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Blair Brettmann, Marco A. Fraga, Monika Gosecka and Natalie Stingelin introduce the cross journal themed collection on Polymer Upcycling.

Injectable, self-healing hydrogels with enhanced solubilization of hydrophobic drugs are urgently needed for antimicrobial intravaginal therapies. Here, we report the first hydrogel systems constructed of dynamic boronic esters cross-linking unimolecular micelles, which are a reservoir of antifungal hydrophobic drug molecules. The selective hydrophobization of hyperbranched polyglycidol with phenyl units in the core via ester or urethane bonds enabled the solubilization of clotrimazole, a water-insoluble drug of broad antifungal properties. The encapsulation efficiency of clotrimazole increases with the degree of the HbPGL core modification; however, the encapsulation is more favorable in the case of urethane derivatives. In addition, the rate of clotrimazole release was lower from HbPGL hydrophobized via urethane bonds than with ester linkages. In this work, we also revealed that the hydrophobization degree of HbPGL significantly influences the rheological properties of its hydrogels with poly(acrylamide

We have shown that clotrimazole formulations encapsulated in polyether-based unimolecular micelles have significantly higher antitumour activity than the drug itself.

Polyester polyols synthesized via a polycondensation reaction of diols with diacids or their diesters are commonly used as polyurethane building blocks. Herein, we demonstrate an alternative route to polyester polyols via oxidative esterification of aliphatic α,ω-diols. Unlike the polycondensation reaction, this process is carried out in aqueous media at 30 °C under atmospheric pressure. In situ generated hypobromous acid from the mixture of NaBr, NaBrO3 and H2SO4 is used to trigger the reaction. The reaction progress can be conveniently controlled with the Br/OH molar ratio. The properties of the obtained polyesters are determined by the applied diol and can be tailored using a mixture of diols. The composition of polymers is determined with GPC, NMR, and MALDI-TOF MS. It is shown that polyesters obtained with this method can be used as precursors for polyurethane synthesis. This work provides a quick and convenient route to polyester polyol synthesis, feasible in any laboratory.

In this study, we report the synthesis and phase behaviour of statistical p(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-acrylamidephenylboronic acid) P(NIPAM-co-2-AAPBA) copolymers. They were obtained via free radical copolymerization of NIPAM and the pinacol ester of 2-acrylamidephenylboronic acid. The influence of copolymer composition on the demixing/mixing temperature was investigated by means of UV/Vis spectrometry, DLS, DSC, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The turbidity experiments revealed the gradual increase of the cloud point with the increase of 2-AAPBA content in the copolymer up to 37 °C at 30 mol%. The copolymer with 45 mol% did not display any transition. For copolymers displaying the cloud point, the hysteresis in the demixing/mixing temperature was observed. Transmittance measurements, DLS, and 1H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that the phase transition was sharp upon heating, whereas the phase transition of the copolymer upon a decrease of temperature occurred in a much wider temperature range. Moreover, the NIPAM copolymer with 5 mol% 2-AAPBA content displayed 5 °C hysteresis, whereas for the copolymer containing 30 mol% 2-AAPBA it reached 25 °C. Actually, nanoparticles were formed from the copolymer with 30 mol% of 2-AAPBA above the cloud point, which were stable upon cooling to 5 °C showing the potential for drug delivery applications. Raman spectroscopy applied for the analysis of an aqueous solution of NIPAM copolymer with 15 mol% content heated over the cloud point revealed the appearance of a vibrational band at 753 cm−1 characteristic of boroxine, i.e., boronic acid anhydride, the formation of which explains the broadening of the hysteresis. The detailed analysis of experimental data supported with DFT calculations evidenced the presence of other vibrational bands of 2-AAPBA anhydride (780, 957 and 999 cm−1). This is the first report of boroxine formation upon the phase transition of boronic acid-based thermoresponsive copolymers.

Supramolecular motifs showing chemoresponsive properties toward organic molecules are sought after. Their selectivity, however, may depend even on a small structural change. Here, we demonstrate th...

Selective homodimerization of glycoluril molecular clips makes this class of molecules valuable supramolecular motifs with great potential in the area of reversibly cross-linked self-healable polymer materials. However, their introduction into a polymer matrix requires suitable functionalization on the clip convex site, which does not participate in the association processes. Generally, the glycoluril clip's convex site is equipped with two ester groups, 1. The presence of two functional groups is usually undesired during the polymerization process or any functionalization reactions. A monofunctionalized glycoluril clip would assure targeted and convenient clip introduction into a polymer structure. Here, we present the successful synthesis of a glycoluril clip with a monohydroxylated convex face, 3, which was easily obtained from the dihydroxyl clip derivative, 2, under mild conditions, in the cyclization reaction of diethanolamide groups into an N-(2-hydroxyethyl) five-membered imide, applying a catalytic amount of weak organic acids. Experimental data supported by computer simulation facilitated determination of optimal conditions of a new clip formation. Moreover, we demonstrated a possibility of a direct conversion of a diester clip, 1, into a clip, 3, eliminating one reaction step. The structure of the glycoluril clip 3 was confirmed using ESI-MS, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations carried out for clips equipped with diester, diethanolamide and monohydroxylated cyclic imide groups, respectively, revealed that upon the clip's convex functionalization, including cyclization, the size of the clip's cleft does not change, which is of great importance in view of the clip association ability. Variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy in the range from 223 to 323 K confirmed the ability of the new clip to dimerize, demonstrating its thermosensitive character. In addition, the clip exhibits high thermal stability up to 453 K, which is crucial in view of the synthesis and processing of clip-based polymer materials.

Dynamic hydrogels with thermosensitive cross-links are highly promising platforms for "on-demand" drug delivery systems. However, there is a problem with triggering a response in their whole volume, which reduces their efficiency. To achieve better thermoresponsiveness, a graphene oxide-filled composite hydrogel based on boronic ester cross-links, composed of hyperbranched polyglycidol, HbPGL, and poly(acrylamide-ran-2-acrylamidephenylboronic acid), poly(AM-ran-2-AAPBA), has been constructed. The homogeneous embedment of graphene oxide (GO) in the network assured near-infrared (NIR)-photothermal response in its bulk due to the rapid light-to-heat conversion. The rate and amplitude of materials response increase with graphene oxide concentration. The temperature of the hydrogel containing graphene oxide at a concentration of 13.2 mg/mL increased from 36.6 to 41 °C in 29 s upon NIR irradiation. The network diffusivity and the extent of its change with temperature can be regulated by the length of the applied boronic acid-based cross-linking agent. The hydrogel constructed on the shorter copolymer (

The review is focused on the hydrogel systems dedicated to the intravaginal delivery of antibacterial, antifungal and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity drugs for the treatment of gynaecological infections. The strategies for the enhancement of the hydrophobic drug solubility in the hydrogel matrix based on the formation of bigel systems and the introduction of nano- and microparticles as a drug reservoir are presented. Hydrogel carriers of natural and synthetic pharmacological substances, drug-free systems displaying antimicrobial activity thanks to the hydrogel building elements and systems combining the antimicrobial activity of both drug and polymer building components are distinguished. The design of hydrogels facilitating their administration and proper distribution in the vaginal mucosa and the vagina based on thermoresponsive systems capable of gelling at vaginal conditions and already-cross-linked injectable systems after reaching the yield stress are discussed. In addition, the mechanisms of hydrogel bioadhesion that regulate the retention time in the vagina are indicated. Finally, the prospects for the further development of hydrogel-based drug carriers in gynaecological therapies are highlighted.

In this paper, we present novel well-defined unimolecular micelles constructed a on poly(furfuryl glycidyl ether) core and highly hydrophilic poly(glyceryl glycerol ether) shell, PFGE-b-PGGE. The copolymer was synthesized via anionic ring-opening polymerization of furfuryl glycidyl ether and (1,2-isopropylidene glyceryl) glycidyl ether, respectively. MTT assay revealed that the copolymer is non-cytotoxic against human cervical cancer endothelial (HeLa) cells. The copolymer thanks to furan moieties in its core is capable of encapsulation of nifuratel, a hydrophobic nitrofuran derivative, which is a drug applied in the gynaecology therapies that shows a broad antimicroorganism spectrum. The study shows high loading capacity of the copolymer, i.e., 146 mg of nifuratel per 1 g of copolymer. The load unimolecular micelles were characterized using DLS and TEM microscopy and compared with the reference glyceryl glycerol ether homopolymer sample. The presence of numerous 1,2-diol moieties in the shell of PFGE-b-PGG macromolecules enabled the formation of reversible cross-links with 2-acrylamidephenylboronic acid-based polyacrylamide. The obtained hydrogels were both injectable and self-healable, which was confirmed with a rheological study.

The formation of polymer supramolecular networks exhibiting selective sensitivity toward a narrow class of organic compounds is still a significant challenge within the area of reversibly cross-linked materials. Glycoluril molecular clips are U-shaped molecules, which, besides the ability to undergo self-sorting homodimerization, exhibit selectively high molecular recognition of dihydroxyaromatic species. A glycoluril clip diol was introduced into a polymer backbone by using standard polyurethane chemistry. Immobilization of the molecular clip along the polyurethane macromolecule (Glyc Clip-polyurethane) was shown to preserve the native association properties of the clip. Clip motifs embedded in macromolecules form homodimer cross-links in CHCl3 and the resulting structures have a thermoresponsive character. The strength of homodimerization Khomodimer varies from 7.74 104 l mol-1 at 265 K to 9.47 102 l mol-1 at 315 K. A 30 wt % solution of Glyc Clip-polyurethane undergoes gelation at room temperature and exhibits a constant elastic modulus, approximately 3.1 ⋅ 104 Pa, in the broad investigated frequency range. The obtained organogels exhibit selective chemoresponsive properties in the presence of resorcinol, which was demonstrated with 1 H high-resolution magic-angle-spinning NMR spectroscopy and rheological measurements.

Smart polymer materials that respond to a chemical stimulus are applied for the construction of biomedical devices and purification/separation systems. Small organic molecules are a particular type of stimulus. Their abnormal concentration indisputably indicates certain diseases. They are also hazardous environment contaminants. Polymer materials, which structure is selectively changed in the presence of a defined organic compound are promising in view of regulation of certain biomedical functions, as well as in view of chemical detectors construction. This review summarizes the state of the art in the self-assemblies of amphiphilic copolymers and polymer networks sensitive toward organic species, with an emphasis on the reports from the last decade. We focus on the relationship between the selectivity of introduced receptor moieties responsible for the change of material structure, the overall structure of material and its functionality.

This paper describes the preparation of spheroidal polystyrene core and polyglycidol-rich microparticles by stretching the relevant core-shell microspheres embedded into the poly(vinyl alcohol) film. The requirements for the preparation of the defect-free core-shell spheroids were determined. The rearrangement of the microparticle interfacial layer accompanying the conversion of the microspheres into microspheroids is described.

An efficient method was developed enabling the synthesis of spheroidal polymer microparticles. Thorough physicochemical characteristics of the particles were acquired comprising the size, shape, electrophoretic mobility, and the diffusion coefficient. The particles were monodisperse, and their shape was well-fitted by prolate spheroids having the axis ratio equal to 4.17. Knowing the diffusion coefficient, their hydrodynamic diameter of 449 nm was calculated, which matched the value derived from Brenner's analytical expression. Particle deposition kinetics on mica and silicon/silica substrates, modified by poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) adsorption, was studied by optical microscopy and AFM imaging. The validity of the random sequential adsorption model was confirmed. Additionally, monolayers of the particles on these substrates were thoroughly characterized in situ by the streaming potential measurements for different ionic strengths. These measurements confirmed that the ζ potential change with the spheroidal particle coverage is less abrupt than for spheres and agrees with theoretical predictions. Exploiting these results, a useful analytical expression was derived that allows one to calculate the spheroidal particle coverage in situ via the streaming potential measurements. This expression, especially accurate for low coverage range, can be used for a quantitative interpretation of adsorption and desorption kinetics of anisotropic macromolecules, e.g., proteins on solid substrates.

We present biocompatible hydrogel systems suitable for biomineralization processes based on hyperbranched polyglycidol cross-linked with acrylamide copolymer bearing carbonyl-coordinated boronic acid. At neutral pH, diol functional groups of HbPGL react with boronic acid of polyacrylamide to generate 3D network in water by the formation of boronic ester cross-links. The dynamic associative/dissociative characteristics of the cross-links makes the network reversible. The presented hydrogels display self-healing properties and are injectable, facilitating gap filing of bone tissue. The 1H HR MAS DOSY NMR studies reveal that acrylamide copolymer plays the role of the network framework, whereas HbPGL macromolecules, due to their compact structure, move between reactive sites of the copolymer. The influence of the copolymer macromolecules entanglements and overall polymer concentrations on macromolecules mobility and stress relaxation processes is investigated. The process of hydrogel biomineralization results...

Linear and hyperbranched polyglycidol (LPGL and HPGL) with average molecular weight of a few thousands were studied in water and surfactant solutions. The employed surfactants are hexaethyleneglycol mono n -dodecyl ether (C 12 E 6 ), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The working methods are surface tension, steady-state fluorescence, dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrokinetic potential and FTIR spectroscopy. The linear polyglycidols are weakly associative species, unlike the hyperbranched one which is more hydrophilic and harder associates. The linear polymers most efficiently interact with the anionic surfactant, followed by cationic and most weakly with the nonionic. The hydrodynamic diameters of the investigated polyglycidols depend on their structure and molecular weight. In the presence of SDS, the hydrodynamic diameters vary with surfactant concentration. The study reveals the solubilization of fluorescent probes (pyrene, naphthalene) inside the polyglycidol aggregates. Unlike the LPGL, the presence of cavities in HPGL macromolecule offers supplementary “pockets” for solubilization.

The study sheds light on the interaction between chitosan (Ch) and polyglycidol (PGL) and uses their interpolymer complex in hydrophilic coating of iron oxide particles (M). Preliminary investigations were performed by modeling chitosan and polyglycidol chains interactions using coarse grained beads approximation and molecular dynamics simulations. The results revealed that Ch and PGL chains associate together forming weak strength complexes, which was experimentally confirmed by surface tension, fluorescence and FTIR. The Ch-PGL mixture (C) and sodium dodecylsulfate (S) were used for layer-by-layer preparation of hydrophilic multilayer coatings of M. The successful covering, demonstrated by DLS, Zeta potential, FTIR, EDAX, preserved the particles super-paramagnetic properties. The most stable multilayer nanocomposite (MSCS) efficiently adsorbed methylene blue from water. The Freundlich model fitted well the equilibrium isotherm data, indicating a heterogeneous, multilayer adsorption. Benefiting from both nano-size and magnetic properties, this adsorbent could be an effectively, cheaply and eco-friendly wastewater treatment means.

Stable three-dimensional colloidal crystals were fabricated in an aqueous suspension of Tris buffer at pH > 8. The basic building blocks of the crystals were submicron-sized polystyrene–polyglycidol core–shell particles (Dn(SEM) = 270 ± 18 nm) with covalently bound 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA). The growth of the crystals was triggered by a thermodynamically favorable arrangement of particles leading to their close packing and by the formation of covalent cross-links between the individual particles. Under alkaline conditions, molecules of l-DOPA are oxidized, which allows their participation in cross-linking, necessary for the stabilization of the formed colloidal crystals. The average size of the fabricated colloidal crystals is determined by their weight, density of the suspending medium, and the energy of their Brownian motion. Crystals generated during the suspension of particles fall down after reaching the critical weight. Therefore, crystals of similar dimensions are deposited at the bottom ...

Solid-state boron nuclear magnetic resonance (11B NMR) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopies (PALS) were used to study the molecular structure of self-healing hydrogels based on cross-linked hyperbranched polyglycidol (HbPGL) with borax at basic pH. The lifetime and intensity of orthopositronium allowed characterizing the micro- and nanostucture of hydrogels at various thermal conditions. Stepwise changes in the free volume parameters were found in pure HbPGL as well as in hydrogels based on this polymer. However, the shift in the phase transition temperature suggests that the important properties of the hydrogel arise from the water building these systems. Rheological measurements demonstrated the subsequent reduction of the average cross-link lifetime within the polymer network under heating. Composition of boronic species within hydrogel systems also diverged upon change in temperature range from −10 °C to +70 °C. The reduced fraction of boronic diester upon heating was quantitatively rebui...

We present an unexpected self-assembly of a glycoluril clip–poly(e-caprolactone) conjugate in chloroform. The conjugate forms homodimer aggregates due to supramolecular interactions between glycoluril moieties, which was confirmed with MALDI-TOF-ms and 1H NMR. TEM revealed the formation of multilayered nanosized prism-shaped objects resembling tree bark in nature.

The design and synthesis of various polymer core–shell particles result from their distinct characteristics, which combine the properties of two or more components into one material. Many accessible synthetic strategies for obtaining polymer core–shell particles lead to the formation of particles for which the internal morphology differs from the ideal core–shell structure. Understanding the precise morphology characteristics is important for mechanistic studies of particle formation, which ultimately results in the design of particles for specific structures and properties. The detailed characteristics of complex polymer particle structures are complicated and require more than one method. This review focuses on imaging methods such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cryo-TEM, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and confocal fluorescence microscopy that reveal the radial redistribution of the components and methods for the quantitative analysis of individual phases (core, shell and interfacial layer), such as small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Methods that can determine the surface composition and makeup of the character of interfacial layer (gradient or containing small domains, etc.) were also reviewed.

This paper describes various methods of preparation and characterization of supports (e.g. silicon, polymer, and metal) with grafted polymers and copolymers, which were tailored for biomedical applications. In particular, there are described methods related to preparation of substrates by surface modification leading to incorporation of initiators and, eventually, various polymerization methods yielding complete, dense, and efficient polymer or copolymer coverage with desired arrangement of polymers/copolymers chains, sufficient chains density, and thickness of a polymer layer. Special attention is drawn to the description of manufacturing of patterned polymer stimuli responsive brushes that are sensitive to changes, for example, temperature, pH, hydrophilicity, solvent, and ionic strength. Selected applications of supports containing tethered polymer brushes used as modern materials useful in biosciences, particularly as elements of biosensors, materials for diagnostics, and prostheses, as well as in other areas of micro-technology and nanotechnology are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Gradient copolymer grafts of styrene and α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-poly(glycidol ethoxyethyl ether) (PGLet), a precursor of α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol macromonomer (PGL), were prepared on silicon wafers via a surface-initiated activator generated by electron transfer radical polymerization (AGET ATRP). Silicon plates with previously attached 2-bromoisobutyrate served as a macroinitiator for the AGET ATRP (activator generated by electron transfer) of styrene and PGLet. The copolymers' gradient P(S-co-PPGL) of composition and thickness was obtained by a simple method where the plates were slowly removed from reaction mixture using a step motor. PGLet was added continuously (dropwise) into the reactor during withdrawal of the plates from solution in order to increase the relative concentration of PGLet in polymerization mixture. A range of strategies of making grafts was tested. The plates with copolymers grafts were analyzed by various techniques, like XPS, ellipsometry, and FTIR spectroscopy. The results indicate that the AGET ATRP process is dependent on the styrene/PGLet macromonomer ratio in the polymerization mixture. Under optimal conditions, the addition of PGLet during polymerization and subsequent deprotection of hydroxyl groups of PGLet permit to obtain plates with a novel copolymer layer with composition, thickness, and wettability gradient. Plates with chemical composition of copolymer grafts gradient served as versatile supports with controlled hydrophilic/hydrophobic area and were suitable for tailored deposition of particles.

Interactions of human serum albumin, gamma globulins and alkaline phosphatase with surface of hydrophilic microspheres are described. Relation between the composition of particles surface layer and adsorption/covalent immobilization and activity of proteins is elucidated. The set of poly(styrene/α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol) microspheres (poly(S/PGly)) was synthesized via emulsion copolymerization of styrene and α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol (PGL) macromonomer (Mn = 3000, Mw/Mn = 1.08). The way of addition of PGL macromonomer was different in particular subsets of syntheses; however, the total concentration of all compounds added to the polymerization mixture was kept constant. Namely, PGL was continuously injected beginning injection at various stages of styrene conversion or it was added together with styrene at the beginning of the polymerization. The syntheses yielded microspheres with a number average diameter measured by SEM in a range from 300 to 564.7 nm, and dispersities (Dw/Dn) lower than 1.004, depending on the method of addition of PGL to the polymerization mixture. Studies of proteins' adsorption allowed for determination of relation between the surface concentration of adsorbed protein and chemical composition of the particles interfacial layer. Activation of hydroxyl groups in polyglycidol by 1,3,5-trichlorotriazine allowed for the controlled covalent immobilization of proteins onto particles. The accompanying physical adsorption was low. Studies of the activity of alkaline phosphatase covalently bonded to the surface of the poly(S/PGly) particles with the fraction of PGL in the particles' interfacial layer (fPGL = 20.6 mol% revealed that the activity of the covalently immobilized enzyme was 4.6 times higher than activity of the enzyme adsorbed on the surface of the polystyrene microspheres. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In the batch emulsion copolymerization of styrene and α- tert -butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol macromonomer, carried out at macromonomer concentrations exceeding the critical micelle concentration ( c mc ), particles are formed by a two-step coagulative nucleation mechanism. This mechanism leaves its mark on morphology of particle interface, rate of polymerization and on molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer. AFM studies revealed that the interface of particles is composed of objects with dimensions close to dimensions of the primary particles. Compartmentalization of styrene in the macromonomer micelles leads to the higher initial rate of styrene conversion than in the similar macromonomer free homopolymerization of styrene. The initial polymerization in the monomer-swollen macromonomer micelles, similar to the microemulsion polymerization, is responsible for the formation of the highest molecular weight component. In the mature particles there are two different polymerization loci: the interfacial layer and the core. This leads to bimodal molecular weight distribution of the formed polymer.

This paper presents a short review on the synthesis and properties of polyglycidol (PGL) and its derivatives and on selected medical applications of polyglycidol-containing materials. These materials are often used in the fabrication of medical diagnostic tests and biosensors as well as in bioseparation, biocatalysis and drug delivery systems. Various methods for the polymerization of glycidol (cationic, anionic) are described. Regardless of the synthesis method, each glycidol polymerization process yields branched macromolecules. However, glycidol with protected hydroxyl group can be anionically polymerized, which yields linear polyglycidol after deprotection of the hydroxyl groups. Modifications of the polyglycidol hydroxyl side and end groups and the syntheses of polyglycidol-containing copolymers with various architectures are discussed. A macromonomer, the polyglycidol derivative, -tert-butoxy-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol was used as a surfmer in emulsion polymerization of styrene in water. This synthesis method produces core-shell microspheres [P(S/PGL)] that possess a very low (usually less than 1.06) diameter dispersity parameter Dw/Dn (where Dw and Dn denote the weight and number average diameters, respectively). The relationships between the concentration of macromonomer in the polymerization mixture and the concentration of polyglycidol in the particle interfacial layer, final particle diameters and the suitability of the particles for binding biomolecules are discussed. Selected applications of the polyglycidol macromonomer and P(S/PGL) microspheres for the preparation of some materials are described.

Emulsion copolymerization of hydrophilic α - tert -butoxy- ω -vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol macromonomer with styrene yields core–shell microspheres and a water-soluble copolymer fraction. This copolymer has a higher content of hydrophilic polyglycidol attested by 1 H NMR. Further information is acquired by labeling the copolymer with 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl)aminofluorescein (DTAF) and making absorption and fluorescence studies. The acquired data on aqueous solution of labeled copolymer without (L) and with micelles of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (LD), sodium dodecylsulfate (LS) and hexaethyleneglycol mono n -dodecyl ether (LE) reveal that the dianionic and anionic tautomers of the DTAF-label are apparent and concordant with the recorded spectrophotometric p K a values. The emission intensities, quantum yields and lifetimes obey the sequence LE LS L LD . They are along with the increasingly deprotonated forms of the fluorophore and unveil that the micelle-label interactions depend on the surfactant.

The kinetics of the self-assembly of poly(styrene/α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol) microparticles on poly(allylamine hydrochloride)-derivatized silicon/silica substrate was determined by direct AFM imaging and streaming potential (SP) measurements. The kinetic runs acquired under diffusion-controlled transport were quantitatively interpreted in terms of the extended random sequential adsorption (RSA) model. This allowed confirmation of a core/shell morphology of the microparticles. The polyglycidol-rich shell of thickness equal to 25 nm exhibited a fuzzy structure that enabled penetration of particles into each other resulting in high coverage inaccessible for ordinary microparticles. The SP measurements interpreted by using the 3D electrokinetic model confirmed this microparticle structure. Additionally, the acid-base characteristics of the microparticle monolayers were determined for a broad pH range. By using the streaming potential measurements, human serum albumin (HSA) adsorption on the microparticle monolayers was investigated under in situ conditions. It was confirmed that the protein adsorption was considerably lower than for the reference case of bare silicon/silica substrate under the same physicochemical conditions. This effect was attributed to the presence of the shell diminishing the protein/microparticle physical interactions.

The methods of preparation and characterization of core-shell poly(styrene/α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol) particles arranged in colloidal crystals are described. The particles were prepared via emulsifier free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol macromonomer in aqueous medium, initiated by potassium persulfate. The individual polymerizations differed in a way of addition of macromonomer to the polymerization mixture. The particles assemblies were characterized by atomic force microscopy, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). In-depth distribution of chemical states was determined by XPS combined with argon gas cluster ion sputtering (Ar-GCIB). The morphology of microspheres assemblies reflected the composition of the entire particles. It was found that the method of macromonomer addition to the polymerization mixture affects the particles size, surface and overall morphology. The XPS profiles revealed the chemical composition of the particles arranged in multilayers. It was found that distribution of polyglycidol segments at the particles interfacial layer depends on the time and way of addition of macromonomer. The thickest outer layer composed from polystyrene-polyglycidol segments was obtained for particles when macromonomer was added at the beginning of polymerization.

Polyglycidol (or polyglycerol) is a biocompatible polymer with a main chain structure similar to that of poly(ethylene oxide) but with a –CH2OH reactive side group in every structural unit. The hydroxyl groups in polyglycidol not only increase the hydrophilicity of this polymer but also allow for its modification, leading to polymers with carboxyl, amine, and vinyl groups, as well as to polymers with bonded aliphatic chains, sugar moieties, and covalently immobilized bioactive compounds in particular proteins. The paper describes the current state of knowledge on the synthesis of polyglycidols with various topology (linear, branched, and star-like) and with various molar masses. We provide information on polyglycidol-rich surfaces with protein-repelling properties. We also describe methods for the synthesis of polyglycidol-containing copolymers and the preparation of nano- and microparticles that could be derived from these copolymers. The paper summarizes recent advances in the application of polyglycidol and polyglycidol-containing polymers as drug carriers, reagents for diagnostic systems, and elements of biosensors.

International audience; Homopolymer grafts from α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol (PGL) were prepared on gold and stainless steel (SS) substrates modified by 4-benzoyl-phenyl (BP) moieties derived from the electroreduction of the parent salt 4-benzoyl benzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate. The grafted BP aryl groups efficiently served to surface-initiate photopolymerization (SIPP) of PGL. In similar conditions, SIPP of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) permitted the production of PHEMA grafts as model surfaces. Water contact angles were found to be 66°, 15°, and 0° for SS-BP, SS-PHEMA, and SS-PPGL, respectively. The spontaneous spreading of water drops on SS-PPGL was invariably observed with 1.5 μL water drops. PPGL thus appears as a superhydrophilic polymer. Resistance to nonspecific adsorption of proteins of PPGL and PHEMA grafts on gold was evaluated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using antibovine serum albumin (anti-BSA). The results conclusively show that PPGL-grafts exhibit enhanced resistance to anti-BSA adsorption compared to the well-known hydrophilic PHEMA. PPGL grafts were further modified with BSA through the carbonyldiimidazole activation of the OH groups providing immunosensing surfaces. The so-prepared PPGL-grafted BSA hybrids specifically interacted with anti-BSA in PBS as compared to antimyoglobin. It is clear that the superhydrophilic character of PPGL grafts opens new avenues for biomedical applications where surfaces with dual functionality, namely, specific protein grafting together with resistance to biofouling, are required.

Optical properties of polymer microspheres with polystyrene cores and polyglycidol-enriched shells poly(styrene/α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol) (P(S/PGL) particles with number average diameters D n determined by scanning electron microscopy equal 237 and 271 nm), were studied before and after immobilization of ovalbumin. The particles were synthesized by emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and polyglycidol macromonomer (poly(styrene/α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol)) initiated with potassium persulfate. Molar fraction of polyglycidol units in the interfacial layer of the microspheres determined by XPS was equal 42.6 and 34.0%, for the particles with D n equal 137 and 271 nm, respectively. Colloidal crystals from the aforementioned particles were prepared by deposition of particle suspensions on the glass slides and subsequent evaporation of water. It was found that optical properties of colloidal crystals from the P(S/PGL) microspheres strongly depend on modification of their interfacial layer by covalent immobilization of ovalbumin. The coating of particles with ovalbumin resulted in decreasing their refractive index from 1.58 to 1.52.