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This paper presents a low-random noise of 2.6 e-rms, a low-power of 116.2 mW at video rate, and a high-speed up to 960 fps 2-mega pixels global-shutter type CMOS image sensor (CIS) using an advanced DRAM technology. To achieve a high performance global-shutter CIS, we proposed a novel architecture for the digital pixel sensor which is a remarkable global-shutter operation CIS with a pixel-wise ADC and an in-pixel digital memory. Each pixel has two small-pitch Cu-to-Cu interconnectors for the wafer-level stacking, and the pitch of each unit pixel is less than 5 μm which is the world’s smallest pixel embedding both pixel-level ADC and 22-bit memories.

This paper presents critical issues of memristor degrading the performance of neuromorphic system. Among possible defects of memristor, problems of sneak path and weight retention are critical for performance of memristive neuromorphic system. To solve these inherent problems, specific methods are introduced, and consequently, it is suggested that the memristor which satisfies the specification required in system is essential.