Search

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a systemic virus that poses a serious threat to crops worldwide. In the present study, a series of novel 1-phenyl-4-(1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-thioether)-1H-pyrazole-5-amine derivatives was designed and synthesized. In vivo antiviral bioassay results indicated that some of these compounds exhibited excellent protective activity against TMV. Among the compounds, E2 (EC50 = 203.5 μg/mL) was superior to the commercial agent ningnanmycin (EC50 = 261.4 μg/mL). Observation of tobacco leaves infected with TMV-GFP revealed that E2 could effectively inhibit the spread of TMV in the host. Further plant tissue morphological observation indicated that E2 could induce the tight arrangement and alignment of the spongy mesophyll and palisade cells while causing stomatal closure to form a defensive barrier to prevent viral infection in the leaves. In addition, the chlorophyll content of tobacco leaves was significantly increased after treatment with E2, and the net photosynthesis (Pn) value was also increased, which demonstrated that the active compound could improve the photosynthetic efficiency of TMV-infected tobacco leaves by maintaining stable chlorophyll content in the leaves, thereby protecting host plants from viral infection. The results of MDA and H2O2 content determination revealed that E2 could effectively reduce the content of peroxides in the infected plants, reducing the damage to the plants caused by oxidation. This work provides an important support for the research and development of antiviral agents in crop protection.

A study of lipid peroxidation in 124 patients with encephalopathy of vascular (atherosclerotic and hypertonic) and toxic (primary (the action of eczotoxin) and secondary (renal and hepatic)) genesis has been carried out. A reliable increase of lipid peroxidation has been detected in the venous blood serum in comparison with the control group. The latter makes it possible to recommend a wide use of antioxidants and detoxicating therapy when treating encephalopathies of diverse genesis., Проведене дослідження пероксидного окиснення ліпідів у 124 хворих на енцефалопатію судинного (атеросклеротичного та гіпертонічного) і токсичного (первинного (дія екзотоксину) та вторинного(ниркового та печінкового)) генезу. У всіх хворих виявлене вірогідне підвищення пероксидного окиснення ліпідів у сироватці венозної крові порівняно з групою контролю. Останнє дозволяє рекомендувати широке використання антиоксидантів та дезінтоксикаційної терапії при лікуванні енцефалопатій різного генезу.

Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction have been shown to play crucial roles in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). On these grounds, we sought to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in human endothelial cells. We hypothesized that oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation induced by COVID-19 in endothelial cells could be linked to the disease outcome. Thus, we collected serum from COVID-19 patients on hospital admission, and we incubated these sera with human endothelial cells, comparing the effects on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation between patients who survived and patients who did not survive. We found that the serum from non-survivors significantly increased lipid peroxidation. Moreover, serum from non-survivors markedly regulated the expression levels of the main markers of ferroptosis, including GPX4, SLC7A11, FTH1, and SAT1, a response that was rescued by silencing TNFR1 on endothelial cells. Taken together, our data indicate that serum from patients who did not survive COVID-19 triggers lipid peroxidation in human endothelial cells.

The effect of ultrasonication (25 kHz for 10 min) on physical, thermal, and structural properties and storage stability of palm oil-based oleogels prepared using different concentrations of carnauba wax (CW) (5% or 10%) were investigated and compared with oleogels prepared with a homogenizer (2000 rpm for 10 min). Overall, this study found that applying an ultrasonication process with higher CW concentration (10%) effectively improved the properties and stability of palm oil-based oleogel (p < 0.05). Oleogels processed with ultrasonication had higher lightness (L*), higher yellowness (b*), and lower redness (a*) than those processed with homogenizer (p < 0.05), irrespective of CW concentrations. However, a higher CW concentration (10%) increased the textural properties of oleogels such as hardness, stickiness, and tackiness as compared to oleogels with a lower CW concentration (5%) (p < 0.05). Thermal properties including melting onset temperature, melting peak temperature, and melting enthalpy were found to be significantly higher in ultrasonication-processed oleogels with high CW concentration (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the microscopic examination of the oleogels exhibited a strong gel network when prepared using a high concentration of CW and processed with ultrasonication. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of oleogels revealed that strong intra- and intermolecular interactions were formed by hydrogen bonding between CW and palm oil. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a smooth and fine structural network of oleogels and proved that ultrasonication increased the structural properties of oleogel. Moreover, oil loss and peroxide value of oleogels were increased during 90 days of storage (p < 0.05). However, oleogels processed with the ultrasonication had reduced oil loss and increased peroxidation stability during storage (p < 0.05). Overall, this study showed that application of ultrasonication with a higher CW concentration could improve properties and storage stability of palm oil-based oleogel.

Ischemia is known to cause structural and functional damage to skeletal muscle. In this research platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and cell bone marrow aspirate (CBMA) which are considered to be promising in regenerative medicine were used to improve the animal muscles condition after ischemia. Mechanically induced ischemia (MII) of the rabbit skeletal muscles was caused by applying a tourniquet to the hind limb for 6 hours. At 6 h after tourniquet was removed the rabbit PRP or CBMA solutions were injected into the tibia muscle and animals were divided into experimental groups (n = 15): 1 – ischemia + saline, 2 – ischemia + PRP, 3 – ischemia + CBMA. Intact animals were the control group (n = 5). Animals were removed from the experiment on 5, 15, and 30th days of reperfusion after ischemia. A progressive hypotrophy, muscle fibers destruction and leukocyte infiltration was observed after tibia muscle MII. The ischemic state was accompanied by catalase and superoxide dismutase activation, persistent NO2– overproduction and a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity in the muscle homogenates. It was shown that after PRP or CBMA local injection into the ischemic muscle catalase activity remained at the elevated level, SOD activity approached the control level and the most pronounced effects were NO2– level decrease and glutathioperoxidase activity restoration. After CBMA injection angiogenesis activation and the increase in the number of nuclei in the muscle fibrils were observed. The obtained data allow to expand the range of biochemical parameters for assessing the muscles condition after ischemia and indicate a positive effect of platelet-rich plasma and cell bone marrow aspirate injection on skeletal muscle regeneration.

The deprotonation of an organic substrate is a common preactivation step for the enzymatic cofactorless addition of O2 to this substrate, as it promotes charge-transfer between the two partners, inducing intersystem crossing between the triplet and singlet states involved in the process. Nevertheless, the spin-forbidden addition of O2 to uncharged ligands has also been observed in the laboratory, and the detailed mechanism of how the system circumvents the spin-forbiddenness of the reaction is still unknown. One of these examples is the cofactorless peroxidation of 2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1-naphthol, which will be studied computationally using single and multi-reference electronic structure calculations. Our results show that the preferred mechanism is that in which O2 picks a proton from the substrate in the triplet state, and subsequently hops to the singlet state in which the product is stable. For this reaction, the formation of the radical pair is associated with a higher barrier than that associated with the intersystem crossing, even though the absence of the negative charge leads to relatively small values of the spin-orbit coupling, This research was funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación) grant number PID2020-113147GA-I00, and by the Fundación Salamanca City of Culture and Knowledge (a programme for attracting scientific talent to Salamanca). The PhD scholarship of P.O. was funded by Junta de Castilla y Leon and European Social Fund grant number EDU/601/2020. C.S.-S. acknowledges Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación for the funding with grant number PID2021- 122549NB-C22

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are important materials for biomedical applications, and phenol capping is a common procedure to passivate their surface. As phenol capped SPION have been reported to behave as antioxidants, herein, we investigate the mechanism underlying this activity by studying the reaction with alkyl peroxyl (ROO•) radicals. SPION were prepared by coprecipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III), using phenolic antioxidants (gallic acid, Trolox and nordihydroguaiaretic acid) as post-synthesis capping agents and by different purification procedures. The reactivity of ROO• was investigated by inhibited autoxidation studies, using styrene as an oxidizable substrate (solvent MeCN, 30 °C) and azo-bis(isobutyronitrile) as a radical initiator. While unprotected, bare SPION behaved as prooxidant, accelerating the O2 consumption of styrene autoxidation, phenol capping provided a variable antioxidant effect that was dependent upon the purification degree of the material. Thoroughly washed SPION, containing from 7% to 14% (w/w) of phenols, had a low reactivity toward peroxyl radicals, while SPION with a higher phenol content (46% to 55%) showed a strong radical trapping activity. Our results indicate that the antioxidant activity of phenol-capped SPION can be caused by its release in a solution of weakly bound phenols, and that purification plays a major role in determining the properties of these materials.

The lungs are one the main organs exposed to environmental pollutants, such as tropospheric ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), which induce lung pathologies through similar mechanisms, resulting in altered redox homeostasis and inflammation. Although numerous studies have investigated the effects of these pollutants in the respiratory tract, there are only a few evidences that have evaluated the combined effects of outdoor stressors, despite the fact that humans are consistently exposed to more pollutants simultaneously. In this study, we wanted to investigate whether exposure to PM and O3 could have an additive, noxious effect in lung epithelial cells by measuring oxidative damage and the activity of redox-sensitive nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) which is a master regulator of cellular antioxidant defenses. First, we measured the cytotoxic effects of O3 and PM individually and in combination. We observed that both pollutants alone increased LDH release 24 h post-exposure. Interestingly, we did observe via TEM that combined exposure to O3 and PM resulted in increased cellular penetration of PM particles. Furthermore, we found that levels of 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4HNE), a marker of oxidative damage, significantly increased 24 h post-exposure, in response to the combined pollutants. In addition, we observed increased levels of Nrf2, in response to the combined pollutants vs. either pollutant, although this effect was not followed by the increase in Nrf2-responsive genes expression HO1, SOD1, GPX, or GR nor enzymatic activity. Despite these observations, our study suggests that O3 exposure facilitate the cellular penetration of the particles leading to an increased oxidative damage, and additive defensive response.

Submitted by Ricardo Augusto Rodrigues (ricardo.a.rodrigues@unesp.br) on 2022-03-09T01:47:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Ricardo Augusto Rodrigues.pdf: 2117988 bytes, checksum: a30c77670bbedb5dacb0abc1e3c9cda3 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Roberta Honorato Goria (roberta.goria@unesp.br) on 2022-03-09T19:58:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ra_me_soro.pdf: 2117988 bytes, checksum: a30c77670bbedb5dacb0abc1e3c9cda3 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-03-09T19:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ra_me_soro.pdf: 2117988 bytes, checksum: a30c77670bbedb5dacb0abc1e3c9cda3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-02-15 Os compostos fenólicos naturais presentes em efluentes de indústrias vinícolas, como os ácidos fenólicos, estilbenos, flavonoides e taninos, apesar de benéficos para a saúde humana, são considerados recalcitrantes e tóxicos para organismos aquáticos, causando danos ambientais se lançados em corpos hídricos e capazes de diminuir a eficiência de tratamentos biológicos. Uma alternativa para tratar efluentes com tais compostos são os Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POAs), baseados na geração de radicais hidroxila, espécie química altamente oxidante, como a sonólise, a degradação de compostos por ondas de ultrassom que geram microbolhas que implodem com alta energia e que promovem a decomposição da molécula de água, produzindo os radicais hidroxila. A sonólise pode ser combinada com outros POAs como o processo de Fenton e de foto-Fenton e potencializar os efeitos desses processos. Assim, após a caracterização físico-química de um efluente líquido gerado por uma indústria vinícola da cidade de São Roque, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, propôs-se uma investigação de metodologias de tratamento baseadas nos processos de Fenton e de foto-Fenton combinados com ondas de ultrassom, avaliando os efeitos individuais de cada componente e suas possíveis combinações na eficiência dos processos e determinando a redução de compostos fenólicos totais, demanda química de oxigênio, carbono orgânico total e cor. Com o processo de foto-Fenton foi possível reduzir 41,30% dos compostos fenólicos totais, 31,51% da demanda química de oxigênio, 13,92% do carbono orgânico total e 30,66% da cor, valores superiores aos atingidos pelo processo de Fenton devido à aplicação de radiação ultravioleta. Com a aplicação das ondas de ultrassom nos processos de sono-Fenton e de sono-foto-Fenton as reduções dos parâmetros analisados foram menores que as alcançadas pelos processos de Fenton e de foto-Fenton, comparados respectivamente, devido à ocorrência de outras reações que sequestram os radicais hidroxila gerados. Já a avaliação dos componentes de forma individual e em pares comprovou que a combinação entre os reagentes de Fenton, íons ferro (II) e peróxido de hidrogênio, são fundamentais para a maior produção de radicais hidroxila, devido às maiores reduções alcançadas quando estes dois componentes são adicionados. O tratamento de uma solução de ácido gálico, utilizado como composto modelo para compostos fenólicos também apresentou a mesma tendência na diminuição da concentração que os resultados para o efluente vinícola, comprovando que a matéria orgânica presente na matriz do efluente não é responsável pelas diminuições mais baixas dos parâmetros pelos processos com ultrassom, mas sim a interação entre as ondas ultrassônicas e o peróxido de hidrogênio, que diminui a quantidade de radicais hidroxila. Ao final dos tratamentos, o efluente não apresentou valores aceitáveis, dentro dos parâmetros utilizados no trabalho, para lançamento em corpos hídricos, mas os resultados obtidos indicam que o processo de Fenton e suas combinações são promissores no tratamento de efluentes agroindustriais que contenham compostos fenólicos naturais, inclusive como pré ou pós tratamento junto aos tratamentos biológicos convencionais. Natural phenolic compounds present in wine industry wastewaters, such as phenolic acids, stilbenes, flavonoids and tannins, despite being beneficial to human health, are considered recalcitrant and toxic to aquatic organisms, causing environmental damage if released into water courses and capable of decreasing the efficiency of biological treatments. An alternative to treat wastewaters with such compounds is the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), based on the generation of hydroxyl radicals, a highly oxidizing species, such as sonolysis, the degradation of compounds by ultrasound waves that generate microbubbles that implode with high energy and that promote the degradation of the water molecule, producing hydroxyl radicals. Sonolysis can be combined with other POA's such as the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes and enhance the effects of these processes. Thus, after the physicochemical characterization of a liquid effluent generated by a wine industry in the city of São Roque, State of São Paulo, Brazil, an investigation of treatment methodologies based on the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes combined with ultrasound waves was proposed, evaluating the individual effects of each component and their possible combinations in the efficiency of the processes and determining the reduction of total phenolic compounds, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and color. With the photo-Fenton process was possible to reduce 41.30% of total phenolic compounds, 31.51% of chemical oxygen demand, 13.92% of total organic carbon and 30.66% of color, these values were higher than those achieved by the Fenton process due to the application of ultraviolet radiation. With the application of ultrasound waves in the sono-Fenton and sono-photo-Fenton processes, the reductions of the analyzed parameters were lower than those achieved by the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes, compared respectively, due to the occurrence of reactions that scavenge the hydroxyl radicals. The evaluation of the components individually and in pairs proved that the combination of Fenton's reagents, ferrous iron and hydrogen peroxide, are essential for the greater production of hydroxyl radicals, due to the greater reductions achieved when these two components are added. The treatment of a gallic acid solution, used as a model compound for phenolic compounds, also showed the same trend in the decreasing of concentration, as the results for the winery wastewater, proving that the organic matter present in the effluent matrix is not responsible for the lower decreases of the parameters by the processes with ultrasound, but the interaction between the ultrasonic waves and hydrogen peroxide, which reduces the amount of hydroxyl radicals. At the end of the treatments, the wastewater did not present acceptable values, within the parameters used in this work, for release into water courses, but the results obtained indicate that the Fenton process and its combinations are promising in the treatment of agro-industrial effluents containing natural phenolic compounds, including as a pre or post treatment with conventional biological treatments.

Peroxidation of vegetable oils represents a major problem for the food and biodiesel industries, and it is greatly accelerated by oil degree of unsaturation and by temperature increase. Phenols represent the most common additives used to counteract oil peroxidation, however clear structure-activity relationships at high temperatures are not available. We report, herein, a kinetic study of O2 consumption during spontaneous peroxidation of sunflower oil at 130 °C in the presence of 18 antioxidants belonging to the main families of natural and synthetic phenols, including α-tocopherol, alkylphenols (BHT, BHA), hydroquinones (TBHD), catechols (quercetin, catechin) and gallates. Results show that TBHQ provide the best protection in terms of induction period (IP) duration and O2 consumption rate. EPR spectroscopy demonstrated that the inhibition activity is negatively correlated to the stability of the phenoxyl radical of the antioxidant (A•), suggesting that chain propagation with linoleate (RH) moieties A• + RH → AH + R• decreases the efficacy of those antioxidants forming persistent A• radicals. These results provide important information to optimize the antioxidant activity of phenols and of novel phenol-based materials.

The aim: Was to study the state of the nitric oxide system, LPO and antioxidant system in the body of experimental animals in simulated metabolic syndrome. The aim of the study was to study the state of the nitric oxide system, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in the body of experimental animals in simulated MS. Materials andmethods: The study was performed on 20 white male Wistar rats. Male control rats (n = 10) were fed a normal control diet. Male rats of the main group (n = 10) were fed a diet high in fat (over 60 % energy from fats) for 16 weeks, thus modeling the development of MS. The indicators of the prooxidant and antioxidant system, as well as the nitric oxide system were determined by photospectrographic method. Results: In animals with simulated MS, intensification of lipoperoxidation (statistically significantly higher level of TBA-active products 1.84 times), depletion of antioxidant protection (statistically significantly lower level of superoxide dismutase 2 times), activation of nitric oxide system (statistically significantly higher NO-synthase level 2.15 times) were found compared with intact animals. Conclusions: In animals with simulated MS, activation of lipid peroxidation processes, depletion of antioxidant protection and increased levels of nitrooxidative stress were found.

The longevity-homeoviscous adaptation (LHA) theory of ageing states that lipid composition of cell membranes is linked to metabolic rate and lifespan, which has been widely shown in mammals and birds but not sufficiently in fish. In this study, two species of the genus Amphiprion (Amphiprion percula and Amphiprion clarkii, with estimated maximum lifespan potentials [MLSP] of 30 and 9–16 years, respectively) and the damselfish Chromis viridis (estimated MLSP of 1–2 years) were chosen to test the LHA theory of ageing in a potential model of exceptional longevity. Brain, livers and samples of skeletal muscle were collected for lipid analyses and integral part in the computation of membrane peroxidation indexes (PIn) from phospholipid (PL) fractions and PL fatty acid composition. When only the two Amphiprion species were compared, results pointed to the existence of a negative correlation between membrane PIn value and maximum lifespan, well in line with the predictions from the LHA theory of ageing. Nevertheless, contradictory data were obtained when the two Amphiprion species were compared to the shorter-lived C. viridis. These results along with those obtained in previous studies on fish denote that the magnitude (and sometimes the direction) of the differences observed in membrane lipid composition and peroxidation index with MLSP cannot explain alone the diversity in longevity found among fishes.

Currently, there is an increasing trend to replace artificial antioxidants with natural antioxidants. However, certain naturally occurring antioxidants have lower antioxidant activities than artificial antioxidants. Therefore, they will not be as effective in preventing cellular damage. Nevertheless, if they are controlled, natural antioxidants represent a valuable alternative to synthetic antioxidants. With regard to current knowledge, new applications of natural antioxidants in the food industry include food additives, feedstuffs, food packaging materials, and nutraceuticals. The younger leaves of Malan (Kalimeris indica (L.) Sch. Bip.), often referred to as “malanto”, are usually eaten as a vegetable. The findings of this study demonstrated that malanto flavonoids form the active ingredient of the naturally occurring malanto. The malanto extract contains six flavonoids with antioxidant capacity. Malanto flavonoids (0.02% addition) were evaluated for their antioxidant effects and were found to be similar to BHT in inhibiting the peroxidation of sesame, soybean, and sunflower oils. This study aims to provide unique insights into the comprehensive utilization of the flavonoids extracted from malanto.

The influence of actively/passively encapsulated oleuropein on DPPC liposomes thermal and structural properties, and its antioxidant capacity against lipid peroxidation were investigated. Also, an oleuropein-rich olive leaf extract was encapsulated in soy phosphatidylcholine (PL-90 g) and incorporated in model and commercial drinks. Oleuropein induced a concentration-dependent broadening and splitting of the gel-to-liquid phase transition temperature. Fluorescence measurements revealed a fluidizing effect on liposomes below their gel-to-liquid phase transition temperature, and a higher lipid ordering above, especially to active encapsulation. Oleuropein also showed an antioxidant effect against lipid peroxidation in PL-90 g liposomes. PL-90 g Liposomes with olive leaf extract showed a mean diameter of 405 ± 4 nm and oleuropein encapsulation efficiency of 34% and delayed oleuropein degradation at pH 2.0 and 2.8 model drinks. In conclusion, greater effects were observed on the structure and fluidity of DPPC liposomes when oleuropein was actively encapsulated, while its incorporation into acidic foods in encapsulated form could enhance its stability.

The efficacy of elaborated methods of intraperitoneal prolonged sorption has been studied on a model of pancreatogenic peritonitis. The elaborated methods inhibit the activation of peroxidation, proteolysis and fibrinolysis, contributing to a decrease of the destructive process in the pancreas., На моделе панкреатогенного перитонита изучена эффективность разработанных методов интраперитонеальной пролонгированной сорбции. Разработанные методы угнетают активацию пероксидного окисления, протеолиза и фибринолиза, что способствует уменьшению деструктивных процессов в поджелудочной железе., На моделі панкреатогенного перитоніту вивчено ефективність розроблених методів інтраперитонеальної пролонгованої сорбції. Розроблені методи пригнічують активацію процесів пероксидного окиснення, протеолізу та фібринолізу, що сприяє зменшенню деструктивних процесів у підшлунковій залозі.

Cadmium disrupts the blood-testes barrier, interferes with various antioxidant levels thus enhancing lipid peroxidation and ultimately leading to apoptosis and necrosis of testicular tissue. Moringa oleifera is a medicinal plant and a rich source of essential phytochemicals possessing antioxidant properties. The effect of aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera on reproductive function following cadmium chloride induced oxidative stress in male Wistar rats was investigated. Forty adult male Wistar rats were assigned into five groups of eight rats each. Treatment was administered orally daily as follows: Group 1 (control): animal feed and tap water ad libitum; Group 2: 5 mg kg-1 cadmium chloride for 21 days; Group 3: 500 mg kg-1 of M. oleifera and 5 mg kg-1 of cadmium chloride for 21 days; Group 4: 5 mg kg-1 cadmium chloride for 21 days followed by 500 mg kg-1 M. oleifera for the next 35 days; Group 5: 5 mg kg-1 cadmium chloride for 21 days followed by 750 mg kg-1 M. oleifera for the next 35 days. At the end of treatment, blood was obtained by direct cardiac puncture for fertility hormone assay and testicular tissue specimens were harvested for semen analysis and determination of antioxidant levels. Results obtained indicated that rats treated with the various extracts had significantly increased superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and catalase levels, increased serum concentrations of testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and increased percentage of viable and normal spermatozoa compared to control and only cadmium chloride treated rats (p < 0.05). The results obtained suggest that treatments with M. oleifera extract could ameliorate possible cellular damage caused by administration of cadmium chloride.

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a therapy used for over 50 years in a wide variety of clinical conditions in which oral or enteral feeding is impossible, insufficient or contraindicated. Due to the complex nature of the admixtures composition, they should always be prepared under the supervision of a trained pharmacist in a properly equipped parenteral nutrition unit of hospital pharmacy. PN is a high-alert medication, which means that it can place patients at risk for significant harm when used in error, and even small errors can cause serious outcomes, including death. Parenteral nutrition admixtures contain dozens of active substances and excipients, and their preparation is associated with a high risk of interactions and instabilities. Despite many years of research, the role of individual factors affecting the stability of the mixture is still not fully understood. The major risk includes precipitation of calcium phosphate, aggregation of lipid emulsion droplets, and separation of its phases. Also many chemical reactions can take place during storage and administration. They can be affected by the storage temperature and time, composition of the admixture, particularly the type of lipid emulsion, addition of trace elements, and vitamins. What is more, the exposure to oxygen and light can cause formation of peroxides and other degradation products that can be harmful for the patients, particularly neonates, because their limited antioxidant reserves. Numerous in vitro an in vivo studies described many different methods of limiting peroxidation process in parenteral nutrition admixtures, including protection from light by covering admixture bag or syringe with polymer foil, as well as using dark color tubing to deliver PN. It was showed that peroxidation process can be also limited by using multilayer bags, impermeable to oxygen. In most studies, addition of multivitamins to admixture has protective effect on lipids, due to antioxidative properties of ascorbic acid and tocopherols, but in some studies the effect was opposite. It was caused by the reaction of light-induced riboflavin with ascorbates, thus the light protection seems to have the major importance. The aim of this review is to present available data on factors stimulating and inhibiting the process of peroxidation in parenteral nutrition admixtures, their importance for the health of nutritionally treated patients, as well as to describe the current guidelines on proper methods of protection of admixtures from peroxidation process.

Wound tissue repair is a complex and dynamic process of restoring cellular structures and tissue layers. Improvement in this process is necessary to effectively treat several pathologies characterized by a chronic delayed wound closure, such as in diabetes, and the investigation of new approaches aimed to ameliorate the wound healing process is under continuous evolution. Recently, the usage of vegetable matrices in the form of ozonated oils has been proposed, and several researchers have shown positive effects on wound healing, due to the bactericidal, antiviral, and antifungal properties of these ozonated oils. In the present review, we intend to summarize the actual state of the art of the topical usage of ozonated oil in cutaneous wounds with special emphasis to the importance of the ozonated degree of the oil.

Angiogenesis is involved in many pathological states such as progression of tumours, retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy. The latter is a more complex diabetic complication in which neurodegeneration plays a significant role and a leading cause of blindness. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a powerful pro‐angiogenic factor that acts through three tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGFR‐1, VEGFR‐2 and VEGFR‐3). In this work we studied the anti‐angiogenic effect of quercetin (Q) and some of its derivates in human microvascular endothelial cells, as a blood retinal barrier model, after stimulation with VEGF‐A. We found that a permethylated form of Q, namely 8MQPM, more than the simple Q, is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis both in vitro and ex vivo. Our results showed that these compounds inhibited cell viability and migration and disrupted the formation of microvessels in rabbit aortic ring. The addition of Q and more significantly 8MQPM caused recoveries or completely re‐establish the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) to the control values and suppressed the activation of VEGFR2 downstream signalling molecules such as AKT, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase. Taken together, these data suggest that 8MQPM might have an important role in the contrast of angiogenesis‐related diseases.

Salt bath preoxidation was primarily conducted prior to salt bath nitriding, and the effect on salt bath nitriding was compared with that of conventional air preoxidation. Characterization of the modified surface layer was made by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), micro-hardness tester and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the salt bath preoxidation could significantly enhance the nitriding efficiency. The thickness of compound layer was increased from 13.3μm to 20.8μm by salt bath preoxidation, more than 60% higher than that by conventional air preoxidation under the same salt bath nitriding parameters of 560℃ and 120min. Meanwhile, higher cross-section hardness and thicker effective hardening layer were obtained by salt bath preoxidation, and the enhancement mechanism of salt bath preoxidation was discussed.

The damages of freezing technique of sperm including motility, survival and membrane disorders involves the formation of ice crystals, oxidative stress, osmotic changes and the re-organization of lipid-protein in the cell membrane. Zinc plays basic role in membrane stability and physical properties of the attached fibers, sperm tail morphology and sperm motility. The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of Nano zinc oxide (Nano-znO) on post-thaw variables and oxidative status of Moghani ram semen. In order to collect semen of four Moghani rams, 3-4 years old with an average weight of 80-90 kg were used to twice a weekly. Sperm samples (in five replicates) were frozen in five groups: control group, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/mL of Nano-znO. The hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) was used to evaluate the integrity of the plasma membrane of the sperm. The results showed that the average of integrity of the plasma membrane of sperm and MDA production in the medium containing 0.1 mg/mL of Nano-znO was with the highest and lowest percentages, respectively (P

So far, the possibility of synthesizing hydrogels based on multiple biopolymers has been investigated, and among them lignin has proven to be one of the potentials for this purpose due to the multiple advantages it offers. However, because of its high molecular weight, steric hindrance and few reactive sites on its structure, it is sometimes necessary to improve its reactivity though chemical modifications. On the basis of previous results, two chemical modifications were selected in order to enhance almond, walnut and commercial alkaline and organosolv lignins' reactivity: a peroxidation reaction for alkaline ones and a hydroxymethylation for organosolv ones. Both reactions were confirmed by multiple techniques (i.e. FTIR, GPC and TGA). Hydrogels were syn-thesized from these lignins according to previous works. The high lignin waste of the synthesized hydrogels suggested that despite the modification of the lignins, just the highest molecular weight fractions reacted with the matrix polymer. Moreover, the swelling capacity of modified alkaline lignin-based hydrogels was negatively affected, whereas the one for organosolv lignin-based samples improved. The SEM micrographs explained the aforementioned, and the results from the DSC and compression tests were in accordance with them. Self -extracted quercetin loading and release studies suggested that these samples could be used for controlled drug delivery. The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Department of Education of the Basque Government (IT1498-22) . A. Morales would like to thank the University of the Basque Country (Training of Researcher Staff, PIF17/207) . P. Gullón would like to acknowledge the Grants for the recruitment of technical support staff (PTA2019-017850-I) under the Spanish State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2017-2020. The authors thank SGIker (UPV/EHU/ERDF, EU) for their technical and human support.

Liver fibrosis is a chronic disease associated with oxidative stress that has a great impact on the population mortality. Due to their antioxidant capacity, we evaluated the protective effect of Opuntia robusta fruit (Or) on liver fibrosis. A nutraceutical characterization of Or was performed and a model of fibrosis was induced with thioacetamide (TAA) in Wistar rats. Aminotransferases, reduced glutathione (GSH) and histopathology were evaluated. Or contained 436.5 ± 57 mg of Betacyanins equivalents/L., 793 mg of catechin equivalents (CAE)/100 g for flavonoids, 1118 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g for total phenols, 141.14 mg/100 g for vitamin C and 429.9 μg/100 g for vitamin E. The antioxidant capacity of Or was: 2.27 mmol of Trolox® equivalents (TE)/L (DPPH), 62.2 ± 5.0 μmol TE/g (ABTS•+), 80.2 ± 11.7 μmol TE/g (FRAP), 247.9 ± 15.6 µmol TE/g (AAPH) and 15.0% of H2O2 elimination. An increase (p < 0.05) of aminotransferases and a decrease (p < 0.05) of hepatic GSH was observed in the TAA group compared to the control and the concomitant groups. Histopathology showed changes in the normal architecture of the liver treated with TAA compared to the concomitant treatments. Or contains bioactive components with antioxidant capacity, which can reduce fibrotic liver damage.

International audience; Lipid oxidation is the major chemical phenomenon leading to the deterioration of edible oils by the diminution of their organoleptic and nutritional qualities. This study was aimed at profiling a phenolic extract from sweet Basil cultivated in Morocco and to investigate its possible protective effect against the oxidative process in sunflower edible oil as a natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants. The extract provides significant prevention of sunflower oil peroxidation after storage at 37 degrees C for 60 days. However, the effect was relatively less than that exerted by the BHA. Against, the phenolic extract significantly decreased the peroxidation value of oil after heating at 370 degrees C/5 h; the effect was comparable to that of BHA. Besides, the extract protects sunflower oil against oxidation induced by copper ion, but this activity remains statistically lower than that exerted by the BHA. Moreover, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the phenolic extract is less than that recorded by the BHA. This extract inhibits also the oxidative bleaching of beta-carotene relatively less than BHA. The extract contains 153.19 +/- 1.05 mg/g total phenol. The HPLC analysis showed that the extract contains eight phenolic acids (caftaric acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, chicoric acid, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid) and two flavonoids (rutin and luteolin-7 glucoside). In conclusion, we suggest that the phenolic Basil extract is a good source of natural antioxidants that might be exploited in edible oil preservation.

Background Totoaba, Totoaba macdonaldi, is an endemic species of the Gulf of California, where wide variations in sea temperature throughout the year, surface salinities that gradually increase towards the north, and contamination by discharge of wastewater have been recorded. In addition to the challenges of reproduction and swimming, its characteristic biannual migration presents totoaba with changes in environmental factors that could affect oxidative stress indicators. The objective of this study was to assess spatial and seasonal changes in the oxidative stress indicators in muscle samples of totoaba. Methods Reactive oxygen species production, antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels were quantified by spectrophotometry. Results Results suggest spatial-temporal variations of the oxidative stress indicators in muscle of totoaba that may be associated to a complex interaction between environmental and biological factors, including reproduction and nutrient availability. These results contribute to explain the appeal of totoaba as a marketable meat and suggest totoaba may provide antioxidant nutrients to consumers.

Emerging evidence indicates that unexpected lipid droplet (LD) deposition and peroxidation can accelerate organelle stress and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). In our previous study, we confirmed that kaempferol (Ka), a natural flavonoid small molecule, exhibited neuroprotective effects on mice with LPS-induced Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, previous studies have shown that autophagy plays an important role in the regulation of cellular LD deposition. In the current study, we showed that Ka protected against TH+ neuronal loss and behavioral deficits in MPTP/p-induced PD mice, accompanied by reduced lipid oxidative stress in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In cultured neuronal cells, Ka exhibited a relatively safe concentration range and significantly suppressed LD accumulation and cellular apoptosis induced by MPP+. Further study indicated that the protective effect of Ka was dependent on autophagy, specifically lipophagy. Critically, Ka promoted autophagy to mediate LD degradation in lysosomes, which then alleviated lipid deposition and peroxidation and the resulting mitochondrial damage, consequently reducing neuronal death. Furthermore, AAV-shAtg5-mediated Atg5 knockdown abolished the neuroprotective effects of Ka against lipid oxidation in PD mice. This work demonstrates that Ka prevents dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in PD via the inhibition of lipid peroxidation-mediated mitochondrial damage by promoting lipophagy and provides a potential novel therapeutic strategy for PD and related NDDs.

Background The mitigating effect of Ananas comosus (pineapple juice) extract on an aluminum-induced testicular toxicity in male Wistar rats was examined in this study. Thirty healthy adult male Wistar rats with an average weight of 200 g were grouped into six groups; distilled water and 1 ml of pineapple juice extracts were administered to the control and treated animals respectively for 3 weeks. The control group was given rat pellets and distilled water. Negative control was given 100mg/kg/d Aluminum Chloride and pellets; Group 1 was given 100mg/kg/d and 1ml of pineapple juice in distilled water orally; Group 2 was given 100mg/kg/d Aluminum Chloride and 1.5 ml of in distilled water orally; group 3 was given 100 mg/kg/day aluminum chloride and 2 ml of pineapple juice in distilled water orally; group 4 was given 100 mg/kg/day aluminum chloride and 2.5 ml of pineapple juice in distilled water orally. Testicular histology, semen parameters, and testosterone were assessed. Results This study showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in testicular volume, motile sperm count, concentration, total count, progressive evaluation, and morphology in the negative control group relative to the normal control and extract control groups. In the groups co-treated with aluminum chloride and Ananas comosus extract, there was improvement in sperm volume, motility, total count, progressive assessment, and morphology. There was also a statistical decrease (P < 0.05) in testosterone hormone in the negative control group, but there was an increase in the aluminum chloride and Ananas comosus extract co-treated groups. Similarly, in co-treated aluminum chloride and Ananas comosus extract, the degenerative seminiferous tubule histoarchitecture due to aluminum chloride in the negative control group was enhanced. Conclusion Based on this current study, it was evident that aluminum chloride induced oxidative stress and retarded reproduction in males whereas Ananas comosus mitigated reproduction in males by improving sperm parameters and microarchitecture of the testes.

Fish oil supplementation is commonplace in human nutrition and is being used in both enteral and parenteral formulations during the treatment of patients with a large variety of diseases and immune status. The biological effects of fish oil are believed to result from their content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). These fatty acids are known to have numerous effects upon immune functions and are described as immunomodulatory. However, immunomodulatory is a nondescript term that encompasses immunostimulation and immunosuppression. The primary goal of this review is to better describe the immune effects of n-3 PUFA as they relate to immunostimulatory vs. immunosuppressive effects. One mechanism proposed for the immune effects of n-3 PUFA relates to the production of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). A second goal of this review is to evaluate the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation upon production of SPMs. Although n-3 PUFA are stated to possess anti-oxidative properties, these molecules are highly oxidizable due to multiple double bonds and may increase oxidative stress. Thus, the third goal of this review is to evaluate the effects of n-3 PUFA upon lipid oxidation. We conclude, based upon current scientific evidence, that n-3 PUFA suppress inflammatory responses and most cellular immune responses such as chemotaxis, transmigration, antigen presentation, and lymphocyte functions and should be considered immunosuppressive. n-3 PUFA induced production of resolution molecules is inconsistent with many resolution molecules failing to respond to n-3 PUFA supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation is associated with increased lipid peroxidation in most studies. Vitamin E co-administration is unreliable for prevention of the lipid peroxidation. These effects should be considered when administering n-3 PUFA to patients that may be immunosuppressed or under high oxidative stress due to illness or other treatments.

PhD (Science with Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus "Abstract not copied" Doctoral

The influence of actively/passively encapsulated oleuropein on DPPC liposomes thermal and structural properties, and its antioxidant capacity against lipid peroxidation were investigated. Also, an oleuropein-rich olive leaf extract was encapsulated in soy phosphatidylcholine (PL-90 g) and incorporated in model and commercial drinks. Oleuropein induced a concentration-dependent broadening and splitting of the gel-to-liquid phase transition temperature. Fluorescence measurements revealed a fluidizing effect on liposomes below their gel-to-liquid phase transition temperature, and a higher lipid ordering above, especially to active encapsulation. Oleuropein also showed an antioxidant effect against lipid peroxidation in PL-90 g liposomes. PL-90 g Liposomes with olive leaf extract showed a mean diameter of 405 ± 4 nm and oleuropein encapsulation efficiency of 34% and delayed oleuropein degradation at pH 2.0 and 2.8 model drinks. In conclusion, greater effects were observed on the structure and fluidity of DPPC liposomes when oleuropein was actively encapsulated, while its incorporation into acidic foods in encapsulated form could enhance its stability.

Background Totoaba, Totoaba macdonaldi, is an endemic species of the Gulf of California, where wide variations in sea temperature throughout the year, surface salinities that gradually increase towards the north, and contamination by discharge of wastewater have been recorded. In addition to the challenges of reproduction and swimming, its characteristic biannual migration presents totoaba with changes in environmental factors that could affect oxidative stress indicators. The objective of this study was to assess spatial and seasonal changes in the oxidative stress indicators in muscle samples of totoaba. Methods Reactive oxygen species production, antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels were quantified by spectrophotometry. Results Results suggest spatial-temporal variations of the oxidative stress indicators in muscle of totoaba that may be associated to a complex interaction between environmental and biological factors, including reproduction and nutrient availability. These results contribute to explain the appeal of totoaba as a marketable meat and suggest totoaba may provide antioxidant nutrients to consumers.

In keeping with the circular economy approach, reclaiming greywater (GW) is considered a sustainable approach to local reuse of wastewater and a viable option to reduce household demand for freshwater. This study investigated the mineralization of total organic carbon (TOC) in GW using TiO2-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in a custom-built stirred tank reactor. The combinations of H2O2, O3, and immobilized TiO2 under either dark or UVA irradiation conditions were systematically evaluated&mdash, namely TiO2/dark, O3/dark (ozonation), H2O2/dark (peroxidation), TiO2/UVA (photocatalysis), O3/UVA (Ozone photolysis), H2O2/UVA (photo-peroxidation), O3/TiO2/dark (catalytic ozonation), O3/TiO2/UVA (photocatalytic ozonation), H2O2/TiO2/dark, H2O2/TiO2/UVA, H2O2/O3/dark (peroxonation), H2O2/O3/UVA (photo-peroxonation), H2O2/O3/TiO2/dark (catalytic peroxonation), and H2O2/O3/TiO2/UVA (photocatalytic peroxonation). It was found that combining different treatment methods with UVA irradiation dramatically enhanced the organic mineralization efficiency. The optimum TiO2 loading in this study was observed to be 0.96 mg/cm2 with the highest TOC removal (54%) achieved using photocatalytic peroxonation under optimal conditions (0.96 mg TiO2/cm2, 25 mg O3/min, and 0.7 H2O2/O3 molar ratio). In peroxonation and photo-peroxonation, the optimal H2O2/O3 molar ratio was identified to be a critical efficiency parameter maximizing the production of reactive radical species. Increasing ozone flow rate or H2O2 dosage was observed to cause an efficiency inhibition effect. This lab-based study demonstrates the potential for combined TiO2-AOP treatments to significantly reduce the organic fraction of real GW, offering potential for the development of low-cost systems permitting safe GW reuse.

Singlet oxygen ene reactions produce 2-(tert-butyl)-4a-hydroperoxy-3-methyl-2,4a, 5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinazolin-4(3H)-one quantitatively during diffusion crystallization of 2-(tert-butyl)-3-methyl-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one in n-hexane/CH2Cl2 solvent mixture. To confirm this photo-oxidation, a 1H-NMR study in CDCl3 was performed with exposure to ambient conditions (light and oxygen), with neither additional reactants nor catalysts. A theoretical study at the B3LyP/6311++G** level using the QST2 method of locating transition states suggests a two-step mechanism where the intermediate, which unexpectedly did not come from the peroxide intermediate, has a low activation energy.

The effects of using grape pomace as natural antioxidant in polyunsaturated fatty acids enriched broiler diets (4% flaxseed meal) on color, texture and lipid peroxidation of meat were evaluated. The 4-week feeding trial was conducted on 200, Cobb 500 broilers, assigned to 5 groups and housed in an experimental hall with floored pens. Compared to the control group, the diet for the experimental groups included 3% or 6% of two grape pomace varieties, white and red. Diet formulation enrichment with red grape pomace influenced the meat color parameters, underlining an accentuated total color difference (&Delta, E) for both breast and thigh as compared to the control. The dietary supplementation with grape pomace led to the increase of meat hardness regardless of the amount and variety added. The grape pomace inclusion in broiler diets positively influenced meat color and texture. Regarding the lipid oxidation parameters, there was a decrease of the value of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in thigh meat in all experimental groups. Additionally, significant differences were highlighted for breast in 3% white grape pomace and 6% red grape pomace supplemented groups when compared to the control group. In conclusion, the supplementation of broiler diets enriched in PUFA with grape pomace improved meat color and texture, which are essential parameters for consumer&rsquo, s choice. Also, the grape pomace supplementation indicated an improvement of thigh meat oxidative stability, especially regarding the TBARS value.

In this study, we present results on fatty acid analysis of phytoplankton of Lake Baikal, the world’s deepest lake, which differs from other lakes by its oceanic features. Since we used a large-mesh net, the net sample phytoplankton were primarily represented by the large elongated diatom Synedra acus. subsp. radians (Kützing) Skabichevskij. The similar algae composition of net samples of spring season phytoplankton collected at different sites of the lake allows us to compare results of the fatty acid analysis of these samples. The phytoplankton diversity of the sedimentation samples was contrary represented by 32 algae species. There are clear changes in the fatty acid composition of net phytoplankton exposed to anthropogenic impacts of varying intensity. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in phytoplankton collected from central stations (pelagic stations at a distance of ~10–30 km from the shoreline) without anthropogenic impact was higher by up to 15% than phytoplankton collected from nearshore stations (littoral stations at a distance of ~0.01–0.05 km from the shoreline) and offshore stations (pelagic stations at a distance of ~3 km from the shoreline). The interlaboratory precision of fatty acid determination of phytoplankton is estimated as ≤10%. We found high content of the lipid peroxidation marker (80–340 μg g−1 of dry weight) in phytoplankton from nearshore and offshore stations with intensive anthropogenic impact. In phytoplankton from central stations, we did not find any lipid peroxidation. Determination of unsaturated fatty acids, coupled with analysis of fatty acid peroxidation products, can be used to evaluate the level of anthropogenic impact in terms of ecological health and biodiversity conservation.

Introduction. Autoimmune thyroiditis is one of the most important problems of modern endocrinology, with inadequately studied etiological and pathogenic mechanisms of development. It is characterized by the lack of objective and reliable diagnostic methods, effective treatment methods, uncertain therapy or indications for the choice of treatment methods. The aim of the study. Determination of markers for prediction of clinical course and choice of surgery’ volume in patients with nodular goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis, taking into account the oxidative, autoimmune and apoptotic processes. Material and methods. A total of 95 patients who were operated for a nodular endemic goiter on the background of autoimmune thyroiditis were examined. The status of pro- and antioxidant systems, the activity of proinflammatory cytokines, hormonal function of thyroid gland, the level of antibodies to thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin antibodies and ultrasound structural changes in the thyroid gland have been evaluated in all patients, before and after surgery. Results. In patients with nodular endemic goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis, in the remote period after surgical treatment, there is a significant increase in the peroxide oxidation index and a decrease in the activity of antioxidant defense systems, against the suppression of apoptotic processes and the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These processes lead to functional failure, hyperplasia and the progression of structural thyroid abnormalities, with progression of the functional incapacity of the thyroid gland and inadequate long-term outcome of treatment. Conclusions. The study allowed to clarify the indications and contraindications of different methods of treatment in patients with NGAIT, taking into account the parameters of severity of peroxide oxidation processes, the activity of apoptosis and functional capacity of the gland.

We previously showed that an alkyl-ether analog of lysophosphatidic acid, AGP (alkyl-glycerophosphate), accumulates in human atherosclerotic plaques and is a potent agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). On the other hand, cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA), similar in structure to AGP, can negatively regulate PPARγ. However, in this study, cPA had no effect on the expression and secretion of C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL-2), a chemokine that is also linked to inflammatory responses and atherosclerosis. We showed that AGP enhances CCL-2 mRNA expression and secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathology of cardiovascular diseases; we showed that AGP triggers ROS generation and lipid peroxidation and that ROS and 8-isoprostane generation can be suppressed by a PPARγ antagonist. These results suggest that an imbalance of the PPARγ agonist-antagonist equilibrium is involved in changes in cellular functions, including ROS generation and lipid peroxidation., Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 106, pp.686-691; 2018

Contact to dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) or disclosure to gamma radioactivity brings group of responsive oxygen classes (ROC) particularly radical of peroxyl group (ROO•) and radical of hydroxyl group (•OH), which is able to initiate the peroxidation of lipids. The demonstration of early study shows the possibility of extraction therapeutically. Edible plants like Zingiber, Loranthus europeaus, dactylifera, have an important characteristic action called “antioxidant” which is counted as a radical searcher. This study inspected the shielding DMH which lead to cause the peroxidation of lipids by means of brain mitochondria and liver of rats as perfect organisms. The outcomes shows the therapeutic plant excerpts potentially reserved thio-acid and the hydroperoxides of the lipids as active ingredients which demonstrate the effect of the protection of membranes. We conclude that the deep protection consequences due to the outcomes of Zingiber officinale, Citrus aurantifolis, Phoenix dactylifera, Loranthus europeaus in contradiction of the peroxidation of the lipids through two main methods of ROC accomplished of making this kind of harm in a main organelle, the mitochondria as of both rat brain and liver. It also leads to the possibility of using these plants for health benefits.

The use of oils with undetected alterations is a long-recognized problem for in vitro embryo production systems. Since peroxides in oils have been associated with reduced embryo production outcomes, our goals were (1) to evaluate the effects of a batch of mineral oil (MO) that was suspected to be altered on the in vitro production of pig embryos and (2) to determine oil peroxide values throughout culture and the transfer of oxidant agents from oil to culture media. Sunflower oil, which has a completely different chemical composition than MO but a higher oxidative status, and unaltered MO were used as controls. Oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryo development were affected differently depending on the oil overlay used. While the suspected MO was not able to sustain in vitro maturation and fertilization, the oocytes incubated in the presence of sunflower oil were matured and fertilized similarly to those of the unaltered MO group. Moreover, the cleavage rate of presumed zygotes cultured under the suspected MO was severely reduced compared with those cultured under the other oils, and none of the cleaved embryos developed to the blastocyst stage. Although the cleavage rates in the sunflower oil and unaltered MO groups were similar, embryos cultured under sunflower oil also failed to develop to the blastocyst stage. Our results revealed that the suspected MO and sunflower oil had similar levels of peroxides and that these levels were much higher than those of the unaltered MO. The total oxidant status was higher in media incubated under peroxidized oils than in fresh media or media incubated without an oil overlay or under unaltered MO, indicating that oxidant agents were transferred to the incubation media. However, unlike the sunflower oil group, the culture media incubated under the suspected MO had high levels of total oxidant status and low levels of hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species, suggesting the presence of other unknown oxidant agents in that oil. These results indicate that a peroxidized MO overlay dramatically decreases embryo production outcomes. This decrease could be associated with the higher peroxide values of the oil but cannot be explained by the levels of hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species transferred from the oil to the culture media. It is likely that different oxidant agent(s) and/or other toxic compounds present in the peroxidized MO are responsible for its damaging effects on oocytes and embryos. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Funding Agencies|Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Madrid, Spain); European Regional Development Fund [AGL2015-69735-R]; Seneca Foundation, Murcia, Spain [19892/GERM/15]; Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [BES-2013-064087, BES-2013-064069]

Graphical Abstract There are many aspects involved in the formulation and use of emulsion based drug delivery systems. Apart from the efficiency in delivering drugs at localised sites and good drug release, an important aspect that is often overlooked is the oxidative stability. This is vital because these emulsions are formulated from lipidic ingredients prone to oxidation. Oxidative stability affects emulsion systems and bodily systems upon administration. Preventive measures and peroxidation evaluation are thus crucial. Unlabelled image, Pharmaceutical delivery systems are developed to improve the physicochemical properties of therapeutic compounds. Emulsions are one of these drug delivering systems formulated using water, oils and lipids as main ingredients. Extensive data are usually generated on the physical and chemical characteristics of these oil-in-water and lipid emulsions. However, the oxidative tendency of emulsions is often overlooked. Oxidation impacts the overall quality and safety of these pharmaceutical emulsions. Additionally, introducing oxidatively unstable emulsions into biological systems further promotes oxidation in situ. Products of these reactions then continue to pose serious harm to cells and fuel other physiological oxidation reactions. Consequently, the increase of oxidation products leads to oxidative damage to biological systems. Thus, emulsions with lower lipid peroxidation are more stable and will reduce the negative effects of oxidation in situ. Preventive measures during the formulation of emulsions are important. Many naturally occurring and cost effective substances possess low oxidation tendencies and confer oxidative protection when used in emulsions. Additionally, certain preparatory methods should be employed to reduce or better control lipid peroxidation. Finally, emulsions must be evaluated for their oxidation susceptibility using the various techniques available. Careful attention to the preparation of emulsions and assessment of their oxidative stability will help produce safer emulsions without compromising efficacy.

Chloroperoxidase (CPO) can catalyze phenol reacting peroxide reaction generating with H2O2 to catechol,which can reduce the inhibitory effect of phenol degradating generating bacterial strains.At the meantime,it can accelerate the rate of phenol's biodegradation.The results show that 10 U/L of CPO has 67.85% conversion rate of 300 mg/L phenol within 2 h with an appropriate amount of H2O2.While the degradation rate of phenol degradation under synergy of strain and CPO is up to 70.72%,increased by 62.2% comparing with a single strain degradation rate (8.52%).Supplementary catechol in the reaction system can further verified that the intermediate products can be good for forming the co-substrate effect in bacteria,thereby improving the phenol degradation efficiency of biological bacterial cells.Biodegradation dynamics analysis shows that the maximum specific degradation rate of the CPO and strain synergistic.The maximum specific degradation rate qmax=0.000195 h-1,the matrix saturation constant Ks=1.0501 mg/L,and the substrate inhibition constant KI=5.1272 mg/L when phenol concentration in the range of 100~1 200 mg/L.

The derivatives of a succinic acid represent active compounds which realize their biological action via the influence on pro-/antioxidant processes and energetic metabolism. We studied the nitrogen oxide metabolism as well as reactions of the proteins and lipids free-radical peroxide oxidation under a sub-chronic effect of anti-diabetically active compounds – succinic acid derivatives and its metabolites. We found that the studied compounds were able to change the intensity of protein- and lipoperoxidation in a liver and blood serum interconnected with changes in the activity of the key antioxidant enzymes. The derivatives of succinic acid proved to inhibit the nitrogen oxide synthase reflected in a decrease in nitrite- and nitrate-anion level in a liver, blood plasma and urine as well as in changes in the oxidation processes in a liver and blood serum. We concluded in stating that the specified changes of pro-/antioxidant and nitrogen oxide homeostasis may serve as assessment criteria of the succinate-containing compounds’ biological action.

In this study the oxidation of phenol via heterogeneous Fenton-like process over silver-based catalysts loaded on CeO2, ZrO2 and Al2O3 has been evaluated. Structural and morphological properties were investigated by conventional techniques and catalytic tests were carried out in an autoclave at 343 K. Phenol conversion was evaluated by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) measurements. The influence of pH and temperature on phenol conversion was also considered. Silver-doped ceria exhibited a good activity in the oxidation of phenol and the optimization of the reaction variables (pH and temperature) led to an increase of the activity reaching an almost complete degradation of the pollutant at pH = 2 and 343 K. The deactivation of the catalyst after up to five cycles were evaluated and the material resulted to be very stable. The present study highlights the potential of silver supported catalyst for the removal of organic compounds in wastewaters via heterogeneous Fenton-like system.

Background/Aims: estrogens and phytoestrogens exert hepatoprotection through mechanisms not clearly examined yet. Here, we investigated the protective effects exerted by 17β-estradiol and genistein against oxidative stress in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and the involvement of specific receptors and the intracellular signalling. Methods: Huh7.5 and LX-2, alone or in co-culture with Huh7.5, were treated with 17β-estradiol and genistein alone or in the presence of menadione and of estrogen receptors (ERs) and G protein-coupled-estrogenic-receptors (GPER) blockers. Cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidant/antioxidant system were measured by specific kits. Western Blot was used for the analysis of Akt and p38-mitogen-activated-protein kinases (MAPK) activation and α-smooth-muscle actin expression. Results: In Huh7.5, 17β-estradiol and genistein prevented the effects of peroxidation by modulating Akt and p38MAPK activation. Similar antioxidant and protective findings were obtained in LX-2 of co-culture experiments, only. ERs and GPER blockers were able to prevent the effects of 17β-estradiol and genistein. Conclusion: In Huh7.5 and LX-2, 17β-estradiol and genistein counteract the effects of peroxidation through the involvement of ERs and GPER and by an intracellular signalling related to Akt and p38MAPK. As concerning LX-2, paracrine factors released by Huh7.5 play a key role in protection against oxidative stress.

The beneficial effects exerted by levosimendan against cardiac failure could be related to the modulation of oxidative balance. We aimed to examine the effects of levosimendan in patients with cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output on cardiac systo-diastolic function and plasma oxidants/antioxidants (glutathione, GSH; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS). In four patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or angioplasty, cardiovascular parameters and plasma GSH and TBARS were measured at T0 (before levosimendan infusion), T1 (1 h after the achievement of the therapeutic dosage of levosimendan), T2 (end of levosimendan infusion), T3 (72 h after the end of levosimendan infusion), and T4 (end of cardiogenic shock). We found an improvement in the indices of systolic (ejection fraction, cardiac output, cardiac index) and diastolic (E to early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity, E/’; early to late diastolic transmitral flow velocity, EA) cardiac function at early T2. A reduction of central venous pressure and pulmonary wedge pressure was also observed. Plasma levels of GSH and TBARS were restored by levosimendan at T1, as well. The results obtained indicate that levosimendan administration can regulate oxidant/antioxidant balance as an early effect in cardiogenic shock/low cardiac output patients. Modulation of oxidative status on a mitochondrial level could thus play a role in exerting the cardio-protection exerted by levosimendan in these patients.

BackgroundOxidized derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids, collectively known as oxylipins, are labile bioactive mediators with diverse roles in human physiology and pathology. Oxylipins are increasingly being measured in plasma collected in clinical studies to investigate biological mechanisms and as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for nutrient-based and drug-based interventions. Whole blood is generally stored either on ice or at room temperature prior to processing. However, the potential impacts of delays in processing, and of temperature prior to processing, on oxylipin concentrations are incompletely understood.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of delayed processing of blood samples in a timeframe that is typical of a clinical laboratory setting, using typical storage temperatures, on concentrations of representative unesterified oxylipins measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.DesignWhole blood (drawn on three separate occasions from a single person) was collected into 5 mL purple-top potassium-EDTA tubes and stored for 0, 10, 20, 30, 60 or 120min at room temperature or on wet ice, followed by centrifugation at 4 °C for 10min with plasma collection. Each sample was run in duplicate, therefore there were six tubes and up to six data points at each time point for each oxylipin at each condition (ice/room temperature). Representative oxylipins derived from arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and linoleic acid were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Longitudinal models were used to estimate differences between temperature groups 2h after blood draw.ResultsWe found that most oxylipins measured in human plasma in traditional potassium-EDTA tubes are reasonably stable when stored on ice for up to 2h prior to processing, with little evidence of auto-oxidation in either condition. By contrast, in whole blood stored at room temperature, substantial time-dependent increases in the 12-lipoxygenase-derived (12-HETE, 14-HDHA) and platelet-derived (thromboxane B2) oxylipins were observed.ConclusionThese findings suggest that certain plasma oxylipins can be measured with reasonable accuracy despite delayed processing for up to 2h when blood is stored on ice prior to centrifugation. 12-Lipoxygenase- and platelet-derived oxylipins may be particularly sensitive to post-collection artifact with delayed processing at room temperature. Future studies are needed to determine impacts of duration and temperature of centrifugation on oxylipin concentrations.

An improved system for measuring antioxidant activity via thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and ferric thiocyanate assays is reported, on the basis of oxidation of a linoleic acid (LA) emulsion. Oxidation times were reduced from 20 h to 5 h by increasing the reaction temperature from 37 &deg, C to 50 &deg, C and with an acceptable precision of &lt, 10% coefficient of variation (CV). Antioxidants varying in polarity and chemical class&mdash, 250 &micro, M Trolox, quercetin, ascorbic acid and gallic acid&mdash, were used for method optimisation. Further reductions in reaction time were investigated through the addition of catalysts, oxygen initiators or increasing temperature to 60 &deg, C, however, antioxidant activity varied from that established at 37 &deg, C and 20 h reaction time&mdash, the method validation conditions. Further validation of the method was achieved with catechin, epicatechin, caffeic acid and &alpha, tocopherol, with results at 50 &deg, C and 5 h comparable to those at 37 &deg, C and 20 h. The improved assay has the potential to rapidly screen antioxidants of various polarities, thus making it useful in studies where large numbers of plant extracts require testing. Furthermore, as this assay involves protection of a lipid, the assay is likely to provide complementary information to well-established tests, such as the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.

Coenzyme Q (CoQ or ubiquinone) serves as an essential redox-active lipid in respiratory electron and proton transport during cellular energy metabolism. CoQ also functions as a membrane-localized antioxidant protecting cells against lipid peroxidation. CoQ deficiency is associated with multiple human diseases; CoQ(10) supplementation in particular has noted cardioprotective benefits. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Coq10, a putative START domain protein, is believed to chaperone CoQ to sites where it functions. Yeast coq10 deletion mutants (coq10Δ) synthesize CoQ inefficiently during log phase growth and are respiratory defective and sensitive to oxidative stress. Humans have two orthologs of yeast COQ10, COQ10A and COQ10B. Here, we tested the human co-orthologs for their ability to rescue the yeast mutant. We showed that expression of either human ortholog, COQ10A or COQ10B, rescues yeast coq10Δ mutant phenotypes, restoring the function of respiratory-dependent growth on a nonfermentable carbon source and sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by treatment with PUFAs. These effects indicate a strong functional conservation of Coq10 across different organisms. However, neither COQ10A nor COQ10B restored CoQ biosynthesis when expressed in the yeast coq10Δ mutant. The involvement of yeast Coq10 in CoQ biosynthesis may rely on its interactions with another protein, possibly Coq11, which is not found in humans. Coexpression analyses of yeast COQ10 and human COQ10A and COQ10B provide additional insights to functions of these START domain proteins and their potential roles in other biologic pathways.

The natural peptide somatostatin has hormonal and cytostatic effects exerted by the binding to specific receptors in various tissues. Therapeutic uses are strongly prevented by its very short biological half-life of 1&ndash, 2 min due to enzymatic hydrolysis, therefore encapsulation methodologies are explored to overcome the need for continuous infusion regimes. Multilamellar liposomes made of natural phosphatidylcholine were used for the incorporation of a mixture of somatostatin and sorbitol dissolved in citrate buffer at pH = 5. Lyophilization and reconstitution of the suspension were carried out, showing the flexibility of this preparation. Full characterization of this suspension was obtained as particle size, encapsulation efficiency and retarded release properties in aqueous medium and human plasma. Liposomal somatostatin incubated at 37 &deg, C in the presence of Fe(II) and (III) salts were used as a biomimetic model of drug-cell membrane interaction, evidencing the free radical processes of peroxidation and isomerization that transform the unsaturated fatty acid moieties of the lipid vesicles. This study offers new insights into a liposomal delivery system and highlights molecular reactivity of sulfur-containing drugs with its carrier or biological membranes for pharmacological applications.

The behaviour of slightly oxidized virgin and refined soybean oils during in vitro digestion was studied by H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1 NMR) and solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The main objectives were to analyze lipolysis extent and oxidation during digestion, and to assess the impact of two different proportions of ovalbumin on both processes. At the same time gamma-tocopherol fate was monitored, when possible, by H-1 NMR. The results reveal that the initial oxidation degree of the oils negatively influences the lipolysis extent, reducing the bioaccessibility of the major oil components, which include some essential fatty acids. Although the low ovalbumin proportion tested does not significantly affect lipolysis, this is greatly enhanced when ovalbumin is added at a high level, improving lipid bioaccessibility. It has also been shown that oxidation does not seem to have occurred to a great enough extent during digestion for it to be detected from polyunsaturated acyl group degradation. Moreover, the changes observed in the oxidation product profile of the starting oils after digestion can be considered to be due mainly to the transformation of the initially present hydroperoxides, whose concentration diminishes in the digested samples to give hydroxy-dienes, epoxides and aldehydes. In presence of a high ovalbumin proportion, hydroperoxide reduction to hydroxy-dienes is favoured and lower levels of aldehydes and epoxides are observed. This latter could be due to a diminution in their generation and/or to their reaction with ovalbumin. A high proportion of this protein in the system also increases gamma-tocopherol bioaccessibility. This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO AGL 2015-65450-R), by the Basque Government (EJ-GV, IT-916-16) and by the Agriculture Department of the Basque Government (PA19/02). A. S. Martin-Rubio thanks the MINECO for a predoctoral contract.