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Today’s perceived excess of work versus rest and excessive stressful situations are one of the potential factors for an increasing number of gastrointestinal disorders. Although the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) varies widely, it is assumed that up to 15% of the general population may be affected. Symptoms resulting from IBS take the form of pain, including difficulties with bowel movements, bloating, and a feeling of overflowing in the intestines. These symptoms have a negative impact on patients’ quality of life, so any possible intervention supported by Evidence-Based Medicine should effectively contribute to their improvement. In the following review, the authors compile the current knowledge based on the findings of researchers from around the world. The topic of probiotic therapy is increasingly discussed in the field of lower gastrointestinal disorders, and thus the authors discover links between probiotic strains and the improvement of health quality in patients with IBS, taking into consideration the ways it affects patients’ mental health. As a result, a systematic review was prepared based on 60 items of recent literature, of which more than 80% were published in the last 5 years.

Introduction. Achieving high performance in sports is the result of many factors, both exo and endogenous. Proper nutrition is the basis of the so-called healthy lifestyle, health care and prevention of diet-related diseases. Physical activity is an extremely important component and carries a number of benefits that affect mental, physical and social well-being. Failure to provide sufficient energy, can lead to decreased performance, delayed recovery processes or loss of muscle mass. The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge and nutritional habits of CrossFit trainees. Material and methods. 131 people were surveyed; the questionnaire was posted on the CrossFit Poland forum. The survey was voluntary and anonymous. The results were collected in a database in Microsoft Excel 2010 MS Office Package and statistically analyzed using Statistica 12. In the statistical evaluation of the relationship between characteristics, a significance level of p ≤ 0.05 was adopted. Results. In a survey of the knowledge and eating habits of CrossFit trainees, about 50% of respondents declare that they eat regularly. In addition, 50.5% state a moderate level of knowledge about healthy eating, while 33% state a high level. There is a high incidence of dietary supplement intake, accounting for 78.5%. As the frequency of training increases, the amount of supplements consumed increases. Conclusions. A significant part of the study group declares a very good or moderate level of knowledge of rational nutrition, which influences the choice of and regularity of the meals consumed in this group of Crossfit trainers.

Pregnancy is a unique period in a woman's life, so every pregnant woman should be aware of the importance of physical exercise during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity of women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The standardized Physical Activity Questionnaire for Pregnant Women (PPAQ-PL) was used to achieve the purpose of the study. Thirty women in the age range of 18-35 years (28 years±3.54) participated in the study. Analysis of the results showed that higher values of total weekly energy expenditure were obtained by the group of women in the third trimester of pregnancy (206.37 MET/h/week) compared to pregnant women in the second trimester (140.42MET/h/week). The women differed in terms of energy expenditure in activities such as housework (in women in the second trimester 49.1% of total activity, in the third trimester 56.7%), passive rest (24.1% and 14.5%), professional work (12.9% and 7.7%), sports and exercise (2.8% and 6.6%), and moving around (10.6% and 14.5%). In both women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, a low level of activity intensity prevailed (58.08% and 55.64%). Energy expenditure on sports and exercise consistent with the recommended for the second trimester (≥28 MET/h/week) was declared by only 6% of the women surveyed, while in the third trimester the recommended energy expenditure on physical activity (≥16 MET/h/week) was fulfilled by 29% of pregnant women. There is an ongoing need to educate women about the benefits of systematic prenatal activity.

LISOWSKI, Olaf & GRAJEK, Mateusz. The role of stress and its impact on the formation of occupational burnout.Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;13(5):87-94. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.13.05.012 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/42771 https://zenodo.org/record/7710550 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2023; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 24.02.2023. Revised: 28.02.2023. Accepted: 09.03.2023. Published: 09.03.2023. THE ROLE OF STRESS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE FORMATION OF OCCUPATIONAL BURNOUT Olaf Lisowski, Mateusz Grajek Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Abstract The term "stress" is customarily used in connection with environmental pressures and adaptation to changing environmental conditions, but also in reference to the body's psychological and physiological response to them. In the understanding presented, adaptive demands are called stressors, their effects are called stress or stressful situations, and methods and techniques aimed at reducing these effects are called ways of coping with stress. Stress can also be understood as a "product" of inappropriate coping with the challenges of everyday life. The differentiation between stress as a process and stressor as a factor makes it easier to understand the issue and its impact on life and the development of mental illnesses. Keywords: stress, stress management, occupational burnout, employee, work

Background: Multiple studies confirm that PM2.5 and PM10 can affect lung growth and development in children and adolescents, the number of medical visits, and hospital emergency admissions due to asthma, respiratory symptoms, and upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. Objective: The objective of this study was the measurement-based assessment for determining whether the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 are within admissible limits or exceeded in the Upper Silesia urban area (Silesia province) and to examine the relationship between PM concentrations and the number of admissions in Primary Health Care due to respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic bronchitis for children, adolescents and adults. Material and methods: The data provided by the Voivodship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Katowice, National Health Fund - Silesian Department, and the District Sanitary-Epidemiological Station in Katowice for the period 2012-2017 was used in the statistical analysis. Results: The increase in the number of excessive levels of average daily PM10 concentration was observed in almost all measurement stations, both for the acceptable level, information, and alarm level. The increase in average annual PM2.5 concentrations was also observed. The results showed an increased prevalence of respiratory diseases (ICD-Diagnosis Code 10-CM: J017, J030, J034, J038, J040) during the study period in 14 of 20 cities of Silesia province, consistently higher for children than adults. Conclusions: In Silesia province, the air quality is poor and has deteriorated over the last few years. Exposure to ambient PM2.5 and PM10 was significantly associated with the development of respiratory tract diseases in children and adults.

Okres okołoporodowy stanowi wyzwanie o charakterze fizjologiczno-psychologicznym w życiu kobiety ciężarnej oraz przyszłej mamy, przez co wymaga szczególnej opieki interdyscyplinarnej. Trzyletnia pandemia wirusa SARS-CoV-2 przyczyniła się do redefinicji wielu obszarów sektora zdrowia publicznego i wywołała zmiany psychofizyczne. Choroba COVID-19 rozpowszechniona na skalę globalną nasiliła progresję zaburzeń psychicznych, szczególnie z uwzględnieniem dysfunkcyjnej relacji w sposobie żywienia predysponującej do braku kontroli, nadmiernego ograniczania spożywanych posiłków oraz jedzenia emocjonalnego, wywołała przy tym zaburzenia odżywiania ukierunkowane na otyłość, zespół kompulsywnego objadania się, pregoreksję. Cel podjętej pracy dotyczył analizy postrzeganego obrazu ciała przez kobiety po ciąży zakończonej porodem. Analiza była ukierunkowana na występowanie u nich ewentualnych zaburzeń w odżywianiu. Narzędzie metodologiczne stanowiły kwestionariusze TFEQ-13 oraz SCOFF wraz z metryczką i analizą jakościową sposobu żywienia kobiet (do roku od porodu). Do badania zakwalifikowano 288 kobiet w przedziale wiekowym 20–45 lat. Wyliczony pomiar antropometryczny uwzględniający wskaźnik masy ciała w postaci kategoryzacji wskaźnika jako norma stanowił przewagę (66,7%). Przyrost masy ciała z okresu przed ciążą i po porodzie mieścił się w średniej wartości 3,5 kilogramów. Aspekt postrzegania ciała przez kobiety wskazywał na brak poczucia zadowolenia z jego obrazu (69%). Równocześnie połowa badanych cechowała się świadomością dotyczącą zmian w wyglądzie zewnętrznym z pozytywnym postrzeganiem obrazu ciała. Natomiast nacechowana negatywnie subiektywna ocena dotyczyła mniejszego odsetka kobiet (22%). Ponadto, w przypadku postrzegania masy ciała wobec rodzaju zastosowanej metody karmienia dziecka zostały zaobserwowane istotne różnice (p = 0,03). Dodatkowo niezadowolenie z masy ciała predysponowało do uzyskania wyższego wyniku w skali SCOFF, świadczącego o ryzyku pojawienia się zaburzeń odżywiania (46%; p = 0,001) wraz ze wzrostem BMI — wskaźnika masy ciała. Zaobserwowano istotną dodatnią zależność pomiędzy ograniczeniem spożywanych posiłków a wyższym parametrem BMI wraz z niezadowoleniem z masy ciała wśród kobiet z nadwagą lub prawidłową masą ciała oraz aktywnych fizycznie w okresie prekoncepcyjnym. Kobiety cechował znacznie częściej brak kontroli nad jedzeniem w okresie okołoporodowym (według kwestionariusza TFEQ-13). Reasumując: zachowania ukierunkowane na ograniczenie jedzenia i brak kontroli nad jedzeniem oraz emocjonalne spożywanie posiłków w grupie badanych kobiet przekładały się na negatywny obraz postrzeganego ciała w postaci niezadowolenia z masy ciała. Kobiety z nadwagą i otyłością predysponowały do progresji zaburzeń odżywiania w postaci pregoreksji. Element terapeutyczno-prewencyjny w postaci edukacji żywieniowej jest kluczowy, gdyż powszechnie występujące błędy w sposobie żywienia i suplementacji wiążą się z wyższym ryzykiem zaburzeń odżywiania.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths. Gastric tumors show a high aggressiveness, which, in turn, contributes to a low survival rate of fewer than 12 months. Considering the above, it was decided to review the current scientific studies that indicate the potential prevention of gastric cancer and clarify the relationship between gastric cancer and the composition of the microorganisms inhabiting the human body. Accordingly, a review paper was prepared based on 97 scientific sources from 2011 to 2022. Particular attention was paid to the most recent scientific studies from the last five years, which account for more than 80% of the cited sources. Taking care of one’s overall health, including undertaking treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection, and following a diet high in anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory ingredients are the most important factors in reducing the risk of developing gastric cancer.

KRUPA-KOTARA, Karolina, GRAJEK, Mateusz, KULESZA, Aleksandra, YANAKIEVA, Antoniya & SAS-NOWOSIELSKI, Krzysztof. Motivations in weight reduction and undesirable eating behaviors among women with excessive body weight (Poland). Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;13(1):161-172. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.13.01.025 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/40863 https://zenodo.org/record/7379929 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 11.11.2022. Revised: 20.11.2022. Accepted: 30.11.2022. Article Motivations in weight reduction and undesirable eating behaviors among women with excessive body weight (Poland) Karolina Krupa-Kotara1, Mateusz Grajek2*, Aleksandra Kulesza2, Antoniya Yanakieva3, Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski4 1Department of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41902 Bytom, Poland, kkrupa@sum.edu.pl; 2Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41902 Bytom, Poland; mgrajek@sum.edu.pl (MG); s75469@365.sum.edu.pl (AK) 3Department of Health Technology Assessment, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria, antoniya.yanakieva@gmail.com 4Institute of Sport, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland, k.sas-nowosielski@awf.katowice.pl *Correspondence: mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstract: Introduction: It is recognized that obese people are less tolerated and accepted than people of normal weight. It is common to use stereotypes. stating that people with excessive body weight are less intelligent and lead careless lifestyles. Such an opinion, among other things, leads to psychological factors characterized by low self-esteem or lack of self-acceptance, and in the long run leads to anorexia, bulimia, or compulsive overeating. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between attitudes toward weight loss, taking into account: the motivating factors that determine the desire to attempt weight loss; the level of well-being and degree of motivation before and during the weight loss attempt; changes in attitudes after an unsuccessful weight loss attempt; the state of well-being after the completed weight loss attempt and the degree of severity of disordered eating according to the TFEQ-13 questionnaire. Material and methods: The study was conducted among 600 female users of forums for people with excessive weight. The research method used in this study was the author's questionnaire and the standardized Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. A general survey questionnaire serving as a working tool was sent by Computer-Assisted Web Interview to community groups. Results. The predominant group of respondents cannot even count the weight reduction attempts they have made during their lives (31%). Three attempts were made by 29% of respondents, and two attempts by 17%. Attempts to lose weight most often involved increasing current physical activity (overall responses), reducing the caloric content of meals (26%), and improving current eating habits (22%). Most people reduced their body weight from 6 kg to 10 kg (29%) or from 3 to 5 kg (27%). It was found that low a risk of aggravation was diagnosed in 45.5% of people, moderate in 44.5, and low in 10%. For lack of control over eating – a low risk was observed in 15.5% of people, moderate in 68.5% of people, and high in 16%. Evaluating eating under the influence of emotions, the highest risk of the studied phenomenon was observed in 50.5% of people, moderate risk in 36.5% of people, and low risk in 13% of people. Conclusions. The level of motivation significantly decreased when trying to reduce weight. No significant deterioration in well-being was observed before and during the weight loss attempt. Results: In the study group, the most important motivators for change were low self-esteem and poor mood. The level of motivation significantly decreased during the weight loss attempt. No significant deterioration in well-being was observed before and during the weight loss attempt. Improved well-being after the weight-loss attempt had no significant effect on the severity of uncontrolled eating, with the exception of emotional eating - weight-loss-related well-being improved in women with a low or moderate risk of this phenomenon. Keywords: motivation, weight reduction, eating behaviors, overweight, obesity, women, Poland

Zaburzeniom odżywiania często towarzyszy brak umiejętności radzenia sobie z emocjami. Alkoreksja jest zjawiskiem, które występuje głównie wśród grupy studentów. Zaburzenie to charakteryzuje się występowaniem znacznych restrykcji żywieniowych oraz nadmiernej aktywności fizycznej celem możliwości spożycia większej ilości alkoholu bez obawy o przyrost masy ciała. Jej podstawy upatruje się w presji rówieśników, popularyzowaniu szczupłej sylwetki oraz chęci zwiększenia stanu odurzenia. Kobiety częściej zgłaszają występowanie drunkoreksji wraz z występowaniem innych zaburzeń odżywiania. Jak każde zaburzenia odżywiania, alkoreksja może prowadzić do poważnych konsekwencji zdrowotnych, lecz także zwiększenia ryzyka przemocy, napaści na tle seksualnym i wypadków samochodowych. Drunkoreksja wymaga leczenia uzależnienia alkoholu oraz korekty nieodpowiednich nawyków żywieniowych. Alkoreksja jest terminem stosunkowo nowym i wymaga opracowania kryteriów rozpoznania oraz strategii pomocy osobom zmagającym się z tym zaburzeniem. Należy odróżnić alkoreksję od choroby alkoholowej i innych zaburzeń odżywiania. Konieczne jest szerzenie wiedzy na temat tego typu zachowań, ich konsekwencji oraz edukacja w zakresie radzenia sobie ze stresem.

Academic sports are physical activities in which members of the academic community participate: students, doctoral students, research, teaching or administrative staff of higher education institutions. The academic community is extremely diverse, but as a rule, it is rarely associated directly with physical activity, but rather with the advancement of knowledge and the development of science. All the more reason why the promotion of physical activity in this community is extremely important for maintaining the psychophysical well-being of members of this group. The AZS is the most numerous academic organization in Poland, with nearly 33,000 members. The Association's Academic Championships of Poland and community leagues are the primary system of rivalry between universities in the country. Among the objectives of AZS are those relating directly or indirectly to the promotion of health, including: the dissemination of physical culture and tourism, raising physical fitness and improving health among the academic community, working for the rehabilitation of the disabled or counteracting social pathologies, particularly addictions that threaten the environment of young students. These goals are pursued through various types of programs and projects, including sports activation of the academic community within the framework of sports sections, especially within the framework of general sports, organized sports competitions both at the university, regional, national or international level. Academic sports are also often the only available opportunity for physical activity during college, where physical education classes usually last no more than a year in the five-year cycle of study.

Involvement in sports volunteering is not only a way to improve mental health by increasing a sense of appreciation or respect, but it also allows participants to take on an individual challenge, meet new people, or gain specific knowledge. The aim of this study was to analyze selected motivations of students from the University of Physical Education in Krakow to get involved in sports volunteering during the 2023 European Games organized in their city and verifying them in terms of gender, age, previous volunteering experience, and pursuing a career. A total of 535 students took part in the survey, of whom 52.71% (282) were female, and 47.29% (253) were male. Selected motivation statements were indicated by respondents through a 5-point Likert scale. The results of the completed study confirmed that pursuing a professional career alongside studies and previous experience in sports volunteering had an impact on undertaking sports volunteering (F = 11.754; r = 0.674; p = 0.003 and F = 10.241; r = 0.611; p = 0.002). The obtained research results may be important for sports psychologists and organizers of sports events in the context of recruiting volunteers or improving the process of managing sports volunteering.

Anoreksja występująca w przebiegu ciąży może oddziaływać destrukcyjnie na fizjologiczny obraz kliniczny ciężarnej, jej zdrowie psychiczne oraz rozwój płodu. Wynika to z faktu, że zachowania żywieniowe, proces programowania płodowego oraz relacje behawioralno-poznawcze przyczyniają się do kształtowania warunków wewnątrzmacicznych. Dysfunkcje na poziomie neuronalnym predysponują do zaburzonej relacji z jedzeniem, obniżonej samoakceptacji, depresji w okresie okołoporodowym oraz negatywnego postrzegania obrazu ciała. Konsekwencje zdrowotne wynikające z obniżonej podaży energetycznej w przebiegu anoreksji występującej w okresie ciąży przyczyniają się do ujawniania się matczynej ketonurii, ketonemii, przyrostu ekskrecji (wydalania) azotu podczas diurezy, obniżenia syntezy glukoneogennych aminokwasów po okresie głodzenia w ciąży. Doniesienia naukowe potwierdzają destrukcyjny wpływ zaburzeń behawioralnych skupionych na znacznym ograniczeniu spożycia pokarmu. Opieka medyczna i psychologiczna w pregoreksji (anoreksji ciężarnych) stanowi integralny element wsparcia w przebiegu ciąży i okresie okołoporodowym. Pomoc zawiera psychoedukację, obejmuje monitorowanie masy ciała, zdrowia psychicznego i fizycznego oraz rozpoznanych czynników ryzyka. Interdyscyplinarny zespół obejmujący opieką ciężarną z anoreksją powinien składać się z ginekologa, położnych, psychiatry, dietetyka klinicznego, psychodietetyka, psychoterapeuty, psychologa oraz zaangażowanych członków rodziny. Długofalowa, sukcesywnie realizowana edukacja żywieniowa wraz z wykorzystywaniem dedykowanych narzędzi diagnostycznych w postaci Skali Diagnostyki Zaburzeń Odżywiania (EDDS) oraz interwencja psychodietetyczna bazująca na dialogu motywującym powinna stanowi integralną część terapii poznawczo-behawioralnej.

Grot Martina, Grabowska Kinga, Białek-Dratwa Agnieszka, Grajek Mateusz. Pregnant women's diets and fatty acid intake - a study of the frequency of intake of products that are sources of fatty acids among women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):579-595. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.058 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.058 https://zenodo.org/record/6879716 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 10.07.2022. Revised: 17.07.2022. Accepted: 22.07.2022. Pregnant women's diets and fatty acid intake - a study of the frequency of intake of products that are sources of fatty acids among women in the third trimester of pregnancy Martina Grot1, Kinga Grabowska2, Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa3*, Mateusz Grajek4 1 Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; 2 RównoWaga- Poradnia Dietetyczna, Wodzisław Ślaśki 3 Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0002-7798-6424; abialek@sum.edu.pl 4 Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598; mgrajek@sum.edu.pl *Correspondence: abialek@sum.edu.pl Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland; ABSTRACT: Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential for the human body, have several positive functions that affect human health. Pregnancy is a time of particular demand for these acids, especially DHA and EPA, whose sources are mainly oily marine fish. The supply of adequate amounts of these acids conditions the proper development of the fetus, influencing, among other things, the formation of the central nervous system and the development of the child's retina, as well as protecting against premature birth and increasing the child's birth weight. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of consumption of fish, vegetable oils, and products rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and evaluate DHA supplementation by pregnant women, as well as to assess knowledge of PFAs, especially DHA and EPA. Material and methods: 210 pregnant women were included in the study. A self-administered and online survey questionnaires were used as the research tool. A database was created using Microsoft Excel. Results: According to the recommended amounts, 2-3 times a week, Marine fish was consumed by only 12.86% of the women surveyed. Regular consumption of ALA-rich products, such as flaxseed, was declared by 10 respondents, while 59.05% of the surveyed women did not consume it at all. The use of DHA acid supplementation during pregnancy was unequivocally declared by 58 women surveyed, representing only ¼ of the women surveyed. Conclusions: The dietary behavior of pregnant women related to fish consumption is not correct, the overall proportion of fish in the diet of the subjects does not cover the recommended amounts. Vegetable oils and products rich in PFAs are not consumed with adequate frequency by pregnant women. DHA supplementation by pregnant women, despite low fish consumption, is underestimated and at a very low level. Keywords: Polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3, fish, DHA, EPA, intake assessment, pregnant women

Grajek Mateusz, Sas-Nowosielski Krzysztof. Review of available diagnostic options for Orthorexia Nervosa. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):469-478. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.048 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.048 https://zenodo.org/record/6828791 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 22.06.2022. Revised: 22.06.2022. Accepted: 13.07.2022. Review of available diagnostic options for Orthorexia Nervosa Mateusz Grajek1 , Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski2 1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41902 Katowice, Poland, mgrajek@sum.edu.pl 2Department of Humanistic Foundations of Physical Culture, Faculty of Physical Education, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40065 Katowice, Poland, gmattgrayek@gmail.com Abstract Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is one of the disorders with a psychological basis. The word ‘orthorexia’ comes from Greek, where ‘orthos’ means proper ‘orexia’ appetite. The disorder is characterized by an obsession with healthy eating, and as the disease worsens, significant food exclusions occur. In extreme cases of ON, the affected person forgoes eating any food, explaining it as a health concern. The degree of prevalence of ON in society is still highly questionable. Numerous studies indicate the prevalence of this problem, but there is no consistent data on the degree of severity of ON. The degree of severity of ON in the general population ranges from 6% to as high as 90%, such significant variation may be due to cultural reasons or a defect in the measurement tool. To date, a useful tool for diagnosing ON has not been developed, little that ON is still not treated as a separate disease or disorder. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to present diagnostic possibilities in the form of psychometric tools that can be used in conducting scientific research and in psychological and dietetic practice. Keywords: ON, psychometrics, diagnostic tools, tests, and measurement scales

Piątek Małgorzata, Polaniak Renata, Tabarowski Zbigniew, Staśkiewicz Wiktoria, Kiciak Agata, Grajek Mateusz. Analysis of localisation of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow of the rat- possible relationship with innervations. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):479-492. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.049 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.049 https://zenodo.org/record/6828868 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 22.06.2022. Revised: 22.06.2022. Accepted: 13.07.2022. ANALYSIS OF LOCALISATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES IN THE BONE MARROW OF THE RAT- POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP WITH INNERVATIONS Małgorzata Piątek1, Renata Polaniak1*, Zbigniew Tabarowski2, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz3, Agata Kiciak3, Mateusz Grajek4 1Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland 2Department of Experimental Hematology, Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Poland 3Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland 4Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland *Correspondence: Renata Polaniak, PhD; Jordana 19, 41808 Zabrze (Poland); rpolaniak@sum.edu.pl ABSTRACT Within the bone marrow, megakaryocytes thrive in an environment rich in numerous growth factors that influences their development, maturation, and may play a role in signaling the start of platelet production. Up to now, experiments concerning localisation of various populations of cells in rat bone marrow showed their certain relationship to the blood vessels. There are strikingly few reliable sources of information available in the literature that confirm the relationship between the localisation of these cells in connection to nerve fibers. Therefore the purpose of the present study was to examine if megakaryocytes are located in a defined relation to sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers. The study used immature 6 weeks rats of the Wistar breed of both sexes. The animals were kept under constant lighting conditions (12 hours light-dark cycle) and temperature, and had unrestricted access to water and food (standard laboratory rodent feed).Double immunostaining method was applied with usage of secondary antibodies conjugated with fluorochromes (Cy3 and DTAF) to identify cells. The antibody against CD42d was used to immunolocalise megakaryocytes, while in order to identify the distribution of nerves, antibodies anti-NPY (for detection sympathetic nerve fibers) and anti-PGP 9.5 (sensory nerve fibers) were applied. These findings showed the presence of megakaryocyte and megakaryoblastic cells which were distributed with a close relationship to the blood vessels but some of them were located in parenchyma. It was shown that NPY-positive and PGP 9.5-positive cells were present in the vicinity of blood cells. Furthermore, some megakaryocytes were located near PGP 9.5-labelled cells. The relationship between sympathetic nerve fibers containing neuropeptide Y and megakaryocytes was also detected. The presence of megakaryocytes with a close vicinity of nerve fibers suggests the influence of the released neurotransmitters on the location of the megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. KEYWORDS: megakaryocytes, platelets, bone marrow, innervation, neuropeptide Y, PGP 9.5

Białek-Dratwa Agnieszka, Grajek Mateusz. Food neophobia - natural developmental stage or feeding difficulty? A study of children's behavior and parents' knowledge about children’s neophobic behaviors. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):301-314. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.029 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.029 https://zenodo.org/record/6791267 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.06.2022. Revised: 20.06.2022. Accepted: 02.07.2022. Food neophobia - natural developmental stage or feeding difficulty? A study of children's behavior and parents' knowledge about children’s neophobic behaviors Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa1, Mateusz Grajek2 1 Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0002-7798-6424; abialek@sum.edu.pl 2 Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598; mgrajek@sum.edu.pl *Correspondence: abialek@sum.edu.pl Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland; Abstract Background: An increasing number of parents report problems with feeding their children to dieticians. Failure to expand the diet or sudden discontinuation of a variety of foods makes them increasingly worried about their child's monotonous diet and mealtime behavior The aim of this study was to assess parents' awareness of food neophobia and the attitudes and behaviors associated with it. Material and method: The study was carried out using a questionnaire-based indirect survey technique using a web form (CAWI). A total of 224 adults (parents of preschool children) participated in the study. The research tool was an anonymous survey questionnaire consisting of three parts. In the last part, a scale concerning neophobic behavior was used. The study group consisted mainly of mothers - 78.3% (n=159); fathers - 21.7% (n= 44). Results: In the study group, no child scored several points indicating a very high probability of neophobia. A high probability is possible in 28 children (13.79%), a possible predisposition to the occurrence of food neophobia exists in 66 children (32.51%), while 109 children (53.69%) do not present a predisposition to food neophobia. Conclusions: The study did not show children's behaviors reported by parents that could indicate a very high probability of food neophobia in their children. Moreover, the results of the questionnaire of neophobia scale indicate that this problem in the studied population concerns about 10% of the examined children. Keywords: food neophobia; parents; children; child nutrition; neophobic behavior

Pre- and postnatal factors influence the formation of the newborn’s microbiome as early as birth and the intrauterine period has a substantial impact on the composition of the baby’s gastrointestinal microbiota and its subsequent development. This study intends to measure pregnant women’s knowledge of the importance of microbiota for the health of the newborn. The sample was selected based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The assessment of women’s knowledge was assessed by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Kruskal–Wallis statistical tests. This study population comprised 291 adult pregnant women with a mean age of 28.4 ± 4.7 years. A total of 34% (n = 99), 35% (n = 101), and 31.3% (n = 91) were at the 1–3 trimester, respectively. The results showed that 36.4% of the women were aware that the intrauterine period changes the makeup of the gastrointestinal microbiota, whereas 5.8% exhibited awareness of the composition of the child’s normal gut microbiota. Most of the women surveyed—(72.1%)—know that colonization of the tract occurs as early as the birth period. Women with student status (those who will pursue higher education in the future) and those who had given birth to the most children exhibited higher levels of knowledge.

The harmful consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on children are its impact on eating habits, physical activity, sleep, and mood disorders. In the future, this may result in a higher prevalence of obesity and diet-related diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s eating behavior and lifestyle. The study was conducted using a proprietary questionnaire on dietary and lifestyle habits before and during the pandemic, and the reasons for changes due to the pandemic. The study involved 294 parents of children in grades 1–8 in elementary schools in two regions of Poland. The survey showed that during the pandemic, the percentage of children eating five regular meals daily, including fruits and vegetables, and engaging in daily physical activity decreased. However, the percentage of children spending more than 4 h a day in front of a screen increased (p < 0.05). The main reasons for changes in eating habits and physical activity were less eating out, lack of motivation, obstruction, and lack of access to sports facilities (p < 0.05). The pandemic had a significant impact on reduced levels of physical activity and increased time spent in front of a screen. In summary, among the reasons for changes in children’s dietary and lifestyle habits, factors related to the pandemic itself, i.e., social restrictions, restrictions, closure of schools and other facilities, and fear of coronavirus infection, had the greatest impact.

Grajek Mateusz, Grot Martina, Nigowski Maciej, Kujawińska Maria, Górski Michał, Białek-Dratwa Agnieszka, Krupa‑KotaraKarolina. What is the pro-inflammatory dietary model associated with? Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(6):238-252. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.06.024 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.06.024 https://zenodo.org/record/6726406 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.06.2022. Revised: 05.06.2022. Accepted: 24.06.2022. WHAT IS THE PRO-INFLAMMATORY DIETARY MODEL ASSOCIATED WITH? Mateusz Grajek1, Martina Grot2, Maciej Nigowski2, Maria Kujawińska2, MichałGórski3, Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa4, Karolina Krupa-Kotara5 1Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598; mgrajek@sum.edu.pl 2Student Research Club of Psychosocial Determinants of Health Student at the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: Nie dotyczy; mgrajek@sum.edu.pl 3Doctoral School, Medcical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0002-0654-3765; mgorski@sum.edu.pl 4Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0002-7798-6424; abialek@sum.edu.pl 5Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0001-9330-0771; kkrupa@sum.edu.pl *Correspondence: mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom Abstract Introduction. Cellular potential disruption leads to several polyplatoligias due to increased systemic inflammation, as a consequence of the visualized multivariate appearance. Objective. To highlight the relevance of the pathomechanism of oxidative stress and oxidative potential about changes in metabolic mechanisms at the cellular level, predisposing to polypatoligia and the development of destructive transformations visualized in outward appearance targeted by a pro-inflammatory nutritional model. Material and methods. A sample of 226 subjects was selected by random selection of respondents. The author's questionnaire concerned metric data, level of physical exercise, diagnosed disease entity, inflammatory changes within the body dermis, and level of frequency of consumption of selected food groups. The obtained results were verified by statistical analysis with a significance level of α Keywords: oxidative stress, free radicals, antioxidant capacity, multivariability, polypatoligies

Background. Postpandemic stress disorder (PPSD) is an unofficial term that refers to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a mental disorder resulting from increased stress, anxiety, and trauma associated with unpleasant life experiences. Many scientific studies indicate that symptoms of increased stress, job burnout, anxiety, and depressive disorders are associated with medical personnel performing their professional duties around COVID-19 patients. Objective. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of symptoms that may indicate the presence of PPSD symptoms—depression, anxiety, and stress—in medical personnel. Material and Methods. The survey included 300 people, representatives of medical personnel. The group was divided into two sections. The first section numbered 150 and consisted of personnel in direct contact with COVID-19 patients (FR); the second group also consisted of 150 medical professionals, who but no longer directly involved in helping with COVID-19 cases (SR). The survey was conducted by indirect survey method using CAWI (computer-assisted web interview). The survey used a questionnaire technique. A proprietary tool enriched with standardized psychometric scales: BDI, GAD-7, FCV-19S, and PSS-10 was used. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney U statistical tests were used in the statistical processing of the data. The probability level was 0.05. Results. Statistical inference made it clear that mental health problems that may indicate trauma are mainly present in the FR group. These symptoms decreased slightly in comparison between periods 2020 and 2021 ( p < 0.05 ). Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among first responders. To ensure the psychological well-being of first responders, early assessment and care of mild depression, anxiety, and stress should be promoted to prevent the development of moderate and severe forms.

LISOWSKI, Olaf & GRAJEK, Mateusz. Social determinants of employee selection and interviewing. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;13(4):297-305.eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.13.04.035 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/42454 https://zenodo.org/record/7688527 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2023; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received:07.02.2023. Revised: 22.02.2023. Accepted: 01.03.2023. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF EMPLOYEE SELECTION AND INTERVIEWING Olaf Lisowski1,2, Mateusz Grajek2 1Education and Training Association (pl. Towarzystwo Edukacyjno-Szkoleniowe – TES), Katowice (Poland) 2Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland) Abstract The problem of effective personnel planning was and is an indispensable part of the management of any enterprise. Every owner makes every effort to ensure that the people employed achieve the established goals and strategies of the organization, thereby contributing to the growth of prestige and expansion of capital. A significant capital of any organization is personnel, or human capital, which is why the proper selection of employees is such an important element. For some time now, organizations have been making every effort to ensure that employees are not only properly educated and trained, but are well aligned with the company's mission. Large corporations, want to have an employee as if "on their own," so the goals of both the employer and the employee are important. People for whom professional success is not the most important thing would not be able to find their way in a large international organization. The recruitment and selection process is therefore a key element to check whether a candidate is the right person and in the right place. Keywords: recruitment, selection, employee, qualification

Virtual spaces, such as social media, give people a platform to exchange their opinions, experiences, and knowledge. Social media’s ubiquitous usefulness has led to people relying, in whole or in part, on the information they learn online. As a result, a person’s perception of his or her own body and their self-worth has started to be influenced by what other people think of them and by the information found on social media. Modern people’s lifestyle, particularly their eating habits and exercise habits, exhibits a similar tendency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships occurring between factors related to the use and internalization of body image knowledge contained in social media and the factors shaping self-assessment and self-esteem in women following a vegetarian diet. An authority-validated questionnaire was used to determine the level of use and attitudes of respondents toward social media, e.g., SATAQ and BES. Associations about the potential negative impacts of the knowledge provided by social media on the development of body image and self-esteem were shown. It is interesting to observe that women who practice vegetarianism have less pressure on their appearance. This may be because vegetarianism is a lifestyle that is currently actively promoted online. Education is required on the connection between the use and internalization of social media knowledge and the development of healthy self-esteem and body evaluation.

Cel pracyCelem badania była ocena samopoczucia pracowników korporacyjnych i czy ono uległo zmianie od początku pierwszej fali COVID-19 (marzec) do rozwoju drugiej fali zachorowań (październik). Istotą pracy było oszacowanie ryzyka wystąpienia objawów depresyjnych w badanej populacji.MetodaW badaniu udział wzięło 250 pracowników korporacyjnych z branży IT. Badanie przeprowadzone zostało z użyciem kwestionariusza WHO-5 i testu Becka. Istotność statystyczną określano za pomocą testu Wilcoxona (p=0,05).WynikiW pierwszym etapie badań średnie samopoczucie respondentów ocenione zostało na 20,2 punktów (80,8%), co oznacza samopoczucie na poziomie umiarkowanym. Zaobserwowano, że średnie samopoczucie gorsze było w grupie kobiet (18,4 punktów) niż wśród mężczyzn (22,0 punkty). W ostatnim etapie badań respondenci oceniali swoje samopoczucie jako złe (11 punktów) – poziom zły samopoczucia (10,0 punktów u kobiet i 12,0 punktów u mężczyzn). Stwierdzono, że w etapie październikowym odsetek osób z łagodną i umiarkowaną depresją jest wyższy niż w etapie marcowym.WnioskiNa tej podstawie przeprowadzonych badań można stwierdzić, że COVID-19 i związane z nim restrykcje wpłynęły negatywnie na kondycję psychiczną badanych.

GRAJEK, Mateusz, KRUPA-KOTARA, Karolina, SŁOMA-KRZEŚLAK, Małgorzata & SAS-NOWOSIELSKI, Krzysztof. Analysis of eating behavior of health science students in terms of emotional eating and restrained eating. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(12):317-322. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.12.048 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/41355 https://zenodo.org/record/7468747 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 12.11.2022. Revised: 21.12.2022. Accepted: 21.12.2022. ANALYSIS OF EATING BEHAVIOR OF HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENTS IN TERMS OF EMOTIONAL EATING AND RESTRAINED EATING Mateusz Grajek1,3, Karolina Krupa-Kotara2, Małgorzata Słoma-Krześlak1, Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski3 1Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, mgrajek@sum.edu.pl, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6588-8598; małgosia.sloma@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6047-4345 2Department of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, kkrupa@sum.edu.pl, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9330-0771 3Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, and Sociology, Department of Humanistic Foundations of Physical Culture, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, k.sas-nowosielski@awf.katowice.pl, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9569-5954 Abstract Background.Two eating phenomena are associated with emotions and chronic stress: restrained eating and emotional eating. Restrained eating is defined as restricting food intake to control weight and mainly refers to the amount of food eaten. Emotional eating, on the other hand, focuses on eating in response to negative emotions. the literature emphasizes that people with orthorexia have significantly higher levels of stress, depression, and anxiety and lower life satisfaction than healthy individuals. Objective.The purpose of the conducted research was to assess the prevalence of emotionally driven eating behavior and restrained eating among health science students. The premise of the study was also to test whether there was a significant relationship between emotional eating and restrained eating and orthorectic behavior. Material and methods.The study was conducted among 200 randomly selected students of health sciences (dietetics and physical education). The TFEQ-13 and DOS scales were used in the study. Results and conclusions.Based on the study, it was concluded that there is no relationship between the occurrence of emotional eating and orthorexia in the studied group of people associated with health sciences. However, the hypothesis of the existence of these associations between restrained eating and the occurrence of orthorexia was supported. The group of restrained eaters was shown to include individuals with severe behaviors indicative of orthorexic tendencies or a full picture of the disorder. Keywords: orthorexia, emotional eating, restrained eating, eating disorders

OLEKSIUK, Klaudia, KRUPA-KOTARA, Karolina, GRAJEK, Mateusz, WYPYCH-ŚLUSARSKA, Agata, GŁOGOWSKA-LIGUS,Joanna & SŁOWIŃSKI, Jerzy. Health risks of environmental exposure to microplastics.Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;13(1):79-84. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.13.01.012 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/40548 https://zenodo.org/record/7358305 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 19.10.2022. Revised: 20.11.2022. Accepted: 23.11.2022. Health risks of environmental exposure to microplastics Klaudia Oleksiuk1, Karolina Krupa-Kotara1, Mateusz Grajek2, Agata Wypych-Ślusarska1, JoannaGłogowska-Ligus1, Jerzy Słowiński1 1Department of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bytom, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Poland; koleksiuk@sum.edu.pl; kkrupa@sum.edu.pl; awypych@sum.edu.pl; jglogowska@sum.edu.pl; jslowinski@sum.edu.pl 2Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Silesian Medical University in Katowice; Poland; mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstract Plastics are materials widely used in all sectors. The subject of interest in recent years has become so-called microplastics, whose composition and structure are causing new environmental hazards. The presence and accumulation of microplastics in the environment threaten the ecological balance, the water environment, food sustainability and safety, and ultimately human health. Human exposure to microplastics is primarily through the oral route, so the main source of human exposure to microplastics is diet. Despite many studies focusing on microplastic contamination in seafood, fish, and shellfish, estimating total human exposure to microplastics via the oral route is difficult, due to the lack of research on other foods in this area. The risks to human health from inhaling microplastics remain unclear. According to the WHO, there is no reliable evidence of the harmful effects of microplastic on the human body, but the phenomenon requires further research. Likely health effects of human exposure to microplastic include respiratory and gastrointestinal effects, oxidative stress, and cancer. There is a need to raise public awareness about environmental exposure to microplastics and effective waste management. Keywords: health risks, exposure, microplastics

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has become a challenge for the world today, so it is very important to create healthy eating habits in society to support immunity and raise awareness of the benefits of supplementation. Objective. The purpose of this study is to evaluate diet and dietary supplementation, since previous studies indicate the protective nature of these in building immunity during the pandemic and post-pandemic period (COVID-19). The hypothesis of the study is whether the dietary regimen presented by the COVID-19 respondents can be considered protective in building immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Material and methods. The study included 304 subjects, with an average age of 39.04 ± 23.59. The main criteria for inclusion in the study were that the respondent was ≥18 years old and participated voluntarily. The study was conducted using an original questionnaire. Results. In the study group, no change was noticed in the previous diet during the COVID-19 pandemic, while the level of physical activity among the respondents decreased. Too low a percentage of people regularly consumed, among other foods. legume seeds—only 10.5% of respondents consumed them several times a week—and citrus fruits—the largest number of respondents, as many as 39.8%, only consumed them several times a month. The largest percentage of respondents with mild/scanty COVID-19 disease regularly took vitamin C-containing preparations (n = 61; 59.80%). Statistical analysis showed that there was a correlation between the incidence of mild/scanty COVID-19 and the regularity of taking vitamin C-containing preparations (T = 11.374; r = 0.611; p = 0.04603). A statistical significance level was also obtained for the regularity of supplementation of multivitamin preparations, which were taken by 68% (34) of respondents affected by mild/scanty COVID-19 (T = 13.456; r = 0.711; p = 0.02191). Conclusions. The study’s hypothesis was supported. Respondents characterized by a normal dietary pattern and taking supplements commonly recognized as immune “boosters” were more likely to mildly survive COVID-19. Moreover, it was shown that the pandemic in most of the respondents did not significantly affect their dietary strategy. It is reasonable to conclude that the dietary patterns adopted may be a common way to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections and their possible complications.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Europe. Lifestyle plays an important role in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, apart from pharmacotherapy and diagnostics. Numerous studies confirm that the type and quality of fat consumed in the diet have a huge impact on the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease can be helped by minimizing the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the diet and replacing them with polyunsaturated fatty acids. These acids and, above all, their long-chain forms have a positive effect on health. Aim: This study aims to assess the awareness of the properties of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the opinions of patients of the Cardiology Department of the Racibórz Medical Center. Material and Methods: The analysis included 302 patients (113 women and 189 men) hospitalized in the Cardiology Department. The research method was the authors’ questionnaire consisting of the patients’ record and thirty closed questions. To answer the research questions posed and test the hypotheses, statistical analyses were carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 package. Results: Among the respondents, the least frequently used healthy eating habit was the infrequent eating of fried foods. A total of 18.2% of respondents had such a habit. The most commonly used healthy eating habit was checking the fat content in products, which was performed by 67.2% of respondents. Among the respondents, 58.3% said that butter and margarine increase serum cholesterol. Conclusions: The analysis of the data shows that the place of residence, education, sex, and reason for hospitalization of the respondents did not affect the frequency of healthy eating habits. In addition, the subjects had a low amount of healthy eating habits.

Helisz, Paulina, Gwioździk,Weronika, Kaczmarczyk,Natalia, Całyniuk,Beata,Kujawińska, Maria, Grajek,Mateusz,Krupa-Kotara,Karolina. The role of the dietitian in the hospital team. The current situation in Poland in relation to the needs of society. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(10):178-188. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.10.021 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/40407 https://zenodo.org/record/7188271 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.09.2022. Revised: 30.09.2022. Accepted: 12.10.2022. The role of the dietitian in the hospital team. The current situation in Poland in relation to the needs of society Paulina Helisz 1, Weronika Gwioździk 1, Natalia Kaczmarczyk 2, Beata Całyniuk 2, Maria Kujawińska 2, Mateusz Grajek 3 and Karolina Krupa-Kotara 1,* 1 Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;paulinahelisz@gmail.com, w.gwiozdzik@wp.pl,; kkrupa@sum.edu.pl 2 Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland nkaczmarczyk191@gmail.com; marysia.kujawinska@gmail.com; bcalyniuk@sum.edu.pl 3 Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Poland. mgrajek@sum.edu.pl * Correspondence: kkrupa@sum.edu.pl Abstract: (1)Background: Nutrition that is adequate to the patient’s health status is a component of co-determining factors in improving the patient’s health. Moreover, appropriate activities of a dietician, such as assessing the nutritional status or educating patients, are counted among the determinants conditioning the effectiveness of the conducted treatment. The number of employed dietitians in hospitals is low, which results in 76-740 patients per one specialist, which in turn makes effective education impossible. The aim of this study was to compare the duties of dietitians working in Polish hospitals in relation to the needs of the society. (2) Material and methods: The research tool consisted of two original, anonymous questionnaires, addressed to the Polish public and to active dietitians. The analysis of results was based on 595 questionnaire results, including 93 from nutritionists. (3)Results: Of the respondents who were admitted to the hospital ward, 83.3% had no contact with a nutritionist (N=347). The surveyed dietitians most often declared that there were two dietitians working at the health care provider employing them, with the smallest number being 1 and the largest number being 55. Only one in three respondents received dietary recommendations upon discharge from the hospital (N=133; 32.1%). Nearly half of dietitians do not prepare menus (48.4%). According to the public, a dietitian should be involved in nutritional counseling, developing menus for the hospital kitchen or catering, and nutritional recommendations for patients discharged from the hospital. (4) Conclusions: Dietitians with the right qualifications and specialties, integrated into the health care workforce, can have a huge impact on the proper dietary therapy of patients. As a result, there is a high probability of increasing the effectiveness of treatment, resulting in health service savings and support for the medical community. Keywords: hospital team, dietitian, role of the dietitian

(1) Background: Malignant neoplasms account for an increasing share of the disease burden of the world population and are an increasingly common cause of death. In the aspect of colorectal cancer, increasing attention is paid to the microbiota. According to current knowledge, the composition of gut microbiota in patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer significantly differs from the composition of microorganisms in the intestines of healthy individuals. (2) Material and methods: The survey included 571 students from the three universities located in Silesia. The research tool was an original, anonymous questionnaire created for the study. The ratio of correct answers to the total number of points possible to obtain was evaluated according to the adopted criteria (≤25%—very low level of knowledge; >75%—high level of knowledge). (3) Results: From the questions about the gut microbiota, the subjects scored an average of six points (SD ± 1.31) out of nine possible points. Statistical analysis showed differences between the number of correct answers among students of the Medical University of Silesia and the University of Silesia (p = 0.04, p < 0.05). On the other hand, in the field of colorectal cancer, the respondents scored on average four points (SD ± 2.07) out of eight possible. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the ratio of correct answers and the respondent’s university affiliation (p < 0.05). Both age and place of residence did not positively correlate with knowledge level (p = 0.08 NS). In contrast, chronic diseases were found to have a significant effect on the amount of information held by the students surveyed (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The level of knowledge of the surveyed students of the Silesia Province is unsatisfactory. The higher awareness among the students of medical universities results from the presence of issues related to microbiota and CRC in the medical educational content. Therefore, there is a need to consider the introduction of educational activities in the field of cancer prevention, including CRC, especially among non-medical university students.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected local governments involved in sports and recreation in designated areas. The unprecedented scale of the spread of the disease has led to increased research in the area of the disease, considering various correlations. However, little has been written about the impact of the pandemic on local government spending on recreation and sports services in Poland. Objective: The purpose of the article is to assess the level of local government involvement in the implementation of sports and recreation in Poland compared to other European Union countries, as well as changes in this level in connection with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in the opinion of respondents. Methodology: In the study, the data regarding expenditures of local government units on recreational and sporting services collected in the Statistical Office of the European Union (EURO-STAT) for 2015–2020 were used. The survey portion was conducted among 1600 respondents who provided answers on a 5-item scale that addressed local government involvement in promoting physical activity among residents during COVID-19. Results and conclusion: Local government spending on recreational and sporting services in Poland between 2015 and 2019 increased by about 38%, from EUR 1524.7 million in 2015 to EUR 2103.5 million in 2019. This spending in 2019 was about 40% higher than the average for European Union countries. In contrast, in 2020 it amounted to more than EUR 1886 million and was more than 10% lower compared to the previous year (2019)—the pre-pandemic period. Despite the obstacles caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and budgetary constraints, cities in Poland took several measures in 2020 to maintain the current pace of development and strived to maintain the status of modern, green, and open, betting on balanced development also in aspects related to sports or culture. It was shown that the opinion of respondents mostly coincided with the existing financial state—in voivodeships where there had been a decrease in spending related to sports and recreation compared to the pre-pandemic period, residents are worse at assessing the activities of local governments related to promoting physical activity.

The aim of this study was to create a Polish adaptation of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia considering fatigue, and to verify the usefulness of the scale in the context of pain in cancer patients. The study was conducted at the Breast Cancer Unit, operating at the Greater Poland Cancer Centre, and at the Poznan Centre for Specialist Medical Services in Poznan. After considering the exclusion criteria, 100 people qualified for the interviews for the final study: 50 breast cancer patients and 50 healthy respondents (without cancer). Statistical analysis of the CFA score showed that the chi-square test was not significant (χ2 = 10.243, p = 0.332), indicating an acceptable fit of items across scales. The reliability of the internal consistency of the scales was tested by examining the Cronbach’s alpha scores for each question/statement. The mean values for this indicator were 0.74 for the pain-related scale and 0.84 for the fatigue-related scale. Construct validity was confirmed for the scales; AVE for the pain-related scale was 0.64 and for the fatigue-related scale was 0.68. The results suggest the validity of examining kinesiophobia in the context of pain- and fatigue-related mobility anxiety among breast cancer patients in Poland, and that the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia can be adapted for different dimensions of the condition. Both versions of the scale demonstrated adequately prepared parametric constructs, and all correlations showed a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05). The use of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in oncology patient studies in Poland may ultimately improve rehabilitation programs and enable the development of strategies to assist patients in supporting treatment to reduce movement anxiety.

Background: Eating disorders (EDs) are an ever-growing problem, seen most commonly among young women. People with EDs are particularly predisposed to restrictive eating patterns. Diet therapy for many diseases involves the elimination of certain food groups, and the use of restrictive diets in people with EDs may indirectly influence the recurrence of the disorder. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the possible presence of EDs and orthorexia symptoms among young women following a traditional, alternative (vegetarian), or therapeutic (low FODMAP) diet. Methods: The analysis was based on 420 responses from female respondents aged 19 to 30 years. The research tool consisted of questionnaires to assess the possible presence of EDs (SCOFF), cognitive-behavioral aspects of eating (TFEQ-13), and the presence of orthorexia symptoms (ORTO-15). Results: Uncontrolled and emotional eating was least common in women on a vegetarian diet (5.6 ± 3.7; 3.5 ± 2.7; p < 0.05). Women on a low FODMAP diet were most prevalent with symptoms of orthorexia (n = 37, 47.4%; p < 0.05). Conclusions: It seems important to perform screening tests for eating disorders before recommending diet therapy in order to individually adjust the dietary regimen and refer patients to appropriate specialists.

The aim of the present work was to determine the residues of penicillin and tetracycline in selected fresh and UHT milk with different fat contents (< 2, 2, and > 2%). A total of 84 different milk samples (36 fresh and 48 UHT) purchased from retail chains in Silesia Region (Poland) were analysed. Penicillin and tetracycline residues were determined by the ELISA immunoenzymatic method. The obtained results were compared with MRL values adopted in Commission Regulation (EU) No. 37/2010. The results were additionally analysed statistically. Penicillin and tetracycline were found to be common in the analysed milk samples. Both antibiotics were present in low concentrations, and not exceeding their MRL. The median of penicillin residues was 0.298 µg/L, and 0.970 µg/L for tetracycline. For some samples, the determined levels of antibiotic residues did not exceed the limit of detection (LOD): three samples for penicillin (1.15%), and 24 samples for tetracycline (28.57%). A weak negative correlation between the level of penicillin and tetracycline residues was found (p = -0.218), where the decrease in penicillin concentration weakly correlated to the increase in tetracycline concentration. The level of residues of both antibiotics was significantly higher in fresh milk than in UHT milk (by 11.75% for penicillin, and 17.73% for tetracycline); for penicillin, Zcorrected = 2.445, and p = 0.0145, and for tetracycline, Zcorrected = 3.914, and p = 0.000091.

Tobor Dominika, Grajek Mateusz, Szlachet Patryka, Korzonek-Szlacheta Ilona. The impact of caries on human health - a review of knowledge. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(9):846-855. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.09.098 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/39705 https://zenodo.org/record/7085437 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.09.2022. Revised: 02.09.2022. Accepted: 16.09.2022. The impact of caries on human health - a review of knowledge Dominika Tobor1, Mateusz Grajek2, Patryk Szlacheta3, Ilona Korzonek-Szlacheta1 1Department of Prevention of Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41902 Bytom, Poland 2Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41902 Bytom, Poland 3Department of Toxicology and Health Protection, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41902 Bytom, Poland *mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstract Dental caries is currently a huge social problem in many countries. Caries is a pathological process associated with the loss of minerals and the breakdown of the hard tissues of the tooth. The risk of its occurrence is very high, especially in children and adolescents. The development of caries is determined by the presence of plaque, the susceptibility of the tooth tissue, the substrate and the time factor. The state of oral health depends on a very age of factors, including hygiene habits, health-promoting education, prevention. Keywords: dental caries, oral cavity, teeth, dental prevention

Older adults show lower physical activity. These changes altogether promote the development of overweight, obesity, and other chronic diseases. These factors substantially influence the quality of life and self-esteem of older adults. This phenomenon is especially visible after the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives: Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of a 12-week reductive diet and a 12-week physical activity plan for older adults on the global self-esteem of lifestyle in 60–70-year-old women. Materials and methods: Our participants were 600 women with increased body mass (BMI > 25 kg/m2) aged 60–70 years. After the initial evaluation, the participants were randomly divided into three groups: CG—control group (n = 200); DI—dietary group (n = 200) that committed to a 12-week reductive diet; PA—physical activity group (n = 200) that committed to a 12-week physical activity plan. The global self-esteem score (using the SES Rosenberg scale) and the anthropometric measurements were collected before and after the 12-week study. In the statistical analysis of data, the significance level was assumed to be 0.05. Results: The global self-esteem score for all groups before the study started was 30–31 points, which corresponded to average self-esteem. After a 12-week dietary or physical activity intervention, the score in the DI group was 33, which corresponded with high self-esteem. In the CG group, the self-esteem score remained unchanged (30 points). The average body mass loss was 0.5 kg/m2 for CG, 1.92 kg/m2 for DI, and 1.10 kg/m2 for the PA group. The average waist–hip ratio (WHR) change for CG, DI, and PA was 1 cm, 1 cm, and 2 cm, respectively. A decrease in body mass and body composition indicators (BMI and WHR) corresponded to participants’ global self-esteem increase (p < 0.05); the greater the decrease noted for BMI and WHR, the greater the global self-esteem score that was achieved. In the CG group, a negative correlation between global self-esteem and BMI value (p < 0.05) was observed. Conclusions: A 12-week reductive diet and a 12-week regular physical activity plan lowered participants’ body mass. Adipose tissue content was reflected by decreased BMI and WHR indicators of participants from the DI and PA groups and was accompanied by higher global self-esteem scores.

Grajek, Mateusz, Krupa-Kotara, Karolina, Sobczyk, Karolina. Fear of COVID-19 among employees of large companies and vaccination against COVID-19 - a cross-sectional study (Silesia, Poland).Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(9):677-684. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.09.080 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/39837 https://zenodo.org/record/7066630 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 21.08.2022. Revised: 02.09.2022. Accepted: 10.09.2022. Fear of COVID-19 among employees of large companies and vaccination against COVID-19 - a cross-sectional study (Silesia, Poland) Mateusz Grajek1, Karolina Krupa-Kotara2, Karolina Sobczyk3 1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41902 Bytom, Poland 2Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41902 Bytom, Poland 3Department of Health Economics and Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41902 Bytom, Poland *Mateusz Grajek mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Piekarska 18 41-902 Bytom Abstract Introduction and Objective. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the functioning of the entire globe. By the end of December 2020, the disease had been diagnosed in more than 82 million people worldwide, and nearly 2 million people had died. The main preventive measure was to develop an effective vaccine as soon as possible, which Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca and Gamaleya Center managed to do in late 2020. The first vaccines arrived in Poland after the end of December 2020, but their appearance was not without controversy. The aim of this study was to compare respondents' opinions on COVID-19 vaccination with the results of the assessment of fear of infection. Material and methods. The opinions of 300 employees of large companies on COVID-19 vaccination and fear of SARS-CoV-2 (FCV-19S) infection according to Ahorsu were checked. Results. It was shown that 54% of the respondents express a willingness to vaccinate whenever possible, while 42% are not interested in vaccinating. In favor of the willingness to vaccinate is the option to return to the standard of living before the COVID-19 pandemic - 72%, and the desire to protect those around them from possible infection - 46%. Among opponents of vaccination, the predominant opinion is that the vaccine has not undergone enough testing and is not safe for health - 68%. Discussion. COVID-19 vaccination is one of the major medical successes of recent years and a safe way to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is worrying that those who opt out of vaccination indicate that they do not have enough information about vaccination (44%), and this is an issue that needs to be changed quickly. Conclusions. Those who express a willingness to vaccinate are more likely to have a higher level of fear of SARS-CoV-2 infection than those who have not expressed a willingness to vaccinate. Nearly half of non-vaccinators indicate that there is too little information about vaccination. Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; immunization; prevention; fear of infection.

WolnowskaMonika, Górnik-Horn Karolina, Staśkiewicz Wiktoria, Grajek Mateusz. A review of current knowledge regarding insulin resistance among the pediatric population. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(8):1051-1073. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.08.090 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.08.090 https://zenodo.org/record/7020043 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.08.2022. Revised: 07.08.2022. Accepted: 24.08.2022. A review of current knowledge regarding insulin resistance among the pediatric population Monika Wolnowska1, Karolina Górnik-Horn2, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz3, Mateusz Grajek4* 1Department of Pediatrics, Municipal Integrated Hospital, Częstochowa, Poland 2Faculty of Science & Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Poland 3Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland 4Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland *correspondence: mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstract One of the key roles in maintaining the body's homeostasis is played by insulin. The presence of insulin receptors in almost all cells of the body reflects the importance of this hormone. Insulin resistance is a state of impaired glucose homeostasis resulting from a decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin, despite normal or elevated serum levels. The purpose of this paper is to present the current state of knowledge on the pathogenesis, risk factors, and diagnosis of insulin resistance at developmental age. Key words: insulin resistance, insulin, children, childhood

GrajekMateusz, Sobczyk Karolina, Kurdyś Małgorzata, Szlacheta Patryk,Sas-Nowosielski Krzysztof. Eating disorders as a consequence of improperly managed weight reduction - a study among women with moderate physical activity. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(8):1074-1087. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.08.091 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.08.091 https://zenodo.org/record/7020163 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.08.2022. Revised: 07.08.2022. Accepted: 24.08.2022. Eating disorders as a consequence of improperly managed weight reduction - a study among women with moderate physical activity Mateusz Grajek1,2*, Karolina Sobczyk1,3, Małgorzata Kurdyś1, Patryk Szlacheta4, KrzysztofSas-Nowosielski1 1 Department of Humanistic Foundations of Physical Culture, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland 2 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland 3 Department of Health Economics and Management, Faculty of Health Science in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland 4 Department of Toxicology and Health Protection, Faculty of Health Science in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland *Correspondence: Matthew Grajek, PhD Piekarska 18 41902 Bytom, Poland mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstract Background: Eating disorders are a growing public health challenge. They are characterized by complexity, requiring a wide spectrum of treatment due to the diseases present, somatic complications, body dissatisfaction, and communication difficulties. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of eating disorder risk associated with poorly managed weight loss. Material and methods: the study was conducted on a group of 214 women using a questionnaire by indirect survey method through a form provided online. A proprietary survey questionnaire supplemented by two standardized questionnaires was used: EAT-26 and ORTO-15. Results: The body mass index of 149 respondents (70%) remained normal, while overweight and obese women accounted for a total of 23% - 14% (31 subjects) and 7% (19 subjects), respectively. The study using the EAT-26 questionnaire showed that among the 214 respondents, 98 women were at risk for eating disorders, accounting for 46% of the study group. A cutoff score of 20 was taken as the threshold. A statistically significant difference was noted between BMI and the risk of eating disorders (χ2=26.447; p Conclusions: The occurrence of eating disorders and symptoms indicative of orthorexia does not dependon sociodemographic factors. The appearance of ED may be influenced by the BMI of the subjects. The risk of eating disorders is influenced by relationships with food. There is an ongoing need to promote the role of the nutritionist as a specialist in health and nutrition counseling. Keywords: eating disorders, weight loss, diet, women

Applied psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy do not always bring the expected results in the treatment of mental disorders. As a result, other interventions are receiving increasing attention. In recent years, there has been a surge in research on the effects of nutrition on mental status, which may be an important aspect of the prevention of many mental disorders and, at the same time, may lead to a reduction in the proportion of people with mental disorders. This review aims to answer whether and to what extent lifestyle and related nutrition affect mental health and whether there is scientific evidence supporting a link between diet and mental health. A review of the scientific evidence was conducted based on the available literature by typing in phrases related to nutrition and mental health using the methodological tool of the PubMed database. The literature search yielded 3,473 records, from which 356 sources directly related to the topic of the study were selected, and then those with the highest scientific value were selected according to bibliometric impact factors. In the context of current changes, urbanization, globalization, including the food industry, and changes in people’s lifestyles and eating habits, the correlations between these phenomena and their impact on mental state become important. Knowledge of these correlations creates potential opportunities to implement new effective dietary, pharmacological, therapeutic, and above all preventive interventions. The highest therapeutic potential is seen in the rational diet, physical activity, use of psychobiotics, and consumption of antioxidants. Research also shows that there are nutritional interventions that have psychoprotective potential.

Cancer patients tend to have a high psychological burden. Half of cancer patients suffer from severe affective disorders and anxiety disorders, while one-third struggle with mild forms of these. The COVID-19 pandemic is damaging the mental health of the population due to social restrictions. A growing number of studies note the role of COVID-19 anxiety in the health and quality of life of cancer patients. The purpose of this study is to estimate the level of COVID-19 anxiety among oncology patients and to test the utility of the FCV-19S scale in a population study of cancer patients. The study included 600 respondents (300 oncology patients and 300 control subjects not undergoing oncological treatment). The FCV-19S scale and the GAD-7 scale were used in the study. The results were interpreted according to the following verbal scale: 76–100%, high anxiety; 56–75%, moderate anxiety; 26–55%, low COVID-19 anxiety

Background: Over the past few years, an increase in the incidence of eating disorders has been noted. An increase in the pace of life, an increase in the availability of a wide variety of food products, and, to a large extent, the involvement of mass media are cited as reasons for this phenomenon. The promotion of a slim figure by the mass media is equated with achieving success in life, but also the advertising of a wide selection of food products (often highly processed) can have a serious impact on the development of eating disorders. This phenomenon is particularly observed in industrialized Western countries. Objective: Therefore, it was decided to test and compare whether dietetics students are indeed more predisposed to developing eating disorders than students not in the nutrition field. Material and methods: the study included 310 individuals representing two equal groups of fields of study—dietetics and other students. The study used standardized questionnaire—EAT-26. Results: It was found that almost half (46%) of the respondents (both dietetics students and students of other majors) met at least one criterion out of three that could indicate the probable existence or susceptibility to an eating disorder. These individuals should see a specialist for further diagnosis. There was no significant effect of the field of study on the overall EAT-26 test score (p > 0.05). When this result was corrected for BMI values for those with the lowest scores on this indicator, the risk of eating disorders was found to be higher among students of majors other than dietetics (X2 = 13.572; V = 0.831 p = 0.001). Conclusions: Almost half of the respondents in both study groups showed a predisposition to eating disorders based on the EAT-26 test. Despite the presence of a correlation in individual responses that dietetics students are more predisposed to eating disorders, no such relationship was found according to the final EAT-26 test scores. However, it was observed that non-dietetics students who had low BMI values showed higher tendencies toward behaviors indicative of eating disorders.

Piątek Małgorzata, Polaniak Renata, Kiciak Agata, Staśkiewicz Wiktoria, Grajek Mateusz. "Glucoside-3-cyanidin (Cy3G) and its importance in cancer therapy". Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):740-749. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.072 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.072 https://zenodo.org/record/6901323 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.07.2022. Revised: 17.07.2022. Accepted: 25.07.2022. „Glukozyd -3- cyjanidyny (Cy3G) i jego znaczenie w terapii nowotworowej” "Glucoside-3-cyanidin (Cy3G) and its importance in cancer therapy" Małgorzata Piątek1*, Renata Polaniak1, Agata Kiciak2, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz2, Mateusz Grajek3 1 Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland 2 Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland 3 Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland Małgorzata Piątek gosiaczekfp@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0002-9587-8072 Renata Polaniak rpolaniak@sum.edu.pl ORCID: 0000- 0002-3371-1779 Agata Kiciak akiciak@sum.edu.pl ORCID:0000-0002-4531-2038 Wiktoria Staśkiewicz wstaskiewicz@sum.edu.pl ORCID: 0000-0003-2420-5935 Mateusz Grajek mgrajek@sum.edu.pl ORCID:0000-0001-6588-8598 *Correspondence: gosiaczekfp@gmail.com Streszczenie Analizując strukturę zachorowań na nowotwory w Polsce, niezwykle ważne jest jak najwcześniejsze podejmowanie działań chemoprewencyjnych, które ukierunkowane są na zmniejszenie zachorowalności na najczęściej występujące nowotwory, koncentrując się na profilaktyce i stosowaniu naturalnych czynników bioaktywnych zawartych w żywności. Antocyjany stanowią dużą grupę składników zawartych w roślinach, które nie pełnią funkcji odżywczej, ale odgrywają znaczącą rolę w regulacji procesów metabolicznych w organizmie człowieka, przez co wykazują różnokierunkowe działanie prozdrowotne i prewencyjne w stosunku do wielu chorób, a zwłaszcza chorób nowotworowych. Duże nadzieje w chemoprewencji wiązane są z aktywnością biologiczną najczęściej spotykanego przedstawiciela antocyjanów, czyli cyjanidyno-3-glukozydu (Cy3G). Większość badań dotyczących bioaktywności Cy3G pochodzi głównie z testów na liniach komórkowych in vitro i badań eksperymentalnych in vivo na gryzoniach. Badania aktywności biologicznej Cy3G obejmują najczęściej: proces pochłaniania wolnych rodników, działanie przeciwzapalne, przeciwzakrzepowe, insulinotropowe, przeciwdrobnoustrojowe, chemioterapeutyczne i epigenetyczne. W niniejszej publikacji podsumowano wyniki badań in vitro prowadzonych na różnych nowotworowych liniach komórkowych, które dowodzą aktywność antyproliferacyjną, przeciwzapalną oraz chemoprewencyjną Cy3G. Słowa kluczowe: Antocyjany; glukozyd-3-cyjanidyny; chemoprewencja; przeciwutleniacz Abstract When analyzing the structure of cancer incidence in Poland, it is extremely important to take chemopreventive actions as early as possible, which are aimed at reducing the incidence of the most common cancers, focusing on the prevention and use of natural bioactive factors contained in food. Anthocyanins are a large group of ingredients contained in plants that do not have a nutritional function, but play a significant role in the regulation of metabolic processes in the human body, which has a multidirectional pro-health and preventive effect in relation to many diseases, especially cancer. High hopes in chemoprevention are associated with the biological activity of the most common representative of anthocyanins, i.e. cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3G). Most of the studies on Cy3G bioactivity come mainly from in vitro cell line tests and in vivo experimental studies on rodents. Studies of the biological activity of Cy3G most often include: the process of free radical absorption, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, insulinotropic, antimicrobial, chemotherapeutic and epigenetic effects. This publication summarizes the results of in vitro studies conducted on various cancer cell lines, which prove the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive activity of Cy3G. Key words: Anthocyanins; glucoside-3-cyanidin; chemoprevention; antioxidant

Grot Martina, Szajdewig Magdalena, Grajek Mateusz, Białek-Dratwa Agnieszka, Sobczyk Karolina. Nutritional knowledge of patients diagnosed with endocrinopathies. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):596-607. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.059 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.059 https://zenodo.org/record/6879950 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 10.07.2022. Revised: 17.07.2022. Accepted: 22.07.2022. Nutritional knowledge of patients diagnosed with endocrinopathies Martina Grot1, Magdalena Szajdewig1, Mateusz Grajek2*, Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa3, Karolina Sobczyk4 1 Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; 2 Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598; mgrajek@sum.edu.pl 3 Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0002-7798-6424; abialek@sum.edu.pl 4 Department of Health Economics and Health Management, School of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41902 Bytom, Poland, ORCID: 0000-0003-1632-7246; ksobczyk@sum.edu.pl *Correspondence: mgrajek@sum.edu.pl ABSTRACT: Background: Thyroid diseases including Hashimoto's chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis represent an increasing epidemiological problem of the 21st century. Thyroid disease is estimated to affect approximately 7.0-9.0 per cent of the population up to the age of 60 years, and as much as 10.0- 12.0 per cent after the age of 60 years. Hashimoto's disease is much more common among women of childbearing age, but it is also increasingly common among children and adolescents. The number of reported cases of autoimmune thyroiditis is steadily increasing. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional knowledge of female patients with Hashimoto's disease in selected closed online support groups for patients with thyroid disease. Materials and methods: A self-administered online survey questionnaire was used to conduct the study. Results: 321 women were enrolled in the study. The largest group of respondents, aged between 20 and 40 years, lived in cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants and had a university education. Hypothyroidism along with Hashimoto's disease was declared by the largest number of respondents. The respondents' main source of nutritional knowledge was the media; the level of knowledge was assessed as insufficient. Conclusions: There is a need to increase nutritional education among patients in order to reduce the incidence of disease complications, the development of other comorbidities and will allow for health-promoting effects during the pharmacotherapy process. Keywords: nutritional knowledge; patients; endocrinopathies; thyroid gland

Sobczyk Karolina, Grajek Mateusz, Rozmiarek Mateusz, Sas-Nowosielski Krzysztof. Physical activity promotion at the local government level among the local community. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(8):170-178. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.08.016 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.08.016 https://zenodo.org/record/6790159 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 22.06.2022. Revised: 25.06.2022. Accepted: 02.07.2022. Physical activity promotion at the local government level among the local community Karolina Sobczyk*1, Mateusz Grajek*2, Mateusz Rozmiarek3, Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski4 1 Department of Humanistic Foundations of Physical Culture, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0003-1632-7246 2 Department of Humanistic Foundations of Physical Culture, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598 3 Department of Sports Tourism, Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0002-5955-0790 4 Department of Humanistic Foundations of Physical Culture, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0002-9569-5954 *Correspondence: Mateusz Grajek, PhD Piekarska 18 41902 Bytom, Poland mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstract Physical inactivity is a major public health issue. For the prevention and management of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, and a number of malignancies, regular physical activity is a critical protective factor. Along with helping to maintain a healthy weight and overall wellbeing, physical activity has positive effects on mental health, including the avoidance of cognitive decline and the symptoms of despair and anxiety. Local governments all across the world have responded to this problem by launching population-level projects that give locals access to exercise opportunities. Local governments, through the implementation of their own tasks of health promotion and protection, carry out public health tasks as defined by the Law of 11 September 2015 on Public Health. These tasks include activities in the area of physical activity. The aim of the article was to show the role of local government in promoting physical activity among the local community. The article discusses such issues as WHO recommendations for physical activity as well as activities undertaken by local governments in the area of health promotion in the form of health policy programs and activities carried out in cooperation with NGOs. Keywords: physical activity, health policy programs, local government units, public health

Grajek Mateusz, Kujawińska Maria, Duszyńska Paulina, Grot Martina, Kobza Joanna. Changing health behaviors under lockdown: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adult physical activity and well-being. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):277-285. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.027 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.027 https://zenodo.org/record/6791250 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.06.2022. Revised: 20.06.2022. Accepted: 02.07.2022. Changing health behaviors under lockdown: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adult physical activity and well-being Mateusz Grajek, Maria Kujawińska, Paulina Duszyńska, Martina Grot, Joanna Kobza Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice *Mateusz Grajek Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstracts: Introduction. Obesity is recognized as one of the increasingly common diseases of civilization. It poses a great threat to the health and life of every person. Overweight and obesity have also been called a worldwide epidemic. Obesity is most often caused by prolonged positive energy balance: bad eating habits, low physical activity and other problems such as emotional. The current pandemic situation also promotes the incidence of overweight and obesity. Aim of the study. The main aim of the study was to investigate the impact of lockdown on the occurrence of overweight and obesity in adult population, while the specific aim was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the level of physical activity among adults. Material and Methods. A total of 244 adults participated in the study on the impact of lockdown on overweight and obesity. The criterion for inclusion in the study was a correctly completed questionnaire. The questionnaire was properly completed by 237 respondents, who were then qualified for further analysis. The study was conducted during the fall and winter seasons using a proprietary survey questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel 2010, and the results and conclusions of the scientific study were obtained from it. Results and Conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the respondents do not have enough knowledge about proper nutrition. In addition, it was found that their physical activity is decreasing and they are working more and more often remotely, which limits their movement during the day. Keywords: lockdown, lifestyle, physical activity, obesity, well-being

Sobczyk Karolina, Grajek Mateusz, Woźniak-Holecka Joanna. The role of local government units in increasing access to therapeutic rehabilitation services for patients with musculoskeletal diseases. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):207-216. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.020 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.020 https://zenodo.org/record/6790207 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.06.2022. Revised: 20.06.2022. Accepted: 02.07.2022. The role of local government units in increasing access to therapeutic rehabilitation services for patients with musculoskeletal diseases Karolina Sobczyk*1, Mateusz Grajek*2, Joanna Woźniak-Holecka3 1Department of Health Economics and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0003-1632-7246 2Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598 3Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0002-4468-063X *Correspondence: Karolina Sobczyk, PhD Piekarska 18 41902 Bytom, Poland ksobczyk@sum.edu.pl Abstract Chronic diseases of the osteoarticular and muscular system belong to a group of health problems that lead to a limitation of the organism's efficiency, making it difficult or impossible for individuals to function normally. Of the forms of treatment used for chronic diseases of the osteoarticular system, rehabilitation is by far the most common. These activities are mainly financed by the National Health Fund, as well as by social insurance. A complementary role is played by local governments that finance medical rehabilitation for their residents in the form of health policy programmes, implemented as public health tasks. An important argument in favour of rehabilitation at the self-governmental level is the long waiting time for medical rehabilitation services financed by the National Health Fund. The aim of the paper was to show the role of local government in increasing access to therapeutic rehabilitation services for patients with musculoskeletal diseases. The paper discusses such issues as the importance of musculoskeletal diseases for the efficiency of individuals, organization and financing of guaranteed services in curative rehabilitation, as well as increasing access to these services at the local government level. Keywords: health policy programs, local government units, public health, health economics.

Introduction Patients with cancer undergoing active systemic anticancer treatment (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted, or combination therapy) are at greater risk of COVID-19 infection than persons without cancer. In this paper, the authors analyse the spread of the coronavirus among cancer patients undergoing systemic therapy, and the impact of COVID-19 infection on the continuation of cancer treatment and its outcome at one community hospital in a mid-sized city in the south of Poland. Material and methods Nasopharyngeal swab was the only collection method used to obtain specimens for testing via real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Only those with positive RT-PCR results were considered as confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases. We analysed the medical records of patients quarantined in a hospital clinical oncology ward due to confirmed COVID-19 infection in one member of the group. Qualitative measures are presented as the percentage of their occurrence, and these were evaluated with Fisher’s test. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results Cancer patients had more frequent confirmed COVID-19 infection than other patients (3.7% vs. 1.2%). Among cancer patients COVID-19 infection was significantly more frequent in women than in men, p = 0.005. The fatality rate was 27.3% in cancer patients undergoing active anticancer therapy, compared to 3% in the general Polish population. Neither heparin nor G-CSF use had any influence on COVID-19 infection. Conclusions In this analysis, the only significant negative factor for COVID-19 infection was female sex, RR (95% CI) = 4.5 (1.3–15.8), (p = 0.005), and this was attributable to individual behaviour.

Kujawińska Maria, Kawulok Izabela, Szczyrba Anna, Grot Martina, Bielaszka Agnieszka, Nieć-Leśniak Joanna, Grajek Mateusz. Vitamin C content in orange juices obtained by different methods. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(6):253-267. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.06.025 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.06.025 https://zenodo.org/record/6726543 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.06.2022. Revised: 10.06.2022. Accepted: 24.06.2022. VITAMIN C CONTENT IN ORANGE JUICES OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT METHODS Maria Kujawińska1, Izabela Kawulok1, Anna Szczyrba1, Martina Grot1, AgnieszkaBielaszka2, Joanna Nieć-Leśniak3, Mateusz Grajek4 1Students' Research Club at the Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Deparment of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: Nie dotyczy; abielsaszka@sum.edu.pl 2 Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0001-5428-4211; abielaszka@sum.edu.pl 3Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0002-8592-3765; jnieć@sum.edu.pl 4Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598; mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Correspondece: mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom ABSTRACT Introduction Proper nutrition has the task of providing the right amount of energy and nutrients. A balanced diet should include vegetables and fruit at every meal. These products are rich in vitamin C, which is involved in many metabolic pathways in the body. A well-balanced diet will generally provide you with enough ascorbic acid. The content of vitamins in products depends on many factors, including the place of origin of the product, season, species, processing methods, or the conditions and time of storage. Vitamin C is easily destroyed by contact with oxygen, light radiation or metal ions. Aim of the study The aim of the study is to assess the content of vitamin C in juices squeezed from different types of oranges using various processing methods. Material and methods Three species of oranges were used for the study: Valencia, Saluciana and Novelina. Each type of orange was squeezed with 3 processing methods, using: a juicer, a slow-speed squeezer and a manual squeezer. The determination of vitamin C content in the obtained juices was performed by the Tillmans titration method with the use of standard, blue, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol dye. The vitamin C content in juices was determined: immediately after squeezing the juice, one hour after squeezing and 24 hours after squeezing. The juices were stored in the refrigerator between determinations. A pH meter was used to measure the pH, and a portable digital sucrose refractometer was used for the% sucrose measurement. Results The highest content of vitamin C immediately after pressing was observed in the juice of hand-squeezed oranges from the Salustiana variety. The decrease in vitamin C after 24 hours averaged 37.8%. Statistically significant differences were found between the method of squeezing and the time after squeezing the juice. Valencia variety was characterized by the highest pH, Navelina - the lowest. Significant differences were found in the mean level of the pH indicator and the type of orange. Keywords: vitamin C, orange, juice, processing methods

GrajekMateusz. The COVID-19 pandemic as a source of negative emotions and misconceptions - a theoretical analysis of the situation.Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(6):184-191. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.06.019 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.06.019 https://zenodo.org/record/6657691 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.06.2022. Revised: 05.06.2022. Accepted: 17.06.2022. The COVID-19 pandemic as a source of negative emotions and misconceptions - a theoretical analysis of the situation Mateusz Grajek Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland (Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom); mgrajek@sum.edu.pl; ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598 Abstract There has been a need to organize the information on COVID-19 that has accumulated in the few months since the emergence of this new disease entity. There are already thousands of scientific publications on COVID-19. On top of that, there are also tens of thousands of press releases, and millions of pieces of information on social media. Being attacked with such an overabundance of information, often contradictory, has confused the public and thus made them susceptible to irrational, false theories about the COVID-19 epidemic. This is a major setback in the fight against the COVID-19 epidemic, which, to be successful, must be conducted in a rational manner. In view of this, the purpose of this article is to gather theoretical knowledge about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of negative emotions and frustration in society. The article considers three spheres of consideration: information noise, conspiracy theories, and social risk. Keywords:pandemic; COVID-19; negative emotions; frustration

Background: Episodes of loss of control over eating during pregnancy affect up to 36% of women during this period. Many women experience natural concerns about weight gain and body-shape changes during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and food cravings and fluctuations in eating patterns during these periods are physiological phenomena. However, pregnancy and the postpartum period may be an additional determinant of eating disorders. Women who perceive their own bodies as significantly deviating from the presented ideal are more likely to experience anxiety/anxiety related to it and also tend to exhibit abnormal eating behaviors. The perception of one’s body figure also plays an important role in maintaining psychological balance Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the perception of body image by postpartum women. The essence of the study was to see if there were psychomarkers associated with lack of control over eating, food restriction, and emotionally motivated eating in the study population. Material and methods: The study was conducted during the fall and winter of 2021. A total of 288 women participated in the study. The age of the subjects ranged from 21 to 45 years. Results: It was found that 198 women (68.8%) were dissatisfied with their current body weight and figure. Respondents with higher post-pregnancy body mass index showed dissatisfaction with their body shape (49.8%; H = 13.042; p = 0.001). Both body satisfaction and BMI level were significant components of the occurrence of pathological phenomena associated with the TFEQ-13 subscales (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Excessive focus on food restriction as well as lack of control over eating had some association with negative self-perception of body image, mainly in the form of body weight dissatisfaction. Eating behaviors showed an association with BMI level and weight satisfaction after pregnancy.