivnog i endokrinog sustava, astmom, pretilošću, poremećajima u neurološkom razvoju, negativnim učincima na dišni sustav i toksičnim učincima na nekoliko organa, uključujući jetru, štitnjaču, bubrege i pluća. Cilj je ovoga preglednog rada sažeti dostupne zaključke članaka o migraciji ftalata s medicinskih proizvoda tijekom različitih medicinskih postupaka te o mogućem utjecaju na ljudsko zdravlje. U istraživanje su uključeni i članci o alternativnim plastifikatorima s nižom stopom migracije i sigurnijim profilom kako bi se utvrdio mogući sigurniji pristup medicinskim postupcima. Zaključci upućuju na otpuštanje ftalata u velikom broju različitih kritičnih, čak i kroničnih medicinskih postupaka, što može ozbiljno utjecati na zdravlje pacijenata. Za sada nema dovoljno podataka o udjelu pojedinih ftalata u proizvodnji medicinskih proizvoda ni o migracijskoj stopi i utjecaju na zdravlje alternativnih plastifikatora.

A range of technologies now exist to facilitate sexual desire, pleasure and intimacy. Colloquially known as tech-sex, the growth in the use of such technologies has created a range of new opportunities for sexual expression and connection. Alongside these benefits are harms arising out of their non-consensual use. Drawing on a case study examining management of image-based sexual abuse as part of Australia’s recently reformed online safety laws, we argue for a regulatory approach that is both facilitative in showing due respect for adult sexual agency and protective in mitigating harm caused to affected individuals. Operating along a facilitative-protective regulatory axis, such an approach offers the potential to be suitably responsive to both the opportunities and challenges faced by adult individuals who engage with such technologies.

Diabetes is a widespread disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia so that diabetic individuals usually require the administration of exogenous insulin for survival. As a consequence, in the context of the so-called artificial pancreas, many glucose control methods have been presented in the last few years. In this work, we focus on type-2 diabetes and propose a novel model-based glucose control technique based on the use of symbolic models, which are finite approximations of complex dynamical systems. This framework allows taking into account nonlinearities and delays in the dynamics, uncertainties, and input bounds, as well as nonidealities coming from the interaction between physical plant and digital environment. The methodology is extensively validated over a virtual patient model, broadly accepted as a substitute to animal trials in the preclinical testing of closed-loop glucose control strategies. The results show the effectiveness and the robustness of the approach.

To meet the goal of sustainability and transition to a green economy, renewable energy sources have to be used. Although many countries have declared their transition to a smart, green and sustainable economy, there is still modest evidence of achieving climate change goals, Sustainable Development Goals and other related societal and environmental goals. This paper aims to give an overview of the current global and regional trends, and the strategic frameworks on the use of wind energy with the purpose of clarifying its potential, especially offshore wind energy, using the example of the United Kingdom as one of the global leaders in this area. For several decades, the United Kingdom has implemented various regulations and mechanisms to improve climate action and the transition to a green economy. It offers specific Contract for Difference schemes to offshore wind producers, under which they are entitled to a specially defined purchase price of electricity produced for a period of 15 years. Thus, the United Kingdom is one of the global leaders in offshore wind energy generation. Initiatives, strategic frameworks and regulations in the United Kingdom can serve as guidelines for other countries in developing their own strategic framework.

Dam failures that cause significant adverse downstream impacts continue to occur globally. Hence, effective, adequately resourced dam safety regulation is critical for the safety of dams and downstream communities. This paper explores options for regulatory funding and resourcing according to a selected set of relevant key factors along a continuum of dam safety assurance. An international comparative analysis of 15 jurisdictional case studies against the key factors identifies trends representing indicative precedents. A procedure is developed to help identify increasingly relevant precedents for guiding target jurisdictions on potentially suitable options. Illustrative application to a real case in Australia is provided. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

RESUMO A estratégia de lobbying, caracterizada pelo complexo processo de defesa de interesses diante do poder público, compõe o exercício da Atividade Política Corporativa (APC). Observa-se no Brasil, desde 1984, tentativas malsucedidas de regulamentação do lobby. Com isso, o ambiente em que se dão as relações se torna menos transparente e sensível nas esferas ética, política e empresarial. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é compreender, à luz da perspectiva teóricometodológica da Análise Crítica do Discurso, como os discursos contidos nas propostas vigentes de regulamentação do lobby participam, de forma dialética, das mudanças sociais almejadas pelos seus propositores. Como principais resultados da discussão, ressaltamos que não regulamentar o lobby é um problema, pois mantém-se o status quo. E regulamentar, da forma proposta, trará novos problemas, na medida em que se mantém o status quo de dominação da elite político-empresarial, em detrimento da sociedade; contudo, sob nova roupagem, da falta de transparência na relação público-privado mascarada como regulamentação. The lobbying strategy, characterized by the complex process of defending interests before the public authorities, is part of the exercise of Corporate Political Activity (CPA). Since 1984, unsuccessful attempts at lobby regulation have been observed in Brazil. With this, the environment in which relationships take place becomes less transparent and sensitive in the ethical, political and business spheres. Thus, the objective of this paper is to understand, in the light of the theoretical-methodological perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis, how the discourses contained in the current proposals for lobby regulation participate, in a dialectical way, in the social changes desired by their proponents. As the main results of the discussion, we highlight that not regulating lobbying is a problem, since the status quo is maintained. And regulating, as proposed, will bring new problems, as the status quo of domination by the political-business elite remains, to the detriment of society, however, under a new guise, the lack of transparency in the public-private relationship masquerading as regulation. La estrategia de lobby, caracterizada por el complejo proceso de defensa de los intereses ante los poderes públicos, forma parte del ejercicio de la Actividad Política Corporativa (APC). En Brasil, desde 1984, se han observado intentos infructuosos de regular el lobby. Con ello, el entorno en el que se desarrollan las relaciones se vuelve menos transparente y sensible en los ámbitos ético, político y empresarial. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es comprender, a la luz de la perspectiva teórico-metodológica del Análisis Crítico del Discurso, cómo los discursos contenidos en las actuales propuestas de regulación del lobby participan, de forma dialéctica, en los cambios sociales deseados por sus impulsores. Como principales resultados de la discusión, creemos que no regular los grupos de interés es un problema, pero que se mantiene el statu quo. Y la regulación, tal como se propone, traerá nuevos problemas, ya que se mantiene el statu quo de la dominación de la élite político-empresarial, en detrimento de la sociedad, sin embargo, bajo un nuevo disfraz, la falta de transparencia en la relación público-privada disfrazada como regulación.

Este trabajo analiza y compara el marco regulador aplicable a las plataformas de financiación colectiva existentes en la Unión Europea, España y Latinoamérica, con enfoque en los países de México, Brasil, Argentina, Colombia y Perú. Se concluye la existencia de una gran heterogeneidad en el grado de desarrollo del marco normativo y en el propio contenido de las normas entre la Unión Europea y Latinoamérica, lo que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de una armonización de los marcos regulatorios internacionales en aras de favorecer la expansión de este tipo de industria y la seguridad de los inversores internacionales This paper analyzes and compares the regulatory framework applicable to existing crowdfunding platforms in the European Union, Spain and Latin America, with a focus on the countries of Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Peru. The existence of a great heterogeneity in the degree of development of the regulatory framework and in the content of the regulations between the European Union and Latin America is concluded, which highlights the need for a harmonization of international regulatory frameworks in order to favor the expansion of this type of industry and the security of international investors. Este artigo analisa e compara o quadro regulamentar aplicável às plataformas de crowdfunding existentes na União Europeia, Espanha e América Latina, com foco nos países do México, Brasil, Argentina, Colômbia e Peru. Conclui-se a existência de uma grande heterogeneidade no grau de desenvolvimento do quadro regulamentar e no conteúdo dos regulamentos entre a União Europeia e a América Latina, o que evidencia a necessidade de uma harmonização dos quadros regulamentares internacionais para favorecer a expansão deste tipo de indústria e a segurança dos investidores internacionais.

The article deals with the issues related to the peculiarities of regulation in business risk management, based on the concept of sustainable development for the building enterprise. According to the research results, the principles of increasing the efficiency of implementation of the investment project of the building enterprise, taking into account the risks in the conditions of sustainable development, are proposed. At the same time, the analysis of indicators that characterize the evaluation of the efficiency and the quality of investments in the system of investment projects, taking into account risks, is especially relevant for building enterprises. An optimization task was formulated to ensure the sustainability of the project portfolio for the building enterprise, taking into account the four project systems, which are components of the portfolio and are focused on: adaptation of technological process; integration of communication networks as design objects; unification of regulatory and technical support documentation (regulations and standards); modernization of the system of sustainable development values., У статті розкрито питання, що стосуються особливостей регулювання в управлінні підприємницькими ризиками на засадах положень концепції сталого розвитку для будівельного підприємства. За результатами проведеного дослідження запропоновано принципи підвищення ефективності реалізації інвестиційного проекту будівельного підприємства з урахуванням ризиків в умовах сталого розвитку. При цьому особливо актуальним для будівельних підприємств є аналіз показників, які характеризують оцінювання ефективності та якості інвестицій в системі інвестиційних проектів з урахуванням ризиків. Сформульовано оптимізаційну задачу щодо забезпечення стійкості портфеля проектів для будівельного підприємства з урахуванням 4-х систем проектів, які є складовими портфеля і орієнтовані на: адаптацію технологічного процесу; інтеграцію мереж зв’язків як об’єктів проектування; уніфікацію документації нормативно-технічного забезпечення (регламентів та стандартів); модернізацію системи цінностей сталого розвитку.

While previously a nascent theoretical construct, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) have grown rapidly in recent years. DAOs typically emerge around the management of decentralized financial applications (DeFi) and thus benefit from the rapid growth of innovation in this sector. In response, global regulators increasingly voice the intent to regulate these activities. This may impose an excessive compliance burden on DAOs, unless they are deemed sufficiently decentralized to be regulated. Yet, decentralization is an abstract concept with scarce legal precedence. We investigate dimensions of decentralization through thematic analysis, combining extant literature with a series of expert interviews. We propose a definition of “sufficient decentralization” and present a general framework for the assessment of decentralization. We derive five dimensions for the assessment of decentralization in DAOs: Token-weighted voting, Infrastructure, Governance, Escalation and Reputation (TIGER). We present a discretionary sample application of the framework and five propositions on the future regulation and supervision of DAOs. We contribute new practical insights on the topic of compliance and decentralized organizations to the growing discourse on the application of blockchain technology in information systems (IS) and management disciplines.

Higher regulatory compliance requirements, fast and continuous changes in regulations and high digital dynamics in the financial markets are powering RegTech (regulatory technology), defined as technology‐enabled innovation applied to the world of regulation, compliance, risk management, reporting and supervision. This work builds on a systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis of the literature on RegTech, its influential papers and authors, its main areas of research, its past and its future. The resulting multi-dimensional framework bridges across four main dimensions, starting with regulation and technology, where one or more regulations, not necessarily financial ones, are addressed with the support of technologies (e.g. artificial intelligence, DLT, blockchain, smart contracts, API). Data play a central role, as sharing them enables data ecosystems, where additional value can be attained by each market participant, while data automation and machine-readable regulations empower regulators to pull data directly from the banks’ systems and combine these data with data obtained directly from customers or other external sources. Several applications emerge, both for regulated entities, covering matters of compliance, monitoring, risk management, reporting and operations, as well as for authorities, which can leverage on RegTech (SupTech) solutions to make policies, to undertake their authorising, supervising and enforcement operations, for monitoring and controlling purposes, and even to issue fines automatically. As a consequence, stakeholders can reap a series of benefits, such as higher efficiency and effectiveness, accuracy, transparency and lower compliance costs but also risks, such as cyber risk, algorithmic biases, and dehumanization.

The current mode of ocean governance in the biogeographically defined space of the Coral Triangle emerged due to the framing of marine degradation as a de-bounded risk with a transboundary nature. This framing justified the rescaling of the issue’s governance from the national to the regional. This article will explore how ocean governance in the form of the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security (CTI-CFF) is an example of a regional multi-level regulatory governance arrangement based on disaggregated, regulatory forms of statehood. These new kinds of regional regulatory governance are defined by the dominance of policy and technical expertise. As such, non-state actors work closely with national and supranational actors in the development, implementation, and regulatory functions of the CTI-CFF. The organizational structure of the CTI-CFF’s governance framework provides an example of how regional regulatory systems are networked into existing national government structures. The CTI-CFF’s Regional Plan of Action and corresponding mechanisms serve as a model for each member country’s National Plan of Action and domestic programs. These plans of action promote the transformation and rescaling of national governance to be consistent with regional standards of marine resource governance. To summarize, CTI-CFF is a multi-level governance structure constructed to strengthen regulatory regionalism.