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Collective action and capacity building locally are key elements in overcoming poverty through agroforestry and community silviculture. Starting from extreme poverty, degraded soils and a reluctance to plant trees, the communities of Zambrana Abajo in the Dominican Republic were able to confront and change repressive forestry policies, obtaining the first legal right amongst smallholders to harvest timber and establish new livelihoods related to forestry and agroforestry. This study was carried out in order to identify the success factors and the lessons learned in this process. Qualitative research methods were used, including participant observation, review of literature, in-depth interviews with key informants, and semi-structured interviews guided by the Community Capitals Framework. It was found that community participation, local knowledge and the authorities' recognition of it had an impact on forestry policy and overcoming poverty through livelihood diversification thanks to harvesting the species Acacia mangium Willd. The level of understanding about the benefits of trees influenced farmers' decisions to participate in agroforestry and community silviculture projects. The possibility of harvesting timber also influenced farmers' decision to participate and in the diffusion of this initiative to other parts of the country. These findings demonstrate that human capital and its recognition are relevant in improving quality of life for families and improving the natural environment.

International audience; Agroforestry systems (AFS) are presented as systems likely to meet a variety of interests from diverse stakeholders embodied in sectoral policies such as forestry or environment policies. However, they are in a process of being institutionalized in Europe through specific policy instruments mostly within agricultural policies. In this context, we investigated the agroforestry policyscape, meaning the social and spatial articulation between multiple policies impacting agroforestry along a Mediterranean landscape gradient from agricultural intensification to land abandonment. We focused on the necessary conditions to promote socio-political synergies between practices, actors and instruments to tackle agroforestry, from preexisting to emerging systems and issues in these landscapes. We worked in two Mediterranean protected areas, the Ventoux Biosphere Reserve and the Verdon Regional Nature Park, and conducted in-depth interviews with 50 practitioners and sectoral representatives from diverse policies directly affecting AFS. We identified five categories of AFS, some of them being traditional declining practices while other ‘modern’ forms are currently emerging with the ongoing agro-ecological transition. We highlighted that while stakeholders and policies from multiple social groups are interested in some AFS such as silvopastures, others AFS such as silvoarable systems are confined to a single social and political field, the agricultural one, or even ignored by policies such as grazed orchards. Regarding this agroforestry policyscape, we discuss opportunities for agroforestry development with issues of policies coordination, lack of instruments, and need for synergies with environmental or land-use planning policies.

La deforestazione è dovuta alla crescente domanda di prodotti agricoli e di biocarburanti: 10 miliardi di ettari l'anno secondo la Fao. Gli strumenti messi in atto dai Paesi del Nord e del Sud del mondo per fermarla entro il 2030, come previsto da Cop26.

The present study is based on a diachronic cartography of the pioneer fronts in the Brazilian state of Pará, which was used to analyze deforestation patterns between 2002 and 2017. For this cartography, the territory of Pará was divided into cells of 5 km x 5 km, in which the cumulative percentage of deforestation was calculated for each year from 2002 to 2017, with the data being classified in five evolutionary phases of the pioneer front. This cartography permitted the systematic representation of the spatiotemporal dynamics of deforestation in the study area and the evaluation of regional patterns, which allowed the pioneer regions to be delimited and characterized in three principal categories – expansion, stabilization, and consolidation. By relating the pioneer fronts to deforestation rates in each period, it was possible to classify them as consolidated territories, focused on the intensification of agricultural practices, or under expansion, through a strategy of occupation, in addition to areas free of deforestation. The approach adopted in the present study is easy to understand and can provide important guidelines for decision-makers in different administrative spheres, contributing to the formulation of effective measures for the control of deforestation and the sustainable development of the region.

La viabilité économique de la foresterie durable tropicale est souvent au mieux marginale, sachant que les retours sur la production durable de bois et autres biens et services commercialisables font pâle figure au regard de ceux obtenus à partir d'autres utilisations des terres. Le présent rapport, qui inclut des études de cas sur le Brésil, le Cambodge, le Congo, la Côte d'Ivoire, le Myanmar, le Pérou, la Thaïlande et le Viet Nam, analyse les dimensions incitatives et désincitatives à l'adoption de la gestion durable des forêts dans les régions tropicales, ce en vue d'aider les pays producteurs membres de l'OIBT à mettre en place des incitations efficaces. Ce rapport s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'effort permanent que déploie l'OIBT pour contribuer des connaissances et des enseignements sur les cadres possibles d'incitations destinées à favoriser l'investissement dans la gestion durable des forêts tropicales naturelles; il formule en outre 22 préconisations pour mettre au point des incitations qui peuvent faire la différence dans l'adoption de pratiques durables dans le secteur des forêts tropicales.

The rich forests of Indonesian New Guinea are understudied and threatened. We used satellite data to examine annual forest loss, road development and plantation expansion from 2001 to 2019, then developed a model to predict future deforestation. No previous studies have attempted such a detailed assessment of past and future deforestation. In 2019, 34.29 million hectares (Mha), or 83% of Indonesian New Guinea, supported old-growth forest. Over nineteen years, 2% (0.75 Mha) were cleared: 45% (0.34 Mha) converted to industrial plantations, roads, mine tailings, or other uses near cities; 55% (0.41 Mha) cleared by transient processes including selective natural timber extraction, inland water bodies-related processes, fires, and shifting agriculture. Industrial plantations expanded by 0.23 Mha, with the majority (0.21 Mha; 28% of forest loss) replacing forests and reaching 0.28 Mha in 2019 (97% oil palm; 3% pulpwood). The Trans-Papua Highway, a ~4000 km national investment project, increased by 1554 km. Positive correlations between highway and plantations expansion indicate these are linked processes. Plantations and roads expanded rapidly after 2011, peaked in 2015/16, and declined thereafter. Indonesian government allocated 2.62 Mha of land for the development of industrial plantations (90% oil palm 10% pulpwood) of which 74% (1.95 Mha) remained forest in 2019. A spatial model predicts that an additional 4.5 Mha of forest could be cleared by 2036 if Indonesian New Guinea follows similar relationships to Indonesian Borneo. We highlight the opportunities for policy reform and the importance of working with indigenous communities, local leaders, and provincial government to protect the biological and cultural richness still embodied in this remarkable region.

International audience

Définir les termes " forêt ", " déforestation " et " dégradation des forêts ", est un préalable incontournable dans la conception et la mise en oeuvre de toute stratégie visant à éliminer la déforestation importée. Cette définition doit s'adapter à la diversité des contextes écologiques rencontrés, et aux outils de suivi disponibles.

Recognizing the potential interactions and synergies between adaptation and mitigation in land-use policies in general and forest policies in particular, research on climate change policy has increasingly focused on integrating both objectives simultaneously (hereafter “interaction model”). However, while support exists for the integration of adaptation and mitigation, very few policies have successfully integrated both objectives in practice (hereafter “separation model”). In addition to the interaction and separation models, we introduce the “adaptation-first model”—an approach to climate policy integration that centers adaptation at the core of forest management, with mitigation as one benefit amongst others—and assess whether it more effectively characterizes the practical realities of forest management than the separation or interaction models. Drawing on a review of policy documents, a survey (n = 48) and interviews (n = 22) with government managers in British Columbia (BC), Canada, we analyze which of the three models have been used for integrating climate objectives into BC’s forest policy and explore views of government managers on the relationships and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation and which model should be prioritized for their integration into forest management. Our analysis of climate-focused forest policy documents indicates that a possible shift from the separation to the interaction model is taking place in BC. However, our results also indicate that while government managers support the interaction model in principle, they perceive numerous barriers to policy integration that may prevent the shift towards the interaction model to materialize in practice. Because of the fundamental perceived differences in the levels at which adaptation and mitigation intervene in decision-making, government managers in our study were generally more comfortable with the adaptation-first model, which ultimately suggests the need to rethink how we frame climate integration into forest management and policies.

We are living in a time of crisis on planet Earth. Urgent calls for transformational change are getting louder. Technical solutions have an important role to play in addressing pressing global challenges, but alone they are not enough. After all, who decides what kind of transformation is needed, of what, and for whom? What principles guide those decisions, and how are decision-makers held accountable? This commentary article argues that these governance questions are central in any solution, in order to simultaneously address the planetary crises of forest and biodiversity loss and degradation and growing inequality. To this end, we examine governance in forests and around trees, in landscapes and on farms, through the lens of power and social justice. For applied research aimed at actionable solutions to these global problems, we propose a governance research agenda for the next decade that is both transformative and just.

After more than 20 years and substantial investments of time and money, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of tropical forest management is due for a stringent impact evaluation. For any social, ecological, and economic outcomes to be attributed to FSC certification, rival explanations need to be ruled out. We recognize that different types of knowledge about FSC impacts derived from information gathered through a range of methods can satisfy the evidence-needs of different stakeholders. But this paper describes a roadmap based on rigorous methods to assess whether FSC certification delivers on its expected outcomes and the underlying mechanisms through which changes can be attributable to FSC. To this end, background studies that provide contextual knowledge related to implementation of FSC certification are proposed to account for any positive self-selection biases and to capture the temporal dynamics of certification including changes in the sociopolitical and economic contexts that influence certification decisions. (Resume d'auteur)

In 2014 Decree 14/018 laying down the rules for granting forest concessions to local communities, followed by Ministerial Order 0/25 on the same issue was published in the DRC. This paper aims to analyse the abovementioned legislation with respect to participatory ma nagement of forests. The explicit recognition of the duality of a customary de facto local community forest and a modern legal entity (concession) is an innovation. However, viewed from the perspective of the long-established habits within the country, the question remains whethe r these legal measures can be sufficient for ensuring the sustainable development of these community-held forested areas. Allowing community concessions up to 50,000 ha demonstrated a shift in the government policy away from the industrial timber cultivation model. However, an ar ea this size is much larger than the communities can monitor, particularly in the case of artisanal charcoal or wood exploitation. (Resume d'auteur)

Tropical forests are major providers of natural resources and ecosystem services but their ecological functions are at threat, due to increasing human pressure linked to economic development. The identification of priority areas for conservation is crucial for land use planning to ensure the protection of biodiversity and ecological function. Intact Forest Landscapes (IFLs), as defined by Greenpeace and World Resources Institute (WRI), are areas of the forest ecosystems not subjected to human activities. They have been identified by mapping human disturbances through remote sensing. Contrary to similar global-scale concepts, IFLs have been integrated into the standards of the certification body Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and therefore have practical implications for forest management policies. The Motion 65, approved in the general assembly of FSC in 2014, mandates the protection of IFLs located in FSC certified logging concessions. Until the implementation of national standards, forestry operations are banished from 80% of the IFL area within each forest management unit. To trace the history and evaluate the suitability of IFLs in the Central African context, we searched for documents related to the IFL method, and related approaches focusing on the identification of areas devoid of human disturbances. The IFL method is simple and cost-effective and allows for a global assessment of the influence of human infrastructures and industrial exploitation on forests. However, the method does not consider the situation below the canopy and those forest components not visible by satellites. For example, hunting, one of the main threats faced by wildlife in Central African forests today, cannot be detected with satellite imagery. On the other hand, other anthropogenic activities which remote sensing may detect may be compatible with forest ecosystem conservation. To better tailor the IFL approach to Central African forests, we recommend (i) the consideration of wildlife communities in the intactness analysis, (ii) a thorough evaluation of the impacts of human activities on forest ecosystems, and (iii) the integration of local stakeholders and governments in the design of land management strategies to respond to social, economic and environmental needs.

This viewpoint paper presents a reaction to the article by Brandt et al. (2016). It highlights the complexities inherent to the attribution of deforestation impacts to policy interventions when using remote-sensing data. This critique argues that in the context of the Congo a suite of factors (i.e., population density in particular) other than those considered by Brandt et al. (e.g., type of forest, distance from roads and markets) play essential roles in determining the fates of forests. It also contends that care is needed when making decisions regarding which units will be included in the comparison group so that contextual factors and on-the-ground information are properly considered (e.g., when logging operations are inactive or when a concession is used for 'conservation' purposes). Finally, it proposes that a focus on an analysis of deforestation rates for a given level of timber production might be a metric that more accurately represents one aspect of the consequences of forest management, which should also consider the appraisal of trade-offs associated with a larger set of social, financial and ecological objectives.

By 2010, about 25% (180 million ha) of The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) producer countries’ permanent forest estate was being managed using an approved forest management plan (FMP). While the existence of a FMP is often used as evidence of sustainable forest management (SFM), State officials mandated to monitor and verify FMPs’ implementation often lack the technical knowledge and political incentives to assess the changes that have been introduced, notably in terms of harvested volumes and species. Among tropical timber producers, Cameroon is considered to be exemplary for its progressive forest regulatory framework. Here we aim to estimate for the first time in sub-Saharan Africa the causal impact of the implementation of FMPs on harvested volumes, species and carbon stocks. We do so by using a 12-year (1998–2009) unbalanced longitudinal data set of a detailed, official harvesting inventory of 81 concessions in Cameroon. Results provide evidence to the theoretical expectations that for many years many practitioners have had on the implementation of SFM, i.e. that FMPs show a substantial opportunity to reduce carbon emissions from forest while presenting logging companies with acceptable financial trade-offs. We explore the technical and political reasons for our findings and conclude that these analyses are important for countries that are underwriting carbon-related schemes in which they propose to reduce their emissions through the effective implementation of SFM. We also demonstrate that producer countries do record useful information that, when effectively used, can help them to inform their policies and improve their sustainable development strategies.

O desmatamento na Amazônia parou de declinar a partir de 2013, questionando a comunidade científica quanto as causas dessa persistência. O artigo apresenta uma metodologia original de análise dos dados oficiais de desmatamento, com foco territorial e baseando-se no conceito sistêmico marcha pioneira. Os autores elaboram uma tipologia municipal, onde cada tipo corresponde a uma etapa na construção territorial, na qual o desmatamento assume papeis específicos. Os autores explicam a existências de territórios de persistência do desmatamento, e outros onde o desenvolvimento ocorre de forma livre de novos desmatamentos. Com base nessa análise, os autores formulam elementos de estratégias e suporte a políticas públicas para combater o desmatamento persistente e promover desenvolvimento sustentável em cada situação territorial. La très forte chute de la déforestation amazonienne est enrayée depuis 2013, questionnant la communauté scientifique sur les causes de cette persistance. Cet article présente une méthode originale d’analyse des données annuelles de déforestation, dans une approche territoriale basée sur le concept de marche pionnière. Les auteurs élaborent une typologie municipale, ou chaque type est une étape dans la construction territoriale, et où la déforestation assume des rôles spécifiques. Les auteurs démontrent l’existence de territoires où persiste la déforestation, et d’autres où le développement territorial a lieu sans nouvelles déforestations. Sur la base de cette analyse, les auteurs font des recommandations de politiques publiques et de stratégies pour combattre la déforestation et promouvoir le développement durable dans chaque situation territoriale. Deforestation rates in the Amazon achieve a floor rates in 2012, and are slow growing since 2013, questioning the scientific community about the causes of this persistence. The article presents an original methodology, analyzing the official annual data of deforestation, within a territorial focus and based on the systemic concepts of frontier margins dynamics. The authors elaborate a municipal typology, where each type is a step for territorial construction, and where deforestation assumes specific roles. The authors demonstrate the existence of deforestation territories, and others where development is not more based on new deforestations. Based on this analysis, the authors formulate suggestions for public policies and strategies to tackle persistent deforestations and to promote sustainable development in every territorial situation.

A rebours des autres regions du monde, l’Afrique pourrait devenir bientot le continent de la deforestation, avec la Republique democratique du Congo qui perd plus d’un million d’hectares de couvert arbore par an. En Afrique centrale, la deforestation est le fait d’une petite agriculture dont l’emprise geographique s’accroit avec la demographie et la volonte de se constituer des patrimoines fonciers. Le phenomene d’accaparement des terres boisees par l’agrobusiness reste limite, la plupart des annonces impressionnantes ayant tourne court du fait des resistances paysannes et des reticences des gouvernements. L’exploitation des forets se fait toujours tres largement sous le regime des concessions, mais les interets europeens sont devenus minoritaires face aux conglomerats asiatiques, notamment chinois. L’emergence d’une rivalite sino-indienne dans le secteur forestier se dessine au Gabon. Les initiatives internationales qui se succedent n’ont pas obtenu de resultats convaincants et le processus REDD + reste essentiellement une vitrine a destination des donateurs sans prise reelle sur le terrain. Le Gabon a su tirer parti d’une habile diplomatie climatique qui lui confere un leadership auparavant occupe par la RDC. La crise de 2020 pourrait entrainer une baisse de certaines pressions sur les forets (infrastructures et activites extractives) mais risque d’en renforcer d’autres, de nombreux neo-chomeurs devant se rabattre sur l’agriculture vivriere.

Ecotourism is an emerging regional development strategy that could foster economic growth, diversification of activities and regional autonomy in natural areas such as forest areas and protected areas. These territories are socio-economically marginalized in Tunisia as a consequence of a national policy that has inhibited the development of some regions in relation to others. Tunisian protected areas, for example, have the particularity of containing, in addition to endemic fauna and flora, a local population with know-how. Managed by the forest administration, protected areas are subject to protection and conservation legislation that has a negative impact on the socio-economic situation of the population. Following the emergence of a national desire for regional balance and subsequently an environmental policy, a social dimension has developed among managers concerned with deploying strategies that reconcile development and conservation. Ecotourism was a solution to develop an economic activity centered on the development of natural resources. Several ecotourism studies and projects have been developed for the occasion within protected areas, particularly in the Ichkeul and Cap Negro areas. Despite these efforts, this activity remains rudimentary and Tunisia has only been able to create a mono-product offer of mass tourism. This thesis attempts to provide some answers to this dysfunction. This diagnosis is made by an evaluation of the sustainability of the work identified in protected areas in order to detect their weaknesses. Then an evaluation of the ecotourism system was performed using a methodology of modelling by cognitive maps with MICMAC and MACTOR software. Indeed, based on the principle that ecotourism is a form of development based on interaction and collaboration between stakeholders in a participatory governance system. The first objective of this method is to make a structural analysis (MICMAC) in order to define the ecotourism concept in Tunisian protected areas and to determine, according to the perception of the stakeholders, the indicators that most influence Tunisian ecotourism activities. Secondly, to conduct a stakeholder analysis (MACTOR) in order to identify the disproportionate power relations that can destabilize the governance system of the current ecotourism model in Tunisia.; L’écotourisme se positionne comme une stratégie de développement régional qui pourrait assurer la croissance économique et l’autonomie régionale dans des zones naturelles telles que les espaces forestières. Ces territoires sont en Tunisie marginalisés suite à une politique nationale ayant freiné leurs développements. Les aires protégées tunisiennes, par exemple, ont la particularité d’abriter, outre une faune et une flore endémiques, une population locale avec un savoir-faire hérité des générations passées et actuelles. Gérées par l’administration forestière, les aires protégées sont soumises à une législation axée sur la protection et la conservation qui aggrave la situation socio-économique des habitants. Suite à l’émergence d’une volonté nationale d’équilibre régional et par la suite d’une politique environnementale, une préoccupation sociale s’est développée chez les gestionnaires soucieux de mettre en œuvre des stratégies qui concilient développement et conservation. L’écotourisme formait une solution pour développer une activité économique de valorisation de richesses naturelles. Lors d’un recensent établie au cadre de cette thèse, on a pu montrer que plusieurs travaux écotouristiques ont été élaborés aux parcs d’Ichkeul et Cap Negro. En dépit de ces efforts, cette activité reste rudimentaire et la Tunisie n’a pu créer qu’une offre touristique classique. Cette thèse vise à apporter des éléments de réponse face à ce dysfonctionnement. Ce diagnostic est fait par une évaluation de la durabilité des travaux recensés dans les aires protégées afin de déceler leurs défaillances. Ensuite, une évaluation systémique de l’état de l’écotourisme a été réalisée grâce à une méthodologie de modélisation par des cartes cognitives avec les logiciels MICMAC et MACTOR. Partant du principe que l’écotourisme est une forme de développement basée sur une interaction et une collaboration entre les intervenants dans un système de gouvernance participatif, nous cherchons à définir le concept de l’écotourisme dans les AP et à mener une analyse des acteurs afin de déceler le déséquilibre dans le système de gouvernance actuelle.

In the Brazilian Amazon, degraded forests dominate the landscapes on the agricultural frontiers. This region is now facing a major challenge: halting degradation and sustainably managing these forests. Today, degraded forests represent a class of forest in their own right. They can nevertheless play a key role in combating climate change, and can also help to improve the ecological functioning of the different territories. Implementing public policies with the twin objectives of reducing degradation and promoting these forests implies strong support from research. In this Perspective, we focus on four research priorities: developing methods to characterise and monitor degraded forests; drafting specific forest management plans; understanding the role played by all social actors; and supporting policies at the territorial level.

Na Amazônia brasileira, as florestas degradadas dominam as paisagens das frentes pioneiras. Atualmente, esta região enfrenta um grande desafio: parar a degradação e fazer a gestão sustentável dessas florestas. As florestas degradadas são atualmente parte integrante de uma categoria de florestas. No entanto, elas podem desempenhar um papel importante na luta contra as mudanças climáticas e podem contribuir para um melhor funcionamento ecológico dos territórios. Desenvolver políticas públicas com o duplo objetivo de reduzir a degradação e melhorar a condição dessas florestas implica um forte apoio da pesquisa. Neste Perspective, nós focalizamos em quatro prioridades de pesquisa: desenvolver os métodos de caracterização e monitoramento das florestas degradadas, elaborar planos específicos de ordenamento do território, compreender o papel desempenhado por todos os atores sociais e acompanhar as politicas em escala territorial. Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-15T13:11:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Persp40LBLancPORT.pdf: 1714897 bytes, checksum: f24e82f477c6ace3166f21d716f525c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-14 Disponível também em inglês e francês.

Certification standard bodies in climate governance are assumed to function as independent third parties agencies in transactions, providing trust and transparency to ensure that the calculation of carbon credits is reliable. This article investigates the validity of this assumption for the voluntary forest carbon market by analysing the environmental credibility of baseline scenarios of two certified REDD+ projects, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (the Maï Ndombe REDD+ Project) and in Madagascar (The CAZ REDD+ Project). Authors show that these two certified REDD+ projects resemble 'virtual emission reduction machines' designed to inflate the production of carbon credits and that they do not structurally change the local economy characteristics which drive deforestation. The design of both REDD+ and certification standards business models leads almost inevitably to the decision to use a baseline scenario with high deforestation rates and to limited interventions in the field. The need to deal with the carbon market's price volatility and to cover the fixed costs of certification exacerbates this trend towards inflated baselines, which also assists in the reduction of land use conflicts with local populations.

Highly productive fast-growing Eucalyptus plantations cover more than 5 million hectares in Brazil and exhibit very dynamic carbon fluxes throughout their 6-7 year rotations. These plantations quickly shift from C sources at the beginning of the rotation to large C sinks until harvest. In order to get a model simulating carbon pool and fluxes for both Eucalyptus plantations and other crops, we integrated several sub-models of the Eucalyptus-dedicated Generic Decomposition And Yield Model (G'DAY) into the large scale and multi-cover model Agro-IBIS (Integrated Biosphere Simulator). The G'DAY model was previously parametrized and validated using large experimental datasets obtained in commercial eucalypt plantations in the state of Sao Paulo. Implementing an Eucalyptus plantation cover type within AgroIBIS. which had no Plant Functional Type dedicated to fast-growing forest plantations, required important changes in the carbon allocation turnover sub-models. This study included three phases: (1) the computational modification of AgrolBIS; (2) the model parametrization, calibration and validation using data from intensively monitored sites or inventories datasets; and (3) model application at regional scale using sets of parameters which were considered to be constant in space and/or time based on data from the local experiments, and other sets of parameters which could vary spatially. Carbon fluxes of Eucalyptus plantations were simulated at the regional scale, and their inter-annual and spatial variabilities were analysed. Such spatial and multiannual quantification of carbon fluxes at large scales brings a better understanding of these forest ecosystems on global carbon cycling, which is a prerequisite to support policy decisions.

Political action can reduce introductions of diseases caused by invasive forest pathogens (IPs) and public support is important for effective prevention. The public’s awareness of IP problems and the acceptability of policies aiming to combat these pathogens were surveyed in nine European countries ( N = 3469). Although awareness of specific diseases (e.g., ash dieback) varied, problem awareness and policy acceptability were similar across countries. The public was positive towards policies for informational measures and stricter standards for plant production, but less positive towards restricting public access to protected areas. Multilevel models, including individual and country level variables, revealed that media exposure was positively associated with awareness of IP problems, and strengthened the link between problem awareness and policy acceptability. Results suggest that learning about IPs through the media and recognizing the associated problems increase policy acceptability. Overall, the study elaborates on the anthropogenic dimension of diseases caused by IPs. Funding for this study was obtained through the European BiodivERsA project ‘‘RESIPATH: Responses of European Forests and Society to Invasive Pathogens’’ co-financed by national funds. In Portugal, this research was co-funded by the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation Ref. BIODIVERSA/0002/2012.

International audience; In Central Africa, industrial investments in agriculture have been increasing for the last ten years, constituting one of the many drivers of deforestation. If these investments are to contribute to socioeconomic development without harming the environment,they need to be more effectively monitored.Analysing successes and failures in four Central African countries helps to identify ways to increase the chances of success for projects: carrying out independent impact assessments before projects are launched; obtaining the free, prior and informed consent of the communities concerned; and encouraging companies to meet certification criteria. The host governments should be able to take advantage of actions by people- and environment-friendly companies in order to create a virtuous circle, and should build agro-industrial projects around national land use plans.; En Afrique centrale, les investissements industriels dans l'agriculture augmentent depuis une décennie, constituant l'un des multiples vecteurs de la déforestation. Pour que ces investissements bénéficient au développement socio-économique sans nuire à l'environnement, il est nécessaire de mieux les encadrer. L'analyse des réussites et des échecs dans quatre pays d'Afrique centrale permet de dégager des pistes pour accroître les chances de succès des projets : réaliser des études d'impact indépendantes avant le début du projet ; obtenir le consentement libre, informé et préalable des populations concernées ; inciter les entreprises à répondre aux critères de certification. Les États pourront s'appuyer sur des entre-prises respectueuses des hommes et de l'environnement afin de créer une dynamique vertueuse, et pourront ancrer les projets agro-industriels dans des plans d'aménagement du territoire national.

Cet article propose un aperçu historique de l’évolution du régime forestier en ce qui concerne l’intégration des droits et intérêts des peuples autochtones pendant la période allant de 1960 à 2014. À l’aide d’un cadre théorique élaboré par Hillet al. (2012), nous abordons la question du partage de pouvoir entre l’État et les nations autochtones. L’analyse révèle une quasi-exclusion des intérêts autochtones avant le début des années 2000. Les mesures mises en place au cours de cette période se ramènent à trois catégories : les consultations sur les plans, les consultations sur les orientations politiques, et le développement économique par l’allocation de petite tenures forestières. Néanmoins, pour la plupart des nations autochtones, le régime forestier offre peu d’occasions d’influencer les décisions à un niveau stratégique., This article offers a historical overview of the development of the forestry regime with regard to the integration of the rights and interests of indigenous peoples during the period from 1960 to 2014. Using a theoretical framework developed by Hill et al. (2012), we address the issue of power sharing between the state and indigenous nations before the beginning of the 2000s. The measures implemented during this period can be grouped into three categories: consultation on forest management plans, consultation on policy orientations and economic development through the allocation of small forest tenures. Nevertheless, for most Aboriginal nations, the forestry regime offers little opportunity to influence decisions at a strategic level.

Against a backdrop of growing concerns over REDD+ implications for tenure of forest-dependent communities, very few scientific studies have attempted to assess the linkages between the two. This paper offers empirical evidences for impacts of REDD+ intervention based on a case study of Thailand, where de jure state property and de facto tenure apparently co-exist. In contrast to the existing literature proposing positive tenure impacts, the findings suggest that REDD+ would not be sufficient to incentivize the government to embark on tenure reforms or any improvement of customary tenure and challenge REDD+ about its incentives for countries to accelerate tenure reforms. The findings also reveal that risks associated with tenure insecurity discouraged REDD+ investment leading to the withdrawal of the fund altogether. The findings enrich the on-going debates on the tenure impacts, tenure reform and competing agendas and provide insights to support the development of future national strategies and frameworks. The paper moreover proposes measures to create enabling conditions for REDD+.

Natura 2000 is the core of the EU's biodiversity conservation policy. 50% of the overall protected area under Natura 2000 is forest. Yet, comparatively little is known about the implementation of the policy in forests. Building on a rich set of social and natural science data, and an inter- and transdisciplinary discussion process involving scientists from different disciplines as well as EU, national and local stakeholders, this paper identifies five important challenges related to the implementation of Natura 2000 in forests: (1) the balancing of biodiversity conservation and timber production, (2) the integration of conservation (science) and local stakeholders' demands, (3) climate change, (4) lacking and less effective funding, and (5) conflicts related to other sectoral policies. Subsequently, five possible pathways to tackle these challenges are proposed: (1) a learning approach through better communication and transparency, (2) a pathway emphasizing the role of conservation science in developing management strategies and responding to climate change, (3) an approach of better integrating Europe's citizens in the design and implementation of the policy, (4) an approach highlighting the necessity of an effective funding strategy, and (5) the vision to work towards an integrated European land use and conservation policy. In conclusion, we emphasize, on one hand, the distinct character of the five pathways but, on the other hand, underline that probably all of them need to be followed in order to make the implementation of Natura 2000 in Europe's forests a success story.

The dynamics in livelihood needs of people at the fringes of tropical forests have increased the stakes and management challenges of biodiversity worldwide. Since the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the importance of biodiversity has been emphasized in several international agreements. However, the incentives to implement such agreements in poor countries are lacking. The present study characterised the determinants of deforestation, and forest management practices within Mabira Forest Reserve (MFR) in central Uganda. This was done within the context of the evolution of the policy and legal frameworks of Uganda. Literature on MFR as well as the policy and legal framework on forests and related resources was reviewed. The results show that evolution of the forest policy was characterised by limited input from key stakeholders. Moreover, there has been political interference and limited sharing of benefits amid failure to harmonize the forestry policy with relevant policies of related sectors. Consequently, deforestation has continued. To address this anomaly, we encourage the involvement of all key stakeholders including local people in designing management guidelines and sharing benefits from forests as an incentive for participation to promote sustainable forest growth. This is crucial for the success of forest restoration programmes in the tropics.

The stakes are high for tropical forestlands in multi-actor power relations because of their interdependence (climate change mitigation), their above- and below-ground resources (wood, mines) and their arable lands. In tropical countries, where the State owns most of the forestlands, many governments feel that any external initiative to change their forestland use policies infringes on their sovereignty. The governments' reactions to pressure for forestland governance reforms advocated by the international community may reflect the level of their national strength, international credibility and the attractiveness of offsets for forestland use conversion. Governments either use a tactic based on strength or on cunning, in the Machiavellian sense of the term, to impose their domestic agenda. Referring to the two last decades of forestland use policy reforms in Cameroon, this article seeks to understand why and how some governments of developing countries like Cameroon use cunning strategies to circumvent the implementation of undesired forest policy reforms while avoiding blame from the international community.

Étant donné le rôle joué par les secteurs du sciage artisanal et du bois énergie en République Démocratique du Congo, il s'avère nécessaire de les formaliser pour mieux les intégrer dans l'élaboration et l'application de la politique publique. Cet article vise à identifier les niveaux des filières les plus susceptibles de faciliter la formalisation de ces activités. L'application d'une analyse de la chaîne de légalité des filières a permis d'évaluer la pertinence: soit de développer des mesures de formalisation spécifiques à chaque secteur; soit, au contraire, de privilégier des mesures intersectorielles. D'une manière générale, les deux secteurs sont informels; l'accès à la ressource est réalisé dans des sites dispersés et fait l'objet d'une forte légitimité sociale. Il se dégage une similitude des points de passage pour ces deux types de produit dans la ville de Kisangani. Partant de J'analyse de la chaîne de légalité réalisée, le niveau intermédiaire est plus efficace pour promouvoir la formalisation parce que c'est lors de l'accès à la ville qu'on peut lutter le plus efficacement contre les produits illégaux. Il est profitable de prendre des mesures intersectorielles.

Strengths and weaknesses of the French risk management policies related to forest fires. Meeting of the Steering Commitee

International audience; In the Brazilian Amazon, degraded forests dominate the landscapes on the agricultural frontiers. This region is now facing a major challenge: halting degradation and sustainably managing these forests. Today, degraded forests represent a class of forest in their own right. They can nevertheless play a key role in combating climate change, and can also help to improve the ecological functioning of the different territories. Implementing public policies with the twin objectives of reducing degradation and promoting these forests implies strong support from research. In this Perspective, we focus on four research priorities: developing methods to characterise and monitor degraded forests; drafting specific forest management plans; understanding the role played by all social actors; and supporting policies at the territorial level.; En Amazonie brésilienne, les forêts dégradées dominent les paysages des fronts pionniers. Un grand défi attend désormais cette région : stopper la dégradation et gérer durablement ces forêts. Les forêts dégradées représentent aujourd’hui une catégorie de forêt à part entière. Elles peuvent néanmoins jouer un rôle majeur pour lutter contre le changement climatique. Elles peuvent aussi contribuer à un meilleur fonctionnement écologique des territoires. Développer des politiques publiques visant le double objectif de réduire la dégradation et de valoriser ces forêts implique un appui fort de la recherche. Dans ce Perspective, nous mettons l’accent sur quatre priorités de recherche : développer des méthodes de caractérisation et de suivi des forêts dégradées, élaborer des plans d’aménagement spécifiques, comprendre le rôle joué par tous les acteurs sociaux et accompagner les politiques à l’échelle territoriale.; Na Amazônia brasileira, as florestas degradadas dominam as paisagens das frentes pioneiras. Atualmente, esta região enfrenta um grande desafio: parar a degradação e fazer a gestão sustentável dessas florestas. As florestas degradadas são atualmente parte integrante de uma categoria de florestas. No entanto, elas podem desempenhar um papel importante na luta contra as mudanças climáticas e podem contribuir para um melhor funcionamento ecológico dos territórios. Desenvolver políticas públicas com o duplo objetivo de reduzir a degradação e melhorar a condição dessas florestas implica um forte apoio da pesquisa. Neste Perspective, nós focalizamos em quatro prioridades de pesquisa: desenvolver os métodos de caracterização e monitoramento das florestas degradadas, elaborar planos específicos de ordenamento do território, compreender o papel desempenhado por todos os atores sociais e acompanhar as politicas em escala territorial.

Most forested areas in South East Asia are located in mountainous areas, where they are reservoirs of biodiversity and have important watershed regulating functions. However, the continuing provision of these environmental services may be jeopardized by land use changes. To re-establish natural or productive forests, programs are being proposed in which participating farmers can set aside some of their cultivated sloping land and receive payment for maintaining the newly forested land. This paper compares two types of payments for ecosystems services (or PES)-type programs designed to favor reforestation by farming households: “Payments for forests” (PFF) and “Terraces for forests” (TFF). Both programs involve setting aside sloping land for reforestation but differ in the type and amount of compensation offered. PFF offers annual payments per area of retired land. TFF offers to cover the cost of converting a certain amount of a farm's sloping land into terraces, combined with annual payments per unit area of retired land. The main objective of the paper is to compare the two types of programs in terms of cost-efficiency – can we get the same amount of forest at lower cost? – and equity – will the poorest farmers participate? Using mathematical programming, we developed a set of farm models corresponding to typical farms in a mountainous district in Northern Vietnam. We simulated participation rates of different types of farms in the two types of PES programs. For each PES, we assessed the amount of land converted into forest, the cost of the program, and its impacts on land use and household revenues, at individual farm and village level. Results of our simulations showed that increasing access to irrigated terraces as a way of compensating for converting land to forest increased the participation of the poorest farmers and was more cost efficient than pure cash payments. This suggests that existing PFF programs are biased against the smallest landholders in the region whereas they could be transformed into win–win programs likely to increase forested areas and reduce inequalities among farm households. Our paper demonstrates that PES schemes, when fine-tuned to the South East Asian context, could not only be used to restore ecosystem services, but also to alleviate poverty.

La notion de service écosystémique (SE) a été élaborée progressivement dans les milieux scientifiques dans le courant des années 1990. C'est à l'occasion d'une évaluation environnementale globale, le Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), que cette notion acquiert une reconnaissance internationale auprès d'un public diversifié (décideurs publics, secteur privé, ONG, etc.). Depuis 2005, la notion de SE connaît un fort développement dans différentes arènes : biodiversité, politiques sectorielles (forêts, agriculture, eau, etc.), changement global, etc. Cet article se fonde sur l'hypothèse exploratoire que le processus du MA, en s'appuyant sur l'articulation entre des réseaux diversifiés de scientifiques et de décideurs, a joué un rôle-clé dans la reconnaissance puis la large diffusion de cette notion de SE à différentes échelles (conventions internationales, politiques domestiques, dispositifs d'action publique locaux)1. Il souligne aussi la place déterminante des acteurs insérés ou liés au champ scientifique des États-Unis.

Public concerns about the environmental credentials of timber products have led to the introduction of procurement policies that add criteria other than price into the decision-making process. This demand-driven initiative alongside the importance of European markets for timber exports have prompted Cameroon to sign a Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Voluntary Partnership Agreement (FLEGT/VPA) with the European Union. This paper reviews the impacts of this policy. Firstly, the institutional arrangement for timber production is presented with special focus on various legal forms of forest exploitation. Secondly, the estimated costs for the required development and control of various types of forest management are presented. Finally the impacts of the FLEGT/VPA on forest governance, forest management, timber trade and socio-economic and development issues is explored. The positive impact of the agreement will be especially felt by industrial forest concession holders that harvest timber products for exports to international markets, but it will hardly be the case of community forests. However, the implementation of the agreement will engender huge financial costs for forest managers and national governments. Also, the livelihoods of small-scale loggers (who are the main suppliers of national markets) may be adversely affected by the procurement policies.

At the 2010 Montpellier conference on ‘Taking Stock of Smallholder and Community Forestry: Where do we go from here?’, researchers, policy-makers and practitioners came together to discuss historical trends and future directions for understanding and supporting forest sustainability and local livelihoods in forest-based communities. A consensus arising from these discussions was that there is a need to reframe and broaden approaches to understand forestry practised by smallholders and communities. The paper highlights three key topics from that discussion: (1) the need to reconsider definitions of community forestry, (2) the need to broaden understanding of rights surrounding forest resources and (3) the need to reframe research to focus on management of the forest–farm interface.

Les premières lois forestières malgaches datent de l’époque monarchique, et ont été stimulées par une vision conversationniste. Tenant compte du droit coutumier des populations riveraines qui ont longtemps considéré la forêt comme un moyen de subsistance, ces règles formelles du gouvernement sont souvent réadaptées en fonction du contexte au niveau local. Cette recherche a eu pour objectif principal de comprendre comment l’Etat malgache s’est occupé de la déforestation (1) au niveau national par l’intermédiaire des législations, puis (2) dans un cas concret qui est l’aire protégée Maromizaha. Ainsi, l’analyse s’est basée essentiellement sur les processus de gouvernance et de réappropriation des lois au niveau local. Est-ce que les politiques puis les structures mises en place et les mécanismes locaux contribuent à l’amélioration du processus de conservation des forêts et donc à la réduction de la déforestation ? Tel est l’objet principal de la recherche. Nous avons alors procédé à une revue de la littérature scientifique sur les concepts fondamentaux autour desquels s’articule notre sujet, puis effectué une périodisation de l’évolution de la politique de conservation des forêts, pour enfin mener des entretiens auprès des principaux acteurs locaux à Maromizaha et confronter le théorique aux réalités locales. Les difficultés de mise en œuvre des politiques forestières à Maromizaha s’inscrivent dans des dynamiques conflictuelles qui opposent les besoins de survies des locaux matérialisés par des activités économiques à courts termes et une vision conversationniste sur le long terme de l’Etat. Master de spécialisation en développement, environnement et sociétés, Université catholique de Louvain, 2017

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2017. O modelo de desenvolvimento para a Amazônia e o desmatamento da maior floresta tropical contínua do mundo despertam o interesse de múltiplos atores nas escalas local, regional, nacional e global. No Brasil, políticas implementadas a partir de 2004 pelo governo federal, por agentes do mercado e organizações não-governamentais (ONGs) resultaram em uma significativa redução no desmatamento da Amazônia. Nesta tese estudamos o processo de descentralização desencadeado a partir da Lista de Municípios Prioritários para o Controle do Desmatamento (Lista), uma política de priorização das ações de combate ao desmatamento no âmbito federal que levou a agenda do desmatamento para a escala municipal. Focamos no papel das elites locais para entender como políticas que envolvem atores e organizações em diversas escalas de governança interagem com as dinâmicas locais. Analisamos as dinâmicas internas de dez municípios no Pará e Mato Grosso para responder à pergunta: que atores e recursos foram mobilizados em resposta à Lista, e qual modelo de conservação e desenvolvimento que emergiu desses processos locais? Adotamos uma abordagem interdisciplinar, ancorada na geografia, mas com elementos teóricos das literaturas de federalismo e descentralização, governança e ecologia política. Utilizamos como fontes de dados entrevistas semi-estruturadas, questionários, observação participativa e dados secundários a partir dos quais examinamos os incentivos para ação, os instrumentos e estratégias adotados, e a composição de atores e organizações na governança implementadas pelos municípios. Nossos resultados mostram que em todos os municípios foi necessária a realização de parcerias com organizações nãoestatais para suprir demandas técnicas e financeiras para viabilizar a implementação da agenda da Lista. Os Sindicatos de Produtores Rurais emergiram como importantes espaços de comunicação dentro desses arranjos de governança, e membros das elites locais foram fundamentais para aproximar o setor produtivo de ONGs ambientais. Quatro políticas levadas a cabo por diferentes setores da sociedade e níveis de governança – a Lista, a Moratória da Soja, os Acordos da Carne e o Programa Municípios Verdes do Pará –se reforçaram mutuamente, alavancando a utilização de dados do Prodes/INPE e do Cadastro Ambiental Rural como instrumentos de monitoramento da cobertura florestal. Os arranjos de governança que emergiram dessas políticas fortaleceram as redes entre as elites locais amazônicas, ONGs ambientais, agentes do mercado e o Estado, de modo que os discursos dessas diferentes partes foram convergindo em torno da “intensificação”. Concluímos que a Lista foi, para atores locais de alguns municípios, uma oportunidade de transformar a imagem do município de “desmatador” para “verde” como forma de alavancar a economia local. Enquanto aderiram ao CAR e ao não-desmatamento (ao menos em parte), as elites locais negociam a flexibilização do uso das florestas secundárias e promovem a intensificação como forma de expandir seus interesses de produção. Embora possa beneficiar um público mais amplo que as elites locais, o modelo de conservação emergente, baseado no binômio floresta x não floresta e na intensificação da produção pecuária e de commodities agrícolas não muda as dinâmicas mais amplas de ocupação da terra na Amazônia. The development model for the Amazon and deforestation of the world's largest continuous rainforest arouse the interest of multiple actors at the local, regional, national, and global scales. In Brazil, policies implemented by the federal government since 2004, by market agents and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have resulted in a significant reduction in deforestation in the Amazon. In this dissertation we study the decentralization process triggered from the List of Priority Municipalities for the Control of Deforestation (List), a policy of prioritizing actions to combat deforestation at the federal level that led the deforestation agenda to the municipal scale. We focus on the role of local elites in understanding how policies involving actors and organizations at various levels of governance interact with local dynamics. We analyze the internal dynamics of ten municipalities in Pará and Mato Grosso to answer the question: what actors and resources were mobilized in response to the List, and what conservation and development model emerged from these local processes? We adopted an interdisciplinary approach, anchored in geography, but with theoretical elements of the literature of federalism and decentralization, governance and political ecology. We used semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, participatory observation and secondary data as sources of data, from which we examined the incentives for action, the instruments and strategies adopted, and the composition of actors and organizations in governance implemented by the municipalities. Our results show that in all municipalities it was necessary to establish partnerships with non-state organizations to meet the technical and financial demands necessary to enable the implementation of the agenda of the List. Rural Producers' Unions emerged as important communication spaces within these governance arrangements, and members of local elites were instrumental in bringing the productive sector closer to environmental NGOs. Four policies carried out by different sectors of society and levels of governance – the List, the Soy Moratorium, the Meat Agreements and the Green Municipalities of Pará Program – have been mutually reinforcing, leveraging the use of Prodes/INPE data and the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) as tools for monitoring forest cover. The governance arrangements that emerged from these policies strengthened the networks between local elites, environmental NGOs, market agents, and the state, so that the discourses of these different parties converged around "intensification." We conclude that the List was, for local actors of some municipalities, an opportunity to transform the image of the municipality from “deforester” to “green” as a way to leverage the local economy. While adhering to CAR and non-deforestation (at least in part), local elites negotiate easing the use of secondary forests and promote intensification as a way of expanding their production interests. Although it may benefit a wider audience than local elites, the emerging conservation model based on the forest vs. non-forest binomial and the intensification of livestock production and agricultural commodities does not change the broader dynamics of land occupation in the Amazon. El modelo de desarrollo para la Amazonía y la deforestación de la mayor selva tropical continua del mundo despiertan el interés de múltiples actores en las escalas local, regional, nacional y global. En Brasil, políticas implementadas a partir de 2004 por el gobierno federal, por agentes del mercado y organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONGs) resultaron en una significativa reducción en la deforestación de la Amazonía. En esta tesis estudiamos el proceso de descentralización desencadenado a partir de la Lista de Municipios Prioritarios para el Control de la deforestación (Lista), una política de priorización de las acciones de combate a la deforestación en el ámbito federal que llevó la agenda de la deforestación a la escala municipal. Nos enfocamos en el papel de las elites locales para entender cómo las políticas que involucran actores y organizaciones en diversas escalas de gobernanza interactúan con las dinámicas locales. Analizamos las dinámicas internas de diez municipios en Pará y Mato Grosso para responder a la pregunta: ¿qué actores y recursos se movilizaron en respuesta a la Lista, y qué modelo de conservación y desarrollo surgió de esos procesos locales? Adoptamos un enfoque interdisciplinario, anclado en la geografía, pero con elementos teóricos de las literaturas de federalismo y descentralización, gobernanza y ecología política. Utilizamos como fuentes de datos entrevistas semiestructuradas, cuestionarios, observación participativa y datos secundarios a partir de los cuales examinamos los incentivos para la acción, los instrumentos y estrategias adoptados, y la composición de actores y organizaciones en la gobernanza implementadas por los municipios. Nuestros resultados muestran que en todos los municipios fue necesaria la realización de alianzas con organizaciones no estatales para suplir las demandas técnicas y financieras necesarias para viabilizar la implementación de la agenda de la Lista. Los Sindicatos de Productores Rurales emergieron como importantes espacios de comunicación dentro de esos arreglos de gobernanza, y miembros de las élites locales fueron fundamentales para aproximar el sector productivo de ONGs ambientales. Cuatro políticas llevadas a cabo por diferentes sectores de la sociedad y niveles de gobernanza – la Lista, la Moratoria de la Soja, los Acuerdos de la Carne y el Programa Municipios Verdes del Pará – se reforzaron mutuamente, apalancando la utilización de datos del Prodes/INPE y del Registro Ambiental Rural (CAR) como instrumentos de monitoreo de la cobertura forestal. Los arreglos de gobernanza que emergieron de esas políticas fortalecieron las redes entre las elites locales amazónicas, las ONG medioambientales, los agentes del mercado y el Estado, de modo que los discursos de estas diferentes partes fueron convergiendo en torno a la "intensificación". Concluimos que la Lista fue, para actores locales de algunos municipios, una oportunidad de transformar la imagen del municipio de “deforestador” a “verde” como forma de dinamizar la economía local. Mientras adhirieron al CAR y al deforestación cero (al menos en parte), las élites locales negocian la flexibilización del uso de los bosques secundarios y promueven la intensificación como forma de expandir sus intereses de producción. Aunque puede beneficiar a un público más amplio que las élites locales, el modelo de conservación emergente, basado en el binomio bosque x no bosque y en la intensificación de la producción ganadera y de commodities agrícolas no cambia las dinámicas más amplias de ocupación de la tierra en la Amazonia.

© 2017 The Author(s) Forest-driven water and energy cycles are poorly integrated into regional, national, continental and global decision-making on climate change adaptation, mitigation, land use and water management. This constrains humanity's ability to protect our planet's climate and life-sustaining functions. The substantial body of research we review reveals that forest, water and energy interactions provide the foundations for carbon storage, for cooling terrestrial surfaces and for distributing water resources. Forests and trees must be recognized as prime regulators within the water, energy and carbon cycles. If these functions are ignored, planners will be unable to assess, adapt to or mitigate the impacts of changing land cover and climate. Our call to action targets a reversal of paradigms, from a carbon-centric model to one that treats the hydrologic and climate-cooling effects of trees and forests as the first order of priority. For reasons of sustainability, carbon storage must remain a secondary, though valuable, by-product. The effects of tree cover on climate at local, regional and continental scales offer benefits that demand wider recognition. The forest- and tree-centered research insights we review and analyze provide a knowledge-base for improving plans, policies and actions. Our understanding of how trees and forests influence water, energy and carbon cycles has important implications, both for the structure of planning, management and governance institutions, as well as for how trees and forests might be used to improve sustainability, adaptation and mitigation efforts. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world journaltitle: Global Environmental Change articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002 content_type: article copyright: © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. ispartof: Global Environmental Change vol:43 pages:51-61 status: published

The effective integration of ecological restoration (ER) into land management requires the definition of priority areas and actions. At large spatial scales, priorities are commonly defined by experts in terms of ecological factors, particularly species distribution or a small set of ecosystem services. However, management decisions must deal with different habitats, and respond to society multiple demands and aspirations. New tools for identifying and analyzing priority criteria and determining best management alternatives, integrating ecological and socio-economic perspectives are needed. We developed a participatory approach to identify priority areas for restoration in a 224,472 Ha area in Crevillent Forest Demarcation, southeast semi-arid Spain. The challenge was to develop a rigorous yet accessible methodology that could be extrapolated to other regions. An 88-stakeholder platform was asked to identify and weight priority criteria for ER. Stakeholders identified five groups of criteria corresponding to natural and semi-natural environments, highly-humanized environments, criteria related to ecosystem functions, criteria related to landscape-scale processes, and socio-economic and cultural criteria. The integrated weight of the studied criteria showed that highly-humanized environments (landfills and waste dumps, river margins, unused quarries, rainfed crops, and irrigated crops) and criteria related to ecosystem function (key areas to reduce wildfire risk and vulnerability, key areas to reduce erosion, key areas to reduce water pollution) received the highest priority, together with areas with high cultural and ethnologic value. In contrast, the priority for natural and semi-natural environments and landscape-scale features was lower. We discuss these results and the feasibility of using this protocol to support decision making concerning ecological restoration actions in this Mediterranean landscape. We appreciate funding received from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and European Regional Development Funds (FEDER), project ‘Tools for planning ecological restoration in the Region of Valencia’ (TERECOVA; CGL2014-52714-C2-1-R).

International audience; The development and humanitarian community has established its own school of thought on resilience in order to link its emergency actions with its medium- and long-term development strategies. Intervention contexts are becoming increasingly uncertain and complex, raising new challenges that need to be addressed. The school of thought on social and ecological system resilience can provide complementary approaches to help understand the intervention context and the multiple dimensions of challenges, as well as to develop and assess adaptation pathways. These approaches enable accounting of ecological dynamics and interactions among social groups, provide a diversity of knowledge and potential development pathways and, ultimately, support societal transformation. Collaboration between these two schools of thought would provide valuable opportunities.

International audience; Dans ce livre, je fais un point sur la présence des Belges au Congo dès 1885 et sur la gouvernance de l’ancienne colonie qu’ils ont laissée en 1960 jusqu’en 1997, année du départ de Monsieur Mobutu du pouvoir. En partant du secteur d’exploitation des ressources naturelles en général et forestières en particulier, je voudrais plus montrer que l'exploitation forestière a été à l'origine de la mise en valeur du Congo en dépit de nombreuses violations des droits des populations forestières. Dans ce contexte, la fiscalité forestière a été le premier moyen qui a été utilisé par les Belges d'abord Léopold II puis l’État belge pour obtenir des recettes publiques au Congo.

International audience; Le monde du développement et de l’humanitaire a construit sa propre école de la résilience afin d’inscrire ses actions d’urgence dans des stratégies de moyen et long termes. L’incertitude et la complexité accrues des contextes d’intervention sont autant de nouveaux défis à relever. L’école de la résilience des systèmes écologiques et sociaux peut apporter des approches complémentaires pour comprendre la situation initiale, construire et évaluer des trajectoires d’adaptation. Ses approches se fondent sur l’intégration des dynamiques écologiques et de l’ensemble des groupes sociaux, sur la reconnaissance de la pluralité des connaissances et des potentielles trajectoires de développement, et sur l’accompagnement de la transformation des sociétés. Des collaborations entre ces deux écoles offriraient de réelles perspectives.

Industrial forest concessions cover about 45 million hectares in Central Africa. This paper discusses the weaknesses of the current concession model and initiatives for helping it evolve; it then proposes a new type of concession, entitled 'Concessions 2.0', adapted to the future challenges presented by the overlapping among the rights and modes of the harvesting of multiple resources. This proposed model is based on four features: (i) mapping and recognition of the customary territories within and around the industrial concession, (ii) timber revenue sharing indexed on the extension of the customary territories and contractual management agreements within the communities, (iii) allowance of commercial exploitation of non-timber resources by entitled claimers under the supervision and/or in association with the concessionaire, and (iv) inclusive governance for the management of overlapping rights over the concession area. (Resume d'auteur)