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Nesta tese foram realizadas soldaduras em chapas de aço inoxidável AISI 316 com 6 mm de espessura em configuração de junta topo-a-topo, através do processo Metal Inert Gas (MIG). Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo, fazer uma análise de caráter didático, que permitisse avaliar a qualidade metalúrgica das soldaduras efetuadas e aprofundar conhecimentos úteis nesta área para o percurso profissional. Numa primeira fase, foram selecionados os materiais de adição, recorrendo ao diagrama de Schaeffler com regiões de Bystran. A utilização deste diagrama é de extrema importância, pois permite fazer uma seleção adequada do metal de adição, permitindo prever e evitar problemas metalúrgicos no material fundido. Inicialmente, as soldaduras foram realizadas utilizando como material de adição o fio OK Autrod 308LSi da ESAB com 0,8 mm de diâmetro. Posteriormente, com o objetivo de melhorar as soldaduras obtidas, o metal de adição utilizado foi o fio OK Autrod 347Si com 1,2 mm de diâmetro. Após inspeção visual, as amostras foram polidas e atacadas quimicamente para poderem ser observadas no microscópio ótico. Os reagentes utilizados (Glicerégia e Marble) apenas permitiram revelar a zona fundida da amostra, uma vez que é a única zona da amostra onde está presente ferrite. A microestrutura da zona fundida das amostras estudadas, caracteriza-se por ser uma matriz austenítica com a presença de ferrite δ com morfologia dendrítica. Na sequência da análise micrográfica foram efetuados ensaios de dureza que revelaram que a amostra soldada com o fio OK Autrod 308LSi tem dureza mais elevada na zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e na zona fundida. As amostras soldadas com o fio OK Autrod 347Si apresentaram menor dureza do que o metal de base na zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e na zona fundida. Os ensaios de tração permitiram concluir que nenhuma das amostras soldadas com o fio OK Autrod 308LSi são um conjunto soldado válido, uma vez que apresentaram uma resistência à tração menor do que a do metal de base. As amostras soldadas com o fio OK Autrod 347Si, mostraram resistência à tração igual ou superior à do metal de base, sendo por isso consideradas como conjuntos soldados válidos. ABSTRACT: In this thesis, were performed welds on 6 mm thick AISI 316 stainless steel sheets, in butt joint weld, using the process Metal Inert Gas (MIG). The focus of this research was to carry out a didactic analysis that would allow the evaluation of the metallurgical quality of the welds made, using procedures such as visual inspection, metallographic analysis through the optical microscope, and some destructive tests, specifically, the tensile test and hardness test. In a first stage, the consumable metals were selected, using the Schaeffler diagram with Bystran regions. The use of this diagram is extremely important because it allows an adequate selection of filler metal, allowing to predict and avoid metallurgical problems in the molten material. Initially, the welds were performed using ESAB’s Ok Autrod 308LSi with Ø0,8 mm as filler metal. Subsequently, to improve the welds obtained, the filler metal used was OK Autrod 347Si with a diameter of 1,2 mm. After visual inspection, the samples were polished and etched for microstructure characterization using optical microscope. The etchants used (Glyceregia and Marble) only allowed to reveal the weld metal zone, since it is the only area of the sample where ferrite is present. The microstructure of the weld zone of the samples is characterized by being an austenitic matrix with the presence of δ-ferrite with dendritic morphology. The hardness tests revealed that the sample welded with OK Autrod 308LSi, has higher hardness in the heat affected zona (HAZ) and in the weld zone than the base metal. The samples welded with OK Autrod 347Si showed lower hardness than the base metal in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and in the weld zone. The tensile tests allowed to conclude that none of the samples welded with OK Autrod 308LSi are a valid weld set, since they showed lower tensile strength than the base metal. The samples welded with OK Autrod 347Si, showed tensile strength equal or greater than the base metal, being therefore considered valid welded sets.

In this study, metal inert gas welding (MIG) was applied to 4 mm thick 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy welding. Compared with other parts, the hardness of the weld zone (WZ) was the lowest, about 67 HV. There was the Softening in WZ, which might make WZ the weakest zone. Then, fatigue tests were carried out on MIG welded joints. All the fatigue specimens fractured at the weld toe of the lap joint, and the fracture was characterized by a cleavage fracture. Crack closure induced by oxide was observed during the steady propagation of the fatigue crack. Impurities hindered crack propagation, changed the direction of crack propagation, and appeared in stepped fatigue strip distribution morphology; in the process of the main crack propagation, the initiation and propagation of small cracks were easily restricted and hindered by the main crack, which slowed down the propagation rate and even stopped the propagation directly.

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je utvrditi kako promjena parametra zavarivanja utječe na geometriju zavara kod automatiziranog MAG postupka zavarivanja općih konstrukcijskih čelika. Zavarivanje uzoraka od općeg konstrukcijskog čelika provedeno je u laboratoriju Sveučilišta Sjever u Varaždinu gdje je provedena i njihova analiza. U teoretskom dijelu rada navedene su neke od karakteristika općih konstrukcijskih čelika. Prikazana je podjela postupaka zavarivanja. Detaljno je opisan MIG/MAG postupak zavarivanja s pripadajućim parametrima zavarivanja, dodatnim materijalima, zaštitnim plinovima i načinima prijenosa metala u električnom luku. Također obrađena je i automatizacija MAG postupka zavarivanja gdje su opisani neki od automata koji se mogu pronaći na tržištu. The target of this graduate thesis is to determine how the changes of welding parameters influent on weld geometry of construction steels in the automated MAG welding process. Construction steel samples were welded in the laboratory of the University North in Varaždin, where the analyses were performed to. In the theoretical part of the thesis are listed some of construction steels characteristics. It is presented division of welding processes. The MIG/MAG welding process is described in detail with the corresponding welding parameters, additional materials, shielding gases and methods of metal transfer in the electric arc. In this graduate thesis is described the automation of the MAG welding process. There are described some of automated welding machines, which can be founded on the market.

The operating concepts and structure of the Marine Expeditionary Force Information Groups (MIG) evolved constantly over the first four years of its existence. To professionalize the Marine Corps approach to the Information Maneuver field, it recently developed new 17XX Marine Occupational Fields. The primary areas of focus will be command structure, manpower sourcing, training, and operational goals for the MIG. How the Marine Corps sources its manpower for the 17XX Occupational Field and Information Maneuver in general is a crucial piece to its success. The level and quality of training, the types of recruits screened, and the culture subsequently created will be as important to the Marine Corps' success as the equipment it fields. There are many steps required to develop a professional and innovative force that leads from the front in Innovation Maneuver. By reviewing the current Information Operations billets in the Marine Corps, the recent changes to the 17XX field, and best practices from across the military and private sector alike, this thesis seeks to provide recommendations to optimize future training and performance of information operations Marines. Specifically, this thesis suggests courses of action for Skill Enhancement Courses, greater foreign-language involvement in influence operations training, talent retention refinement, and publication of new warfighting and training publications to standardize Information Maneuver across the force. Captain, United States Marine Corps Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

7N01-T4 aluminum alloy plates were welded by the metal inert gas (MIG) welding method, with ER5087 and ER5356 welding wires, respectively. The electrochemical corrosion behavior of the weld zones in the two kinds of welded joints using 3.5 wt.% and 5 wt.% NaCl solutions were investigated by polarization curve, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and laser confocal scanning microscope (LCSM). The results indicated the better corrosion resistance of the weld zone in the ER5356 welded joint than that in the ER5087 welded joint, which was related to the different contents of Mn and Zn elements and the distribution of precipitates for the weld zones in the two kinds of welded joints. Based on the LSCM of the weld zones, the maximum depth (dmax) of corrosion pits for the weld zone in the ER5356 welded joint was lower than that in the ER5087 welded joint when immersed in the same NaCl concentrations. The dmax of the corrosion pit of the weld zone in the ER5356 welded joint using the 5 wt.% NaCl solution was 78.5 ± 0.96 μm, which was much bigger than that using the 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. For the weld zone in the ER5087 welded joint with 5 wt.% NaCl solution, more Cl- was adsorbed onto the active surface of weld zones, which accelerated the corrosion, resulting in the corrosion mechanism from pitting to intergranular corrosion.

7N01-T4 aluminum alloy were welded into three layers by metal inert gas (MIG) welding, with ER5087 welding wire containing Zr and ER5356 welding wire without Zr, respectively. The microstructures and face bend properties of the ER5356 and ER5087 welded joints were investigated. The weld zone (WZ) of the ER5087 welded joint had a smaller grain size than that of the ER5356 welded joint. Two kinds of welded joints were not broken via the face-bend test. However, there were some small holes and microcracks on the surface of the ER5356 welded joint, and there were no obvious defects on the surface of the ER5087 welded joint. The face bending specimen metallography shows that the grains of the cover layer were elongated, and the grains of the bottom layer were extruded. The ER5087 welded joint had a better bending performance than the ER5356 welded joint due to the microstructure refinement of the WZ through adding Zr element in ER5087 welding wire.

Al-Mg alloys used in the shipbuilding industry were tested. The most commonly used alloy AW 5083 and alloy AW 5059 with higher strength properties were selected. Both native materials and their joints welded by the traditional MIG arc welding method and the friction stir welding (FSW) method were tested. Both methods are approved by classification societies which allow them to be used in construction by the shipbuilding industry. The research was carried out in two stages. The first study was an “in-situ tensile test in SEM”. The surfaces of the deformed specimens’ changes were observed in the vacuum chamber of a Philips XL30 scanning electron microscope. During the tests, the force and elongation of the specimen were recorded. In addition, a chemical analysis of selected precipitates was performed by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) using the EDAX adapter. Slip lines were observed on the surface of the tested specimens, which are arranged in bands in the native material and in a disordered manner in the joints welded by MIG and FSW methods. Cracking starts mainly through decohesion at the matrix-precipitate interfaces. In the second stage of the research, slow strain rate testing (SSRT) was carried out in accordance with ISO 7539-7:2005. The tests were carried out on a specially designed test stand, where the FT-5307 strain gauge force sensor with a measuring range of 0–16 kN was used to measure the force value. The PSz 20 transducer with a measuring range of 0–20 mm was also used. The test consisted of subjecting the specimen to increasing deformation with the strain rate έ = 1.6 × 10−6 s−1 until destruction. The fracture surfaces of the SSRT specimens were subjected to fractographic analysis using a Philips XL-30 scanning electron microscope. The results of fractographic studies after the SSRT test of the native materials and their joints welded by the MIG and FSW methods indicate that the trans-crystalline cracking mechanism is dominant, characterized by ductile fracture, and cracks are initiated at the interfaces of the precipitates with the matrix. The research results show that the plastic deformation increases and micro-cracks develop and merge into a main crack, which, after reaching the critical dimension, rapidly develops, causing the destruction of the material. The fracture micrographs of the specimens of base metals and their joints welded by FSW and MIG after the SSRT test allow us to conclude that the cracking mechanism was trans-crystalline ductile.

Aluminium alloys AA5XXX and AA6XXX have low density and high yield strength and are frequently used to make air, sea, and land vehicles/technology lighter. Different types of aluminium alloys need to be adaptively assembled together. Therefore, it is important but difficult to weld aluminium alloys. This study investigated the microstructural and mechanical properties of two dissimilar aluminium alloys, AA5754 and AA6013, which were welded using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and friction stir welding (FSW). Hardness, tensile, bending, and fatigue tests were done on the welded samples. The test results were evaluated and interpreted according to the literature. The weld zone (weld metal, HAZ) of AA5754 and AA6013 aluminium alloys joined by GMAW and FSW showed significant differences. The highest tensile strength and fatigue life were obtained from the FSWed sample after the base metals. The welded samples joined using both welding methods were successfully deformed by 180 degrees without damaging their upper or lower surfaces. Karabuk University Scientific Research Project CommitteeKarabuk University [KBUBAP-17-DR-406] The authors would like to thank the Karabuk University Scientific Research Project Committee for funding KBUBAP-17-DR-406. WOS:000703518600005 2-s2.0-85115799400

Background: Previous studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an important source of somatic stem cells for regenerative medicine. Therefore, the establishment of efficient MSC culture methods to increase their therapeutic value is essential. Here, we focused on cytokines as accelerators of cell proliferation. Methods: We evaluated the effect of the supernatant—obtained from a co-culture of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) and myeloid cells—on the proliferation of BMSCs. We then screened for cytokines present in high concentrations in the medium. Next, we added the identified cytokines to the culture medium in various combinations, and cultured BMSCs in this medium to evaluate the effects of cytokines on their proliferation and differentiation potential. Results: The medium obtained from the co-culture of BMSCs with myeloid cells stimulated BMSC proliferation. Nineteen cytokines were present in high concentrations in the medium. Out of the 19 cytokines, MIG and I309 stimulated BMSC proliferation. Furthermore, the culture medium supplemented with MIG and I309 maintained the differentiation potential of cultured BMSCs. Conclusions: MIG and I309 stimulate BMSC proliferation while maintaining their differentiation potential. These results may contribute to the establishment of more efficient MSC culture methods than those currently being used.

Annually, high investments are made in the maintenance of pipelines used in the oil industry around the globe. Thus, solutions are sought that combine low cost, reproducibility and properties that are consistent, mainly against corrosion. One of these is the use of materials that have high mechanical and anticorrosive properties in the form of coatings, which could be deposited by welding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different welding parameters on the corrosion resistance of coatings based on the Inconel 625 alloy, deposited by metal inert gas welding metal (MIG) process in API 5L X70 steel. The parameters were optimized using the factorial experimental design and the results analyzed by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Three deposits with ½ overlap were performed MIG, followed by a cross section cut in the samples for analysis of the dilution, iron content and corrosion resistance by potentiodynamic polarization (PP) through corrosion potential (Ecorr), corrosion current (Icorr) and polarization resistance (Rp). The coatings obtained presented values of the dilution ranging from 5.8% to 15.01%. The coating that presented lower dilution value, also was the one with lower Icorr and Fe, besides higher Rp and Ecorr, thus, greater corrosion resistance.

Bakgrunn: MIG har eksistert ved Ahus siden 2016. Intensivsykepleiers tilnærming til rollen i MIG har vært varierende. Hensikt: Målet med fagprosedyren er å skape mindre variasjon i helsehjelpen pasientene får ved MIG-utkall og dermed øke pasientsikkerheten. Problemstilling: Forslag til fagprosedyre for intensivsykepleierens funksjon og ansvar i Mobil Intensiv Gruppe (MIG) ved Akershus universitetssykehus (Ahus). Metode: Kvalitetsarbeid. Arbeidsprosessen er strukturert etter Konsmos og medarbeideres (2015) modell for kvalitetsforbedring. Som retningslinjemetodikk er Helsedirektoratets veileder for utvikling av kunnskapsbaserte retningslinjer benyttet (Helsedirektoratet, 2012). Kunnskapspyramiden er benyttet til strukturert kunnskapssøk og det er benyttet PICO-skjemaer for å finne aktuell forskningslitteratur. Verktøyet AGREE II er benyttet både i utviklingen og evalueringen av fagprosedyren. Resultat: Et forslag til en kunnskapsbasert fagprosedyre til bruk for MIG-sykepleier ved Ahus. Konklusjon: Fagprosedyren har til hensikt å hindre uønsket variasjon i pasientbehandling og dermed øke pasientsikkerheten. Background: MIG has existed at Ahus since 2016. The intensive care nurse's approach to the role in MIG has varied. Objective: The aim of the professional procedure is to create less variation in the health care patients receive through MIG calls and thereby increase patient safety. Problem: Proposed professional procedure for the intensive care nurse’s function and responsibility in Mobile Intensive Group (MIG) at Akershus University Hospital (Ahus). Method: Quality work. The work process is structured according to Konsmos and employees´ (2015) model for quality improvement. The Norwegian Directorate of Health´s guide for the development of knowledge-based guidelines has been used as a guideline methodology (Norwegian Directorate of Health, 2012). The knowledge pyramid has been used for structured knowledge search and PICO forms have been used to find current research literature. The tool AGREE II is used both in the development and the evaluation of the professional procedure. Results: A proposal for a knowledge-based professional procedure for use by MIG nurses at Ahus. Conclusion: The professional procedure is intended to prevent unwanted variation in patient treatment and thereby increase patient safety.

Welding is one of the key manufacturing processes in the metal mechanic industry, for this reason, any improvement in quality and efficiency leads to enhanced overall productivity. On the other hand, aluminum alloys are increasingly becoming a fundamental part of the task of reducing the weight of metal structures in means of transport, as a means of reducing CO2 emissions. The union or hybridization between two welding processes as a means of increasing productivity in joint applications is a widely used and studied technique. An alternative hybrid process that is being studied in recent years is the Plasma-MIG process in a tandem configuration. This process is characterized by having a torch arrangement on the same axis (paraxial) with a distance between them. With this configuration it is guaranteed that each one of its processes maintains its unique properties. However, problems and phenomena such as current transfer between the welding arcs which affects the measurement of electrical signals have been vaguely commented on in the scarce literature on the subject. In this investigation the Plasma-MIG in tandem configuration is characterized by gradually bringing their torches closer together in order to observe the behavior of their electrical signals as the arcs are coupled. In addition, the Plasma process is configured with direct and alternating current, in order to observe the need for cathodic cleaning when the hybrid process is used in aluminum alloys. Once the phenomena that occur when hybridizing the processes are known, the interaction between the welding processes is studied, from an energy point of view. The objective is to observe if there is an exchange of current between the welding processes and, if it exists, how this affects the welding processes. The results showed that it is possible to couple the Plasma and MIG processes in a paraxial (tandem) configuration to make aluminum joints, with a stable arc and greater penetration than the single processes. The establishment of a "current path” between the MIG and plasma arcs was noticed, which allows the current flow between the welding process, influencing directly the MIG arc length behavior. Moreover, it was concluded that it is not necessary to configure alternating current in the Plasma process to weld aluminum, because the MIG process does the cathodic cleaning. It was also concluded that an external magnetic field is not necessary to stabilize the behavior of the welding arcs. The joints of 10 and 15 mm thickness presented good surface appearance, although the hybrid process demonstrated superiority only for the 15 mm thick joints.

Tema ovog diplomskog rada je „Analiza primjene AC MIG postupka za zavarivanje tankih limova legure AlMg3“. Rad je podijeljen u dva glavna dijela, a to su teorijski te eksperimentalni. U teorijskom dijelu prikazane su glavne karakteristike spomenutog materijala od kojih je za ovaj rad najvažnija zavarljivost. Također, opisane su glavne karakteristike MIG te AC MIG postupaka zavarivanja koji se koriste u eksperimentalnom dijelu rada. U eksperimentalnom dijelu opisano je zavarivanje sučeljenog spoja aluminijeve legure 5086 debljine 3 mm konvencionalnim DC te modificiranim AC MIG postupkom. Zavareni spojevi su ispitani, a rezultati analizirani prema normi HRN EN ISO 15614-2. Ispitivanja koja su provedena su vizualni pregled, ispitivanje penetrantima, statičko vlačno ispitivanje, ispitivanje savijanjem te analiza makrostrukture. Nakon razmatranja teorijskog i eksperimentalnog dijela rezultati su analizirani i na temelju njih donesen je zaključak. The topic of this master thesis is "Analysis of application of AC MIG process in welding of thin AlMg3 alloy sheets". The paper is divided into two parts, the first part is theoretical and the second is experimental. In the theoretical part, the main characteristics of the mentioned material are presented, of which weldability is the most important for this work. Also, the main characteristics of MIG and AC MIG welding procedures used in the experimental part of the work are described. The experimental part describes the welding of a 3 mm thick 5086 aluminium alloy butt joint by conventional DC and modified AC MIG welding processes. Welded joints were tested, and the results were analyzed according to the HRN EN ISO 15614-2 standard. Performed tests were visual inspection, penetrant testing, transverse tensile testing, transverse bending testing and macroscopic examination. After considering theoretical and experimental part, the test results were analyzed and conclusion was reached.

U teorijskom dijelu diplomskog rada opisana je problematika i najčešće pogreške koje se javljaju kod zavarivanja aluminijeve legure EN AW 6082. Prikazani parametri zavarivanja (WPS) pomažu kod planiranja zavarene konzole, tj. kako na temelju pisanih uputa zavariti pojedine komponente u sklop određenog standarda i kvalitete. Obrađena je teoretska pretpostavka kako dodatni materijal, parametri i tehnika zavarivanja utječu na kvalitetu zavarenog spoja. U eksperimentalnom dijelu diplomskog rada opisan je postupak zavarivanja konzole Fronius MIG i TIG uređajem uz prikazani plan zavarivanja. Napravljena su penetrantska (PT) ispitivanja na 3 zavarena uzorka i prikazane su pogreške koje se detektiraju nakon zavarivanja. Na temelju mjerenih parametara i definiranih pogrešaka napravljena je analiza vizualne i penetrantske kontrole zavara te je jasno prikazano zašto je došlo do pogrešaka u zavaru. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the problems and most common errors that occur when welding aluminum alloy EN AW 6082. Shown welding parameters (WPS) help in planning the welded bracket, ie how to weld individual components to a certain standard and quality based on written instructions . The theoretical assumption of how additional material, parameters and welding technique affect the quality of the welded joint is treated. In the experimental part of the thesis, the procedure of welding the Fronius MIG console and TIG device is described, along with the presented welding plan. Penetration (PT) tests were performed on 3 welded specimens and errors detected after welding were shown. Based on the measured parameters and defined errors, an analysis of visual and penetrant control of welds was made and it was clearly shown why errors occurred in the weld.

Bu tez çalışması Pamukkale Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Kordinasyon Birimi tarafından 2020FEBE023 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir. Son yıllarda otomotiv endüstrisi hafif ve aynı zamanda dayanımı yüksek araçlar üreterek, yakıt tasarrufu ve düşük gaz salınımı hedeflemektedir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda otomobillerde hafif metallerin kullanımı artış göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada otomotiv endüstrisinde özellikle soğutma sistemlerinde kullanılan 3005 serisi alüminyum alaşımının farklı kaynak yöntemleri ve farklı kaynak parametreleri kullanılarak birleştirilmesinin mekanik dayanımlara ve mikroyapıya etkisi incelenmiştir. Kaynaklı birleştirmeler MIG (Metal Inert Gas) ve CMT (Cold Metal Transfer) kaynak yöntemleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kaynaklı birleştirmelerde üç farklı kaynak akımı (100 A, 110 A ve 120 A) ve üç farklı kaynak hızı (550 mm/dk, 600 mm/dk ve 650 mm/dk) kullanılmıştır. Numunelere uygulanan çekme testi ile mekanik dayanımları belirlenmiş olup ayrıca optik ve elektron (SEM, EDS) mikroskopları ile yapılan incelemelerle mikroyapı karakterleri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. MIG kaynak yöntemi ile birleştirilen M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8 ve M9 kodlu numunelerin sırasıyla çekme dayanımları 115, 106, 108, 138,126, 112, 143, 123, 146 MPa ve CMT kaynak yöntemi ile birleştirilen C1, C2, C3, C4,C5, C6, C7, C8 ve C9 kodlu numunelerin çekme dayanımları sırasıyla 84, 62, 139, 85, 97, 125, 113, 143,120 MPa olarak ölçülmüştür. MIG kaynak yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen birleştirmelerde en yüksek çekme dayanımı 120 A kaynak akımı ve 550 mm/dk kaynak hızı parametrelerine sahip M9 kodlu numunede olduğu tespit edilmiştir. CMT kaynak yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen birleştirmelerde en yüksek çekme dayanımı C8 kodlu, 120 A kaynak akımına ve 600 mm/dk kaynak hızına sahip numunede olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada yüksek ısı girdisi ile iyi bir mikroyapı ve yüksek mekanik özellikler elde edildiği saptanmıştır. In recent years, the automotive industry has aimed for fuel saving and low gas emission by producing lightweighted and high-strenght vehicles. In line with this aim, the usage of light metals in the automotive industry is increasing. In this study, the effect of the joining the 3005 series aluminium alloy, which is used in the automotive industry especially in cooling systems, on the mechanical strength and microstructure by using various welding methods and welding parameters was examined. Welded joints were made using MIG (Metal Inert Gas) and CMT (Cold Metal Transfer) welding methods. Three different welding currents (100 A, 110 A and 120 A) and three different welding speeds (550 mm/min, 600 mm/min and 650 mm/min) were used in welded joints. The mechanical strength of the samples was determined by the tensile test applied to the samples, and the microstructural characteristics were revealed by the examinations made with optical and electron (SEM, EDS) microscopes. Tensile strengths of M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8 and M9 coded samples joined by MIG welding method, respectively, are 115, 106,108, 138, 126, 112, 143, 123, 146 MPa and C1 joined by CMT welding method.The tensile strengths of, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 coded samples were measured as 84, 62, 139, 85, 97, 125, 113, 143,120 MPa, respectively.It has been determined that the highest tensile strength in the joints made with the MIG welding method is in the M9 coded sample, which has 120 A welding current and 550 mm/min welding speed parameters.It was determined that the highest tensile strength in the joints made with the CMTwelding method was found in the C8 coded sample with a welding current of 120 A and a welding speed of 600 mm/min. In this study, it was determined that a good microstructure and high mechanical properties were obtained with high heat input.

Welding constitutes a type of permanent joint in the assembly process in the secondary manufacturing industry such as construction for the manufacture of automobiles, aircraft, bridges, tanks, ships, pipes, among others. The objective of this research was to compare the mechanical tensile strength and hardness of welded specimens. The mechanical traction was to evaluate the resistance to breakage of the weld seams by the MIG/MAG process versus the SMAW welding process, on ASTM 36 base material. The hardness was to determine the plastic deformation of the area affected by heat during the fusion process. For this purpose, the universal testing machine was used to determine the stress-strain relationship of each process; while a hardness tester was used for hardness. In this experiment, 12 welded specimens and two non-welded control specimens were used to determine the quantitative deviation of breakage and hardness, with respect to the specimens subjected to experimental tests. To determine the supremacy in mechanical properties, the t-value statistical tool was used. The results indicated that the stress-strain relationship of the specimens showed the same stages and characteristics of elastic and plastic deformation until failure. Likewise, it was found that the MIG/MAG procedure presents higher tensile strength and hardness values than SMAW, so our zero hypothesis that stated that the SMAW process had better mechanical properties had to be rejected. It is concluded that the MIG/MAG welding process has superior mechanical properties than the SMAW process. La soldadura constituye un tipo de unión permanente en el proceso de ensamble en la industria manufacturera secundaria tales como construccion para la fabricación de automóviles, aeronaves, puentes, tanques, barcos, tuberías, entre otros. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar la resistencia mecánica a la tracción y dureza de probetas soldadas. La tracción mecánica fue para evaluar la resistencia a la rotura de los cordones de soldadura por el proceso MIG/MAG versus el proceso de soldadura SMAW, sobre material base ASTM 36. La dureza fue para determinar la deformación plástica de la zona afectada por el calor durante el proceso de fusión. Para ello se empleó la maquina universal de pruebas para determinar la relación esfuerzo-deformación de cada proceso; mientras que para la dureza se empleó un durómetro. En este experimento se usó 12 probetas soldadas y dos probeta no-soldadas testigo, para determinar la desviación cuantitativa de la rotura y dureza, respecto a las probetas sometidas a pruebas experimentales Para determinar la supremacía en propiedades mecánicas, se utilizó la herramienta estadística valor-t. Los resultados indicaron que relación esfuerzo-deformación de las probetas presenta las mismas etapas y características de deformación elástica y plástica hasta su rotura. Asimismo, se halló que el procedimiento MIG/MAG presenta mayores valores de resistencia a la tracción y de dureza que el SMAW, por lo que se tuvo que rechazar nuestra hipótesis cero que afirmaba que el proceso SMAW tenía mejores propiedades mecánicas. Se concluye que la soldadura por procedimiento MIG/MAG presenta propiedades mecánicas superiores que el procedimiento SMAW.

The flood of information has saturated the battlespace, and it is imperative that commanders and their staffs are able to sift through the irrelevant information and pull out the actionable information required to make decisions. The objective of the proposed project was to apply Information Design (ID) principles and methods to communicate clear, effective, efficient, and relevant information to decision makers when planning operations in the information environment (OIE). The information received was prioritized according to the CARVER Methodology in order to smartly design information presented to Marine Expeditionary Force Information Group (MIG) commanders. Visual Analytics was the mechanism to present visually appealing information that was clear, engaging, and easily absorbed. The focus of the research centered on the spread of influence within communities of interest discovered through use of the Scraawl software suite. While a useful tool for discovering large amounts of social data quickly, the practical use of Scraawl to the Marine information practitioner would be limited due to classification issues. However, it was found that influence within the analyzed communities spreads rapidly and widely according to experience of the source, physical geography, meaningful and consistent engagements, and media utilized. This thesis showed how effective an open-source tool can be to reduce the cognitive load of the MIG commander, enhancing efficient decision-making. Major, United States Marine Corps Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

The purpose of this work is to validate the thermal welding cycle obtained experimentally with the metal inert gas (MIG) welding process on a 6063-T5 aluminium tubular profile using the finite element method. The assembly formed by the tubular profile and the weld bead obtained experimentally is represented in an accurate way, taking care of both the geometry and the contour of the weld bead. The precision achieved in the numerical-experimental validation carried out by means of the finite element method is due to the care that has been taken in drawing the welded piece together with the weld bead made experimentally. In the validation carried out, the experimental and numerical cooling curves and the critical cooling time between 400 and 300?C (t4/3 ) in both curves are compared.

U okviru ovog diplomskog rada prikazane su osnovne karakteristike i primjena aluminijskih legura s naglaskom na legure serije 5XXX i 6XXX. Prikazane su osnovne značajke zavarljivosti aluminijskih legura kao i pogreške koje mogu nastati prilikom njihova zavarivanja. Također u sklopu teoretskog dijela rada prikazane su osnovne značajke MIG postupka s naglaskom na načine prijenosa metala prilikom zavarivanja aluminijskih legura. Dodatno je opisana primjena konvencionalnih pulsnih struja i prijenosa metala duplim pulsom, kao i dinamičke karakteristike tih dvaju metoda. U eksperimentalnom dijelu rada određena je dinamička karakteristika izvora struje pri zavarivanju aluminijske legure 5083 korištenjem pulsnog prijenosa i prijenosa duplim pulsom. Uz to izvedeni su kutni zavari aluminijskih ploča legure 5086 primjenom dvaju spomenutih načina prijenosa metala, nakon čega su provedena ispitivanja propisana normom HRN EN ISO 15614-2. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata provedena je komparativna analiza konvencionalnog pulsnog postupka i postupka duplim pulsom. Within this thesis, aluminium alloys’ basic characteristics and application emphasising alloys of series 5XXX and 6XXX are presented. The essential weldability characteristics of aluminium alloys and the errors that can occur during their welding are shown. Also, as part of the theoretical part of the paper, the basic features of the MIG process are presented, with an emphasis on the methods of metal transfer during welding of aluminium alloys. The application of conventional pulse currents and double-pulse metal transfer is additionally described with the dynamic characteristics of these two methods. In the experimental part of the paper, the current source’s dynamic characteristic during welding of aluminium alloy 5083 was determined using pulse transmission and double pulse transmission. Besides, angular welds of aluminium plates of alloy 5086 were performed using the two mentioned metal transfer methods after which the tests prescribed by the standard HRN EN ISO 15614-2 were performed. A comparative analysis of the conventional pulse procedure and the double pulse procedure was performed based on the obtained results.

Završni rad je podijeljen u dva dijela, teorijski i eksperimentalni dio. U teorijskom dijelu rada klasificirani su i opisani najčešće primjenjivani postupci zavarivanja u autoindustriji s posebnim naglaskom na elektrootporno točkasto zavarivanje. Analizirani su parametri zavarivanja karakteristični za svaki navedeni postupak, te je dan osvrt njihovog utjecaja na geometriju zavara i kvalitetu samog zavarenog spoja. Navedeni su, također, i najčešće korišteni materijali u automobilskoj industriji, sa slikovnim prikazima dijelova konstrukcije, te je obrazložena zavarljivost pojedinih metala koji su implementirani u konstrukciju automobila. U eksperimentalnom dijelu rada provedena je priprema i elektrootporno točkasto zavarivanje ispitnih uzoraka izrađenih od čelika S235. Nerazornim i razornim ispitivanjem ispitan je utjecaj jakosti struje zavarivanja i vremena predgrijavanja kao promjenjivih parametara zavarivanja na kvalitetu i oblik zavarenog spoja, te je ocijenjena adekvatnost odabranih parametara The thesis is divided into two parts, a theoretical and experimental part. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the most commonly used welding procedures in the automotive industry are classified and described, with special emphasis on resistance spot welding. The welding parameters characteristic to each of these processes are analyzed, and a review of their influence on the geometry of the welds and the quality of the welded joint is given. The most commonly used materials in the automotive industry are also listed, with pictorial representations of parts of the structure. Weldability of metals that are implemented in the car structure is explained as well. In the experimental part of the thesis, the preparation and resistance spot welding of the specimens made of S235 steel was performed. Non - destructive and destructive testing was conducted in order to examine the influence of welding current value and time of preheating as variable welding parameters on the quality and shape of the welded joint. Adequacy of selected parameters was evaluated as well.

The use of aluminum alloys to reduce weight in air, sea, and land vehicles is increasing rapidly, especially due to their low density, excellent corrosion resistance, good forming properties, and increasable mechanical properties. A common aspect of all the relevant industrial sectors is the need to join the many parts of manufactured technological products using welding methods. In these industries, using welding to join different aluminum alloys having high mechanical properties is especially important. However, despite the widespread usage areas, it is very difficult to join different aluminums and their alloys via welding. In this study, AA5754/AA6013 aluminum alloys were joined using automatic gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Welded joints were created at two different welding speeds (150 and 180 mm/min) and three different welding current values (130, 140, and 150 A). This study investigated the microstructural and mechanical properties of AA5754/AA6013 aluminum alloy sheets joined at different welding speeds and current values. The macro and microstructures of samples taken from the welded joints were examined. In addition, hardness, tensile, bending, and fatigue tests were performed on the welded samples. The findings obtained as a result of the tests were evaluated and interpreted in light of the literature. Karabuk University Scientific Research Project CommitteeKarabuk University [KBUBAP-17-DR-406] The authors would like to thank the Karabuk University Scientific Research Project Committee for providing funding for this study (Project No. KBUBAP-17-DR-406) . WOS:000691196000005 2-s2.0-85112379090

Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2021; Düren : Shaker Verlag, Aachener Berichte Fügetechnik 2/2022, 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2022). = Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2021, Welding is one of the key manufacturing processes in the metal mechanic industry, for this reason, any improvement in quality and efficiency leads to enhanced overall productivity. On the other hand, aluminum alloys are increasingly becoming a fundamental part of the task of reducing the weight of metal structures in means of transport, as a means of reducing CO2 emissions. The union or hybridization between two welding processes as a means of increasing productivity in joint applications is a widely used and studied technique. An alternative hybrid process that is being studied in recent years is the Plasma-MIG process in a tandem configuration. This process is characterized by having a torch arrangement on the same axis (paraxial) with a distance between them. With this configuration it is guaranteed that each one of its processes maintains its unique properties. However, problems and phenomena such as current transfer between the welding arcs which affects the measurement of electrical signals have been vaguely commented on in the scarce literature on the subject. In this investigation the Plasma-MIG in tandem configuration is characterized by gradually bringing their torches closer together in order to observe the behavior of their electrical signals as the arcs are coupled. In addition, the Plasma process is configured with direct and alternating current, in order to observe the need for cathodic cleaning when the hybrid process is used in aluminum alloys. Once the phenomena that occur when hybridizing the processes are known, the interaction between the welding processes is studied, from an energy point of view. The objective is to observe if there is an exchange of current between the welding processes and, if it exists, how this affects the welding processes. The results showed that it is possible to couple the Plasma and MIG processes in a paraxial (tandem) configuration to make aluminum joints, with a stable arc and greater penetration than the single processes. The establishment of a "current path” between the MIG and plasma arcs was noticed, which allows the current flow between the welding process, influencing directly the MIG arc length behavior. Moreover, it was concluded that it is not necessary to configure alternating current in the Plasma process to weld aluminum, because the MIG process does the cathodic cleaning. It was also concluded that an external magnetic field is not necessary to stabilize the behavior of the welding arcs. The joints of 10 and 15 mm thickness presented good surface appearance, although the hybrid process demonstrated superiority only for the 15 mm thick joints., Published by Shaker Verlag, Düren

U prvom (teorijskom) dijelu rada opisan je MIG/MAG postupak zavarivanja zajedno sa parametrima kao i detaljan opis načina prijenosa metala u električnom luku. Naglasak je bio na automatiziranim rješenjima za zavarivanje MIG/MAG postupkom s fokusom na automatima za pravocrtno zavarivanje. Također je dan pregled i opis nekih od postojećih automata na tržištu. Cilj drugog (eksperimentalnog) dijela bio je projektiranje vlastitog automata za pravocrtno vođenje pištolja prilikom MIG/MAG zavarivanja cijevi promjera 500 mm, duljine 1500 mm. Dani su detaljni opisi komponenti zajedno sa svom tehničkom dokumentacijom i popisom dijelova potrebnih za izradu istog. Također prikazan je prijedlog shematske strukture električnog upravljanja za projektirani automat. The first (theoretical) part of the paper describes the MIG/MAG welding process along with the parameters. A detailed description of the methods of metal transfer in an electric arc is included as well. The emphasis was on automated MIG/MAG welding solutions with the focus on straight-line welding machines. An overview and description of some of the existing automated welding machines on the market is also given. The purpose of the second (experimental) part was to design automated welding machine with a straight-line guided gun for MIG/MAG welding of pipes with a diameter of 500 mm and length of 1500 mm. Detailed descriptions of the components are given together with all technical documentation and a list of parts needed to produce it. A proposal of the schematic structure of the electrical control for the designed automated machine is also presented.

Low-voltage compact gyrotron is under development at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) for industrial applications. Due to the low operating voltage, the relativistic factor is weak, and interaction efficiency could not be high. Therefore, a magnetron-injection gun (MIG) with an extremely high-velocity ratio &alpha, (around 2.5) is selected to improve the interaction efficiency. As beam voltage drops, space charge effects become more and more obvious, thus a more detailed analysis of velocity-ratio &alpha, is significant to perform low-voltage gyrotrons, including beam voltage, beam current, modulating voltage, depression voltage, cathode magnetic field, and magnetic depression ratio. Theoretical analysis and simulation optimization are adopted to demonstrate the feasibility of an ultra-high velocity ratio, which considers the space charge effects. Based on theoretical analysis, an electron gun with a transverse to longitudinal velocity ratio 2.55 and velocity spread 9.3% is designed through simulation optimization. The working voltage and current are 10 kV and 0.46 A with cathode emission density 1 A/cm2 for a 75 GHz hundreds of watts&rsquo, output power gyrotron.

En este estudio se realiza una adaptación del proceso de soldadura por arco eléctrico TIG, del inglés Tungsten Inert Gas, para acomodarlo a una instalación de fabricación aditiva con el objetivo de producir piezas metálicas tridimensionales. La máquina base de fabricación aditiva sobre la que se trabaja es una impresora 3D FDM. Se estudian los parámetros de soldeo adecuados y se diseñan y adaptan todos los componentes necesarios para este proceso de fabricación. También, se diseñan y programan las trayectorias de la máquina. La adaptación realizada sería válida, también, para procesos de soldadura MIG, del inglés Metal Inert Gas, pero deberían introducirse algunos pequeños cambios en el diseño y en la programación (a lo largo de este estudio se explica por qué se ha derivado la adaptación a un proceso TIG). En primer lugar, se muestran las tecnologías de fabricación aditiva más comunes y se definen brevemente. A continuación, se exponen las ventajas de una y otra tecnología. Seguidamente, se introducen los procesos de soldeo por arco eléctrico y se realiza una valoración del método más adecuado para adaptar a la maquinaria disponible. Una vez escogido el método de soldadura, se diseñan todas las adaptaciones necesarias y todo el proceso de fabricación y, finalmente, se procede a realizar unos planes de experimentación que permitirán ajustar la máquina y evaluar la calidad de cada una de las piezas fabricadas. Se describen todas y cada una de las modificaciones y calibraciones necesarias tanto a nivel de Hardware como de Software. Por último, los resultados obtenidos son evaluados y contrastados para inferir mejoras en el conjunto del proceso de fabricación diseñado.

En el sector de la industria, uno de los métodos de construcción y unión de materiales más extendido y consolidado es la soldadura, pero existen infinidad de variantes y procesos, en los cuales hay muchos aspectos a tener en cuenta como: material a soldar, posiciones, gases, dificultad operacional, etc. el trabajo nace de la necesidad de cerrar y clarificar el amplio abanico que hay dentro del campo de la soldadura y que tiene como objetivo analizar y comparar sus principales procesos, encontrar los puntos fuertes y las desventajas, para finalmente optimizar su uso en función de las necesidades. ya existen muchos trabajos en el ámbito de la soldadura, con el objetivo de diferenciar este trabajo de otros, se ha querido hacer una parte teórica donde encontrar los conceptos más importantes a tener en cuenta en la soldadura, como; clasificaciones, normativa, procesos y seguridad, entre otros aspectos, pero de una forma más visual, esquemática y resumida posible. la segunda parte de este trabajo es la práctica, en la que se realizarán una serie de pruebas con los principales procesos de soldeo con distintos metales, tomando una serie de datos antes de la soldadura, para tener todos los parámetros controlados. una vez realizada cada prueba se registrarán los resultados obtenidos con el fin de realizar un estudio económico del coste de cada soldadura, comparar resultados entre ellas con el objetivo de mejorar su rendimiento y reducir costes. finalmente, se extraerán una serie de valoraciones y conclusiones, sobre los datos obtenidos gracias a las pruebas realizadas y a la extrapolación de datos.

Bakgrund: Intensivvård är den högsta vårdinstansen på ett sjukhus, en av sjukvårdens mest resurskrävande behandlingsformer. När en patient blir kritiskt sjuk eller påvisar försämrade vitalparametrar kontaktar vårdpersonalen mobil intensivvårdsgrupp (MIG) som utgår ifrån intensivvårdsavdelningen (IVA). Problemformulering: De kritiskt sjuka patienterna vårdas inte längre bara på IVA men också på vårdavdelningar. I ett omvårdnads- och professionsperspektiv som intensivvårdssjuksköterska är det av betydelse och centralt att förstå orsakerna till kontakt med MIG. Syfte: Att kartlägga kontakter, orsaker och skillnader med mobil intensivvårdsgrupp på ett sjukhus i Västra Götalandsregionen. Metod: En icke-experimentell studie med ett konsekutivt urval och retrospektiv journalgranskning av 386 patientkontakter med MIG under åren 2017–2019. Resultat: Studiens resultat påvisar en hög medelålder. Ingen skillnad återfanns i patientgruppen ur ett könsperspektiv. Den framträdande gruppen är den geriatriska patienten ≥65år som är utsatt och en högriskgrupp vid kontakt med MIG. De utgör majoriteten av alla kontakter med MIG åren 2017–2019. Diskussion: Studiens kartläggning och resultat påvisar behov av kompetenshöjande utbildning och optimeringsteam. Geriatriska patientgruppen behöver vårdinsatser i rätt tid och med rätt kompetens för att minska antalet MIG kontakter och initiera insatser i förtid och motverka svikt av vitala parametrar.

The present research investigates the effects of different welding techniques, namely traditional metal inert gas (MIG), cold metal transfer (CMT), and fiber laser-MIG hybrid, on the microstructural and mechanical properties of joints between extruded EN AW 6181/6082-T6 and cast EN AC 42100-T6 aluminum alloys. These types of weld are very interesting for junctions of Al-alloys parts in the transportation field to promote the lightweight of a large scale chassis. The weld joints were characterized through various metallurgical methods including optical microscopy and hardness measurements to assess their microstructure and to individuate the nature of the intermetallics, their morphology, and distribution. The results allowed for the evaluation of the discrepancies between the welding technologies (MIG, CMT, fiber laser) on different aluminum alloys that represent an exhaustive range of possible joints of a frame. For this reason, both simple bar samples and real junctions of a prototype frame of a sports car were studied and, compared where possible. The study demonstrated the higher quality of innovative CMT and fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding than traditional MIG and the comparison between casting and extrusion techniques provide some inputs for future developments in the automotive field.

O fabrico de materiais com gradiente de funcionalidade reveste-se de algumas dificulda-des pelo que as tecnologias de Fabrico Aditivo constituem uma alternativa interessante. A tecno-logia de deposição directa de energia usando arco eléctrico e fio (WAAM - Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing) apresenta algumas vantagens, como sejam: baixos custos de equipamento inicial, de funcionamento e de manutenção, elevada taxa de deposição elevada e capacidade de produzir peças com geometria complexa sem defeitos internos. Este trabalho teve como objectivo geral estudar a viabilidade do WAAM para a produção de peças com gradiente funcional depositando alternadamente aço inoxidável 316L e Inconel 625, dois materiais com excelente resistência à corrosão e boas propriedades mecânicas a alta tempe-ratura. Para isso adaptou-se o equipamento de WAAM existente no NTI/DEMI de modo a poder alimentar dois fios na direção do arco eléctrico. Foram feitas deposições com percentagens vari-áveis de cada um dos materiais e variando os parâmetros de processo e estudou-se o efeito destes na qualidade dos cordões depositados. Com parâmetros otimizados, fizeram-se múltiplas deposições sucessivas em altura de modo a construir uma “parede” com gradiente de composição química. Analisou-se a microes-trutura face ao diagrama de equilíbrio de fases e a dureza das amostras. Confirmou-se a viabilidade da utilização do sistema desenvolvido para a deposição de dois fios simultaneamente bem como para a criação de um gradiente de microestruturas ao longo do eixo vertical. Observou-se a existência de carbonetos dispersos confirmados pelos valores de dureza medidos. Na zona mais rica em Inconel, com cerca de 70 at. %, foi detetada uma fissura devida aos diferentes coeficientes de expansão linear do Inconel e do aço inoxidável. Este foi o primeiro estudo deste tipo realizado no NTI, e requer como trabalho futuro a avaliação das propriedades mecânicas e da resistência à corrosão a alta temperatura, entre outras propriedades relevantes para aplicações industriais.

V današnjem času je uporaba aditivnih tehnologij vse pogostejša. Omogoča izdelavo kompleksnih izdelkov v kratkem času in z majhno porabo materiala, kar precej zmanjša stroške izdelave. Veliki prednosti aditivnih tehnologij sta tudi natančnost in ponovljivost, kar je ključnega pomena v sodobni industriji. V eksperimentalnem delu zaključne naloge smo uporabljali tehnologijo obločnega navarjanja žice po postopku CMT. Glavni cilj naloge je bila analiza medvarkovnih temperatur pri oblikovnem obločnem navarjanju bakrove zlitine CuAl8. Ugotovili smo, da začetna temperatura varjenja ne sme presegati 260 ˚C. V primeru, da je temperatura višja, prihaja do razlivanja vara. Temperatura tudi ne sme biti nižja od 230 ˚C. Če je nižja od navedene, prihaja do oblikovanja neustrezne geometrije navarov. Spoznali smo, da se pri prevelikem vnosu energije varjenec prekomerno segreje, kar negativno vpliva na kakovost vara. Prevelik vnos energije se zgodi pri začetni temperaturi navarjanja nad 260 ˚C in pri prenizki hitrosti navarjanja, ki znaša 4 mm/s ali manj. Nowadays, the use of additive manufacturing technologies is becoming more and more frequent. Additive manufacturing technologies enable the production of complex products in a short time, with a low consumption of materials, which greatly decreases the production costs. A considerable advantage of additive manufacturing technologies are accuracy and repeatability, which are both crucial in the modern industry. In the practical part of the paper, we used the CMT wire arc additive manufacturing process. The main aim of the paper was to conduct an analysis of weld interpass temperatures in wire arc additive manufacturing of CuA18 alloy. We determined that the starting temperature of welding must not exceed 260 °C. If the temperature is higher, the welding joints can spill. On the other hand, the temperature must not be lower than 230 °C, in which case the welding build-ups are not formed appropriately. What is more, in case of excessive energy input, the weld heats too much, which negatively impacts the quality of the welding joint. An excessive energy input occurs if the starting temperature of the additive manufacturing is above 260 °C and if the speed of additive manufacturing is equal to 4 mm/s or less.

Bachelor thesis covered with unbreakable connection of metals using fussion arc welding and laser welding of iron alloys and other alloys. Here is made an analysis of welding methods MIG, MAG, TIG, coated electrode, laser welding and plasma wel-ding. The substances of these best known methods are described with their deployments in mechanical industries. In the last part of thesis is paid attention to addition products and their actions on the microstructure of weld. Illustrative pictures and metallographic cut complete this thesis.

Tidigare forskning har visat att mobila intensivvårdsgrupper (MIG eller MIG-team) kan förebygga och minska antal akuta larm, hjärtstopp och mortalitet bland patienter som vårdas på sjukhus. MIG-team har också bidragit till att arbetsmiljön för vårdavdelningssjuksköterskor har förbättrats och att de erhåller stöd i omhändertagandet av akut sjuka patienter tidigare. Trots positiva effekter kan det vara svårt för sjuksköterskorna att veta när kontakt med MIG bör tas. Syftet var därmed att undersöka vårdavdelningssjuksköterskans erfarenheter av MIG-konsultation. En kvantitativ ansats valdes i form av en enkätundersökning. Urvalskriterier var legitimerade sjuksköterskor på medicin- och kirurgavdelningar på ett sjukhus i Västra Götalandsregionen. Sjuttioen enkäter besvarades av de 116 som distribuerades vilket gav en svarsfrekvens på 61,2%. Enkäterna bearbetades och analyserades med hjälp av programmet Statistics Commuter License version 25 och Excel. Resultatet visade att de flesta vårdavdelningssjuksköterskor upplevde att MIG-teamet var ett bra stöd i omhändertagandet av akut sjuka patienter och att bedömningsinstrumenten MEWS (Modified Early Warning Score) och NEWS (National Early Warnig Score) var bra verktyg för bedömning av patienters tillstånd. Signifikanta skillnader framkom i att erfarna sjuksköterskor upplevde en större trygghet i att kontakta MIG, de upplevde en ökad trygghet i sin kompetens under MIG-konsultationen och upplevde sig ha mer utbildning och kunskap i att bedöma akut sjuka patienter med organsvikt jämfört med oerfarna sjuksköterskor. Hela 90,2% av alla respondenter ansåg att utbildning och simulering i omhändertagandet av akut sjuka patienter hade varit av värde för dem. För utveckling av MIG-team är utbildning och information om både omhändertagandet av akut sjuka patienter men också om MIG-teamets funktion av stor vikt för att öka sjuksköterskornas upplevelse av trygghet i kontakten med MIG, under MIG-konsultationen och i omhändertagandet av patienten.

The material selected for this investigation was low alloy steel weld metal deposit (WMD) after MIG welding with micro-jet cooling. The present investigation was aimed as the following tasks: obtained WMD with various amount of acicular ferrite and further analyze impact toughness of WMD in terms of acicular ferrite amount in it. Weld metal deposit (WMD) was first time carried out for MIG welding with micro-jet cooling of compressed air and gas mixture of argon and air. Until that moment only argon, helium and nitrogen were tested as micro-jet gases for MIG/MAG processes. An important role in the interpretation of the results can give methods of artificial intelligence.

Metal matrisli ve seramik partikül takviyeli malzemelerin kaynağında oksit tabakası oluşumu, kaynak bölgesinde segregasyon meydana gelmesi ve seramik partiküllerin kaynak banyosu ile tepkimeye girmesi gibi nedenlerden dolayı sorunlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu sorunlar nedeniyle beklenen mekanik özellikler elde edilememektedir. Bu çalışmada, SiC takviyeli alüminyum 2014 alaşımının kaynak edilebilirliği araştırılmıştır. AlSi5 alaşımı tel kullanılarak, MIG yöntemiyle yapılan kaynak işlemlerinde farklı türde ve farklı değerlerde kaynak akımları kullanılmıştır. Manuel kaynak akımı ile elde edilen numuneler ile pulse kaynak akımı ile elde edilen numuneler mikroyapı ve sertlik dağılımı açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Farklı kaynak akım türünün ve değerlerinin kaynak mikroyapı ve sertlik dağılımı üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Alüminyum 2014 matrisli ve SiC partikül takviyeli kompozitin kaynağında pulse akım kullanılması sonucunda, kaynak bölgesinde meydana gelebilecek segregasyon önlenmiş, mikroyapı özelliklerinin iyileştiği tespit edilmiştir. The welding of metal matrix material reinforced with ceramic particles has some problems such as formation of oxide layer, segregation occurring on welding area, and reaction of ceramic particles with welding bath. The expected mechanical properties cannot be obtained because of these problems. In this study, the weldability of aluminum 2014 alloy reinforced with SiC particles was investigated. MIG welding process was used via using AlSi5 alloy wire at different types and values of welding currents. Samples obtained using manual welding current were compared to those obtained using pulse welding current, in terms of microstructure and distribution of hardness. The effects of different types and values of welding currents on the microstructure and hardness distribution were examined. It was obtained that the welding of the composite with aluminum 2014 alloy matrix reinforced with SiC particles via using of pulse current, potential formation of segregation was prevented and microstructural properties were improved.

Tema ovog završnog rada je analiza zavarivanja raznorodnih čelika MIG/MAG postupkom. Rad se dijeli na teorijski i eksperimentalni dio. U teorijskom dijelu navede su opće značajke MIG/MAG postupka , karakteristike i zavarivanje nelegiranih i visokolegiranih čelika. Potom je opisano samo zavarivanje raznorodnih spojeva te problemi koji nastaju prilikom njihovog zavarivanja. U eksperimentalnom dijelu je provedeno zavarivanje MIG postupkom , nelegiranog čelika i visokolegiranog čelika. The topic of this work is the analysis of welding dissimilar steel (structural steel and stainless steel) by the MIG / MAG process. The work is divided into a theoretical and experimental part. The theoretical part mentions the general features of the MIG process, characteristics and welding of non-alloy and high alloy steels. After that are described welding technology and problems which occours while welding dissimilar steels. In the experimental part, unalloyed steel and high alloyed steel was welded by MIG.

Dodajalne tehnologije so vse bolj razširjene zaradi svojih prednosti, saj omogočajo izdelavo kompleksnih oblik izdelkov. Postopek je v veliko primerih hitrejši od konvencionalnih postopkov obdelave izdelkov ter z njim zmanjšamo stroške odpadnega materiala. Aluminijeve zlitine so začele zaradi svojih mehanskih lastnosti vse bolj nadomeščati jeklo in ostale materiale, saj omogočajo dobro razmerje med trdnostjo in težo. V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena raziskava navarjanja aluminijeve zlitine AlSi5 s postopkom navarjanja MIG. Preučeni so varilni parametri, ki najbolj vplivajo na kakovost navarjenega izdelka pri navarjanju v obliki sten in zaključenih navarov. Prav tako so preučeni tudi vplivi prvega navara, začetkov navarjanja in prehodov navarov na višjo plast izdelka. Na podlagi ugotovljenih optimalnih parametrov je bil navarjen končni izdelek. Kot rezultat dela je dokazano, da je neprekinjeno navarjanje aluminijeve zlitine AlSi5 po postopku MIG uspešno, ob tem pa so z vzorci potrjeni izbrani optimalni parametri navarjanja. Dokazan je tudi vpliv visoke toplotne prevodnosti AlSi5. Preizkušene so delne rešitve za zmanjšanje vpliva te lastnosti materiala na navarjanje. Additve manufacturing technologies are becoming increasingly widespread due to their advantages, as they enable the production of complex forms of products and in many cases the process is faster than conventional processes. They also reduce the cost of material waste. Aluminum alloys are increasingy replacing steel and other materials due to their mechanical properties as they have good strenght to weight ratio. In this diploma thesis the development of additive manufacturing of aluminium alloy AlSi5 with the MIG process is presented. This thesis is a study of welding parameters, which have the greatest influence on the quality of the manufactured walls and circle closed shapes. It also contain the research of influences of the first layer, the beginnings of weld and shifts on higher layer level. Result of this research is the final product, which is made with the most suitable welding parameters. This research confirms possibility of continuous additive manufacturing of aluminium alloy AlSi5 with MIG welding technology and also the selected optimal parameters. The influence of high thermal conductivity of AlSi5 for additive manufacturing was also proven and partial solutions to resolve this issue were tested.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Visando investigar a influência nas Zonas Parcialmente Diluídas (ZPD), do aporte térmico e do metal de adição empregado, o presente trabalho propõe avaliar o perfil metalúrgico dessa região interfacial, empregando Inconel 625 e Inox 309L como metais de adição, depositados pelo processo MIG em aço baixo carbono. No entanto, para que a soldagem de revestimento atinja o seu propósito, deve-se garantir, durante seu processamento revestimentos com baixa diluição, porém, a obtenção de revestimentos com alta diluição, visa avaliar a influência deste parâmetro na interface do revestimento com o substrato. Portanto, mudanças na velocidade de soldagem foram propostas, com o intuito de obter revestimentos com características metalúrgicas distintas, de modo a influenciar na interação substrato/revestimento e obter diferentes percentuais de diluição. As soldas foram depositadas sobre chapas com 200 X 100 X 10 mm, formando corpos de prova com uma camada de revestimento, formado por três cordões do metal. Para cada metal de adição utilizado, duas condições de energia de soldagem foram impostas, 1536 J/mm e 550 J/mm. Desses corpos de prova foram retiradas amostras para preparação metalográfica, seguida de análise via microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura com emissão de campo e ensaio de microdureza. Os resultados mostraram uma relação direta entre as espessuras das ZPD’s com os metais de adição empregados, de modo que os revestimentos utilizando o Inox 309L apresentaram ZPD’s mais espessas, quando comparadas com as ZPD’s dos revestimentos produzidos com o Inconel 625. Para ambos os metais de adição, maiores velocidades de soldagem contribuiram para maiores percentuais de diluição, como consequência de uma menor área de reforço formada no componente revestido. Outro resultado importante foi evidenciado com análises de microdureza, onde foi possível observar um aumento considerável nos valores de dureza na região interfacial, mais precisamente nas zonas parcialmente diluídas (ZPD) e nas zonas termicamente afetadas (ZTA) adjacentes à linha de fusão. In order to investigate the influence on Partially Mixed Zones (PMZ), of the heat input and the filler metals employed, the present work is predicted for the metallurgical profile of interfacial regions, using alloy Inconel 625 filler metals and 309L stainless steel filler metal, both deposited by the GMAW process on low carbon steel. However, for cladding to achieve its intended purpose, during the cladding process with low dilution, the choice of cladding with high dilution should be ensured to evaluate this parameter at the interface of the substrate with the cladding. Therefore, changes in the welding speed, to obtain claddings with different metallurgical characteristics, to influence the substrate / cladding interaction and to obtain several percentages of dilution. The welds were deposited on specimens of 200 x 100 x 10 mm, forming test pieces with one cladding layer, formed by three weld beads. For each filler metal used, two heat input of welding were imposed, 1500 J / mm and 550 J / mm. From these specimens were removed for analysis of the metallography, followed by analysis by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with field emission gun and microhardness test. The results are a direct indication between the PMZ thicknesses and the filler metals employed, so that claddings using 309L stainless steel presented thicker PMZ when compared to PMZ cladding produced with Inconel 625. For both filler metals, higher welding speed contributed to higher dilution percentages, because of a smaller reinforcement area formed in the in the cladding. Another important result was evidenced by microhardness analysis, where it was possible to observe a considerable increase in the hardness values in the interfacial region, more precisely in the Partially Mixed Zones (PMZ) and in the Heat-Affected Zones (HAZ) closest to the fusion line.

Bu tez çalışması Batman Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi (BTÜBAP) tarafından 2017-DOKTORA-2 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir., Doç. Dr. Yahya Hışman ÇELİK bu tez çalışmasının eş danışmanıdır., Alüminyum ve alaşımları; düşük yoğunluk, yüksek mukavemet, iyi korozyon direnci ve iyi kaynak kabiliyeti gibi özeliklere sahip olduğundan dolayı günümüzde en yaygın kullanılan yapı malzemeleridir. Alüminyum ve alaşımları, ergitme esaslı ve basınç esaslı (katı faz) kaynak yöntemleri ile birleştirilebilmektedirler. TIG ve MIG kaynak yöntemleri en çok tercih edilen ergitme esaslı kaynak yöntemleridir. Ancak ergitme esaslı kaynak yöntemlerinde yüksek ısıdan dolayı kaynak metalinde bazı metalurjik problemler oluşmakta ve bu durum kaynaklı bağlantılarda mekanik özeliklerin zayıflamasına sebebiyet vermektedir. Bu amaçla, alüminyum ve alaşımlarının kaynağı için ergitme oluşturmaksızın gerçekleştirilebilecek bir yöntem arayışı sonucu İngiliz Kaynak Enstitüsü tarafında Sürtünme Karıştırma Kaynağı (FSW) bulunmuş ve geliştirilmiştir. Böylece alüminyum plakaların alın alına birleştirilmesi için FSW yöntemi de kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu yöntem ergitme esaslı kaynak yöntemlerine göre birçok avantaj sunmaktadır ve başarılı uygulamaları sayesinde havacılık, uzay, denizcilik, otomotiv, raylı ve zırhlı taşıt endüstrilerinde kullanım alanı bulmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, farklı özelliklerdeki AA7075 ve AA5182 alüminyum alaşım plakaları TIG, MIG ve FSW yöntemleriyle birleştirilmiştir. TIG ve MIG ile yapılan birleştirme işlemlerinde farklı amper (130, 140 ve 150 A) değerleri ve iki farlı kaynak ağzı (V ve X) kullanılmıştır. FSW kaynağında ise farklı dönme devirleri (980, 1325 ve 1800 dev/dk), kaynak ilerleme hızları (108 ve 233 mm/dk) ve iki farklı geometriye sahip karıştırıcı uç (konik helisel ve üçgen) kombinasyonları kullanılarak kaynaklar yapılmıştır. Kaynaklı bağlantıların mikroyapıları optik mikroskop ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile incelenmiştir. Her kaynaklı plakadan çıkarılan numunelerin kaynak bölgesindeki Vickers sertlik ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca kaynaklı plakalardan alınan deney numunelerine çekme ve yorulma testleri uygulanmıştır. Çekme testi sonrası oluşan kırılma yüzeyleri ve olası kaynak hataları SEM ile analiz edilmiştir. FSW yöntemi ile birleştirilen kaynaklı bağlantılarda, kaynak esnasında birleşmenin alüminyum alaşımlarının ergime sıcaklığı altındaki bir sıcaklıkta gerçekleşmesi ve birleşme bölgelerinde daha az boşluklu mikroyapı oluşumu bu kaynaklı bağlantılara ait mekanik özeliklerinin TIG ve MIG kaynaklı bağlantıların mekanik özeliklerinden daha iyi olmasına katkı sağladığı görülmüştür. En iyi mekanik özellikler FSW yönteminde 980 dev/dk dönme devrinde, 108 mm/dk kaynak ilerleme hızı ve konik helisel kanala sahip karıştırıcı ucun kullanıldığı deneylerde elde edilmiştir. Bu değerler çekme testi için 264,7 MPa, yorulma testi için ise 158,8 MPa'dır. Sertlik değeri ise bir birine oldukça yakın olup dönme devrine bağlı olarak değişiklik göstermiştir. En yüksek sertlik 1325 dev/dk dönme devrindeki bağlantıda 87 HV olarak elde edilmiştir., Aluminum and its alloys are the most commonly used building materials today because of their properties such as low densities, high strengths, good corrosion resistance and good weldability. Aluminium and its alloys can be joined with melting-based and pressure-based (solid phase) welding methods. TIG and MIG methods are the most preferred welding methods based on melting. However, due to the high temperature in melting-based welding methods, some metallurgical problems occur in the weld metal, which causes the mechanical properties to weaken in the welded joints. For this purpose, friction stir welding (FSW) has been found and developed by the British Welding Institute in the result of method research, which can be carried out without melting, for the weld of aluminium and its alloys. Thus, FSW method is also started to use for joining to the forehead of aluminium plates. This method offers many advantages over melting-based welding methods, and thanks to its successful applications, it finds usage area in the aerospace, space, marine, automotive, railway and armoured vehicles industries. In this study, AA7075 and AA5182 aluminium alloy plates in different specifications were joined by TIG, MIG and FSW methods. Different amperes (130, 140 and 150 A) values and two different weld groove (V and X) were used in joining with TIG and MIG. At the FSW, welds were made using different rotation speeds (980, 1325 and 1800 rpm), welding feed rate (108 and 233 mm/min) and stirred tips having two different geometries (conical helical and triangular). Microstructures of welded joints were investigated by an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Vickers hardness measurements were made in the weld zone of samples removed from each welded plate. Tensile and fatigue tests were also applied to the test specimens from welded plates. After the tensile test, the fracture surfaces and possible welding defects were analysed by SEM. In welded connections joined with the FSW method, it has been seen to contribute that the mechanical properties belonging to these welded joints better than the mechanical properties belonging to the TIG and MIG welded joints. Because the weld carried out at a temperature below the melting temperature of the aluminium alloys, and the microstructure had less porosity. The best mechanical properties were obtained from FSW method in a rotational speed of 980 rpm, a feed rate of 108 mm/min, and a stirrer tip having conical helical. These values are 264.7 MPa for tensile test and 158.8 MPa for fatigue test. The hardness value was very close to each other and varied depending on the rotation speed. The highest hardness was obtained as 87 HV at the connection at 1325-rpm rotation speed.

The future operating environment, as discussed in the Marine Corps Operating concept, is characterized by friction, uncertainty, and information warfare at all levels. The Marine Corps conducted an initial reorganization of the Marine Expeditionary Force Command Element (MEF CE) to adapt to this change. This research analyzes whether the MEF CE is now organized properly to operate with peak performance in the future operating environment. To determine this, the research includes an analysis of Marine Corps doctrine and concepts and a survey and semi-structured interviews of Marine Corps personnel, which serve to provide input into two tools used for further analysis: Organizational Consultant (ORGCON) and the Star Model. Both tools assist with a rigorous analysis of the MEF CE’s organizational fitness and led to the conclusion that while the initial reorganization of the MEF CE is positive, it requires further refinement. This thesis recommends six organizational design adjustments at both the MEF CE and Marine Corps levels. These recommendations are meant to focus and inform future research and experimentation as the MEF CE and Marine Corps continue to adapt the force to its future operating environment. http://archive.org/details/ananalysisofthem1094559635 Outstanding Thesis Major, United States Marine Corps Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Triptolide, the predominant biologically active component of the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f., possesses numerous pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic, and immunosuppressive effects. However, toxicity and severe adverse effects, particularly hepatotoxicity, limit the clinical application of triptolide. Licorice root extract contains various bioactive compounds and is potent hepatoprotective. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate, a magnesium salt of the 18α-glycyrrhizic acid stereoisomer of glycyrrhizic acid, is used clinically in China to treat chronic viral hepatitis and acute drug-induced liver injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway in the protective effects of LE and MIG against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity models were established in L-02 cells and rats using triptolide, and the protective effects of LE and MIG were investigated in vitro and in vivo, respectively. LE and MIG significantly protected against triptolide-induced cytotoxicity. Additionally, triptolide decreased the mRNA and protein levels of Nrf2 and down-regulated Nrf2 target genes, including UGT1A, BSEP, and MRP2, while pretreatment with LE and MIG reversed these effects. Finally, Nrf2-involved antioxidant responses were activated in the presence of LE and MIG.

O Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) é uma doença autoimune, multissistêmica, que acomete o tecido conjuntivo, com amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas e de etiologia pouco conhecida. A perda da tolerância imunológica leva a produção de autoanticorpos, depósitos teciduais de imunocomplexos, ativação do sistema complemento e processos inflamatórios crônicos. O diagnóstico atual estabelecido por meio de complexos critérios desenvolvidos pelo American College of Rheumatology aliado ao curso imprevisível do LES, com episódios de atividade e remissão, evidenciam a carência por biomarcadores específicos que auxiliem no diagnóstico e monitoramento desta patologia. Neste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou identificar, pela metodologia de CBA, os biomarcadores inflamatórios: ICAM-1, IL-8, IFN-, IP-10, MCP-1, MIG, MIP-1, RANTES e VEGF em amostras de soro de pacientes portadores de LES e em grupos controles (portadores de outras doenças autoimunes e indivíduos saudáveis) e que pudessem auxiliar no diagnóstico da doença. Participaram deste estudo 134 voluntários, distribuídos no grupo LES, com 46 pacientes (22 pacientes com baixa atividade SLEDAI 2k 4; 24 pacientes com atividade moderada/alta SLEDAI 2k > 4), 42 pacientes controles com outras doenças autoimunes (grupo ODA) e 8 voluntários saudáveis (grupo CONTROLE). Foram identificados resultados promissores em 5 dos 9 biomarcadores avaliados. As quimiocinas MIG (p = 0,000), RANTES (p = 0,000) e IP-10 apresentaram resultados estatisticamente diferentes entre os pacientes com LES e controles saudáveis, sendo esta última quando avaliado em pacientes com LES diferentes níveis de atividade (LESBA:CONTROLE; p = 0,009 / LESAMA:CONTROLE; p = 0,023), enquanto as concentrações de IL-8 (p = 0,000) e MIP-1 (p = 0,000) foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os pacientes com LES e com outras doenças autoimunes. As quimiocinas IL-8 (p = 0,026), IP-10 (p = 0,002), MIG (p =0,037), MIP-1 (p = 0,000) e RANTES (p = 0,037) correlacionaram-se com atividade do LES, apresentando níveis estatisticamente diferentes entre pacientes portadores de LES com baixa atividade e atividade moderada/alta. Correlações foram evidenciadas entre a idade dos pacientes com LES com os biomarcadores ICAM-1 (p = 0,009), IFN- (p = 0,002) e MIG (p = 0,0014) e em relação a idade do grupo ODA, correlacionou-se com a quimiocina IL-8 (p = 0,049). Não evidenciamos resultados significativos nas análises de ICAM-1, IFN-, MCP-1 e VEGF entre os grupos avaliados. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune, multisystemic disease that affects connective tissue, with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations and poorly known etiology. The loss of immunological tolerance leads to autoantibody production, tissue deposits of immune complexes, complement system activation and chronic inflammatory processes. The current diagnosis, established through complex criteria developed by the American College of Rheumatology, allied to the unpredictable course of SLE, with activity and remission episodes, evidences the lack of specific biomarkers that aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of this pathology. In this context, the present study aimed to identify the inflammatory biomarkers ICAM-1, IL-8, IFN-, IP-10, MCP-1, MIG, MIP-1, RANTES and VEGF in serum of patients with SLE and in control groups (carriers of other autoimmune diseases and healthy individuals) and that could also help in the diagnosis of the disease. A total of 134 volunteers, distributed in the SLE group with 46 patients (22 patients with low activity - SLEDAI 2k 4, 24 patients with moderate / high activity - SLEDAI 2k > 4. Forty-two patients with other autoimmune diseases) and 44 healthy volunteers (CONTROL group) took part in this study. Promising results were identified in five out of nine of the evaluated biomarkers. The chemokines MIG and RANTES showed statistically different results among SLE patients and healthy controls (p = 0.0 for both groups). IP-10 levels were significantly different in relation to the control group when evaluated in SLE patients at different levels of activity. The concentrations of Il-8 and MIP were statistically different between SLE patients and those with other autoimmune diseases (p = 0.0 for both cytokines in these groups). The chemokines IL-8 (p = 0.026), IP-10 (p = 0.002), MIG (p = 0.037), MIP-1 (p = 0.0) and RANTES (p = 0.037) correlated with SLE activity showing statistically different levels among SLE patients with low or moderate/high activity. Correlations were evidenced in ages of SLE patients to ICAM-1, IFN- and MIG biomarkers. On the other hand, concerning the ODA group, the age of individual in this group correlated only with chemokine IL-8. We did not observe significant results in ICAM-1, IFN-, MCP-1 and VEGF analysis among evaluated groups.

WOS: 000443401800001, In this paper, the effects of post-weld heat treatment on modification of microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welded and gas metal arc welded AA6061-O plates were compared with each other. Gas metal arc welding and friction stir welding were used as the applicable welding processes for AA6061-O alloys. The applied post-weld heat treatment consisted of solution heat treatment, followed by water quenching and finally artificial aging. The samples were classified as post-weld heat treated and as-welded joints. The microstructural evolution, tensile properties, hardness features and fracture surfaces of both as-welded and post-weld heat treated samples were reported. The results clearly showed that friction stir welding process demonstrated better and more consistent mechanical properties by comparison with the gas metal arc welding process. The weld region of as-welded samples exhibited a higher hardness value of 80 HV0.1 compared to the base material. In addition, the feasibility of post-weld heat treatment in order to enhance the mechanical properties and to obtain more homogeneous microstructure of 6061-O aluminum alloys was evaluated.

[ES] En los últimos años ha habido una gran evolución en la forma en que se comportan los mercados globales así como en las demandas de los clientes. Estos hechos están obligando a las empresas a cambiar su forma de producir. Con la aparición de la globalización y el aumento de la interacción entre las empresas, los clientes individuales demandan productos más específicos en breves períodos de tiempo, por lo que las empresas se enfrentan a tres desafíos importantes: Primero la globalización mencionada: en el mundo actual, los usuarios pueden acceder a todo tipo de mercados. Todos nosotros como clientes demandamos las mejores condiciones con los precios más bajos. Ciclos de vida del producto más cortos: los mercados específicos, especialmente los tecnológicos, están en constante desarrollo. Este factor obliga a las empresas a actualizarse en cortos períodos de tiempo. Requisitos dinámicos: la demanda de los clientes nunca deja de cambiar, además, no todos los usuarios tienen las mismas demandas. Estos desafíos llevan a las empresas a intentar tratar a los clientes como seres individual, lo que produce no solo un aumento de la variedad de productos externos, sino también un aumento más importante de la variedad de productos internos. Como resultado, las empresas sufren un aumento en la complejidad y, por lo tanto, un aumento en los costos. Esta tesis se centra en hacer frente a estos problemas en una familia de productos de máquinas láser, específicamente en la parte guía de la máquina, propiedad de la empresa ERLAS Erlanger Lasertechnik GmbH. Esto se logra mediante la aplicación de un método desarrollado por el Instituto de Desarrollo de Productos y Diseño de Ingeniería Mecánica de la Universidad de Tecnología de Hamburgo. El método tiene como objetivo reducir la variedad interna entre los productos de la misma familia, pero siempre guardando la variedad externa, para que las solicitudes de los clientes sigan siendo satisfechas. Con el método Diseño para la variedad (Kipp 2012), el diseñador tiene la posibilidad de desarrollar la arquitectura del producto para minimizar los costos de todas las etapas de la vida de los productos variables. Estos costos se pueden dividir en: Costes, que incluyen los costes de producción y los costes de complejidad 1. Los costes de producción se refieren a los costes de los materiales y de fabricación 2. Costes de complejidad. Representan el porcentaje más alto e incluyen, entre otros, desarrollo, administración, logística y costes de stock Costes de uso, que se divide en costes de inversión (precio de compra) y costes de operación (costo de energía) Este método trata de trabajar con módulos del producto, que serán proporcionados por el Instituto. Estos módulos se formarán de forma que la modificación de un módulo afecte a la menor parte posible de la máquina. Al trabajar con los componentes, es muy importante hacer una diferenciación entre componentes variables y estandar para reducir los primeros. Con el método de Diseño para la variedad esperamos cumplir dos objetivos principales: Reducción de la variedad interna para reducir costos a lo largo de todo el ciclo de vida del producto Detectar variantes innecesarias del producto para borrarlas y de esta manera ajustar la gama de productos para reducir los costos de la complejidad Los pasos que se seguirán a lo largo de los meses de trabajo son los siguientes: 1. Primeras investigaciones. Introducción en el campo de estudio 2. Definición del problema y establecimiento del objetivo del proyecto 3. Definición del método de Diseño de variedad para comprender cómo funciona y conocer los pasos que se deben seguir para aplicar el método 4. Introducción a la máquina y definición de los módulos para comenzar a aplicar el método 5. Aplicación del método con los siguientes pasos: 5.1 Árbol de variedad externa 5.2 Gráfico de interfaz de, [EN] In the last decades there has been a huge update in the way that global markets behave, also in the requests of clients. These facts are forcing companies to change their way of producing. With the appearance of globalisation and the increase of interaction between companies, individual customers demand more specific products in brief periods of time, for this reason companies are facing three important challenges: The first mentioned globalization: in the current market users can access every market. All of us as clients demand the best conditions with the lowest prices. Shorter product life cycles: Specific markets, especially the technological ones, are in a constant development. This factor forces companies to update within short periods of time. Dynamic requirements: the demand of the clients never stop changing, besides not every user has the same demands. These challenges lead companies trying to treat customers as an individual one, which produces not only an increase of the external product variety but also a more important increase of the internal product variety. As a result, companies suffer an increase of complexity and, hence, a rise of the costs. This thesis focuses on facing these problems in a product family of laser machines, specifically in the guiding part of the machine, property of the company ERLAS Erlanger Lasertechnik GmbH. This is achieved by the application of a method developed by the Institute for Product Development and Mechanical Engineering Design of Hamburg University of Technology. The method aims to reduce internal variety among products of the same family but always saving the external variety, so that the requests of the clients continue to be satisfied. With the Design for Variety method (Kipp 2012), the designer has the possibility of developing the product architecture to minimise the costs of all the life stages of the variant products. It can be divided in: Costs, which include the production costs and the complexity costs 1. Production cost refers to the material costs and the manufacturing costs 2. Complexity cost. Are the main percentage and includes among others development, administration, logistic and stock cost Use cost, which are divided in investment cost (purchase price) and cost of operation (energy cost) This method is about working with components of the product, which will be provided by the Institute. These modules will be formed in a way, so that the modification of one module affects the least parts of the machine as possible. When working with the components it is very important to make a differentiation between variant and standardised components in order to reduce the first ones. With the method of Design for Variety we look forward to fulfilling two main goals: Reducing internal variety to reduce costs across the whole product life cycle Detecting unnecessary product variants to erase them and in this way adjusting the range of products to reduce costs of complexity The steps that will be followed throughout the months of work are the following: 1. First researches. Introduction in the field of study 2. Definition of the problem and setting the aim of the project 3. Definition of the method of Design of variety to understand how it works and to know better the steps that must be followed to apply the method 4. Introduction to the machine and definition of the modules to start applying the method 5. Application of the method with the following steps: 5.1 Tree of external variety 5.2 Module interface graph 5.3 Product family functional structure 5.4 Variety allocation model 6. Analysis of the results obtained with the tools and search of the solutions regarding relevant criteria (costs, number of variant components, etc.) 7. Evaluation and choice of the gained product concepts using the criteria 8. Final steps. Conclusion and summary

The effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark essential oil (CBEO) on human skin cells has not been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the activity of a commercially available CBEO in a validated human dermal fibroblast system, a model of chronic inflammation and fibrosis. We first evaluated the impact of CBEO on 17 protein biomarkers that play critical roles in inflammation and tissue remodeling. The impact of CBEO on genome‐wide gene expression was also evaluated. CBEO showed strong anti‐proliferative effects on skin cells and significantly inhibited the production of several inflammatory biomarkers, including vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, interferon gamma‐induced protein 10, interferon‐inducible T‐cell alpha chemoattractant, and monokine induced by gamma interferon. In addition, CBEO significantly inhibited the production of several tissue remodeling molecules, including epidermal growth factor receptor, matrix metalloproteinase‐1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1. Macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, which is an immunomodulatory protein molecule, was also significantly inhibited by CBEO. Furthermore, CBEO significantly modulated global gene expression and altered signaling pathways, many of which are important in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cancer biology. The study shows that CBEO is a promising antiinflammatory agent; however, further research is required to clarify its clinical efficacy. © 2017 The Authors. Phytotherapy Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This study aims to demonstrate the effects of pulsed current on the welding pool and fusion zone microstructures of the aluminum 2014 alloy matrix composite material reinforced with 14 and 20 vol% SiC particles. A programmable synergic controlled MIG welding machine with pulsed power supply was used. One hundred Ampere and 120 Ampere pulsed current values were used to determine the effect of heat input on microstructures. A 1 mm diameter SG-AlSi5 wire was used as filler material. The microstructures were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and the phase analyses were performed via X-ray diffraction analyzer (XRD). The study showed that increasing the SiC rate has a greater effect on the formation of Al4C3 phase than increasing the heat input values. Al4C3 formation was not formed as a needle-like structure. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

This study aims to demonstrate the effects of pulsed current on the welding pool and fusion zone microstructures of the aluminum 2014 alloy matrix composite material reinforced with 14 and 20 vol% SiC particles. A programmable synergic controlled MIG welding machine with pulsed power supply was used. One hundred Ampere and 120 Ampere pulsed current values were used to determine the effect of heat input on microstructures. A 1 mm diameter SG-AlSi5 wire was used as filler material. The microstructures were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and the phase analyses were performed via X-ray diffraction analyzer (XRD). The study showed that increasing the SiC rate has a greater effect on the formation of Al4C3 phase than increasing the heat input values. Al4C3 formation was not formed as a needle-like structure.

Although Titanosauria is the most diverse and late-surviving sauropod lineage, cranial elements are known for just over 24 of its 70+ genera - the vast majority of which are fairly fragmentary and restricted to the Late Cretaceous. Only three complete titanosaur skulls have been described to date; two of these are from the latest Cretaceous (Nemegtosaurus, Rapetosaurus), and the third, Tapuiasaurus, is from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian). In this contribution, we build on the initial treatment of the taxon by providing a complete description of the cranial elements that benefits from additional preparation and computed tomography imaging. We identify six additional features diagnosing Tapuiasaurus macedoi, including a jugal with an elongate lacrimal process forming much of the posteroventral border of the antorbital fenestra, a lateral temporal fenestra divided by a second squamosal–postorbital contact, and upper jaw teeth with labial wear facets. We directed the new morphological data in Tapuiasaurus as well as other observations towards a re-analysis of its phylogenetic position within Titanosauria. Our analysis yielded 34 most parsimonious trees, most of which recovered Tapuiasaurus in a basal position adjacent to the Early Cretaceous taxa Malawisaurus and Tangvayosaurus, but two trees recovered it within Late Cretaceous nemegtosaurids. We explored the effects of missing data and missing stratigraphic ranges on our results, concluding that (1) when missing data levels are high, resolution of even small amounts of that missing data can have dramatic effects on topology, (2) taxa that are mostly scored for characters that cannot be scored in other taxa may be topologically unstable and (3) there were several suboptimal trees that had greatly improved stratigraphic fit with relatively little compromise in terms of tree length. Fil: Wilson, Jeffrey A.. University of Michigan; Estados Unidos Fil: Pol, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; Argentina Fil: Carvalho, Alberto B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Zaher, Hussam. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

Lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (LAHS) is a serious disorder, and its early diagnosis and treatment with appropriate chemotherapy are very important. However, reliable markers for early diagnosis of LAHS have not been identified. We screened serum cytokines using a newly introduced assay system, cytometric bead array (CBA), and identified interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10)/CXCL10 and monokine induced by interferon gamma (MIG)/CXCL9 as useful markers. Serum concentrations of IP-10 and MIG at the time of LAHS diagnosis were greater than 500 and 5,000 pg/ml, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for LAHS diagnosis were 100 and 95 %, respectively, when we set the above values as the cut-off levels. Serum levels of these two chemokines were already elevated at the time of admission and significantly decreased after successful treatment, indicating their usefulness for both the diagnosis and therapeutic outcomes for LAHS. IP-10 and MIG were also useful in distinguishing severe from moderate/mild LAHS, and B-cell-type LAHS from T-cell/natural killer cell-type LAHS. Furthermore, IP-10 and MIG were of use to distinguish LAHS from sepsis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Rapid measurement of IP-10 and MIG by CBA appeared to be important for early diagnosis and treatment of LAHS.

MIG/MAG je elektrolučno zavarivanje taljivom elektrodom u zaštiti aktivnog ili inertnog plina. Ovaj postupak može se primijeniti na široki spektar materijala različitih debljina i vrsta. Postupak ima više načina prijenosa samoga metala. Prijenos metala kratkim spojem primjenjuje se kod zavara tanjih limova, pogodan je još i za zavarivanje korijena zavara kod debljih komada. Prijenos metala štrcajućim lukom primjenjiv je na gotovo sve materijale. Kod prijenosa metala mješovitim lukom javljaju se prijenos metala štrcajućim lukom i kratkim spojem u određenim intervalima. Prijenos metala pulsirajućim lukom primjenjiv je u svim položajima, ali i na širi raspon debljine određenog materijala. Za svaki od ovih prijenosa metala potrebni su određeni parametri. Zaštitni plinovi koji se javljaju ovome postupku zavarivanja bitni su jer štite mjesto zavarivanja, ali i kapljice rastaljenog metala za vrijeme prolaska kroz električni luk. Primjenom pojedinog plina, ali i načina prijenosa metala i vrsti i debljini materijala, ali i ostalih parametara, tako se primjenjuju i dodatni materijala koji su u rasponima debljine od 0.6 do 2.4 mm. Dodatni materijal može biti puni ili praškom punjeni. Ostali parametri kao i ta dva utječu na sami zavar. Stoga je bitno u samoj primjeni odredi točne parametre, kako bi se izbjegle neželjene greške u samome zavarivanju, ali i samom zavaru koji mogu biti: poroznost, naljepljivanje, štrcanje, pukotine i penetracija. U primjeni su i suvremeni postupci MIG/MAG zavarivanja koji se primjenjuju za pojedina zavarivanja gdje su najučinkovitiji i gdje ne pojavljuju greške kao kod klasičnih MIG/MAG postupaka. Tandem zavarivanje, zavarivanje s dvjema žicama koje je brže od ostalih konvencijalnih MIG/MAG postupaka. Primjenom robota u postupcima zavarivanja postiže se sve veća učinkovitost MIG/MAG postupaka zavarivanja. MIG/MAG is an arc welding with consumable electrode and protected with active or inert gas. This procedure can be applied on the wide specter of various thickness and types. Procedure has several ways of metal melting. Metal melting using short circuit is applied at welding thin sheet metal and is also usable in welding initial joints in thicker pieces. Metal melting using sproutin arc is appliable on almost all materials. When using combined arc, sprouting arc and short circuit both appear in short intervals. Metal melting with pulsating arc is appliable in all positions, but also on a wider scale of thickness of a particular material. For each of these meltings certain parameters are required. Shielding gases that appear during this procedure are important because they shield the welding place, but also the drops of melted metal during their 2 passing throught the electric arc. By using a certain gas, but also a method of melting and depending on the kind and thickness of the material and other parameters as well, that is how additional materials are applied with thickness varying for 0.6 to 2.4 mm. Additional material can be composite or powder-filled. Other parameters as well as these two affect the weld itself. Therefore it is important in application itself to determine exact parameters, so to avoid unwanted errors in the welding itself, but also on the welding place, which can be: porosity, sticking, splashing, cracks and penetration. In appliance are modern procedures of MIG/MAG welding which are used for certain weldings in which they are most effective and in which no errors appear as with classic MIG/MAG procedures. Tandem welding, welding with two wires is faster than other conventional MIG/MAG procedures. By using robots in the welding processes greater efficiency of MIG/MAG welding procedure is achieved.