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Article Type:Editorial Title: Medical Entomology teaching and research to medical students in a teaching medical institute in Pondicherry – A view and experience of a teaching faculty Year:2023;Volume:3;Issue:1;Page No:1 – 2 Author: Jayanthi Sureshbabu* https://doi.org/10.55349/ijmsnr.20233112 Affiliation:Editor-In-Chief, International Journal of Medical Sciences and Nursing Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India and Former Lecturer in Medical Entomology, Department of Community Medicine, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalapet, Pondicherry, India. Email ID:Editor-in-chief@ijmsnr.com Article Summary:Submitted:15-February-2023;Revised:28-February 2023;Accepted:10-March-2023;Published:31-March-2023

Anandarangappillai's diary was the first diary published in Tamil. The fact that the diary is not an autobiography but a social history and the history of the struggle between nations gives this diary its historical significance. This diary is a very detailed record of the political, religious, social and economic conditions prevailing in the 18th century, as well as the customs and beliefs of the people. This article first explains the purpose of writing Anandarangappillai's diary, the nature of the diary, the copies and editions of the diary. Then begins his birth, explains his life history in various capacities as the head of the merchant guild, Dubashi, and the literature sung about him.

Background With ambitious targets to eliminate lymphatic filariasis over the coming years, there is a need to identify optimal strategies to achieve them in areas with different baseline prevalence and stages of control. Modelling can assist in identifying what data should be collected and what strategies are best for which scenarios. Methods We develop a new individual-based, stochastic mathematical model of the transmission of lymphatic filariasis. We validate the model by fitting to a first time point and predicting future timepoints from surveillance data in Kenya and Sri Lanka, which have different vectors and different stages of the control programme. We then simulate different treatment scenarios in low, medium and high transmission settings, comparing once yearly mass drug administration (MDA) with more frequent MDA and higher coverage. We investigate the potential impact that vector control, systematic non-compliance and different levels of aggregation have on the dynamics of transmission and control. Results In all settings, increasing coverage from 65 to 80 % has a similar impact on control to treating twice a year at 65 % coverage, for fewer drug treatments being distributed. Vector control has a large impact, even at moderate levels. The extent of aggregation of parasite loads amongst a small portion of the population, which has been estimated to be highly variable in different settings, can undermine the success of a programme, particularly if high risk sub-communities are not accessing interventions. Conclusion Even moderate levels of vector control have a large impact both on the reduction in prevalence and the maintenance of gains made during MDA, even when parasite loads are highly aggregated, and use of vector control is at moderate levels. For the same prevalence, differences in aggregation and adherence can result in very different dynamics. The novel analysis of a small amount of surveillance data and resulting simulations highlight the need for more individual level data to be analysed to effectively tailor programmes in the drive for elimination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1152-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

International audience

Present day Puducherry is a mixed pot in terms of nationalities, languages, religions and various social markers. The situation is a consequence of the Union Territory’s history, largely influenced by Its colonial heritage. This essay acts as a backdrop to my proposed research project for the final thesis for the Master’s in Social and Cultural Anthropology, which focuses on the current dynamic of Inclusion and Exclusion under certain contexts in White Town, Puducherry. This essay begins to study the different attitudes colonies had towards ‘mixed-race’ populations, primarily in French India., Actualmente Puducherry es como un coctel en términos de nacionalidades, lenguas, religiones y varios marcadores sociales. Esta situación es una consecuencia de la historia de la Unión de Territorios, en gran parte, influenciada por la herencia colonial. Este ensayo sirve de telón de fondo a la investigación que propongo realizar como tesis final del Máster en Antropología Social y Cultural, y se centra en la dinámica actual de exclusión e inclusión en contextos determinados en White Town, Puducherry. Con este ensayo me aproximaré a las diferentes actitudes que las colonias tenían hacia las poblaciones de ‘razas-mixtas’ en la India francesa.

Dans le cadre de la reprise de possession des comptoirs français en Inde, les ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées Jean-Bernard Spinasse et Étienne Rabourdin sont dépêchés à Pondichéry par l’administration de la Marine pour coordonner la reconstruction du chef-lieu de la colonie. Au cours des années 1820, les deux hommes participent au transfert et à l’adaptation outre-mer des modèles d’aménagement urbain de métropole. Cette étude considère les conditions pratiques du travail des ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées en territoire colonial. L’article analyse, en premier lieu, l’influence du cadre administratif et culturel posé par le ministère de la Marine qui dirige de près les opérations depuis Paris. Il souligne également le partage des compétences et des savoirs qui s’opère entre les ingénieurs et les botanistes, en particulier dans la gestion des matériaux de construction et la question de la végétation urbaine. Enfin, cette étude examine la place essentielle de la collaboration avec les entrepreneurs, les ouvriers et les artisans indiens dans la mise sur pied du service des Ponts et Chaussées de la colonie. During the 1820s, civil engineers Jean-Bernard Spinasse and Étienne Rabourdin were dispatched to Pondicherry by the Navy administration as part of the repossession of French trading posts in India. The two men coordinated the reconstruction of the main city of the french colony in India. They took part in the transfer and adaptation of metropolitan urban planning models overseas. This study considers the conditions of civil engineers’ work on the colonial field. The article first examines the influence of the administrative and cultural framework laid down by the Ministry of the Navy, which closely directs operations from Paris. In addition, it emphasizes the sharing of skills and knowledge between engineers and botanists, in particular in the management of building materials and the issue of urban vegetation. Finally, this study examines the crucial importance of collaboration with Indian entrepreneurs, workers and artisans in setting up bases of the Public works department of the colony.

To look with new eyes at our own town, to analyse it more deeply and to become aware of the infinite variety of faces, and sometimes masks, that it wears is rather like re-reading a demanding but favourite book with the intention of getting to know the characters better. At the beginning of the story the functions and feelings of the heroes or heroines are familiar and then we come to a word we don’t know or have forgotten and the story is suddenly incomprehensible. In the same way the town i...

In studying limits we must penetrate as deeply as possible into the intimate nature of a town. Elements perhaps not immediately identifiable, even for the person who lives in that part of the town, create limits: surrounding walls, rivers, canals, the sea coast, railways and boulevards all structure urban space and make up territories in the town according to designation and function. Limits constitute frontiers or intermediate steps that set apart spaces that may be very different from one a...

Towards a Definition of a Street The street is first of all the out-of-doors that permits the movement of traffic and trade and encourages meetings, gregariousness, play. The street is a living space, a kind of epicentre, constantly in use the whole day, animated by those who live on both sides and by the pedestrians and animals always passing by. The street is alive because the past and the present meet and unite in it. The street may also be considered as the surveyor’s realm; it can be mea...

The house is the special place where one lives. No matter what its dimensions, its beauty or its value, home is never a neutral, ordinary house. The place where "I live" maintains its character because each day, each night, I invest it with my presence. In the chapter on the street, we tried to clarify certain characteristics of both Tamil and old colonial houses. We purposely restrict ourselves here to the perception of houses that may be gained from a walk along the street. At the present m...

The information and reflections that we offer in these few pages reinforce the need to identify, to understand and to encourage a feeling for different aspects of the urban landscape of a town when it is considered as "my town". We also look at the links that may exist between a street, a quarter and the life of its inhabitants. The approach that we have suggested aims at creating a fuller relationship with "the place where I live"; it also aims at a redefinition of place, the individual plac...

We can make the landscape of the town that we love our own by taking a walk through it with our senses open to what we perceive, hear, smell and feel. Everything in the great diversity of an urban landscape can touch us, enriching and adding meaning to our vision of the place and making us feel more closely linked with the life, the preoccupations and the aspirations of the people who live there. Every detail of an urban landscape speaks to us through signs that are real and perceptible. We n...

To continue the exploration of the different elements which make up a town, it is necessary to identify landmarks and signs along with the role that they play in the history of the town. Landmarks as architectural objects: cathedrals, temples, mosques and official buildings give form and meaning to the town. Because of their volume, their dimensions, and their position, they stand out from their surroundings. Their identification allows us to recognise a monument as distinct from the ordinary...

Each town has a particular form, a face of its own, but most often a person pays little attention to the precise nature of its configuration. A glance at a tourist map, however, can generally provide some indications; the streets stand out, whether narrow and twisting confusedly or the reverse: a regular network of streets meeting at right angles with official buildings concentrated in one area or scattered about the town. At all events, the best way to come-to grips with the immensity of a t...

International audience; As culture becomes increasingly important in urban development, it is timely to examine ways in which cultural producers – including those whose activities that fall outside strict definitions of “cultural industries” – are using digital platforms to produce and promote their work. We examine here two contemporary theatre companies in the region of Pondicherry, South India: Indianostrum and Adishakti Laboratory for Theatre Arts and Research. Both of these companies have substantial reputations throughout India and abroad for their innovative work rooted in the investigation of folk and classical performance forms. Nevertheless, institutional recognition of these artistic collectives as cultural industries that contribute to the territory’s cosmopolitan image has been lacking. This neglect continues even at a moment when the city seeks to capitalize on culture and heritage to transform itself into a “global tourist destination”, as per the goals of the Pondicherry Smart City mission launched in 2017. For these acclaimed theatre artists of international stature, who must work at the margins of economic stability because of the conditions for arts funding in India, the use of ICT facilitates obtaining performance opportunities and some funding for specific projects. However, digital platforms are not sufficient to secure the sponsorship needed on an ongoing basis to maintain and enhance the work of these artists and the performance spaces they have developed and curate.; Tandis que la culture tend à devenir un axe de plus en plus central des stratégies de développement urbain, il semble important d’analyser les modalités selon lesquels les producteurs culturels - incluant ceux dont les activités ne comptent pas parmi les industries culturelles les plus convoitées - ont recours aux outils fournis par les nouvelles technologies pour produire et promouvoir leur travail. Nous analysons ici deux compagnies de théâtre contemporain situées dans la région de Pondicherry en Inde du Sud : Indianostrum et Adishakti Laboratory for Theatre Arts and Research. Toutes deux bénéficient d’une forte reconnaissance en Inde et à l’étranger pour leur travail innovant ancré dans des formes de performance populaires et classiques. Néanmoins, elles souffrent d’un manque de reconnaissance en tant qu’industries culturelles, même dans un moment où Pondicherry cherche à capitaliser sur la culture et le patrimoine dans le cadre de l’ambition de faire de la ville et sa région environnante une « destination touristique globale », objectif principal de la mission Smart City lancée en 2017. Pour ces artistes de stature internationale, qui doivent travailler en marge d’une stabilité économique pour pallier l’insuffisance de financement pour les arts en Inde et l’absence de politique culturelle de l’État, l’utilisation des TIC multiplie les opportunités de se produire et facilite l’obtention de financements pour des projets spécifiques. Pourtant, les plateformes digitales ne suffisent à elles seules ni à garantir le soutien nécessaire ni les bases leur permettant de maintenir et renforcer le travail de ces artistes et le fonctionnement de lieux de performance qu’ils ont eux-mêmes créés.

Country crossed by the colonial matrix, India constitutes a relevant example for thinking about tourist situations and showing how institutional (Indian government) and non-institutional actors (companies, domestic tourists, members of the diaspora) mobilize tourist imaginaries for support or redefine collective identities and alterities - even sometimes reinforce them. This contribution seeks, on the one hand, to question the processes by which tourism in India has become a political instrument, facilitating the rewriting the national myth by erasing the stigma of colonization while reifying the West, and on the other hand, to show, from intermediate situations – the Indian diaspora and Indian domestic tourism - how hybridizations are forged in which post- and decolonial paradigms act on identities.

In this bilingual (French/English) CD-ROM, we first show Pondicherry from its origins to 1824, the dazzling expansion of this modest textile centre which became, for a short period, the capital of a potential empire in the first half of the 18th century; then, we dwell on its slow death after its destruction by the British in 1761. This development is illustrated with the magnificent watercolour plans and maps preserved in French archives. Next, we present Pondicherry from 1824 to the present day, a small colonial settlement now merged in the Indian Union; we point out the difficult stages of its rebirth, then, its slow expansion before becoming an Indian territory. This part is illustrated with old postcards and a mixture of recent and archival photographs., Dans ce CD billingue (anglais-français), on montre d’abord Pondichéry des origines à 1824, en insistant sur l’essor fulgurant de ce modeste centre de fabrication de toiles, devenu pour un temps la capitale d’un empire dans la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle, puis sur sa lente agonie après sa destruction par les Anglais en 1761, à l’aide des magnifiques cartes et plans aquarellés des archives françaises. On présente ensuite Pondichéry de 1824 à nos jours, un petit établissement colonial aujourd’hui intégré à l’Union Indienne. Nous évoquons les difficiles étapes de sa renaissance, puis son développement lent avant de devenir un terrritoire indien. Cette partie est illustrée de documents divers, vieilles cartes postales, photos récentes ou anciennes.

Background: Substance use disorders are a major contributor to the global burden of disease. Since there is a paucity of data on trends and patterns of substance use in Southern India and their locoregional variations across India, we have attempted this study to explore the same. Methods: A retrospective chart-based study was done, of all the outpatients and inpatients who had availed services at a tertiary care hospital in Southern India, for a 5-year period from November 2013 to October 2018. The age, gender, diagnosis, prevalence, and trends of different substance use in our study population were recorded and examined. Results: Both outpatients and inpatients had alcohol as the most common substance of dependence. Among outpatients, all substances studied showed an increasing trend of use in contrary to the specific increase in cannabis dependence among inpatients. Only 0.2% of the population studied was female. Conclusion: Since there are differences in trends and patterns of substance use in northern and southern parts of India, there is a need for studies focusing on the psychosocial, cultural, and legal reasons that could explain the same. Future studies are required to focus on community prevalence and use among females of various substances.

During the last two decades of intensive botanical survey of the tropical dry evergreen forest, a total of 82 endemic taxa were found out of 1142 species enumerated from 85 sites in the three Coromandel Coastal districts of the state Tamil Nadu: Cuddalore, Kancheepurm and Villupuram, and in the Pondicherry district. Of 82 species, 17 are trees, 11 shrubs, 9 climbers and 45 herbs. Distribution of these endemic species was analyzed and categorised as endemic to the country, peninsular India, southern India, Eastern and Western Ghats, and at the state and district level. Interestingly, the study found that some endemic species were disjunctly distributed between districts, states, ghats, climatic regimes and bioregions. Anthropogenic disturbance and species threat status were also studied and discussed.

This thesis reviews the status of Indian women and the start of various changes under French rule in India, in light of the diary of Ananda Ranga Pillai, Dubâsh for the French East India Company, between 1736 and 1761. Through his daily chronicles in this decisive period of colonization, being both an observer and an actor, the diarist displays his constant concern for women, far from the romantic considerations. The study of the place and the role of the Indian women is made possible in the fields of politics through the lens of war, highlighting their involvement in the socio-economic sphere and its impact in their private life, by shedding a more internal light on global colonial society during this first half of the 18th century., Cette thèse étudie la condition féminine indienne et les prémices des différentes mutations opérées par la présence française en Inde, à la lumière du journal d’Ananda Ranga Pillai, Dubâsh pour le compte de la Compagnie française des Indes Orientales entre 1736 et 1761. Grâce à ses chroniques quotidiennes en cette époque décisive de la colonisation, observateur et acteur à la fois, le diariste témoigne d’un intérêt constant pour la gent féminine, loin des considérations romanesques. Il rend possible l’étude de la place et du rôle des femmes indiennes en politique sous le prisme de la guerre, la mise en évidence de leur implication dans la sphère socio-économique et les répercussions dans leur vie privée, apportant un éclairage interne plus global sur la société coloniale dans cette première moitié du XVIIIe siècle.

Objectives: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding organ donation in a selected adult urban population in Pondicherry. Methods: Simple random sampling was used to generate a sample of 100 in urban service areas of IGMC & RI. Face to face interview was conducted based on a pre-tested questionnaire in selected urban areas of Pondicherry. Data was analysed using SPSS v. 22 and associations were tested using the Pearson's Chi square test. Results: 57% of the participants in this survey had adequate knowledge score for Organ Donation. Knowledge about organ donation was significantly associated with gender, religion, education and income. Television emerged as the major source of information. Only 2% had donated an organ. Both were volunteers who have donated blood. Conclusions: Better knowledge may ultimately translate into the act of donation. Effective measures should be taken to educate people with relevant information with the involvement of media and doctors.

Cet article a pour ambition d’analyser un aspect méconnu de l’éducation en Inde à travers la focale de la cour d’école. En effet, la préscolarisation s’est inégalement mais massivement diffusée en Inde, contrairement à la plupart des pays des Suds, grâce aux objectifs conjoints d’ambitieuses politiques éducatives et sociales indiennes et la circulation de nouvelles normes d’éducation. La présco­larisation débute officiellement dès 1975 auprès des enfants des familles les plus modestes. En ces lieux, la cour devenait le lieu emblématique de cette volonté du gouvernement indien de soigner, éduquer et instruire. Peu à peu, les familles de classes moyennes urbaines influencées par les nouvelles pratiques éducatives se sont elles aussi approprié la préscolarisation et la cour a revêtu de nouveaux aspects. De petites structures privées, s’adressant aux familles plus modestes et reprenant les codes des précédentes, ont proliféré en profitant de l’absence de formation et d’encadrement du système. L’espace de la cour preschool se caractérise aujourd’hui de plus en plus par les signes d’une scolarisation précoce et se singularise par la présence de marqueurs d’appartenance et de distinction. Les opérateurs socio-spatiaux qui l’aménagent ne sont pas toujours ceux qui la pratiquent et on peut se demander si les enfants et les enseignants sont réellement au cœur des enjeux de la cour. Through the prism of schoolyard, this paper refers to an unrecognised aspect of the education in India. Unlike most developing countries, India knows the widespread dissemination of the preschooling. Results of important public policies in Education and social work, of influences from new education practices and middle classes way of life, the preschooling increases specially in Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry. First, symbol of the will to reduce inequalities in government centers, the preschool schoolyard takes a new face, characterized by distinctive elements from the private education. The schoolyard reflects lot of details but we can question whether it should show more of their main protagonists, pupils and teachers.

The first forms of preschooling have been present in India since 1975 in India in Integrated Child Development Services (ou ICDS), including the anganwadis system. The two priorities of the action for children are: free childcare for all families (in rural and urban area) and mitigating malnutrition and the lack of access to medical care. In addition to an important welfare system, these centres appear as a showcase of the social actions of the state of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry territory. Since the beginning of the 2000’s, the preschooling opportunities have been modified by new claims from families and from private actors, including NGOs and religious communities. The private sector is an undeniable reality and most families have recourse to theirs services. My research indicates that the demand for preschooling is nowadays conditioned by the representations and new expectations of families who aim for new practices linked to urban experience and aspire to belong to the middle classes.This thesis first describes how this demand is taken into account, or not, by institutions, then how these changes have taken place, and how the State negotiates relations between the public and private sectors and develops partnerships by committing itself to a reassessment of its tasks. Then the focus is put on the role of teachers in order to understand the evolution of preschool. The understanding of their everyday practice shows they have developed professional attitudes which highlight their reflexivity both as purveyors of care and as educators. The analysis articulates the different territorial levels of school ground, school, State, country and international organizations. The designs and expectations of the different actors of preschool are analysed through the prism of observations and interviews within the structures and within the households, acting both as a researcher and an educator., Dès 1975, les premières formes de préscolarisation sont présentes en Inde autour de deux fonctions principales : offrir un mode de garde gratuit pour tous, en zone rurale comme en zone urbaine, et lutter efficacement contre la malnutrition et le manque d’accès aux soins des jeunes enfants. Parallèlement à un important système de redistribution publique, ces centres apparaissent comme une des vitrines des actions sociales de l’Etat du Tamil Nadu et du territoire de Pondichéry. Depuis les années 2000, l’offre éducative est modifiée par l’émergence de nouvelles revendications par une partie de la société indienne ainsi que par l’implication dans le secteur d’acteurs privés, d’ONG ou de communautés religieuses. Les acteurs privés sont aujourd’hui incontournables et les familles sont nombreuses à solliciter leurs structures. Mes recherches montrent que la demande en faveur de la préscolarisation est conditionnée par les représentations et les nouvelles attentes des familles qui aspirent à appartenir aux classes moyennes. Cette thèse s’intéresse tout d’abord à la manière dont cette demande est prise en compte ou non par les institutions, quels sont les ressorts éventuels du changement et comment l’État négocie les relations entre public et privé et multiplie les partenariats, en s’engageant dans un processus de redéploiement de ses fonctions. Ensuite, le rôle des enseignantes est mis au premier plan pour comprendre les évolutions de la préscolarisation. La compréhension de leurs gestes pratiques montre de quelle manière elles développent des attitudes professionnelles qui mettent en valeur leur réflexivité, à la fois en tant que pourvoyeuses de care et enseignantes. L’analyse articule ainsi les échelles du territoire de la cour, de l’école, de l’Etat, du pays et des organisations internationales. Les intentions et les attentes des différents acteurs de la préscolarisation sont saisis par le biais d’observations et d’entretiens dans les structures et chez les familles, et à travers une double posture de chercheuse et d’enseignante.

In 1778, the early French colonial state in India set up the Chambre de Consultation, a forum composed of eight Indian notables, to help French judges administer justice to Pondicherry’s Indian population. On the basis of evidence gleaned from court records from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, this article examines the creation, the functioning and the dismissal of this little-known institution. In the process, I argue that although officially labelled as a consultative body, the Chambre also had adjudicative functions. Besides advising French judges on points of Indian laws and customs, the members, designated as ‘ arbitrators’, were also responsible for settling disputes among Indians. As such, by setting up the Chambre, the French government integrated indigenous actors into the eighteenth-century judiciary in an adjudicative capacity. Ultimately, the Chambre’s enhanced authority as an adjudicative forum was a key factor in its eventual suspension by the nineteenth-century colonial state. Exploring the history of this institution reveals an important aspect of the contemporary French legal regime in India., En 1778, l’administration française en Inde a créé la Chambre de Consultation, composée de huit notables indiens, pour aider les juges français à administrer la justice auprès de la population indienne de Pondichéry. Analysant des sources judiciaires de la fin du XVIIIe et du début du XIXe siècle, cet article examine la création, le fonctionnement et la disparition de cette institution peu connue. Au cours de cet examen, je montre que cette chambre, bien que sa dénomination officielle évoque un corps consultatif, avait des fonctions juridictionnelles. Outre le conseil qu’elle dispensait aux juges Français sur les lois et coutumes indiennes, ses membres, appelés «arbitres » , avaient aussi la responsabilité de régler des litiges entre Indiens. En fait, en établissant la Chambre, le gouvernement Français a intégré les acteurs autochtones dans le système judiciaire du XVIIIe siècle et leur a conféré une autorité juridictionnelle. Finalement, l’accroissement de l’autorité de la Chambre au cours de son fonctionnement a joué un rôle décisif dans sa suspension par l’administration française du XIXe siècle. Néanmoins, l’histoire de cette institution nous révèle un aspect important du régime juridique français en Inde à cette époque., Parasher Gauri. Observations on the Role of the Chambre de Consultation in the Administration of Justice in Pondicherry (1778-1827). In: Outre-mers, tome 102, n°388-389,2015. L'Inde et les Français : pratiques et savoirs coloniaux. pp. 43-64.

In Pondicherry at the turn of the nineteenth century, colonial law was a dual law : the procedures and penalties were different for Indian and European subjects. Among conflicts between Indians, the colonial admi nistration picked out those relating to "usages and customs" and delegated their handling to intermediary assemblies. Through these processes of delegation, the different participants in conflict-resolution took part in the construction of a colonial legal space. The study of marital disputes sheds light on this co-construction, as well as the ways in which actors defined a space of opportunities for women., Au tournant du XIXe siècle à Pondichéry, la justice coloniale est une justice duale : les procédures et les peines sont différentes pour les justiciables indiens et européens. Au sein des conflits entre Indiens, l’administration coloniale établit une catégorie artificielle, celle des conflits relavant des « us et coutumes » , et renvoie leur traitement à des assemblées intermédiaires. À travers ce processus de délégation, les différents acteurs de la résolution des conflits participent de la construction de l’espace juridique colonial. L’étude des conflits de maritalité éclaire cette co-construction et la manière dont ces acteurs définissent un espace des possibles pour les femmes., Marquet Julie. La construction de l’espace juridique colonial : l’exemple des conflits de maritalité à Pondichéry au tournant du XIXe siècle. In: Outre-mers, tome 102, n°388-389,2015. L'Inde et les Français : pratiques et savoirs coloniaux. pp. 19-42.

Highlights • No single mathematical model captures all features of parasite transmission dynamics. • Multi-model ensemble modelling can overcome biases of single models. • A multi-model ensemble of three lymphatic filariasis models is proposed and evaluated. • The multi-model ensemble outperformed the single models in predicting infection. • The ensemble approach may improve use of models to inform disease control policy., Mathematical models of parasite transmission provide powerful tools for assessing the impacts of interventions. Owing to complexity and uncertainty, no single model may capture all features of transmission and elimination dynamics. Multi-model ensemble modelling offers a framework to help overcome biases of single models. We report on the development of a first multi-model ensemble of three lymphatic filariasis (LF) models (EPIFIL, LYMFASIM, and TRANSFIL), and evaluate its predictive performance in comparison with that of the constituents using calibration and validation data from three case study sites, one each from the three major LF endemic regions: Africa, Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea (PNG). We assessed the performance of the respective models for predicting the outcomes of annual MDA strategies for various baseline scenarios thought to exemplify the current endemic conditions in the three regions. The results show that the constructed multi-model ensemble outperformed the single models when evaluated across all sites. Single models that best fitted calibration data tended to do less well in simulating the out-of-sample, or validation, intervention data. Scenario modelling results demonstrate that the multi-model ensemble is able to compensate for variance between single models in order to produce more plausible predictions of intervention impacts. Our results highlight the value of an ensemble approach to modelling parasite control dynamics. However, its optimal use will require further methodological improvements as well as consideration of the organizational mechanisms required to ensure that modelling results and data are shared effectively between all stakeholders.

En Inde, depuis les années 1970, des centres appelés anganwadis accueillent gratuitement les enfants de moins de six ans et les préparent à une meilleure scolarité. Si l’émergence de la préscolarisation en Inde relève d’une initiative publique, les acteurs privés sont aujourd’hui incontournables et les familles sollicitent ces structures. En choisissant de scolariser leur enfant dans le privé avant qu’il n’ait atteint l’année de ses six ans (qui marque le début de la scolarité obligatoire), les familles expriment leur désir d’accéder au système éducatif. Ces changements sont étudiés à travers la situation d’un quartier de Muthialpet, sur le territoire de Pondichéry. En choisissant le cadre microgéographique, il s’agit de mettre en valeur les acteurs de la préscolarisation ainsi que les actions récentes de l’État, engagé dans un processus de repositionnement et de contrôle ex-post. In India, since the 1970s, centers called anganwadis have welcomed children under the age of six free of charge. This place promotes the preconditions for a better schooling. While the emergence of preschooling in India is a public initiative, private actors are now very important and families are looking for this kind of structures. By choosing to enrol their child privately before reaching the age of six (which marks the start of compulsory schooling), they express their desire to enter the formal education system. These changes are studied through the situation of a district of Muthialpet, in the territory of Pondicherry. The microgeographic frame of analysis highlights preschool actors’ role as well as the recent actions of the State engaged in a process of repositioning and ex-post control.

International audience

International audience

We have constructed a stochastic transmission model for lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, and have analyzed its prevalence using computer simulations. In Pondicherry, India, where Wuchereria bancrofti has been spreading, the Vector Control Research Centre has carried out an integrated vector control strategy against malaria and filariasis for five years (1981~1985) with good results reported. Our study was aimed at evaluating the effect of vector control in the context of Pondicherry, and in particular the continuous effect for the post-control period. In this paper, we have used the LYMFASIM model proposed by Plaisier et al., the carrying capacity model by Rochet and the population dynamics model by us. In the LYMFASIM model and the carrying capacity model, we have modified the quantities of parameters in order to fit the models to the parasitological, entomological and epidemiological data in Pondicherry. We have combined the improved LYMFASIM model with the other models. Through simulations of our combinated model, we have compared the prevalence rate in the human population as well as the mean number of L3-larvae in the mosquito population, with and without vector control. As a result, the simulations show that the prevalence rate would be restrained for a long time even if only a small continuous effect of the vector control remains in the post-control period. However, the mean number of L3-larvae would recovered within a short time comparatively. This is because of the differences in life spans between human and mosquito as well as the incubation periods between the adult worm in the human host and L3-larvae in the mosquito vector.

Inauguré en 1976, le musée historique de Villèle est le premier musée créé après la départementalisation de l’île en 1946. Patrimoine historique, il se présente avant tout comme un lieu incontournable de l’histoire sociale de La Réunion, marquée à la fois par la diversité des populations venues d’Europe, d’Afrique et d’Asie et par le développement d’un système économique basé sur l’exploitation d’une main d’œuvre servile, en majorité des esclaves aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles puis, à partir de 1848 jusqu’au début du XXe siècle, des travailleurs engagés. La communication porte sur une présentation succincte du lieu, sur le parti pris et les limites du discours muséographique actuel, sur les actions entreprises pour prendre en compte, développer, évoquer ou expliciter l’histoire de l’esclavage. Inaugurated in 1976, the Villèle History Museum was the first museum to be created after Reunion Island became a French department in 1946. Today it is a place of reference for the understanding of Reunion social history. This heritage site evokes not only the diversity of those populations hailing from Europe, Africa and Asia but also bears witness to the development of an economic system based on the exploitation of servile labour, mainly slaves during the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries and then indentured workers from 1848 until the beginning of the XXth century. This paper provides a brief introduction to the site, explores the museum’s commitment and the limits of its current message, and also examines the courses of action taken to consider, develop, evoke and explain the history of slavery.

Baseline ecological studies of Pondicherry mangroves are important for monitoring, management and conservation of mangrove ecosystems. A brachyuran crab faunal assemblage at four stations of Pondicherry mangroves is described and monthly samplings were made during September 2008 – August 2009. Totally 22 species of brachyuran crabs belonging to 12 genera and 5 families were recorded crabs belonging to the family Portunidae and Ocipodidae are most dominant group represented by total of 16 species. Six species considered are as a commercially important and out of which, on three species Scylla serrata, Thalamitta crenata and Portunus sanguinolentus are catch large quantities from stations 1 and 2. Portunus pelagicus, P. sanguinolentus and T. crenata were totally absent in stations 3 and 4. Population densities of brachyuran fauna ranged from 29 -71 ind. m2, the diversity ranged from 0.96 -2.18 bit. ind -1, the richness varied from 0.42 -0.74, and the evenness varied from 0.41 -.072. Maximum diversity values were recorded during post monsoon. The crab community recorded was analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. Crab community structure was correlated with vegetation structure, and environmental factors were positively correlated with surface water pH, salinity, tree dominance, tree diversity and tidal inundation and negatively correlated with sulphide, organic matter, senescent leaves and decaying leaves, suggesting that the mangrove vegetation is important to the crab fauna as a habitat and food supply.

International audience; The pétanque is used here as a field to interrogate two aspects. Firstly, in a global context, how a cultural practice is modified. In Pondicherry, south of India, how this physical activity, which appeared after the French colonization, is integrated in indianization process? Secondly, that practice show us the links and exchanges that took part between French national of Tamil-Indian origin and Tamils-Indians people? One of the main questions is to understand how the postcolonial context influences their relations? Through the analysis of semi-directives interviews and the observation of the game pétanque for two years, this work shows how this activity represents a syncretism space in which cultural exchanges are realized. The pétanque appears as spaces where the different individuals with their cultural background are engaged in a symbolic compete. This global situation does not produce uniformity but cultural hybridization. Taking place in specific postcolonial context, the practice of pétanque allows expressing different socio-cultural identities between individuals of French and Indian nationality.; La pétanque est ici utilisée comme un terrain d’étude pour interroger deux aspects. D’une part, dans un contexte mondialisé, la manière dont se transforme une pratique culturellement située. Dans le contexte indien de Pondichéry, de quelle façon cette pratique « sportive » parvenue après la colonisation, mais par l’intermédiaire de celle-ci, se trouve-t-elle prise dans un processus d’indigénisation ? D’autre part, quels rapports s’établissent entre les individus qui la pratiquent, à la fois Français d’origine tamoule et Indiens tamouls ? Surtout, comment le contexte postcolonial dans lequel s’inscrivent leurs identités et leurs pratiques pèse-t-il sur ces rapports ? À partir de l’analyse d’interviews semi-directifs d’acteurs et de l’observation de la pratique de la pétanque à Pondichéry durant deux années, cet article montre comment cette activité représente un espace syncrétique dans lequel se formalisent des échanges culturels. La pétanque apparaît ainsi comme un espace de mise en concurrence symbolique des individus représentant des espaces nationaux culturellement différents. Loin de produire des formes d’uniformité, la mondialisation produit ici des hybridations culturelles. Inscrite dans un contexte postcolonial spécifique, la pétanque donne lieu à l’expression de registres socioculturels divers dans les échanges entre individus de nationalité française et indienne.

The country trade, which then streched from the Red Sea to China, made Pondicherry's fortune in Dupleix's time. It was ruined in the first half of the nineteenth century by the tariff barrier with which the British crippled the french settlements and by the prohibitions against goods imported from Pondicherry to French ports and French colonies. The liberalization of the British and French customs duty under the Second Empire caused an important renewal. Pondicherry became again the warehouse of South India and an important redistribution port : for example, the "Guinées bleus", made of imported cotton and dyed with indigo, invaded the French colonial market again. The protectionist temptation, which took shape with the Meline law of 1892, the effects of which were increased by the India Act of 1894, broke for good the expansion of this trade., Le commerce d'Inde en Inde, qui s'étend alors de la mer Rouge à la Chine, fait la fortune de Pondichéry à l'époque de Dupleix. Il est ruiné dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle par le cordon douanier avec lequel les Britanniques étranglent les comptoirs français ainsi que par les prohibitions dont le système de l'Exclusif frappe les marchandises importées de Pondichéry à leur entrée en France et dans les colonies françaises. La libéralisation des tarifs douaniers britanniques, puis français sous le Second Empire, provoque un net regain. Pondichéry redevient l'entrepôt des productions du sud de l'Inde et un important port de redistribution : les guinées bleues, fabriquées avec du coton importé et teintes à l'indigo à Pondichéry, peuvent de nouveau envahir le marché colonial. La tentation protectionniste, concrétisée par la loi Méline de 1892, dont les effets se conjuguent à ceux de l'India Act de 1894, brise définitivement l'essor de ce commerce., Weber Jacques. Le commerce d’Inde en Inde de Pondichéry au XIXe siècle. In: Cahiers Nantais, n°52, 1999. Sillages sur l'océan indien. pp. 17-29.

Agriculture in the region of Pondicherry, geographically situated in the Tamil Nadu, has involved irrigation for the past several centuries. In spite of an annual rainfall ofl 300 mm, this region has always had a «hunger season» owing to a strongly seasonal rainfall pattern and a high rural population densities (> 600 hab./km² in 1981). The traditionnal technique of tank irrigation has been progressively replaced by tube wells, powered by rural electricity which is now widespread. This irrigation has spearheaded the Green Revolution which has led to the rapid diffusion of high yielding varieties (from 1 500 kg/ha in 1965-1966 to 3 000 kg/ha in 1980-1981). The increasingly intensive spatial and temporal utilization of farmlands has not only led to a lowered threshold of economically feasible exploitation, but also to increased recourse to agricultural labour., Enclavée dans le Tamil Nadu, la région de Pondichéry (290 km2) connaît une irrigation multiséculaire. Plus que la quantité d'eau (1 300 mm/an), c'est l'irrégularité intra-annuelle des précipitations et de fortes densités rurales (600 hab./km² en 1981) qui ont posé très tôt le problème de la soudure saisonnière. Cette région, irriguée traditionnellement par tanks, l'est aujourd'hui essentiellement par puits tubés, grâce à une électrification rurale généralisée. Cette irrigation a été le fer de lance de la Révolution Verte, permettant la diffusion rapide des variétés à haut rendement de riz, des engrais chimiques et des pesticides. Ces techniques intensives ont eu un double impact : d'une part, extension de la triple riziculture, d'autre part, hausse des rendements de paddy (1 500 kg/ha en 1965-1966, 3 000 kg/ha en 1980-1981). Cette utilisation plus intensive de la terre dans l'espace et dans le temps, a permis non seulement l'abaissement du seuil minimal d'une exploitation viable économiquement, mais aussi un recours à une main-d'oeuvre agricole plus importante., Marius-Gnanou Kamala. L'irrigation et les mutations socio-économiques récentes dans la région de Pondichéry (Inde) . In: Eau et aménagement dans les régions inter-tropicales. Tome 2. Bordeaux : Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 1991. pp. 133-160. (Espaces tropicaux, 3)

This article 'Multiple Resistance of Rice Varieties to Major Insect Pests At Pondicherry, India' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'P.837 - a Promising New Rice Variety for Pondicherry, India' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Rice Breeding for Resistance to Virus and Bacterial Blight in Pondicherry, India' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Appearance of Grassy Stunt Disease Symptoms in Rice in Pondicherry, India' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'A New Brown Planthopper (BPH) Resistant Rice for Pondicherry, India' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

The first forms of preschooling have been present in India since 1975 in India in Integrated Child Development Services (ou ICDS), including the anganwadis system. The two priorities of the action for children are: free childcare for all families (in rural and urban area) and mitigating malnutrition and the lack of access to medical care. In addition to an important welfare system, these centres appear as a showcase of the social actions of the state of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry territory. Since the beginning of the 2000’s, the preschooling opportunities have been modified by new claims from families and from private actors, including NGOs and religious communities. The private sector is an undeniable reality and most families have recourse to theirs services. My research indicates that the demand for preschooling is nowadays conditioned by the representations and new expectations of families who aim for new practices linked to urban experience and aspire to belong to the middle classes.This thesis first describes how this demand is taken into account, or not, by institutions, then how these changes have taken place, and how the State negotiates relations between the public and private sectors and develops partnerships by committing itself to a reassessment of its tasks. Then the focus is put on the role of teachers in order to understand the evolution of preschool. The understanding of their everyday practice shows they have developed professional attitudes which highlight their reflexivity both as purveyors of care and as educators. The analysis articulates the different territorial levels of school ground, school, State, country and international organizations. The designs and expectations of the different actors of preschool are analysed through the prism of observations and interviews within the structures and within the households, acting both as a researcher and an educator., Dès 1975, les premières formes de préscolarisation sont présentes en Inde autour de deux fonctions principales : offrir un mode de garde gratuit pour tous, en zone rurale comme en zone urbaine, et lutter efficacement contre la malnutrition et le manque d’accès aux soins des jeunes enfants. Parallèlement à un important système de redistribution publique, ces centres apparaissent comme une des vitrines des actions sociales de l’Etat du Tamil Nadu et du territoire de Pondichéry. Depuis les années 2000, l’offre éducative est modifiée par l’émergence de nouvelles revendications par une partie de la société indienne ainsi que par l’implication dans le secteur d’acteurs privés, d’ONG ou de communautés religieuses. Les acteurs privés sont aujourd’hui incontournables et les familles sont nombreuses à solliciter leurs structures. Mes recherches montrent que la demande en faveur de la préscolarisation est conditionnée par les représentations et les nouvelles attentes des familles qui aspirent à appartenir aux classes moyennes. Cette thèse s’intéresse tout d’abord à la manière dont cette demande est prise en compte ou non par les institutions, quels sont les ressorts éventuels du changement et comment l’État négocie les relations entre public et privé et multiplie les partenariats, en s’engageant dans un processus de redéploiement de ses fonctions. Ensuite, le rôle des enseignantes est mis au premier plan pour comprendre les évolutions de la préscolarisation. La compréhension de leurs gestes pratiques montre de quelle manière elles développent des attitudes professionnelles qui mettent en valeur leur réflexivité, à la fois en tant que pourvoyeuses de care et enseignantes. L’analyse articule ainsi les échelles du territoire de la cour, de l’école, de l’Etat, du pays et des organisations internationales. Les intentions et les attentes des différents acteurs de la préscolarisation sont saisis par le biais d’observations et d’entretiens dans les structures et chez les familles, et à travers une double posture de chercheuse et d’enseignante.

Face au peu d'études traitant du sujet de la préscolarisation, j'ai dans un premier temps éprouvé la nécessité de faire un état des lieux des publications afin de circonscrire mon terrain d'études. L'éducation en Inde est largement étudiée à travers la réussite des politiques éducatives menées par le gouvernement et l'analyse de la manière dont s'effectuent les différents transferts de modèles, notamment ceux véhiculés par l'Unesco. L'enfance est également un objet de recherche précieux pour les sciences sociales, notamment la sociologie, les sciences de l'éducation et l'anthropologie mais les travaux portant sur la préscolarisation en elle-même sont quasi-inexistants. Cela tient partiellement à la nouveauté du phénomène et au peu de prise en compte de l'importance que revêtent les réponses des acteurs ainsi que de leur caractère innovant. C'est en cela que le Tamil Nadu et Pondichéry peuvent apporter des réponses. Cet état et ce territoire de l'Union ont su initier des politiques publiques efficaces en matière d'accès aux soins, d'éducation et d'accueil des jeunes enfants des travailleuses pauvres. La préscolarisation s'y est récemment mais rapidement implantée. Apanage des classes moyennes urbaines influencées par les idées de la Westernization, on constate aujourd'hui la prolifération de petites structures privées, agissant de manière performative sur les familles plus modestes. En effet, l'offre a connu une expansion prodigieuse, dans un secteur peu réglementé, quasi-totalement privatisé. Ces écoles bénéficient des effets positifs des programmes de scolarisation antérieurs (notamment par la présence d'un réservoir de personnel féminin ayant achevé leurs études secondaires) et sont ouvertes aux technologies de la communication. Leurs stratégies visent à favoriser ou réguler l'accessibilité, jouant sur la localisation, créant des effets de seuil et des marqueurs d'appartenance. Les familles sont mues par une volonté d'augmenter les opportunités scolaires de leur progéniture et s'enthousiasment pour ces écoles, mettant au point des stratégies pour accéder à la meilleure d'entre elles. Il convient également d'étudier de quelle manière tout cela agit sur les processus de décision publique.

The issue of Tamil diaspora is closely linked to the existence of a community abroad trapped in a double ambivalence: on the one hand anchorage and mobility, on the other hand opening and closing towards other social groups. The research is now aiming to start working on this issue, coming back on the rising up conditions of a diasporic identitythat goes beyond cleavages of all sorts. Basing us on a series of interviews and surveys, realised within a multisited ethnology, the aim is here to understand, in a wider way, what is the signification of being Tamil in France and how the experience is structured. Firstly, the presentation of different spatial and temporal trajectories leads to the revelation of the heterogeneity of the Tamil diaspora category. This one is composed of three segments whose emerging conditions are linked with different migratory frames. Secondly, the presentation underlines the emergence of Paris and more generally Île-de-France as an important pole of its diasporic working., La question de la diaspora tamoule est intimement liée à celle de l'existence d'une communauté à l'étranger prise en étau par une double ambivalence : entre ancrage et mobilité et entre ouverture et fermeture. La recherche se propose d'aborder cette question en revenant sur les conditions d'émergence d'une identité diasporique qui fait fi des clivages de toute sorte. Sur la base d'une série d'entretiens et de questionnaires prenant corps dans une ethnologie multisite, il s'agit plus largement de comprendre ce que signifie être tamoul en France et comment se structure cette expérience. La présentation des différentes trajectoires spatio-temporelles, d'une part, permet de révéler l'hétérogénéité de la catégorie diaspora tamoule, composée de trois segments dont les conditions d'émergence sont liées à des cadres migratoires divergents, d'autre part met en évidence l'émergence de Paris et plus généralement de l'Île-de-France comme pôle important de son fonctionnement.

The issue of Tamil diaspora is closely linked to the existence of a community abroad trapped in a double ambivalence: on the one hand anchorage and mobility, on the other hand opening and closing towards other social groups. The research is now aiming to start working on this issue, coming back on the rising up conditions of a diasporic identitythat goes beyond cleavages of all sorts. Basing us on a series of interviews and surveys, realised within a multisited ethnology, the aim is here to understand, in a wider way, what is the signification of being Tamil in France and how the experience is structured. Firstly, the presentation of different spatial and temporal trajectories leads to the revelation of the heterogeneity of the Tamil diaspora category. This one is composed of three segments whose emerging conditions are linked with different migratory frames. Secondly, the presentation underlines the emergence of Paris and more generally Île-de-France as an important pole of its diasporic working.; La question de la diaspora tamoule est intimement liée à celle de l'existence d'une communauté à l'étranger prise en étau par une double ambivalence : entre ancrage et mobilité et entre ouverture et fermeture. La recherche se propose d'aborder cette question en revenant sur les conditions d'émergence d'une identité diasporique qui fait fi des clivages de toute sorte. Sur la base d'une série d'entretiens et de questionnaires prenant corps dans une ethnologie multisite, il s'agit plus largement de comprendre ce que signifie être tamoul en France et comment se structure cette expérience. La présentation des différentes trajectoires spatio-temporelles, d'une part, permet de révéler l'hétérogénéité de la catégorie diaspora tamoule, composée de trois segments dont les conditions d'émergence sont liées à des cadres migratoires divergents, d'autre part met en évidence l'émergence de Paris et plus généralement de l'Île-de-France comme pôle important de son fonctionnement.