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La excelente formación académica recibida durante su infancia habría posibilitado que Quinto Elio Tuberón el Joven se iniciase desde muy joven como orador en el foro romano. Sin embargo, de acuerdo con el testimonio de Pomponio (D. 1.2.2.46, l. s. enchir.), todo parece indicar que su prometedora carrera se habría visto truncada como consecuencia del desenlace del proceso impulsado contra Quinto Ligario. El presente trabajo pretende arrojar algo de luz sobre los pormenores de un proceso que sin duda constituyó un punto de inflexión en la vida de este jurista.

Current applications and most recent trends in the analysis of foods and food components using liquid chromatography (LC) are presented in this chapter. Although LC is a widely extended analytical tool for food analysis within different fields (safety, quality, and traceability), this work is mainly focused on the analysis of food constituents, paying special attention to the analysis of carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, peptides, proteins, and lipids, as well as other minor food compounds (e.g., polyphenols and carotenoids) and food additives used as preservatives, antioxidants, colorants, or sweeteners. The text includes fundamentals about their physiological roles together with sample preparation and LC conditions most typically used for their analysis in foods.

This work presents a revision of the main applications of capillary electromigration methods in food analysis and Foodomics. Articles that were published during the period February 2019-February 2021 are included. The work shows the multiple CE methods that have been developed and applied to analyze different types of molecules in foods. Namely, CE methods have been applied to analyze amino acids, biogenic amines, carbohydrates, chiral compounds, contaminants, DNAs, food additives, heterocyclic amines, lipids, secondary metabolites, peptides, pesticides, phenols, pigments, polyphenols, proteins, residues, toxins, vitamins, small organic and inorganic compounds, as well as other minor compounds. The last results on the use of CE for monitoring food interactions and food processing, including recent microchips developments and new applications of CE in Foodomics, are discussed too. The new procedures of CE to investigate food quality and safety, nutritional value, storage and bioactivity are also included in the present review work., This work was supported by the project AGL2017-89417-R (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), Spain). A.V., G.A.-R., and B.S.-R. would like to acknowledge Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for their “Juan de la Cierva” post-doctoral grants (IJC2018-037560-I, IJC2019-041482-I, FJC2018-038422-I).

INTRODUCTION Giant garlic is a functional food that contains different kinds of bioactive molecules with beneficial effects on chronic noncommunicable diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. Considering biosynthesis pathways, abundance, and biological activity, alliin and S-allyl-cysteine were used as chemical markers of organosulphur compounds present in giant garlic. OBJECTIVE To establish a chemometric optimisation of pressurised liquid extraction for the determination of alliin and S-allyl-cysteine in giant garlic by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODOLOGY Samples were blanched (ca. 90°C for 10 min) to inactivate alliinase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase enzymes and then freeze-dried. Chemometric optimisation was performed via response surface methodology based on central composite design (CCD). Organosulphur compound yields were determined applying a validated LC-MS/MS method in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using the following transitions: for alliin m/z 178 → 74 and for S-allyl-cysteine m/z 162 → 41. RESULTS According to CCD results, under constant conditions of pressure (1500 psi) and time (20 min), the optimal conditions for pressurised liquid extraction of alliin and S-allyl-cysteine were 70.75 and 68.97% v/v of ethanol in extraction solvent and 76.45 and 98.88°C as extraction temperature, respectively. Multiple response optimisation for the simultaneous extraction of both organosulphur compounds was established via desirability function. Under these conditions, 2.70 ± 0.27 mg g-1 dry weight (DW) of alliin and 2.79 ± 0.22 mg g-1 DW of S-allyl-cysteine were extracted. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly demonstrated that pressurised liquid extraction is an efficient green technique to extract bioactive organosulphur compounds from giant garlic. Extraction yields were significantly (p

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The Green Chemistry movement has led the change toward a more sustainable and environmentally benign chemistry industry and has explored new ways to reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances from chemical products and processes. In the present chapter several extraction techniques will be seen and their applications to herbs, spices, and by‐products. Among pressurized technologies, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) are revised in addition to techniques such as ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE), microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE), and enzyme‐assisted extraction (EAE). Moreover, the combination of these techniques for integrated processes will be covered. The reader is invited to learn about the huge potential of these techniques for extraction of high added‐value compounds (with improved bioactivity) while complying with Green Chemistry goals., A.P.S.C. thanks to the Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) for her postdoctoral research fellowship (784-1077 2017). M. H. would like to thank MICINN for his “Ramón y Cajal” research contract. The authors would also like to thank Projects AGL2017-89417-R (MINECO, Spain) and I-LINK1096 (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC), for their financial support.

Microalgae represent one of the most promising sources of bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical and food industries. Among these bioactives, carotenoids could be highlighted due to their health-promoting effects, including anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective or antioxidant properties. In this study, diverse microalgae extracts enriched in carotenoids, including extracts from Haematococcus pluvialis, Nannochloropsis oceanica, Tisochrysis lutea and Porphyridium cruentum, were evaluated through a battery of in vitro neuroprotective assays in an effort to estimate their potential against neurological disorders. Results indicated that microalgae extracts exerted a moderate and selective cholinesterase inhibitory potential, as well as high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities, highlighting N. oceanica and T. lutea extracts. In parallel, cytotoxicity tests and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory capacity of the microalgae extracts were performed using different models. In this regard, N. oceanica extract showed the highest inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, indicating that this microalga extract could be the most promising neuroprotective agent., This work was supported by projects ABACUS (Algae for a Biomass Applied to the produCtion of added value compounds—funded by the Bio Based Industries Joint Undertaking under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 745668) and AGL2017-89417-R (MINECO, Spain). A.V. would like to acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for his “Juan de la Cierva” post-doctoral grant (IJC2018-037560-I). J.D.S-M. would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Education (Spain) for a FPU predoctoral grant FPU17/01876. Z.J.S.M. would like to acknowledge the University of Nariño (Colombia) for financial support.

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (Grant No. PID2020-113050RB-I00). A.V., G.A.-R., and B.S.-R. would like to acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for their “Juan de la Cierva” postdoctoral grants.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia that is associated with extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque formation. Genetic, environmental, and nutrition factors have been suggested as contributors to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation events that are connected to AD etiology, and secondary metabolites, such as triterpenes, have shown promising results in AD prevention. In this work, the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory potential of an olive leaves fraction enriched in triterpenoid compounds obtained using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and dynamic adsorption/desorption using sea sand as adsorbent has been performed. In addition, a comprehensive lipidomics study of the response of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line to this fraction was carried out using advanced analytical methodologies, namely, charged-surface hybrid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (CSH-Q-TOF MS/MS). The use of freely available lipidomic annotation tools and databases, and stringent cut-off filters allowed the annotation of more than 250 intracellular lipids. Advanced bioinformatics and statistical tools showed a number of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines significantly increased, which could explain the protection against the cell death caused by Aβ1–42. Moreover, several triacylglycerols were found decreased. These results suggest triterpenoids from olive leaves as good neuroprotective candidates, and open a new gate for future experiments using in vivo models to corroborate this hypothesis., This research was funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), Spain, project AGL2017-89417-R. ZS-M would like to acknowledge the University of Nariño (Colombia) for financial support. AV would like to acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities for his Juan de la Cierva post-doctoral grant (IJC2018-037560-I).

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used for the recovery of bioactive compounds of two Lamiaceae species: Origanum glandulosum and Thymus fontanesii. MAE was combined with response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the effect of concentration of ethanol (%EtOH), temperature and extraction time on the total phenolic content (TPC), the extraction yield and the antioxidant capacity from the aerial parts of O. glandulosum and T. fontanesii. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, while the antioxidant capacity was evaluated using 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Optimum conditions obtained for O. glandulosum MAE extracts were 0% ethanol, 42 °C and 2 min of extraction time, which give individual response values of 23.29 ± 0.38%, 311.36 ± 6.09 mg GAE/g extract, 5.54 ± 0.42 μg/mL and 3.61 ± 0.14 mmol Trolox/g extract for yield, TPC, DPPH (EC50) and trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC) assay, respectively. Whereas, the optimum conditions obtained for T. fontanesii MAE extracts were 50% ethanol, 150 °C, and 9.5 min. These latter give individual response values of 26.81 ± 0.30%, 227.63 ± 31.87 mg GAE/g extract, 8.58 ± 1.75 μg/mL, 3.92 ± 0.61 mmol Trolox/g extract for yield, TPC, DPPH (EC50) and TEAC assay, respectively. The main phenolic compounds identified in O. glandulosum and T. fontanesii optimized MAE extracts, using the HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS method were gallocatechin and rosmarinic acid, respectively., This work was supported by the projects AGL2017-89417-R (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain) and PNE-2015 (Ministry of High Education and Scientific Research, Algeria). The pre-doctoral fellowship of N. NABET was financed by the Ministry of High Education and Scientific Research of Algeria.

Giant garlic is a functional food that contains different kinds of bioactive molecules with beneficial effects on chronic noncommunicable diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. Considering biosynthesis pathways, abundance, and biological activity, alliin and S-allyl-cysteine were used as chemical markers of organosulphur compounds present in giant garlic.To establish a chemometric optimisation of pressurised liquid extraction for the determination of alliin and S-allyl-cysteine in giant garlic by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).Samples were blanched (ca. 90°C for 10 min) to inactivate alliinase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase enzymes and then freeze-dried. Chemometric optimisation was performed via response surface methodology based on central composite design (CCD). Organosulphur compound yields were determined applying a validated LC-MS/MS method in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using the following transitions: for alliin m/z 178 → 74 and for S-allyl-cysteine m/z 162 → 41.According to CCD results, under constant conditions of pressure (1500 psi) and time (20 min), the optimal conditions for pressurised liquid extraction of alliin and S-allyl-cysteine were 70.75 and 68.97% v/v of ethanol in extraction solvent and 76.45 and 98.88°C as extraction temperature, respectively. Multiple response optimisation for the simultaneous extraction of both organosulphur compounds was established via desirability function. Under these conditions, 2.70 ± 0.27 mg gThese results clearly demonstrated that pressurised liquid extraction is an efficient green technique to extract bioactive organosulphur compounds from giant garlic. Extraction yields were significantly (p 0.05) higher than those obtained with conventional ultra-turrax extraction.

Edible insects are widely consumed in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America, but less commonly so in Western countries. Since the turn of the millennium, however, entomophagy has aroused growing interest worldwide in response to the increasing scarcity of food resources. In fact, edible insects can be a source of high-quality protein, and also of fat, energy, minerals and vitamins. However, the lack of regulatory guidelines for microbiologically or chemically hazardous agents potentially present in these new foods (e.g., mycotoxins) may make their consumption unsafe. In this work, we developed an environmentally friendly analytical method using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES or natural DES) in combination with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of six mycotoxins of great concern owing to their toxic effects on humans and animals (namely, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, ochratoxin A and mycophenolic acid) in insect-based food products. The target mycotoxins were co-extracted from cricket flour by using the optimum DES composition (namely, a mixture of choline chloride and urea, in a 1:2 mole ratio, containing 15% water which resulted in the highest extraction recoveries for all toxins). An experimental design method (Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) was used to examine the influence of the operational variables DES volume and water content, amount of sample, extraction time and extraction temperature on the extraction efficiency for each mycotoxin. Under optimum conditions, extraction recoveries were close to 100% except for fumonisin B2 (70%) and T-2 toxin (50%), with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 13% in all cases. The proposed NADES-UHPLC–MS/MS method was validated in accordance with the European Commission 2002/657/EC and 2006/401/EC decisions, and used to determine the target compounds in cricket flour, silkworm pupae powder and black cricket powder., This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, Projects RTI2018-096410-B-C21 and AGL2017-89417-R). F.P. acknowledges award of a pre-doctoral FPU grant by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, and G.A.-R. a “Juan de la Cierva” postdoctoral grant by MINECO.

Caseins and ovalbumin are frequently used as wine fining agents to remove undesirable compounds like polymeric phenols. Their presence in wines is a subject of concern because may cause adverse effects on susceptible consumers, especially when their presence is not labeled. A key step for its determination is trypsin digestion, which is considered the bottleneck of bottom-up approach workflow because usually requires several hours. To reduce this time, the objective of this work was to carry out a chemometric optimization of trypsin digestion method applying infrared, microwave and ultrasound energies to determine caseins and ovalbumin in wines. The conditions of each accelerated digestion method were optimized using a Response Surface Methodology based on central composite design. The parameters optimized were digestion time and trypsin: protein ratio. The response variable evaluated was digestion yield, which was determined through the peak area of each protein transition determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The most effective technique was microwave followed by ultrasound and infrared. Since optimal values of microwave and ultrasound-assisted digestion were the same, the later was chosen considering sample preparation and cost. Applying the proposed approach, a reduction of ca. 140 and 240-fold on digestion time was achieved compared with optimized and non-optimized conventional methods, respectively. With this workflow, both proteins were digested in a single 3 min process allowing its detection by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry at µg L−1 level, which is ca. 60 times lower than the current limit of 0.25 mg L−1., This work is part of Jessy Pavón-Pérez thesis to obtain the degree of Doctor in Science and Analytical Technology from the University of Concepcion, Chile. Authors thank to the National Commission of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT) of the Chilean Government for the doctoral scholarship granted. This study was funded by the National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FONDECYT) Project No. 1171857 and by the National Fund for Scientific and Technological Equipment (FONDEQUIP) Project No. 130209.

Este estudio toma como punto de partida el discurso de la Novena Filípica pronunciada por Cicerón en febrero del año 43 a.C., pocos días después de tener noticia de la muerte de su amigo Servio Sulpicio Rufo en el transcurso de una embajada senatorial enviada a negociar con Marco Antonio. En el contexto de los duros enfrentamientos por el poder que se produjeron en Roma tras el asesinato de Julio César, el arpinate aprovecha la ocasión para realizar un encendido elogio de las virtudes personales de Servio, ensalzar su compromiso político y destacar, por encima de todo, la altura profesional de un jurista absolutamente determinante en el devenir de la historia de la jurisprudencia romana. A partir de esa semblanza, este trabajo se sumerge en algunas de las principales obras ciceronianas, así como en su correspondencia privada, con el fin de comprender la profundidad de la relación que habrían mantenido estos dos personajes en los convulsos compases finales del régimen republicano.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia caused by a progressive loss of neurons from different regions of the brain. This multifactorial pathophysiology has been widely characterized by neuroinflammation, extensive oxidative damage, synaptic loss, and neuronal cell death. In this sense, the design of multi-target strategies to prevent or delay its progression is a challenging goal. In the present work, different in vitro assays including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cholinergic activities of a carotenoid-enriched extract from Dunaliella salina microalgae obtained by supercritical fluid extraction are studied. Moreover, its potential neuroprotective effect in the human neuron-like SH-SY5Y cell model against remarkable hallmarks of AD was also evaluated. In parallel, a comprehensive metabolomics study based on the use of charged-surface hybrid chromatography (CSH) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS/MS) was applied to evaluate the effects of the extract on the metabolism of the treated cells. The use of advanced bioinformatics and statistical tools allowed the identification of more than 314 metabolites in SH-SY5Y cells, of which a great number of phosphatidylcholines, triacylglycerols, and fatty acids were significantly increased, while several phosphatidylglycerols were decreased, compared to controls. These lipidomic changes in cells along with the possible role exerted by carotenoids and other minor compounds on the cell membrane might explain the observed neuroprotective effect of the D. salina extract. However, future experiments using in vivo models to corroborate this hypothesis must be carried out., A.V. would like to acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for his “Juan de la Cierva” post-doctoral grant (IJC2018-037560-I). J.D.S-M. would like acknowledge the Ministry of Education for a FPU predoctoral grant FPU17/01876. Z.J.S.M. would like to acknowledge the University of Nariño (Colombia) for financial support. The authors would like to thank projects ABACUS (Algae for a Biomass Applied to the produCtion of added value compounds—funded by the Bio Based Industries Joint Undertaking under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 745668) and AGL2017-89417-R (MINECO, Spain) for funding., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.

[Resumen] En los diferentes relatos que se han conservado sobre la muerte de Lucrecia se alude, de manera más o menos expresa, a la intervención de un consilium domesticum en los últimos compases de su vida. En este trabajo se realiza un análisis del contenido de las tres narraciones más pormenorizadas de este episodio histórico con el propósito de aclarar si esta institución doméstica estuvo involucrada de alguna forma en su muerte y, en ese caso, arrojar algo de luz acerca de las posibles causas que habrían motivado una intervención de su comunidad familiar en este caso. [Abstract] On the written proof that has been preserved about Lucrecia’s death, the consilium domesticum is inferred in several ways along the last moments of her life. This study analyses the content of the 3 most detailed accounts of this historical event with the purpose of clarifying if this domestic institution was somehow involved in her death and, in that case, shed some light on the possible reasons which might have prompted an intervention of her family community.

Sustainable urban transformation is characterized by multiple factors (e.g. technical, socioeconomic, environmental and ethical perspectives) that should address the evaluation of alternative urban planning scenarios or opportunities. This defines a complex decision-making process that includes various stakeholders where several aspects need to be considered simultaneously. In spite of the knowledge and experiences during the recent years, there is a need for methods that lead decision-making processes. In response, a City Evaluation Framework is proposed in the TEC4ENERPLAN project aiming at supporting cities during the preliminary stages of the strategic planning process through the definition of an evaluation framework to assist city managers in transforming cities towards sustainability. This methodology, based on indicators allows assessing specific characteristics of the city, diagnoses challenges or discovers patterns through reliable metrics but also compares various aspects of the cities thanks to the standardization of the indicators and indexes defined. Additionally, there is a need for tools that support the city planners when handling and interpreting data, solving automatically the complex processes of data processing and storage, selection of indicators, and valorization of the city-related values. Inside the TEC4ENERPLAN project, a full web-based application called City Indicators Visualization and Information System (CIVIS) is being developed to fulfil the aforementioned goals. Combining programming in Shiny under R language and the usage of storage with PostgreSQL databases, with the integration of advanced statistical techniques, the multidisciplinary data from the cities can be evaluated within an evaluation framework defined by indicators extracted from related ISO standards. Currently, the tool is in its final stage of development, prior to final validation with data from the cities. The result will be a web-based application tool that will inform users about the city’s progress towards sustainable development through the visualization of the city indicators aggregated per city pillar; it will even enable their comparison with the ones belonging to other cities. The application works this way as a valuable advisor during the decision-making process by highlighting in accordance with the resulting indexes which city assets need to be enhanced, which ones comply with the objectives set by the city, and the degree of development of those assets compared with similar municipalities. In a long-term view, the graphics and data would help to trace the evolution of the various different city strategies or politics, exposing clearly if those actions have had a positive or negative impact on the sustainable development. Considering this, the application should perform as a reliable measure for the city policies through time.

Pyrolysis processes are an alternative to minimize the environmental problem associated to agrifood industrial wastes. The main product resulting from these processes is a high-value liquid product, called bio-oil. Recently, the use of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) has been demonstrated as a useful tool to improve the characterization of the water-soluble phases of bio-oils, considering their complexity and high water content. However, the precise composition of bio-oils from different agrifood byproducts is still unknown. In the present study, the qualitative and quantitative screening of eight aqueous phases from different biomasses, not yet reported in the literature, using LC × LC is presented. The two-dimensional approach was based on the use of two reverse phase separations. An amide column in the first dimension together with a C18 column in the second dimension were employed. Thanks to the use of diode array and mass spectrometry detection, 28 compounds were identified and quantified in the aqueous phase samples with good figures of merit. Samples showed a distinct quali-quantitative composition and a great predominance of compounds belonging to aldehydes, ketones and phenols, most of them with high polarity., Authors thank Project AGL2017-89417-R (MINECO, Spain) for funding. E.L. thanks CNPQ (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for the scholarship and FINEP (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos) and Petrobras for financial support. K.A. thanks “Prof. Antonio Imbesi Foundation” of the University of Messina for the financial support.

To provide further insight into the antioxidant potential of procyanidins (PCs) from cocoa beans, PC extract was fractionated by several methodologies, including solid phase extraction, Sephadex LH-20 gel permeation, and preparative HPLC using C18 and diol stationary phases. All the isolated fractions were analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS to determine their relative composition. According to our results, classical techniques allowed good separation of alkaloids, catechins, dimers, and trimers, but were inefficient for oligomeric PCs. Preparative C18-HPLC method allowed the attainment of high relative composition of fractions enriched with alkaloids, catechins, and PCs with degree of polymerization (DP) &lt, 4. However, the best results were obtained by preparative diol-HPLC, providing a separation according to the increasing DP. According to the mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern, the nine isolated fractions (Fractions II&ndash, X) consisted of exclusively individual PCs and their corresponding isomers (same DP). In summary, an efficient, robust, and fast method using a preparative diol column for the isolation of PCs is proposed. Regarding DPPH&middot, and ABTS&middot, + scavenging activity, it increases according to the DP, therefore, the highest activity was for cocoa extract &gt, PCs &gt, monomers. Thereby, cocoa procyanidins might be of interest to be used as alternative antioxidants.

At present, there is an increasing demand for natural bioactive compounds able to provide health benefits when included and consumed in a functional food or in a nutraceutical. In this regard, microalgae are promising natural sources with great potential, not only considering that these organisms are largely underexplored, but also because microalgae can be produced at large scale and their chemical composition might be tuned to over-synthesize a particular target compound. The use of advanced sustainable extraction techniques to recover these bioactive compounds is a must nowadays. This work presents an overview on the use of compressed fluid-based extraction techniques to obtain bioactive compounds from microalgae that can be seen also as a first step towards its recovery at larger scale. When relevant, the description of the analytical procedure used to chemically characterize the bioactive compounds is also included.

Ferruginous sandstones and crusts are prominent sedimentary features throughout the continental (braided)-coastal siliciclastic (estuarine-tidal) wedges of the Late Cenomanian Utrillas Formation in the Iberian Basin. Crust types recognized are: Ferruginous sandy crusts (Fsc) with oxides-oxyhydroxides (hematite and goethite) concentrated on sandstone tops presenting a fibro-radial internal structure reminding organic structures that penetrate different mineral phases, suggesting the existence of bacterial activity in crust development; Ferruginous muddy crusts (Fmc) consisting of wavy, laminated, microbial mats, being composed mainly of hematite. On the other hand, a more dispersed and broader mineralization included as Ferruginous sandstones with iron oxides and oxyhydroxides (hematite and goethite) representing a limited cement phase on these sediments. The presence of microbial remains, ferruginous minerals, Microbially-induced sedimentary structures, microbial laminites and vertebrate tracks preserved due to the presence of biofilms suggest firstly a direct evidence of syn-depositional microbial activity in these sediments; and, secondly, that iron accumulation and ferruginous crusts development occurred immediately after deposition of the host, still soft sediments. Ferruginous crusts cap sedimentary cycles and they represent the gradual development of hard substrate conditions, and the development of a discontinuity surface at the top of the parasequence sets, related to very low sedimentary rates; the overlying sediments record subsequent flooding of underlying shallower environments; crusts are, consequently, interpreted as boundaries for these higher-order cycles in the Iberian Basin.

Resumen:En este trabajo se exponen, con elevado nivel de detalle, los elementos que influyeron en la redacción del Real Decreto Ley de 18 de marzo de 1977, que reguló las primeras elecciones democráticas en España, y que influyó posteriormente en la actual regulación electoral todavía vigente.AbstractIn this work are exposed, with high level of detail, the elements that influenced the drafting of the Royal Decree of March 18, 1977, which regulated the first democratic elections in Spain, and which later influenced the current electoral regulation still in force.

Resumen: En este trabajo se exponen, con elevado nivel de detalle, los elementos que influyeron en la redacción del Real Decreto Ley de 18 de marzo de 1977, que reguló las primeras elecciones democráticas en España, y que influyó posteriormente en la actual regulación electoral todavía vigente. Abstract In this work are exposed, with high level of detail, the elements that influenced the drafting of the Royal Decree of March 18, 1977, which regulated the first democratic elections in Spain, and which later influenced the current electoral regulation still in force.

La poética del microrrelato en la Grecia antigua es enormemente productiva, pero ha sido poco explorada. Este estudio la aborda en tres frentes: la que deriva de la perspectiva del lector moderno (poética del fragmento); la que surge de una relación implícita o explícita con una macronarrativa del contexto (poética de la alusión); y la que de modo consciente aprovecha una forma comprimida para comunicar un mensaje completo dentro de la obligada brevedad (poética del epigrama).

El parlamentarismo consiste en que el Gobierno se basa en la confianza de la mayoria de la Asamblea y es controlado por esta. Las funciones del jefe del Estado parlamentario han evolucionado desde el parlamentarismo dualista donde el Gobierno necesita la doble confianza de la Asamblea y del jefe del Estado (orleanismo) a su debilitacion e, incluso, desaparicion y, despues, a un fortalecimiento con competencias arbitrales hasta llegar al semipresidencialismo. Actualmente, la Jefatura del Estado parlamentaria es relevante por su supremacia de posicion, su participacion indirecta en la supremacia de gobierno y su condicion de magistratura de garantia.

Ce livre, issu d’une these de doctorat, aborde un sujet dont les resonances sont familieres a tous ceux qui s’interessent a l’histoire des religions, mais qui n’a pourtant pas fait l’objet d’un traitement systematique sous forme de monographie depuis les annees 1930 : la relation du christianisme des iie-ive siecles avec la sphere religieuse et culturelle du dieu Dionysos. Pour cette seule raison, sa lecture est recommandee, mais il y a bien d’autres criteres qui font de cet ouvrage une contr...

The marine microalga Tisochrysis lutea, a Haptophyta with a thin cell wall and currently used mainly in aquaculture is a potential source of several bioactive compounds of interest such as carotenoids. In the present study, the simultaneous extraction and purification of fucoxanthin, the main carotenoid from T. lutea, was optimized using pressurized fluid extraction followed by in‐cell purification. An experimental design was employed to maximize carotenoids’ extraction; the experimental factors chosen were: (i) percentage of ethanol/ethyl acetate (0–100 %), (ii) temperature (40–150°C), and (iii) number of static extraction cycles (1–3). The maximum carotenoids’ recovery, mainly fucoxanthin, was obtained with pure ethyl acetate at 40°C using one extraction cycle, achieving values of 132.8 mg of carotenoids per gram of extract. Once the optimum extraction conditions were confirmed, in‐cell purification strategies using different adsorbents were developed to obtain fucoxanthin‐enriched extracts. Activated charcoal showed potential retention of chlorophylls allowing an effective purification of fucoxanthin in the obtained extracts. Chemical characterization of extracts was carried out by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Therefore, a selective fractionation of high value compounds was achieved using the proposed green downstream platform based on the use of compressed fluids., The authors would like to thank projects ABACUS (Algae for a Biomass Applied to the production of added value compoundS, grant agreement no. 745668, funded by the Bio Based Industries Joint Undertaking under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme) and AGL2017‐89417‐R (MINECO, Spain) for financial support.

Microalgae are considered prolific sources of bioactive compounds that can be useful for nutraceuticals. In this study, the potential of ultra-high pressure extraction (UHPE) for the simultaneous cell disruption and extraction of bioactives from two microalgae species, Haematococcus pluvialis and Porphyridium cruentum, was evaluated. The variables studied to extract carotenoids for H. pluvialis were pressure (100–600 MPa) and number of cycles (1 and 3 cycles) whereas the variables studied to obtain bioactives such as B-phycoerythrin, carotenoids, and PUFAs for P. cruentum were pressure (100–600 MPa) and different extraction solvents (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate or ethanol/d-limonene), generally recognized as safe (GRAS). The UHPE results showed significant increase on the extraction of carotenoids (109.74–119.34 mg per g extract) from H. pluvialis using 1 cycle of 20 min regardless of the pressure used. For P. cruentum, an UHPE with water provided extracts enriched in B-phycoerythrin (up to 144.43 mg per g extract), while subsequent UHPE using ethanol, ethyl acetate or ethanol/d-limonene 1:1 (v/v) provided extracts enriched in carotenoids (up to 65.05 mg per g extract) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (mainly eicosapentanoic acid and linoleic acid). Therefore, UHPE proved to be a viable green alternative for the recovery of bioactives from microalgae biomass., Industrial relevance: Microalgae are promising sources of bioactives such as B-phycoerythrin, carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The potential of ultra-high-pressure extraction (UHPE) has been demonstrated as a fast and viable eco-friendly alternative using GRAS solvents (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate or ethanol/d-limonene) for the simultaneous cell disruption and extraction of these bioactives from Haematococcus pluvialis and Porphyridium cruentum. The bioactives obtained with one step or two step-UHPE process can be used in an array of food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications., Authors thank projects ABACUS (Algae for a Biomass Applied to the production of added value compoundS, grant agreement No 745668, funded by the Bio Based Industries Joint Undertaking under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme), AGL2017-89417-R (MINECO, Spain), ILINK+1096 (CSIC) and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, #04371-2019) for financial support. M.B and R.G. acknowledge the financial support from ILINK+1096 (CSIC) for a short research stay in the Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada. M.B. acknowledges MINECO for a “Juan de La Cierva-Formación” FJCI-2016-30902 and MICIU for the “Juan de La Cierva-Incorporación” postdoctoral grants.

Natural carotenoids from microalgae have attracted huge interest for their potential health benefits. Among microalgae species with high carotenoid content, Dunaliella salina has been highlighted since it is able to accumulate relatively high amounts of β-carotene and other carotenoids of industrial interest when grown under specific conditions. In the present contribution, extractions based on carbon dioxide under sub- and supercritical conditions have been optimized to improve the recovery of carotenoids and extract purity from D. salina. An experimental design was employed to investigate the effect of pressure and temperature variations ranging from 250 to 400 bar and from 15 to 45 °C, respectively. The chemical characterization of the carotenoid extracts was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC–DAD). Moreover, inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity of all of the extracts was measured using a recently developed in vitro fluorescence methodology. High carotenoid yield and purity were obtained at 302–313 bar and 45 °C. Nine carotenoids were identified and three other compounds were recognized as carotenoids and quantified. Acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition could be satisfactorily explained by a partial least-squares model (63% explained variance in cross-validation) built considering the chemical composition of the different extracts. The model indicates a positive effect of lutein and 15-cis-β-carotene, the negative effect of zeaxanthin and cryptoxanthin, and the ratio of 9-cis-β-carotene/all-trans-β-carotene and 9-cis-β-carotene/total carotenoids in the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme., C.V. acknowledges the Erasmus + Program for the mobility grant. J.D.S.-M. acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (MECD) for an FPU grant FPU17/01876. M.B. would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for her “Juan de la Cierva-Formación” postdoctoral grant FJCI-2016-30902. Authors thank projects ABACUS (Algae for a Biomass Applied to the production of added value compounds, grant agreement No 745668, funded by the Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme) and AGL2017-89417-R (MINECO, Spain) for financial support.