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Are the alterations observed in the endometriotic cells, such as progesterone resistance, already present in the eutopic endometrium or acquired in the ectopic location?The response to decidualization with progesterone and cyclic AMP for up to 28 days was compared in different endometrial stromal cell (EnSC) lines established from samples of endometriomas (eEnSC), eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis (eBEnSC), endometrial tissue from healthy women (BEnSC) and menstrual blood from healthy donors (mEnSC).Usual features of decidualized cells, such as changes in cell morphology and expression of prolactin, were similarly observed in the three types of eutopic EnSC studied, but not in the ectopic cells upon decidualization. Among the phenotypic markers analysed, CD105 was down-regulated under decidualization in all cell types (mEnSC, P = 0.005; BEnSC, P = 0.029; eBEnSC, P = 0.022) except eEnSC. mEnSC and BEnSC underwent apoptosis during decidualization, whereas eBEnSC and eEnSC were resistant to the induction of cell death. Lastly, migration studies revealed that mEnSC secreted undetermined factors during decidualization that inhibited cell motility, whereas eEnSC showed a significantly lower ability to produce those migration-regulating factors (P0.0001, P 0.001 and P = 0.0013 for the migration of mEnSC at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively; P 0.0001 for the migration of eEnSC at all times studied).This study provides novel insights into the differences between endometriotic and eutopic endometrial cells and reinforces the idea that the microenvironment in the ectopic location plays additional roles in the acquisition of the alterations that characterize the cells of the endometriotic foci.

En los últimos años tanto el consumo como la producción de emisiones de audio creadas para su consumo en internet ha aumentado, como puede observarse en las principales plataformas de difusión de audio. Los pódcast han alcanzado un nivel de popularidad y de producción técnica muy alto a partir de una narrativa cada día más especializada, debido a la madurez alcanzada por el formato, y a la diversidad del contenido ofrecido, que abarca desde producciones domésticas hasta programas de radio profesional. Nos encontramos, además, que estos formatos tienen cada día más espacios para ofrecer sus contenidos, bien sea de forma gratuita o de pago, a un número creciente de usuarios.Cuando parece que las temáticas de humanidades, ciencias sociales e historia no son los más atractivos para los ciudadanos, encontramos en el formato pódcast una tecnología y unas estructuras narrativas que hacen más cercanas estos contenidos, independientemente del nivel de especialización de la audiencia. En este trabajo abordamos los pódcasts de historia como una herramienta para la divulgación de contenidos muy especializados y a los que les costaba encontrar un hueco en los medios de comunicación. De esta forma, presentamos un estudio sobre la capacidad de los pódcast con temática de historia de transmitir contenidos especializados de forma divulgativa y amena. Para ello, realizamos un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de los pódcast de historia más escuchados en España, sus características y temáticas, de tal forma que se ha podido establecer un perfil de la producción de contenido en este formato. In recent years, both the consumption and production of audio broadcasts created for internet consumption has increased, as can be seen in the main audio broadcasting platforms. Podcasting has reached a very high level of popularity and technical production based on an increasingly specialised narrative, due to the maturity reached by the format and the diversity of the content offered, which ranges from domestic productions to professional radio programmes.We also find that these formats have more and more broadcasting spaces to offer their content, either free or paid to a growing number of users. When it seems that the humanities, social sciences, and history are not the most attractive subjects for citizens, we find in the podcast format a technology and narrative structures that make these contents more accessible, regardless of the audience’s level of specialisation. In this paper we approach history podcasts as a tool with very interesting characteristics for the dissemination of highly specialized content that found it difficult to find a place in the content of the media. In this way, we present a study on the ability of history-themed podcasts to transmit specialized content in an informative way, closer to the listener and enjoyable. For this, we carry out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the most listened to history podcasts in Spain, their characteristics, and themes, in such a way that it has been possible to establish a typical profile of content production in this format.

From the historical perspective and the Structural Approach, an empirical proof of the globalization of Communication through the concentration and diversification of capital is provided. It starts from the case of the Televisa group (Mexico) to understand wider areas of the Western world. There are no barriers to the free circulation of large capital, Communication is no exception, it is a part of a business macrostructure together with other productive sectors. The union between the "old" mercantile system and the new one, derived from technology and other fields, is obvious. It is the world power structure that stands as prevalent; Desde la perspectiva histórica y el Enfoque Estructural se aporta una prueba empírica de la mundialización de la Comunicación mediante la concentración y diversificación del capital. Se parte del caso del grupo Televisa (México) para comprender ámbitos más amplios del mundo occidental. No hay barreras para la circulación libre de los grandes capitales, la Comunicación no es una excepción, forma parte de una macroestructura empresarial junto a otros sectores productivos. La unión entre el “viejo” sistema mercantil y el nuevo, derivado de las tecnológicas y otros campos, es obvia. Es la estructura mundial de poder que se erige en prevalente.

This work explores the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to recover minerals, pigments, and antioxidant compounds from the spirulina microalgae. Moreover, the fatty acids and phenolic profiles of the extracts obtained were also investigated, and the effect of the extracts on SH-SY5Y cell viability was tested. The extraction of phycocyanin was improved by SFE compared to conventional extraction, from 2.838 ± 0.081 mg/g dry matter (DM) (control) to 6.438 ± 0.411 mg/g DM (SFE). SFE treatment also improved chlorophyll a and carotenoid recoveries increasing from 5.612 ± 0.547 to 8.645 ± 0.857 mg/g DM and from 0.447 ± 0.096 to 0.651 ± 0.120 mg/g DM, respectively. Regarding minerals, the SFE improved Mg recovery with 77% more than the control extraction. Moreover, palmitoleic, stearic, γ-linolenic, eicosadienoic and eicosatrienoic acids recovery was improved by SFE. Phenolic profiles were identified via triple-TOF-LC-MS-MS. Considering heavy metals, a higher rate of Pb extraction was observed for the SFE extract, while no significant differences were observed for Hg between both extractions. Finally, SFE extract improved cell viability compared to the control extract. Thus, SFE constitutes an interesting tool to sustainably extract high-added-value compounds; however, potential contaminants such as Pb need to be controlled in the resulting extracts.

Faced with an aggressive production model with the use of resources, initiatives such as upcycling arise that seek to extend the life of products. This paper analyzes the role of individuals’ principles and values as driving factors, something that has not been studied in depth to date. The study is based on a field work in which 830 subjects from 180 countries have participated in a survey, from September 2019 to September 2020. This large sample of participants at the international level is one of the key contributions of the work, since it allows us to contrast conclusions from the few previous works and issue new ones based on the sequence of analysis described below, which broadens the empirical base in this field of study. The data so collected was analysed using the statistical software Stata and estimating standard multiple linear regressions, ordered logit and logit regressions. The findings confirmed the chain of actions - doing, frequency, entrepreneurship - is decisively conditioned by personal values and principles. This sequence of analysis constitutes the main contribution of our work. With regards to entrepreneurship, this work provides evidence that having the intention to start up an upcycling business is more likely when individuals consider upcycling important for them and report themselves as having a high probability of upcycling; but it is less likely among women and the older age groups (more than 55 years old).

El objetivo de este trabajo es doble: a) analizar las motivaciones e intereses de un grupo de estudiantes de altas habilidades en comparación con sus compañeros; y, b) analizar las diferencias en intereses y motivaciones en función del sexo y del curso. Participaron 70 estudiantes (18 de altas habilidades) de 2º y 3º de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO), de dos centros escolares de la Región de Murcia, de entre 13 y 15 años (M = 13.63; DT = .615), habiendo equilibrio en cuanto a género: 35 chicos (50%) y 35 chicas. Se empleó un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc, con ítems extraídos del cuestionario PANA (Pérez y Pro, 2005) y del Cuestionario de Metas Aprendizaje (CMA; Hayamizu et al., 1989). Los resultados mostraron que los alumnos de altas habilidades poseen mayor motivación intrínseca y mayor interés hacia otras asignaturas y contenidos de clase con respecto a sus compañeros/as. Además, existen diferencias significativas en función del género según los intereses de los participantes, los chicos tienen más interés en el área científica y las chicas por el área lingüística. En relación con el curso al que pertenece el alumnado, cuando existen diferencias en cuanto a motivación, estas son a favor del alumnado de 3º con respecto a los de 2º. Este estudio proporciona una descripción general de las diferencias entre los y las adolescentes de altas habilidades y sus iguales en cuanto a intereses y motivaciones, lo cual es un apunte importante de cara a potenciales intervenciones orientadoras.

A large amount of fish side streams are produced each year, promoting huge economic and environmental problems. In order to address this issue, a potential alternative is to isolate the high-added-value compounds with beneficial properties on human health. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of hydrolyzed fish protein and collagen samples on cell proliferation, as well as to determine the specific influence of minerals and metals on this effect and whether dietary antioxidants can enhance cell proliferation. The results of hydrolyzed fish protein and collagen samples showed negative effects on Caco-2 cell proliferation at the highest concentrations tested. Moreover, the pre-treatment of these hydrolyzates with vitamin C and E, quercetin and resveratrol increased the proliferation of bioaccessible fractions of hydrolyzated fish protein and collagen samples compared to the bioaccessible fractions without pre-treatment. The highest mineral concentrations were found for P, Ca and Mg. The metals found in the pure hydrolyzates were As, Cd, Hg and Pb; however, they appeared at almost undetectable levels in bioavailable fractions. It can be concluded that the consumption of hydrolyzates of fish by-products is an interesting strategy for complying with EFSA recommendations regarding fish consumption while at the same time reducing fish waste.

The population decrease of bees that has been observed in recent years due to the Varroa destructor parasite may endanger the production of bee-products whose demand is on the rise. To minimize the negative effects caused by this parasite, the pesticide amitraz is commonly used by beekeepers. Based on these, the objectives of this work are to determine the toxic effects caused by amitraz and its metabolites in HepG2 cells, as well as its determination in honey samples and the study of its stability with different heat treatments commonly used in the honey industry and its relationship with the amount of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) produced. Amitraz significantly decreased cell viability by MTT assay and total protein content (PC) assay, being more cytotoxic than its metabolites. Amitraz and its metabolites caused oxidative stress by Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) production and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. Residues of amitraz and/or its metabolites were found in analyzed honey samples, with 2,4-Dimethylaniline (2,4-DMA) being the main metabolite confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF HRMS). Amitraz and its metabolites resulted as unstable even at moderate heat treatments. Additionally, a positive correlation in terms of HMF concentration in samples and the severity of heat treatment was also observed. However, quantified amitraz and HMF were within the levels set in the regulation.

The Varroa destructor parasite is responsible for varroasis in honeybees worldwide, the most destructive disease among parasitic diseases. Thus, different insecticides/acaricides have been widely used within beehives to control these parasitic diseases. Namely, amitraz is the most used acaricide due to its high efficacy shown against Varroa destructor. However, pesticides used for beehive treatments could be incorporated into the honey and accumulate in other hive products. Hence, honeybee health and the impairment of the quality of honey caused by pesticides have gained more attention. Amitraz and its main metabolites, N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) formamide (2,4-DMF) and 2,4-dimethylaniline (2,4-DMA), are known to be potent neurotoxicants. In this research, the cytotoxicity of amitraz and its metabolites has been assessed by MTT and PC assays in HepG2 cells. In addition, possible target receptors by in silico strategies have been surveyed. Results showed that amitraz was more cytotoxic than its metabolites. According to the in silico ADMEt assays, amitraz and its metabolites were predicted to be compounds that are able to pass the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and induce toxicity in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The main target class predicted for amitraz was the family of A G protein-coupled receptors that comprises responses to hormones and neurotransmitters. This affects, among other things, reproduction, development, locomotion, and feeding. Furthermore, amitraz and its metabolites were predicted as active compounds interacting with diverse receptors of the Tox21-nuclear receptor signaling and stress response pathways.

Plant nutraceuticals have currently been receiving international attention due to their potentially health-promoting effects when consumed as part of a varied diet, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties. These beneficial effects have been attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds naturally occurring in food or produced de novo through metabolic pathways. However, taken into account that nutraceuticals could be concentrated forms of the food or plants, it is probable to find undesirable substances utilized in crop protection, such as pesticides, and other contaminants (e.g. mycotoxins), which could be concentrated during the extraction process. Hence, this review will deepen into the bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties of plant nutraceuticals as well as the challenges related to safety issues because of the increase consumption of these products by population.

Emerging infectious diseases are one of the most important global health challenges because of their impact on human and animal health. The vector-borne West Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted between birds by mosquitos, but it can also infect humans and horses causing disease. The local circulation of WNV in Spain has been known for decades, and since 2010, there have been regular outbreaks in horses, although only six cases were reported in humans until 2019. In 2020, Spain experienced a major outbreak with 77 human cases, which was followed by 6 additional cases in 2021, most of them in the Andalusian region (southern Spain). This study aimed to characterize the genomes of the WNV circulating in wild-trapped mosquitoes during 2020 and 2021 in Andalusia. We sequenced the WNV consensus genome from two mosquito pools and carried out the phylogenetic analyses. We also compared the obtained genomes with those sequenced from human samples obtained during the outbreak and the genomes obtained previously in Spain from birds (2007 and 2017), mosquitoes (2008) and horses (2010) to better understand the eco-epidemiology of WNV in Spain. As expected, the WNV genomes recovered from mosquito pools in 2020 were closely related to those recovered from humans of the same outbreak. In addition, the strain of WNV circulating in 2021 was highly related to the WNV strain that caused the 2020 outbreak, suggesting that WNV is overwintering in the area. Consequently, future outbreaks of the same strain may occur in in the future., This research was funded by the Research State Agency projects PGC2018-095704-B-I00 and PID2020-118921RJ-I00, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Project PI19CIII_00014, European Commission—NextGenerationEU (Regulation EU 2020/2094), through CSIC’s Global Health Platform (PTI Salud Global+).

This study responds to the demand for works on the antecedents of pioneering orientation in firms in tourism destinations. Specifically, the article analyzes the effect of two contingent environmental factors, namely competitive intensity and technological dynamism, on the relationship between innovation capability and pioneering orientation in hospitality and tourism firms. We analyze a sample of 238 firms in cultural heritage tourism destinations in Peru. The results show that innovation capability is a key antecedent of pioneering orientation in hospitality and tourism firms. Additionally, while competitive intensity strengthens the positive relationship between innovation capability and pioneering orientation, technological dynamism weakens it. The conclusions suggest various theoretical implications and practical recommendations for managers of firms located in cultural heritage tourism destinations.

The T-2 toxin (T-2), a mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium which belongs to group A of trichothecenes, is rapidly metabolized, and its main metabolites are HT-2, Neosolaniol (Neo), T2-triol and T2-tetraol. In this work, the antioxidant defense system of HepG2 cells against oxidative stress induced by T-2 and its metabolites was evaluated. The results obtained demonstrated that there is an overall decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels after all mycotoxins exposure. Moreover, the GSH levels and the enzymatic activities related to GSH (GPx and GST) increased with NAC pre-treatment (glutathione precursor) and decreased with BSO pre-treatment (glutathione inhibitor). The GPx activity is increased by T2-tetraol. The GST activity increased after T-2 and T2-triol exposure; however, T2-tetraol decreased its activity. Furthermore, CAT activity increased after T-2 and T2-triol; nevertheless, Neo decreased its activity. Finally, SOD activity is increased by all mycotoxins, except after T-2 exposure. So, the damage associated with oxidative stress by T-2 and its metabolites is relieved by the antioxidant enzymes system on HepG2 cells.

espanolObjetivo del estudio: El proposito de este trabajo es analizar, clarificar y visibilizar los diferentes usos del cine en poblacion adolescente, dotando de herramientas al profesorado con una extensa propuesta de materiales en formato de nueve peliculas y series. Asi mismo, se pretende describir una serie de competencias que potencien el pensamiento critico del alumnado perteneciente a esta etapa, con el fin de favorecer una sociedad mas plural y justa. Diseno/metodologia/enfoque: Se ha seguido una metodologia cualitativa, en la que se realiza una revision y busqueda documental. El analisis se ha basado en tres ejes: una revision y busqueda documental sobre la utilizacion del cine como recurso educativo en las etapas de secundaria, seleccion y analisis de nueve peliculas/series y la descripcion de las competencias que promueven para utilizar el cine como herramienta de aprendizaje basado en valores y concienciar al alumnado de secundaria sobre los derechos que poseen, sus libertades, la diversidad cultural, etc., para favorecer una sociedad mas plural y justa. Resultados: Es un hecho que dependiendo del uso que se le de al cine se consiga educar en valores y concienciar al alumnado perteneciente a la etapa de Educacion Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) sobre sus derechos, sus libertades, etc. Por ello, el pensamiento critico juega un papel primordial en la interpretacion del contenido audiovisual que se exponga al grupo-clase. En la realizacion del presente trabajo se ha podido comprobar las posibilidades del cine en las aulas, dejando abiertas una gran cantidad de propuestas para lineas futuras, como el analisis de otros bloques y tematicas. Originalidad/contribucion: Este texto contribuye al fomento de trabajar el pensamiento critico a traves del cine en las aulas de Educacion Secundaria Obligatoria. Se demuestra las posibilidades que tiene el cine como recurso pedagogico para educar en valores a traves de contenido audiovisual concienciado al alumnado sobre sus derechos y libertades. EnglishThe objective of the study: The purpose of this work is to analyze, clarify and make visible the different uses of cinema in the adolescent population, providing tools to teachers with an extensive proposal of materials in the format of eighteen films and series. It is also intended to describe a series of guidelines that enhance cinema as a tool of learning in values aimed at ESO (Compulsory Secondary Education) teachers and raising awareness of students at this stage, to foster a more pluralistic and just society. Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative methodology has been followed, in which a documentary review and search is carried out. The analysis has been based on three axes: a documentary review and search on the use of cinema as an educational resource in secondary school, selection, and analysis of nine films/series, and the description of the competencies that they promote to use cinema as a tool. values-based learning and educate secondary school students about the rights they have, their freedoms, cultural diversity, etc., to promote a more plural and just society. Results: It is a fact that depending on the use given to the cinema, it is possible to educate in values and raise awareness among students belonging to the stage of Compulsory Secondary Education about their rights, their freedoms, etc., to promote a more pluralistic and just society. Critical thinking, therefore, plays a key role in the interpretation of audiovisual content exposed to the group class. In the realization of this work, it has been possible to check the possibilities of cinema in the classroom, leaving open a lot of proposals for future lines, such as the analysis of other blocks and themes. Originality/Contribution: This text contributes to the promotion of critical thinking through film in the classrooms of ESO. It demonstrates the possibilities that cinema has as a pedagogical resource to educate in values through audiovisual content-aware to students about their rights and freedoms.

Este artículo de revisión tuvo como objetivo identificar las transformaciones en las familias con el ingreso de la mujer al escenario laboral. Su metodología partió de la revisión documental sistemática de estudios realizados entre 1980 y 2018. Como resultado se ubicaron cuatro categorías: 1) Autonomía de la mujer y nacimiento de la doble jornada, 2) Te colaboro, pero no me toca: hombres por obligación y mujeres en la tradición, 3) Cambios tras las resistencias y 4) Surgimiento de nuevas paternidades en el hogar. Finalmente, se concluye que las transformaciones familiares con la incorporación de las mujeres al escenario laboral están relacionadas con nuevas configuraciones familiares democráticas e igualitarias, el liderazgo y autoridad compartida, donde se generan procesos de negociación más flexibles. Además, se hallaron cambios en el cuidado, evidenciando disconformidad masculina, pero donde los hombres empiezan a participar de las tareas del cuidado, adoptando la construcción de una paternidad afectiva.

Sterigmatocystin (STE) is a common mycotoxin found in food and feed. Many studies showed that STE is genotoxic. However, up to now, the potential genotoxicity of STE on human neuronal system remains unknown. In this study, we explored the effect of STE on DNA damage and cell-cycle progression on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells exposed to various concentrations of STE (0.78, 1.56 and 3.12 µM) for 24 h. The results indicated that STE exposure induced DNA damage, as evidenced by DNA comet tails formation and increased γH2AX foci. Additionally, genotoxicity was confirmed by micronuclei (MN) analysis. Furthermore, we found that STE exposure led to cell-cycle arrest at the S and the G2/M phase. Considering the important role played by MAPK and p53 signaling pathways in cell-cycle arrest, we explored their potential involvement in STE-induced cell-cycle arrest by using specific inhibitors. The inhibition of JNK and ERK resulted to attenuate S and G2/M arrest, whereas the inhibition of p38 and p53 attenuated only STE-induced S phase arrest. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that STE induced DNA damage and triggered MAPK and p53 pathways activation, resulting in cell-cycle arrest at the S and the G2/M phase.

espanolLa aplicacion de la inteligencia artificial en el ambito periodistico abre debates que van mas alla de la sustitucion del individuo por la maquina y que se trasladan al campo de la deontologia profesional. El objetivo de esta investigacion es analizar los principales retos eticos a los que se enfrenta la profesion con la llegada de esta tecnologia emergente a las redacciones. Para alcanzar este proposito, se ha utilizado el metodo Delphi, en el que han participado un total de diez expertos nacionales del ambito academico provenientes del campo de la deontologia profesional periodistica para ofrecer un discurso en torno a este tema de estudio. Los resultados evidencian, entre otras cuestiones, que es necesario revisar el Codigo Deontologico de la FAPE para adaptarlo al periodismo automatizado, sobre todo en materia de autoria, elaboracion, transparencia y jerarquizacion de las informaciones redactadas a traves de inteligencia artificial. EnglishThe application of artificial intelligence in the journalistic field opens debates that go beyond the substitution of the individual for the machine and that move to the field of professional deontology. The objective of this research is to analyze the main ethical challenges that the profession faces with the arrival of this emerging technology to newsrooms. To achieve this purpose, the Delphi method has been used with ten national academic experts from the field of professional journalistic deontology who offer a speech on this topic of study. The results show, among other issues, that it is necessary to review the FAPE Code of Ethics in order to adapt it to automated journalism, especially in terms of authorship, elaboration, transparency and hierarchy of the information written using artificial intelligence.

[Background and purpose]: Gemcitabine is an antitumour agent currently used in the treatment of several types of cancer with known properties as a radiosensitizer. p38MAPK signalling pathway has been shown to be a major determinant in the cellular response to gemcitabine in different experimental models. However, the molecular mechanism implicated in gemcitabine-associated radiosensitivity remains unknown., [Materials and methods]: The human sarcoma cell lines A673 and HT1080, and a mouse cell line derived from a 3-methylcholanthrene induced sarcoma were used as experimental models. Modulation of p38MAPKs was performed by pharmacological approaches (SB203580) and genetic interference using lentiviral vectors coding for specific shRNAs. Viability was assessed by MTT. Gene expression was evaluated by western blot and RT-qPCR. Induction of apoptosis was monitored by caspase 3/7 activity. Response to ionizing radiation was evaluated by clonogenic assays., [Results]: Our data demonstrate that chemical inhibition of p38MAPK signalling pathway blocks gemcitabine radiosensitizing potential. Genetic interference of MAPK14 (p38¿), the most abundantly expressed and best characterized p38MAPK, despite promoting resistance to gemcitabine, it does not affect its radiosensitizing potential. Interestingly, specific knockdown of MAPK11 (p38ß) induces a total loss of the radiosensitivity associated to gemcitabine, as well as a marked increase in the resistance to the drug., [Conclusion]: The present work identifies p38ß as a major determinant of the radiosensitizing potential of gemcitabine without implication of p38¿, suggesting that p38ß status should be analysed in those cases in which gemcitabine is combined with ionizing radiation., This work was supported by grants from Fundación Leticia Castillejo Castillo, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (RTI2018-094093-B-I00) to RSP and MJRH. OR holds a contract for accessing the Spanish System of Science, Technology and Innovation (SECTI) funded by the University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) and received partial support from the European Social Fund (FSE) through its Operative Program for Castilla-La Mancha (2007–2013). RSP and MJRH’s Research Institute, and the work carried out in their laboratory, received partial support from the European Community through the FEDER. RSP is a researcher of CSIC temporarily adscribed to UCLM.

espanolEl objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la relacion entre el capital social (bonding y bridging) y los resultados de los grupos de investigacion, desarrollo tecnologico e innovacion de las instituciones de educacion superior (IES) en el Departamento del Atlantico, Colombia. Se analizo la literatura existente (Scielo, Scopus, Elsevier y Emerald) entre el ano 2010 y 2020. Se compararon los referentes bibliograficos de capital social con los indicadores del perfil de colaboracion de los grupos de investigacion categorizados por el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia del Departamento del Atlantico. Los principales hallazgos destacan que las relaciones que los investigadores establecen, permiten generar valor institucional porque promueven el aprendizaje y responden a necesidades del entono. Se concluye que siendo las IES generadoras de nuevo conocimiento, parte de sus resultados se ven representados por la relacion interna y externa de los grupos de investigacion, los cuales facilitan y fortalecen el trabajo en la medida que establecen conexiones de cohesion y cooperacion. EnglishThe objective of the present study is to determine the relationship between social capital (bonding and bridging) and results published by research, technological development, and innovation groups at higher education institutions (HEIs) from the state of Atlantico, Colombia. A literature review (Scielo, Scopus, Elsevier, and Emerald) between the years 2010 and 2020 is performed. Social capital references are compared to collaboration profile indicators for research groups ranked by the Ministry of Science and Technology from the state of Atlantico. The results show and highlight that the relationships that researchers establish allow generating institutional value since they promote learning and respond to surrounding needs. It is concluded that as HEIs generate new knowledge, a part of this can be seen represented by their research groups’ internal and external relationships, which facilitates and strengthens their work as they establish cohesive and collaborative connections.

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM, Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors in which the role of ERK5 is poorly studied. To clarify the role of this MAPK in sarcomatous pathology, we used a murine 3-methyl-cholanthrene (3MC)-induced sarcoma model. Our data show that 3MC induces pleomorphic sarcomas with muscle differentiation, showing an increased expression of ERK5. Indeed, this upregulation was also observed in human sarcomas of muscular origin, such as leiomyosarcoma or rhabdomyosarcoma. Moreover, in cell lines derived from these 3MC-induced tumors, abrogation of Mapk7 expression by using specific shRNAs decreased in vitro growth and colony-forming capacity and led to a marked loss of tumor growth in vivo. In fact, transcriptomic profiling in ERK5 abrogated cell lines by RNAseq showed a deregulated gene expression pattern for key biological processes such as angiogenesis, migration, motility, etc., correlating with a better prognostic in human pathology. Finally, among the various differentially expressed genes, Klf2 is a key mediator of the biological effects of ERK5 as indicated by its specific interference, demonstrating that the ERK5–KLF2 axis is an important determinant of sarcoma biology that should be further studied in human pathology, This work has been supported with Grant RTI2018-094093-B-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, “ERDF A way of making Europe” to RSP. Also supported with funds from Fundación Leticia Castillejo Castillo, Roche España and ACEPAIN to RSP and MJRH. RSP and MJRH’s Research Institute and the work carried out in their laboratory, received partial support from the European Community through the FEDER. JJ and EAL hold a predoctoral research contract cofounded by the European Social Fund and UCLM. OR holds a contract for accessing the Spanish System of Science, Technology, and Innovation (SECTI) funded by the University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) and received partial support from the European Social Fund (FSE) through its Operative Program for Castilla-La Mancha (2007–2013)

Control of rodent populations is a big challenge because of the rapid evolution of resistance to commonly used rodenticides and the collateral negative impacts that these products may have on biodiversity. Second-generation anticoagulants are very efficient but different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Vkorc1 gene may confer resistance in rodents. We sequenced exons 1, 2 and 3 of the Vkorc1 gene from 111 mice (Mus musculus domesticus) captured across the city of Barcelona and found SNPs associated with resistance to first- and second-generation anticoagulants in all of them. Although most of the SNPs were associated with resistance to bromadiolone, we also found SNPs associated with resistance to brodifacoum. Out of all the individuals analyzed, 94.59 % carried mutations associated to introgression events with Mus spretus, a sympatric rodent species. Currently most of the chemical products for rodent control commercialized in the area are based on bromadiolone, although recent public control campaigns have already shifted to other products. Thus, the widespread occurrence of resistant mice to bromadiolone represents a challenge for rodent control in Barcelona and may increase the risk of secondary poisoning of animals preying on this species. Public health managers, pest control companies and citizens should be aware that the use of bromadiolone based products is ineffective and represents a risk for the environment, including human and animal health.

Controlled inoculations of non-Saccharomyces yeasts are becoming increasingly used to produce high-quality wines due to their enological potential. In this study, we evaluated the impact of sequential inoculation with the commercial non-Saccharomyces yeasts (Torulaspora delbrueckii and Metschnikowia pulcherrima) in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the chemical and sensory profile of rose wines. Sequential inoculation with T. delbrueckii produced wines with an overall reduction in esters, mainly explained by the lower concentrations of ethyl esters of medium-chain fatty acids and isoamyl acetate. The lower ester concentrations of these wines were related to a reduction in fruity descriptors. An increase was observed, however, in other minor esters such as cinnamates and ethyl esters of branched acids. Zinc, ethyl isobutyrate, and ethyl dihydrocinnamate were selected as potential markers for this fermentation strategy. Sequential inoculation with M. pulcherrima resulted in rose wines with an enhanced ester profile, reduced acetaldehyde, and increased anthocyans and tannins. Compared to the control wines fermented with S. cerevisiae, the changes observed in these wines were far subtler, especially for the volatile profile, sensory characteristics, and color parameters, with isobutyl hexanoate and isoamyl butyrate being selected as potential markers.

PurposeThis work aims to develop a configurational model to explain how relational trust and combinative capability can jointly improve the relationship between innovativeness and firm's performance.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical study was developed on a sample of 224 companies in the footwear industry in Spain. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses in order to confirm the proposed configurational model.FindingsThe partial results demonstrate the significant effect of relational trust on the innovativeness-performance relationship but, unexpectedly, reveals the non-significant effect of combinative capability on this relationship. The triple interaction effects model provides new insights into the positive effect of combinative capability on the innovativeness-performance relationship once firms gain relational trust from their contacts.Research limitations/implicationsThe cross-sectional nature of the study imposes a limitation on the results. Nevertheless, due to the detailed information required to achieve the aims of the research, a longitudinal study could be excessively complex. In any event, the cross-sectional approach of the study accomplishes the proposed aim.Practical implicationsManagers should involve the employees of the firm in order to improve the effectiveness of continuous innovation, encouraging them to establish trusting relationships with external agents and contributing to combine the relevant external knowledge with the individual and collective knowledge available in the firm.Originality/valueThis work contributes to the existing literature with a more complete picture of the influence of innovativeness on firms' performance, highlighting that performance is affected by the coherence of the configuration of innovativeness, relational trust and combination capability.

El nuevo modelo de universidad inspirado en los principios del espacio europeo de educación superior ha supuesto un cambio en los roles del profesorado, pasando de transmisor a facilitador de aprendizajes, e incidiendo en el papel del estudiante como protagonista del proceso educativo. Ello supone incorporar el enfoque competencial en la formación universitaria, al considerar que llevar a cabo una enseñanza de calidad implica que el profesorado de enseñanza superior debe tener competencias personales, formativas, de investigación y pedagógicas que le permitan desempeñar su función docente eficazmente. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo la identificación de las competencias pedagógicas más relevantes para favorecer el desarrollo de habilidades, valores y aptitudes profesionales y personales en los estudiantes, con la finalidad de que puedan hacer frente a diferentes situaciones en su labor profesional. Para ello, realizamos una revisión de la literatura a niveles nacional e internacional, a partir de la cual planteamos el diseño de un instrumento en función de las competencias más relevantes: 1) conocer y comprender; 2) saber hacer; y 3) saber ser.

The purpose of this article is to study the curvilinear effect on pioneering orientation of one of its key relational backgrounds: strength of ties. The study is based on a sample of 224 companies in the footwear industry in Spain. A hierarchical regression analysis was performed. The results show a curvilinear U-shaped relationship between the strength of ties and pioneering orientation. This curvilinear relationship is increasingly pronounced as scanning capabilities grow. Managers wishing to develop a pioneering orientation should avoid excessive levels of strength in their ties and unduly low levels. Furthermore, firms might benefit from developing scanning capability. JEL CLASSIFICATION: M100; o320

In this study we contribute to solve a gap in the literature regarding the proposal of new determining factors of entrepreneurial orientation. Specifically, we present a configurational model to explain how entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is developed in a dynamic environment. Based on a sample of companies in the agri-food sector in Spain, this work examines how cognitive social capital and absorptive capacity (ACAP) jointly affect EO in a context of technological dynamism. The configurational approach highlights the existence of configurations or multidimensional sets of elements that are efficient when established in conjunction, as opposed to others that are detrimental to the performance of the company. In this sense, we propose that the combination of cognitive social capital with ACAP heterogeneously affects the influence of technological dynamism on EO through its potential and realized dimensions, which decrease and improve EO, respectively. Therefore, we emphasize the significance of the configurational approach in delving deeper into the connection between internal and external antecedents of EO and the importance of differentiating between potential and realized dimensions of ACAP considering their implications for EO.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to low concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and patulin (PAT) in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) exerts toxic effects through mechanisms related to oxidative stress, and how cells deal with such exposure. Cell viability was determined by the MTT and protein content (PC) assays over 24, 48 and 72 h. The IC

espanolIntroduccion. La relevancia de estudiar los rasgos de personalidad en los estudiantes creativos dentro del ambito educativo implica su identificacion y posterior respuesta educativa adecuada a los diferentes perfiles creativos que manifiestan. Por tanto, el objetivo fue analizar la relacion entre los rasgos de la personalidad y las habilidades creativas, asi como profundizar en que rasgos de personalidad son los que definen a los estudiantes con mayor potencial creativo en una muestra de adolescentes, basandonos en el modelo de los Cinco Grandes Factores de la personalidad (Costa & McCrae, 1992). Metodo. Participaron 178 estudiantes de Educacion Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) de la Re- gion de Murcia (Espana), con edades entre los 12 y los 17 anos (M = 14.59; DT = 1.40). De los cuales un 49.3% eran varones. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: el TTCT (Torrance, 1974), para valorar la creatividad; el BFQ-NA (Big Five Questionnaire de Personalidad para ninos y adolescentes; Barbaranelli, Caprara y Rabasca, 1998), en concreto, la adaptacion espanola (Del Barrio, Carrasco & Holgado, 2006) y el NEO-FFI (Inventario de Personalidad NEO Revisado, version reducida; Costa & McCrae, 2008), para los rasgos de personalidad. Para valorar las diferencias en personalidad realizamos tres grupos en funcion de su nivel de creatividad (alta, media y baja). Resultados. Los datos sugieren que fueron tres los rasgos de la personalidad relacionados con las dimensiones creativas: la Extraversion, la Conciencia/Responsabilidad y la Apertura. Mien- tras que, las personas mas creativas presentaron puntuaciones significativamente mas elevadas en los siguientes rasgos de personalidad: Extraversion, Conciencia/Responsabilidad y Amabi- lidad. Discusion y conclusiones. A nivel general se observa cierta relacion entre las habilidades crea- tivas y los rasgos de personalidad. Concretante son la Extraversion, la Conciencia/Responsabi- lidad y la Apertura las dimensiones mas relacionadas con la creatividad. De las cuales, la Ex- traversion y la Conciencia/Responsabilidad son las que definen en mayor medida un perfil crea- tivo. Resultados en esta linea son los obtenidos por Chamorro-Premuzic y Reichenbacher (2008), Furnham (2015), y Szobiova (2006). EnglishIntroduction: The relevance to study personality traits in creative students within the educa- tional field implies their identification and then select the right educational response to the dif- ferent creative profiles of the students. The aim was to analyze the relationship between per- sonality and creativity, and to deepen into which personality traits defines the students with the greatest creative potential in a sample of adolescents, based on the model of the Five Factors Model of personality (Costa & McCrae, 1992). Method: Participants were 178 students of Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) from the Region of Murcia (Spain), aged between 12 and 17 years old (M = 14.59, SD = 1.40). Of which 49.3% were boys. The instruments used in our study have been: to value creativity, the TTCT (Torrance, 1974); and to evaluate personality traits, the BFQ-NA (Big Five Personality Ques- tionnaire for children and teenagers, Barbaranelli, Caprara & Rabasca, 1998), specifically, the adaptation to Spanish (Del Barrio, Carrasco & Holgado, 2006) or the NEO-FFI (Revised NEO Personality Inventory, reduced version, Costa & McCrae, 2008), according to the age of the participants. Results: To assess the differences in personality, we made three groups based on their level of creativity (high, medium and low). The results showed that there were three personality traits were related to creative dimensions: Extraversion, Consciousness and Openness. While, the most creative people present significantly higher scores on the following personality traits: Ex- traversion, Consciousness and Agreeableness. Discussion or Conclusion: In general, there was a moderate relationship between creative skills and personality traits. Extraversion, Consciousness and Openness were the personality traits the most related to creativity. Of which, Extraversion and Consciousness were the most define a creative profile. Similar results were those obtained by Chamorro-Premuzic & Reichenbacher (2008), Furnham (2015), and Szobiova (2006).

Fish industry has been growing continuously over the last decades and generates huge amounts of by-products. These by-products come from fish head, skin, bones, thorns, and viscera. Part of them are processed for feed, collagen and oil production, and to a lesser extent to produce biofuels and fertilizers, but many other high-value bioactive compounds can be recovered. Fish fermentation, which is traditionally used to increase fish shelf-life, results into the formation of bacteria metabolites of interest. Applied to by-products, fermentation increases the quality of protein hydrolysates, oil and produces antioxidant compounds. This technology, which is safe, environmental-friendly and poor energy consuming, presents advantages for future applications.

Advanced therapy drugs have emerged in recent years as new pharmacotherapeutic strategies. In this context, hospital pharmacy services have had to adapt to the new challenges posed by the inclusion of advanced therapies in their roster of services against the background of the complex pharmacotherapeutic process patients typically go through.All the activities carried out in the hospital pharmacy services must abide by the rules established in the Spanish legislation and ensure both the quality of the different drugs they manage and the safety of every single patient.Advanced therapy drugs are associated certain peculiarities, including the need to select and evaluate potential candidates to receive them; recourse to financing mechanisms based on risk sharing; and their extreme fragility, which means that the personnel in charge of handling them must be properly trained to maintain their viability and that special storage conditions, involving temperatures below 180 ºC in the case of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies, must be maintained. In addition, use of advanced therapy medications in the clinical setting has made it necessary for scientific societies to produce consensus documents recognizing the pivotal role of hospital pharmacists as indispensable members of the multidisciplinary healthcare team and ensuring the same traceability, conservation, custody and pharmacotherapeutical monitoring standards imposed on other drugs to provide for adequate pharmaceutical care. Scientific societies have also highlighted the importance of intensifying clinical research, an essential requirement for the safe incorporation of new therapeutic targets. The present document is intended to describe the challenges pharmacists may face when using advanced therapy drugs at the different stages or processes in the patient's clinical journey.Los medicamentos de terapia avanzada han emergido en los últimos años como nuevas estrategias farmacoterapéuticas. En este contexto, los servicios de farmacia hospitalaria nos hemos tenido que adaptar al nuevo reto que ha supuesto su inclusión en nuestra cartera de servicios dentro del complejo proceso farmacoterapéutico en el que están inmersos los pacientes. Todas las actividades que se desarrollan en los servicios de farmacia hospitalaria cumplen con una base legal establecida en nuestra legislación y garantizan la calidad y seguridad tanto de los pacientes atendidos como de todos y cada uno de los medicamentos que se gestionan. Los medicamentos de terapia avanzada tienen unas características especiales a considerar que van desde las fases iniciales de selección y evaluación de los pacientes candidatos y su modelo de financiación, basado en riesgo compartido, hasta una fragilidad en su manipulación que requiere de una adecuada y adaptada formación del personal implicado en la logística para mantener su viabilidad, al necesitar unas condiciones de conservación, en ocasiones, a temperaturas de menos 180 ºC, en el caso de las células T con receptores quiméricos de antígenos. Además, la utilización clínica de los medicamentos de terapia avanzada ha necesitado de documentos de consenso de las sociedades científicas que pongan en valor el posicionamiento del farmacéutico hospitalario, como miembro indispensable dentro del equipo multidisciplinar asistencial, y que garanticen, como en cualquier otro medicamento, la trazabilidad, la correcta conservación y custodia y el seguimiento farmacoterapéutico asociado a una adecuada atención farmacéutica de nuestros pacientes, sin olvidar la importancia de la creciente investigación clínica, necesaria e imprescindible para una incorporación segura de nuevas dianas terapéuticas. Por todo ello, consideramos necesario el presente documento, en donde se ponen de manifiesto los retos o necesidades, desde el punto de vista farmacéutico, en cada una de las etapas o procesos a considerar en la utilización de los medicamentos de terapia avanzada dentro de nuestro amplio arsenal terapéutico.

Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 8 (SLAMF8) is involved in the negative modulation of NADPH oxidase activation. However, the impact of SLAMF8 downregulation on macrophage functionality and the microbicide mechanism remains elusive. To study this in depth, we first analyzed NADPH oxidase activation pathways in wild-type and SLAMF8-deficient macrophages upon different stimulus. Herein, we describe increased phosphorylation of the Erk1/2 and p38 MAP kinases, as well as increased phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase subunits in SLAMF8-deficient macrophages. Furthermore, using specific inhibitors, we observed that specific PI3K inhibition decreased the differences observed between wild-type and SLAMF8-deficient macrophages, stimulated with either PMA, LPS, or

Red beans contain human bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. Several in vitro studies have proposed the natural compounds as an innovative strategy to modify the toxic effects produced by mycotoxins. Hence, in this work, a complete investigation of the polyphenolic fraction of red beans was performed using a Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. Notably, epicatechin and delphinidin were the most detected polyphenols found in red bean extracts (3.297 and 3.108 mg/Kg, respectively). Moreover, the red bean extract was evaluated against the T-2 toxin (T-2) induced cytotoxicity in hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) by direct treatment, simultaneous treatment, and pre-treatment assays. These data showed that T-2 affected the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, as well as observing a cytotoxic effect and a significant increase in ROS production at 30 nM. The simultaneous treatment and the pre-treatment of HepG2 cells with red bean extract was not able to modify the cytotoxic T-2 effect. However, the simultaneous treatment of T-2 at 7.5 nM with the red bean extract showed a significant decrease in ROS production, with respect to the control. These results suggest that the red bean extract could modulate oxidative stress on HepG2 cells.

Progress in genome sequencing now enables the large-scale generation of reference genomes. Various international initiatives aim to generate reference genomes representing global biodiversity. These genomes provide unique insights into genomic diversity and architecture, thereby enabling comprehensive analyses of population and functional genomics, and are expected to revolutionize conservation genomics., Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 37 (3), ISSN:0169-5347, ISSN:1872-8383

The toxicological properties of different silica particles functionalised with essential oil components (EOCs) were herein assessed using the in vivo model C. elegans. In particular, the effects of the acute and long-term exposure to three silica particle types (SAS, MCM-41 micro, MCM-41 nano), either bare or functionalised with eugenol or vanillin, were evaluated on different biological parameters of nematodes. Acute exposure to the different particles did not reduce nematodes survival, brood growth or locomotion, but reproduction was impaired by all the materials, except for vanillin-functionalised MCM-41 nano. Moreover, long-term exposure to particles led to strongly inhibited nematodes growth and reproduction. The eugenol-functionalised particles exhibited higher functionalisation yields and had the strongest effects during acute and long-term exposures. Overall, the vanillin-functionalised particles displayed milder acute toxic effects on reproduction than pristine materials, but severer toxicological responses for the 96-hour exposure assays. Our findings suggest that the EOC type anchored to silica surfaces and functionalisation yield are crucial for determining the toxicological effects of particles on C. elegans. The results obtained with this alternative in vivo model can help to anticipate potential toxic responses to these new materials for human health and the environment.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.910112/ full#supplementary-material, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SR-P is a PhD student belonging to the Official Doctoral Program in Biomedicine of the University of Granada. The authors thank Dr. Ana Santos Carro and Dr. David Porcell from the Center of Technical Instrumentation, University of Granada, for their excellent technical assistance with confocal microscopy, and Dr. M.C. Ruiz-Ruiz and Dr. Silvia Calpe-Flores for revising the manuscript., Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 8 (SLAMF8) is involved in the negative modulation of NADPH oxidase activation. However, the impact of SLAMF8 downregulation on macrophage functionality and the microbicide mechanism remains elusive. To study this in depth, we first analyzed NADPH oxidase activation pathways in wild-type and SLAMF8-deficient macrophages upon different stimulus. Herein, we describe increased phosphorylation of the Erk1/2 and p38 MAP kinases, as well as increased phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase subunits in SLAMF8-deficient macrophages. Furthermore, using specific inhibitors, we observed that specific PI3K inhibition decreased the differences observed between wild-type and SLAMF8-deficient macrophages, stimulated with either PMA, LPS, or Salmonella typhimurium infection. Consequently, SLAMF8-deficient macrophages also showed increased recruitment of small GTPases such as Rab5 and Rab7, and the p47phox subunit to cytoplasmic Salmonella, suggesting an impairment of Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) progression in SLAMF8-deficient macrophages. Enhanced iNOS activation, NO production, and IL-6 expression were also observed in the absence of SLAMF8 upon Salmonella infection, either in vivo or in vitro, while overexpression of SLAMF8 in RAW264.7 macrophages showed the opposite phenotype. In addition, SLAMF8-deficient macrophages showed increased activation of Src kinases and reduced SHP-1 phosphate levels upon IFNγ and Salmonella stimuli in comparison to wild-type macrophages. In agreement with in vitro results, Salmonella clearance was augmented in SLAMF8-deficient mice compared to that in wild-type mice. Therefore, in conclusion, SLAMF8 intervention upon bacterial infection downregulates mouse macrophage activation, and confirmed that SLAMF8 receptor could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of severe or unresolved inflammatory conditions., Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Ténica y de Innovación, ISCIII Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain (Grants PI16/01642 and PI10/01096)

Haemosporidian parasites are common in birds, but often are not in seabirds. The absence of vectors/genetic resistance to infection have been proposed to explain this pattern. Examination of different host populations is required to confirm the absence of blood parasites in widespread host species, which could be differently exposed to blood parasites across their geographic range. Moreover, screening of blood parasites in many seabirds has been done only by visual inspection of blood smears, which can miss low-intensity infections. Screening of blood parasites of the genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon, combining inspection of blood smears and PCR-based detection methods, revealed that a highly philopatric colony of blue-footed boobies (Sula nebouxii) in the Tropical North Pacific is likely free of these parasites. Earlier detection of Haemoproteus parasites in frigatebirds cohabiting with boobies in our study site and blue-footed boobies breeding on the Galapagos Islands suggests that absence of blood parasites in this northern booby colony could not be attributable to the absence of vectors or genetic resistance to infection. High host specificity or fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in the abundance of insect vectors could explain our negative results, but these hypotheses remain to be tested. We emphasize the relevance of assessing the occurrence of blood parasites in different populations of widespread host species, such as blue-footed boobies.