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This research note investigates how different sources of economic information affected citizens’ approval of the government in Portugal from 2001 to 2018. It compares the predictive power of the revised and most accurate data on GDP growth with other economic indicators that were available to the public at the time, such as the first estimates of recent growth and the forecasts of future growth. It finds that approval is best predicted by information about forecasted growth for the current year. These results provide further indirect evidence that the state of the economy, as it plays out directly in people’s lives and experiences, may be less consequential for evaluations of the government than the mediated information about it that is conveyed to the public.

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IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has wrought negative consequences concerning quality of care for stroke patients since its onset. Prospective population-based data about stroke care in the pandemic are limited. This study aims to investigate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on stroke profile and care in Joinville, Brazil.MethodsA prospective population-based cohort enrolled the first-ever cerebrovascular events in Joinville, Brazil, and a comparative analyzes was conducted between the first 12 months following COVID-19 restrictions (starting March 2020) and the 12 months just before. Patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke had their profiles, incidences, subtypes, severity, access to reperfusion therapy, in-hospital stay, complementary investigation, and mortality compared.ResultsThe profiles of TIA/stroke patients in both periods were similar, with no differences in gender, age, severity, or comorbidities. There was a reduction in incidence of TIA (32.8%; p = 0.003). In both periods, intravenous thrombolysis (IV) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) rates and intervals from door to IV/MT were similar. Patients with cardioembolic stroke and atrial fibrillation had their in-hospital stay abbreviated. The etiologic investigation was similar before and during the pandemic, but there were increases in cranial tomographies (p = 0.02), transthoracic echocardiograms (p = 0.001), chest X-rays (p < 0.001) and transcranial Doppler ultrasounds (p < 0.001). The number of cranial magnetic resonance imaging decreased in the pandemic. In-hospital mortality did not change.DiscussionThe COVID-19 pandemic is associated with a reduction in TIA, without any influence on stroke profile, the quality of stroke care, in-hospital investigation or mortality. Our findings show an effective response by the local stroke care system and offer convincing evidence that interdisciplinary efforts are the ideal approach to avoiding the COVID-19 pandemic's negative effects, even with scarce resources.

This document describes a mathematical model for energy system infrastructure planning problems. Its aim is to identify the most socioeconomically desirable energy system configuration for a given problem described within a MILP optimisation framework. The best configuration is identified in a way consistent with net present value calculations for a set of investments and operational needs. The energy system is complemented or created from scratch by the investments, enabling or providing alternative ways for the operational needs to be met. These are expressed as flow requirements in a set of networks that partly describe the energy system. Meeting them may require flows in and out of the system, potentially resulting in expenditures and revenue, in accordance with the respective tariffs. Internal flow distribution proceeds along pre-existing paths or those created through new investments, and is otherwise free, though not necessarily lossless. Losses are path segment-specific, depend on the solution deployed to allow flow along it, and can have static and flow-proportional components. Flows within the system have to be in equilibrium with another and compensate for losses and operational needs. The latter can also be dynamic if specified through modular sets of difference equations and constraints that can also be used to model interactions between networks. These structures are here termed flow converters and can also be introduced through investments. The formulation proposed also includes novelties, namely the structures necessary to use special ordered sets for selecting investments in paths, an alternative way to model static losses without intermediate nodes, and the possibility to define investments in groups of arcs rather than only on individual ones. Other key assumptions include the inexistence of flow delays and the precedence of investments relative to the planning period. Beyond these assumptions, the model design prioritised versatility and organisation over more streamlined approaches, as the model was primarily developed for scientific applications.

The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a middle-aged north-eastern Portuguese population, (2) to analyze the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and (3) to assess the risk of T2D in this community-based sample. An exploratory, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was conducted from a total of 6570 individuals aged 18–102 years, among which 3865 were women (57.4 18.1 years) and 2705 were men (60.0 16.8 years). T2D diagnosis, IFG, and the diabetes risk score (low to very high risk) were assessed. The prevalence of T2D in this adult and an older north-eastern Portuguese population was 17.4%. A higher prevalence of T2D was reported in men (22.2%) than in women (14.0%); however, this was without significant differences (p = 0.086). Otherwise, the prevalence of T2D was significantly different among the age groups and increased with age (p < 0.001). Regarding IFG, a higher percentage of cases was observed in men (14.1%) than in women (8.4%) (p < 0.001). The risk of developing T2D in the next 10 years showed an association with sex and age group (p < 0.001) with a small-to-moderate effect (V = 0.1–0.3). Men and the elderly had the highest percentage of cases in the moderate-to-very high-risk bands. The current research confirmed a higher prevalence of T2D, IFG, and diabetes risk than previous Portuguese epidemiological reports. The results also suggest potential prediabetes cases, which should be carefully monitored. The current research adds evidence to the worldwide trend of the increasing prevalence of T2D and intermediate hyperglycemia (i.e., prediabetes). This work was founded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Regional Operational Program North 2020, within the scope of Project GreenHealth-Digital strategies in biological assets to improve well-being and promote green health, Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) has been increasing exponentially in the Portuguese population. Primary prevention using physical activity (PA), exercise and healthy lifestyles seems to be limited. Thus, current study aims to present the design and preliminary findings of a pilot community intervention for patients with MetS. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted between April and July 2022 with patients with MetS, from a Northeaster Portuguese primary health care. Eight participants completed the three-month intervention program, 6 women (51.0±6.4 years) and 2 men (46.5±4.9 years). The program included: (1) evaluation and prescription of PA (steps/day and floors/day); (2) nutritional and dietary support; (3) strength training sessions; (3) blood testing; (4) anthropometric and body composition assessment. A pre- and post-intervention follow up was conducted. Garmin®F 745 were used for PA prescription and assessment. PA targets per day were: number of steps ≥10 000; uphill walking ≥10 floors; and minutes of intensity ≥150 per week. Nutritional and dietary evaluation was recorded by completing the food frequency questionnaire with subsequent recommendation of changes to healthy diet. The designed strength training program was: (i) frequency of 2x/week; (ii) 8 to 10 exercises, in order to work the main muscle groups; (iii) 2 sets of 10 to 12 repetitions; (iv) 60 to 70% of one maximum repetition. Blood samples evaluated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fating glucose (FG), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Body weight (kg), lean body mass (kg) and fat mass percentage (%) was evaluated by bio-impedance scale (Tanita MC 780-P MA®). MetS parameters was defined by joint interim statement (JIS) criteria (Alberti et al, 2009). Results: Regarding PA parameters at the end of the three-month program, the average number of daily steps was 11 818, the number of daily floors was 15.35 and moderate to vigorous PA was 253 minutes/week. An improvement in pre- and post-intervention blood concentrations and pressure was observed, namely in HbA1c (-7.4%±15.2), FG (-4.9%±14.4), HDL (-4.8%±9.7), TC (-1.9%±19.9), SBP (-15.6%±10.7) and DBP (-12.7%±9.3). All participants registered a weight loss (-3.4%±2.0), with an increase in lean mass (-4.5%±2.0) and a decrease in fat mass (-8.7%±6.3). Except for one participant, all improved in heart rate recovery after exercise (19.3%±28.2), suggesting an improvement in cardiovascular capacity. Conclusions: The effect of the implemented pilot community intervention program was greater in the participants who followed the program more rigorously. Additionally, the strength training may have been important in increasing lean body mass. The inclusion of PA, strength training and nutritional support in primary health care, through a supervised program, seems to be a key strategy to reduce the risk associated with MetS and delay the complications associated with cardiometabolic diseases. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Can governments succeed in making courts politically compliant without undermining the public’s overall confidence in the judicial system? Many studies show a positive relationship between judicial independence and citizens’ trust in courts, suggesting the answer should be negative. However, most of those studies have focused on contemporary correlations between institutions and attitudes, without assessing what happens when court curbing is actually implemented. Additionally, they also indicate that factors such as citizens’ education level and political preferences may moderate the consequences of attacks on judicial independence. We use Europe as a laboratory to analyze the repercussions on public opinion of the assaults on judicial independence conducted by populist governments in Turkey, Hungary, and Poland over the past decade. Employing data from the Eurobarometer and a difference-in-differences approach, we find evidence of an adverse effect of court curbing on judicial trust. However, such effect emerges as stronger and more consistent among those citizens who are most ideologically distant from their governments. These findings coincide with experimental evidence indicating the apathy of large segments of public opinion towards the prospects of democratic backsliding, suggesting that many citizens may fail to change their trust in the courts even when governments make them politically subservient.

Background: Arterial stiffening is central to the vascular ageing process and a powerful predictor and cause of diverse vascular pathologies and mortality. We investigated age and sex trajectories, regional differences, and global reference values of arterial stiffness as assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV). Methods: Measurements of brachial-ankle or carotid-femoral PWV (baPWV or cfPWV) in generally healthy participants published in three electronic databases between database inception and August 24th, 2020 were included, either as individual participant-level or summary data received from collaborators (n = 248,196) or by extraction from published reports (n = 274,629). Quality was appraised using the Joanna Briggs Instrument. Variation in PWV was estimated using mixed-effects meta-regression and Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape. Findings: The search yielded 8920 studies, and 167 studies with 509,743 participants from 34 countries were included. PWV depended on age, sex, and country. Global age-standardised means were 12.5 m/s (95% confidence interval: 12.1–12.8 m/s) for baPWV and 7.45 m/s (95% CI: 7.11–7.79 m/s) for cfPWV. Males had higher global levels than females of 0.77 m/s for baPWV (95% CI: 0.75–0.78 m/s) and 0.35 m/s for cfPWV (95% CI: 0.33–0.37 m/s), but sex differences in baPWV diminished with advancing age. Compared to Europe, baPWV was substantially higher in the Asian region (+1.83 m/s, P = 0.0014), whereas cfPWV was higher in the African region (+0.41 m/s, P < 0.0001) and differed more by country (highest in Poland, Russia, Iceland, France, and China; lowest in Spain, Belgium, Canada, Finland, and Argentina). High vs. other country income was associated with lower baPWV (−0.55 m/s, P = 0.048) and cfPWV (−0.41 m/s, P < 0.0001).Interpretation: China and other Asian countries featured high PWV, which by known associations with central blood pressure and pulse pressure may partly explain higher Asian risk for intracerebral haemorrhage and small vessel stroke. Reference values provided may facilitate use of PWV as a marker of vascular ageing, for prediction of vascular risk and death, and for designing future therapeutic interventions. Funding: This study was supported by the excellence initiative VASCage funded by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency, by the National Science Foundation of China, and the Science and Technology Planning Project of Hunan Province. Detailed funding information is provided as part of the Acknowledgments after the main text.

The aim of this study is to explore the role of populism on national identity, moderated by the a priori levels of populist attitudes. Specifically, it aims to test the hypotheses that populist speeches increase national identification, especially for those with a priori lower levels of populist attitudes.

The aim of this study is to explore the role of populism on national identity. Specifically, it aims to test the hypotheses that populist speeches increase both national identification and collective narcissism.

Supplemental Material for Beyond the Myth of Legality? Framing Effects and Public Reactions to High Court Decisions in Europe by Pedro C. Magalhães, Jon K. Skiple, Miguel M. Pereira, Sveinung Arnesen, and Henrik L. Bentsen in Comparative Political Studies

The aim of this study is to conduct a scoping review of the available quantitative research regarding the association between populism and psychological variables related to national identity. This project contains additional documents. Appendix I describes the full search strategy adopted by the team to conduct the searches for quantitative research on the relationship between populism and national identity. Appendix II contains a draft of the extraction form to be piloted and used in the data extraction phase.

Corruption scandals and their investigation have been shown to undermine support not only for the allegedly involved public officials but also for political actors and institutions more generally. However, we know little about what happens when those investigations end up failing to result in punishments. Is citizens’ trust in the legal authorities in charge of prosecuting and punishing corruption undermined? Do those effects spill over to political actors, institutions, and even the political regime? We address these questions by taking advantage of an April 2021 judicial decision to drop corruption charges against former Portuguese Prime Minister José Sócrates during the fieldwork of a public opinion survey. We show that the decision had a substantial negative impact on public trust in the courts. Furthermore, although political trust was not immediately affected, its overall levels also became lower in comparison to periods before the judicial decision, suggesting a spillover effect.

This paper offers a critical examination of the foundations of Hans Kelsen’s democratic theory in neo-Kantian epistemology. It argues that, while such an epistemological framework provides coherence to his intellectual endeavor by reconciling his monistic legal theory with a pluralist democratic theory, it weakens the theoretical fertility and analytic edge of his political thought. Furthermore, I also claim that the Kelsenian epistemological turn, in its understanding of both law and politics, remains very much entangled in the dilemmas and modes of thought of a philosophical tradition that Kelsen himself believed to have entirely surpassed. His nevertheless insightful analysis of modern democratic institutions would therefore benefit from being read through different philosophical spectacles., Austrian Journal of Political Science, Bd. 51 Nr. 3 (2022): Kelsen, Politics, and Realism

The aim of this study is to select speeches that vary in their ability to make more or less salient populist attitudes.

This study is a repetition of Pilot Study 2 but with new comparison between speeches. The aim is still to select speeches that vary in their ability to make more or less salient populist attitudes.

We explore variation in risk aversion among elected officials. Previous studies suggest that systematic gender differences in risk-taking attitudes may explain why female legislators are less likely to engage in corruption. However, empirical evidence for this argument comes exclusively from non-elite samples. We test this argument in a survey experiment with Portuguese MPs. Additionally, the study explores whether risk preferences vary when elected officials make personal or public financial decisions.

We test whether women politicians are more risk averse than their male counterparts.

The aim of this study is to select speeches that are considered high and low on populism (dimensions of Manichean worldview, popular sovereignty, anti-elitism, and homogeneity) by experts in Political Science.

The purpose of the study is to replicate on Norwegian respondents a survey experiment fielded among a national representative sample of the Portuguese population. The survey experiment examines how the presentation of different framings concerning the determinants of judicial decisions affect the public's propensity to accept those decisions, above and beyond citizens' agreement with the decisional outcome itself. Subjects will be presented with three alternative frames about a hypothetical decision in constitutional review of a government enacted policy by a court: "legalistic" - decision results from examination of the extent to which the reviewed decision respects legal/constitutional commands and legal precedent; "principled" - decision results from examination of the extent to which reviewed decision balance general constitutional principles; "partisan" - decision results from partisan balance of power within the court. The study poses that presentation of these frames affects perception of procedural fairness of judicial decision-making and public acceptance of court rulings. The specific context is of a hypothetical decision of the Norwegian Supreme Court in constitutional review of a government enacted policy to continue search for oil in the Barents Sea. The experiment is conducted in a nationally representative survey of the Norwegian adult population.

Testing the impact on public attitudes of different ways of framing the performance of the judicial system in dealing with alleged corruption cases. We examine whether the emphasis on different potentially relevant considerations leads to different attitudes about the political and judicial systems.

Cross-national survey experiment on support for majoritarianism vs consensualism, as the outcome of vignette treatments, respondent traits, and country

The movement of personnel between roles in regulation, politics, and regulated industries is thought to affect the risks of politicization and industry capture of independent regulatory agencies. To test whether such movements are better explained by formal rules or by sector-specific patterns, we employ an original dataset of the 152 appointees to eleven IRAs in Portugal over the last three decades. We find that variations in the formal independence of agencies have been of little consequence. Instead, revolving doors abound in the financial sector, with a disproportionate share of regulators of that sector coming from, and moving back, to the industry. In turn, appointment of regulators with political links to Portuguese IRAs seems related with legacies of sectoral public control.

Ineffective governance is known to weaken support for governments and leaders. However, it is less clear whether these effects spill over to the regime and erode support for the democratic system. This article returns to this classic question, now using time-series, cross-sectional data to test whether the effectiveness of governments in sustaining economic growth, providing quality healthcare, and tackling violent crime affects popular attitudes to democracy. We find that satisfaction with democracy is driven by fluctuations in economic performance and violent crime (but not healthcare quality). Diffuse support for democracy, in contrast, remains relatively impervious to changes in government effectiveness. Violent crime is the only indicator of effectiveness which has an impact on democratic support, and does so indirectly, via its influence on democratic satisfaction. These findings confirm that democratic support—which, unlike democratic satisfaction, is thought to help sustain democracy—is mostly immune to crises of performance.

This chapter approaches the issue of methodological nationalism in the social sciences from both a historical and a contemporary perspective, with particular emphasis on migration studies. First, it offers a historical overview of the problem and delves into its early intellectual history by examining Eric Voegelin’s reflections on ‘national minds’ in the interwar period This anticipates many questions and challenges that future critics of methodological nationalism would consider to be central. Second, we examine the persistence of nation-state-centred concepts and methods in the context of migration and refugee studies. Third, the chapter discusses different conceptual tools for overcoming the insufficiencies of methodological nationalism, weighing both their fruitfulness and their limits. Notwithstanding the ineradicability of nation-state-centred frameworks in social science as well as in the self-perceptions of migrant populations, we show that it is possible to conceive of both ‘community’ and ‘knowledge’ in non-national terms to investigate the possibilities of knowledge produced through experiences of displacement.

Background: Physical activity (PA) surveillance, policy, and research efforts need to be periodically appraised to gain insight into national and global capacities for PA promotion. The aim of this paper was to assess the status and trends in PA surveillance, policy, and research in 164 countries. Methods: We used data from the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) 2015 and 2020 surveys. Comprehensive searches were performed for each country to determine the level of development of their PA surveillance, policy, and research, and the findings were verified by the GoPA! Country Contacts. Trends were analyzed based on the data available for both survey years. Results: The global 5-year progress in all 3 indicators was modest, with most countries either improving or staying at the same level. PA surveillance, policy, and research improved or remained at a high level in 48.1%, 40.6%, and 42.1% of the countries, respectively. PA surveillance, policy, and research scores decreased or remained at a low level in 8.3%, 15.8%, and 28.6% of the countries, respectively. The highest capacity for PA promotion was found in Europe, the lowest in Africa and low- and lower-middle-income countries. Although a large percentage of the world’s population benefit from at least some PA policy, surveillance, and research efforts in their countries, 49.6 million people are without PA surveillance, 629.4 million people are without PA policy, and 108.7 million live in countries without any PA research output. A total of 6.3 billion people or 88.2% of the world’s population live in countries where PA promotion capacity should be significantly improved. Conclusion: Despite PA is essential for health, there are large inequalities between countries and world regions in their capacity to promote PA. Coordinated efforts are needed to reduce the inequalities and improve the global capacity for PA promotion.

The elite theory of Max Weber has recently been rediscovered by political scientists and political theorists who have sought to explore both the heuristic and the normative potential of plebiscitary leader democracy. Notwithstanding the merits of this wave of studies, this paper argues that attention should be shifted from Weber's context-specific defence of plebiscitary leadership in post-WWI Germany to his broader conception of charisma as an attempt to grasp the enigma of significant social and political change. Contemporary democratic theory, this paper contends, can fruitfully draw on Weber to sink into the antinomies and ambiguities of a transformative democratic politics., This article was funded by Academy of Finland (Grand No. 312430).

Survey experiment testing the effect of the salience of radical right discourse regarding social benefits and subsidies on the level of agreement with a discriminatory item in a double list experiment

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an independent determinant to increase the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. MetS prevalence in Portugal is high, however an update is needed since the latest Portuguese epidemiological report is from 2017. Thus, this study aims to examine MetS prevalence and its components in the adult and older Portuguese sub-population (Bragança district). Methods: A retrospective observational cross-sectional was conducted with a community sample collected from two Portuguese primary health care centres between January 2019 and December 2020. A total of 6570 individuals aged 18–102 years were included for analysis, among which 3865 women (57.37 ± 18.67 years) and 2705 men (59.97 ± 16.76 years). MetS was defined according to HARM2009 statement and binary logistic regression was performed to analyse the prevalence across sex and age. Results: MetS prevalence in Bragança district was 54.51%. MetS prevalence was higher in men (61.63%) than women (49.52%). Men are 1.53 (95% OR: 1.37–1.72, p < 0.001) times more likely of having MetS compared to women. MetS risk increases with age (OR: 2.68–42.57, p < 0.001) with a decline from the eighties onwards (OR: 27.84, 95% CI: 19.19–40.38, p < 0.001). Men presented higher prevalence of overweight (48.50%) and obesity (28.06%) and women have higher prevalence of abdominal obesity (62.07%). Conclusion: This study reported high prevalence of MetS in the Portuguese sub-population (Bragança district). A quasi-linear increase across age was verified in the MetS prevalence for both sexes with a decline from the eighties onwards. A síndrome metabólica (SM) assume-se como um determinante independente para o aumento do risco de doenças metabólicas e cardiovasculares. A prevalência de SM em Portugal é elevada, contudo o último relatório epidemiológico realizado na população portuguesa reporta-se a 2017 e carece de atualização. Por conseguinte, este estudo pretende examinar a prevalência da SM e dos seus componentes numa subpopulação portuguesa de adultos e idosos do distrito de Bragança. Métodos: O estudo observacional, retrospetivo e transversal foi realizado com uma amostra comunitário proveniente de dois centros de saúde primários portugueses entre janeiro de 2019 e dezembro de 2020. A análise inclui um total de 6570 indivíduos, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 102 anos, sendo 3865 mulheres (57,37 ± 18,67 anos) e 2705 homens (59,97 ± 16,76 anos). A SM foi definida de acordo com critérios HARM2009, tendo-se realizada uma regressão logística binária para analisar a sua prevalência por sexo e idade. Resultados: A prevalência de SM no distrito de Bragança foi de 54,51%. A prevalência de SM foi mais elevada nos homens (61,63%) do que nas mulheres (49,52%). Os homens têm 1,53 (95% OR: 1,37–1,72; p < 0,001) vezes maior probabilidade de SM em comparação com as mulheres. O risco de SM aumenta com a idade (OR: 2,68–42,57; p < 0,001), observando-se um declínio a partir dos oitenta anos (OR: 27,84, 95% IC: 19,19–40,38; p < 0,001). Os homens apresentaram maior prevalência de excesso de peso (48,50%) e obesidade (28,06%), enquanto que as mulheres apresentam maior prevalência de obesidade abdominal (62,07%). Conclusão: O presente estudo observou uma elevada prevalência de SM numa subpopulação portuguesa do distrito de Bragança, apresentando um aumento quase linear ao longo da idade para ambos os sexos com um declínio a partir dos oitenta anos. Nste projeto foi apoiado pelos Fundos Nacionais através da FCT - Fundação Portuguesa para a Ciência e Tecnologia (UIDB/DTP/04045/2020) info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This article examines the migration of reactionary antimodern thought from Europe to the United States of America. It assesses the impact that the work of two antimodern thinkers, Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin, had on two distinct domains of American thought, namely, conservative political ideology and academic political science. The paper argues that the antimodern perspective, eagerly absorbed by many intellectuals, has pushed American conservatism not only in an anti-liberal, but also in an antidemocratic direction. On the other hand, in academic political science, Strauss's and Voegelin's critiques of modernity, though certainly audible and noted, were neither taken seriously nor confronted in depth by the mainstream of the discipline. This neglect should be corrected, I contend, for contemporary political science is in need of a mature and nuanced theory of modernity that is capable of rising up to the radical challenge of the antimoderns., Open access publication of this article was funded by the Research Center in Political Science (CICP) of the University of Minho.

The movement of personnel between roles in regulation, politics, and regulated industries is thought to affect the risks of politicization and industry capture of independent regulatory agencies. To test whether such movements are better explained by formal rules or by sector-specific patterns, we employ an original dataset of the 152 appointees to 11 IRAs in Portugal over the last 3 decades. We find that variations in the formal independence of agencies have been of little consequence. Instead, revolving doors abound in the financial sector, with a disproportionate share of regulators of that sector coming from, and moving back, to the industry. In turn, appointment of regulators with political links to Portuguese IRAs seems related with legacies of sectoral public control.

This chapter approaches the issue of methodological nationalism in the social sciences from both a historical and a contemporary perspective, with particular emphasis on migration studies. First, it offers a historical overview of the problem and delves into its early intellectual history by examining Eric Voegelin’s reflections on ‘national minds’ in the interwar period This anticipates many questions and challenges that future critics of methodological nationalism would consider to be central. Second, we examine the persistence of nation-state-centred concepts and methods in the context of migration and refugee studies. Third, the chapter discusses different conceptual tools for overcoming the insufficiencies of methodological nationalism, weighing both their fruitfulness and their limits. Notwithstanding the ineradicability of nation-state-centred frameworks in social science as well as in the self-perceptions of migrant populations, we show that it is possible to conceive of both ‘community’ and ‘knowledge’ in non-national terms to investigate the possibilities of knowledge produced through experiences of displacement., We would like to thank the editors and contributors to this volume for their helpful suggestions and insightful comments on previous drafts of this chapter. Furthermore, the authors also gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Academy of Finland funded Centre of Excellence in Law, Identity and the European Narratives, funding decision numbers 312430, 336677, 312431, and 336678.

Caracterizar a qualidade do envolvimento físico do Jardim de Infância (JI) é compreender como é que o seu espaço físico envolve a criança e apoia o seu desenvolvimento (Moreira et al., 2020). Bons indicadores de qualidade de envolvimento físico do JI influenciam positivamente o desenvolvimento infantil (Berti et al., 2019). Com a pandemia COVID-19 e mediante as medidas de contingência determinadas pela Direção Geral de Saúde, os JI foram obrigados a reorganizar o seu espaço físico. Este estudo pretendeu caracterizar a qualidade do envolvimento físico de 9 JI de Bragança (5 públicos, 4 privados) em janeiro de 2021, integrados no programa PéAtivo. Cada JI, após o consentimento da sua Direção, foi visitado e caracterizado por um investigador. Este aplicou a Escala de Avaliação dos Envolvimentos Físicos das Crianças (Moreira et al. 2020) que classifica a qualidade do envolvimento físico entre má (0,00-1,00), razoável (1,01-2,00), boa (2,01-3,00) e excelente (3,01-4,00). Todos os JI apresentaram uma qualidade razoável (M=1,53; min.=1,53; max.=1,98; DP=0,26), sem diferenças significativas entre públicos e privados (U=0,400; p=0,175). As subescalas Localização e Terreno (M=2,53; DP=0,63) e Dimensão do Estabelecimento e Módulos (M=2,61; DP=1,40) registaram pontuações superiores, reveladoras de uma localização adequada do JI e de uma boa proporção entre a área disponível para atividade e o número de crianças acolhidas. Os valores mais baixos registados nas subescalas Espaço em plano aberto modificável (M=0,45; DP=0,18); Áreas para atividades desarrumadas e sujas (M=0,72; DP= 0,27) e Espaço exterior: Necessidades de desenvolvimento (M=0,94; DP=0,89), evidenciaram a baixa ligação entre interior e exterior, pouca definição entre áreas de atividade, pouca disponibilidade de materiais naturais no interior e pouca variedade de áreas para brincar no exterior. Assim, apesar das restrições impostas devido à pandemia terem afetado a normal distribuição de espaços e equipamentos, estes JI adaptaram-se adequadamente, evidenciando indicadores razoáveis às necessidades de desenvolvimento das crianças. Contudo, os aspetos do envolvimento físico que foram identificados como mais frágeis, deverão ser reformulados em parceria com as crianças, pais, diretores e autarquia. Dessa forma, poderão contribuir para melhorar a qualidade do envolvimento físico e garantir oportunidades para um brincar desafiante, promotor do bem-estar e desenvolvimento saudável da criança. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Corruption scandals and their investigation have been shown to undermine support not only for the allegedly involved public officials but also for political actors and institutions more generally. However, we know little about what happens when those investigations end up failing to result in punishments. Is citizens' trust in the legal authorities in charge of prosecuting and punishing corruption also undermined? Do those effects spill over to political actors, institutions, and even the political regime? We address these questions by taking advantage of an April 2021 judicial decision to drop corruption charges against former Portuguese Prime Minister José Sócrates during the fieldwork of a public opinion survey. We show that the decision had a substantial negative impact on public trust in the courts. Furthermore, although political trust was not immediately affected, its overall levels also became lower in comparison to periods before the judicial decision, suggesting a spillover effect.

Obesity is a central component of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and a major public health concern. A harmonizing MetS definition was developed to aggregate the different criteria used by the umbrella organizations, however there is still controversy over the most sensitive and specific parameter to characterize each MetS component. The aim of this study was to compare the sensibility and specificity for waist-toheight ratio (WHtR), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) to discriminate subjects with and without MetS in an adult North-East Portuguese population. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective analysis was conducted between January 2019 and December 2020 from patients’ clinical records of two primary health care centers in a North-East Portuguese region. A total of 6570 individuals aged 18–102 years were included for analysis, among which 3865 women (57.37±18.67 years) and 2705 men (59.97±16.76 years). MetS was defined according to HARM2009 statement set by Alberti et al. (2009). Standardized cut-off points were used to measure WHtR (≥0.5), BMI (≥30 kg/m2) and WC (>88 cm in women and >102 cm in men). A binary logistic regression was performed for the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) and adjusted odd ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: MetS was present in 3,581 (54.51%) subjects, where 1,914 (49,52%) were women and 1,667 (61.63%) men. AUC demonstrated that WHtR was significantly more powerful than WC and BMI (p

Obesity is a central component of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and a major public health concern. A harmonizing MetS definition was developed to aggregate the different criteria used by the umbrella organizations, however there is still controversy over the most sensitive and specific parameter to characterize each MetS component info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that children engage in at least 60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity (FA) for children and adolescents. However, there are few children who follow these recommendations. In Portugal, some data suggest that only 7% of young people comply with it. Unfortunately, most studies on physical activity take place in urban areas, so we still know relatively little about how active children and adolescents are in regions such as Alfândega da Fé. Thus, the Acti-study aims to evaluate the levels of PA in children and adolescents between 5th and 9th grade with ages between 10 and 16 years, of the Alfândega da Fé. Subsequently, it is intended to analyse the differences in PA levels between rural and urban areas. The project includes two phases: (1) Implementation of sociodemographic questionnaire to obtain general information about the target population; (2) An intervention phase through the assessment of the PA levels using accelerometry (ActiGraph®) and body composition by anthropometric measures. The first phase will be based socio-demographic questionnaires in representative sample of children living in rural zones to understand the determinants for the physical activity. Data collection will be conducted in the municipality of Alfandega da Fé between September and December 2022. As a research hypothesis, higher levels of regular PA are defined for children in rural areas. N/A

This article analyses the role played by the concept of nation in the interwar writings of Carl Schmitt (1888–1985) and Eric Voegelin (1901–1985). It contends that, although these conservative thinkers were drawn in different ways to the anti-progressive potential of nationalist ideas, the centre of their political and theoretical horizons in that period is occupied by the problems of political unity and authority. Therefore, their nationalism is fundamentally determined by, and instrumental to, their adherence to a monistic and authoritarian conception of the state. This, in turn, leads them to embrace, though not without some reservations, the solutions put forward by the emergent far-right ‘strongmen’ to the interwar crisis of liberal democracy. Each author tested in his own way the porous borders between conservatism, nationalism, and fascism – a topic whose scholarly and political relevance is far from being exhausted., The author is grateful for the financial support of the Academy of Finland funded Centre of Excellence in Law, Identity and the European Narratives, funding decision number 312430.

O confinamento, motivado pela pandemia da COVID-19, teve um impacto significativo ao nível da atividade física (AF) e da exploração motora das crianças. Baseado neste pressuposto, o presente projeto tem como objetivo avaliar os níveis de AF após pandemia em crianças, com idades compreendidas entre os dez e dezasseis anos, que habitam em zonas rurais da região de Trás-os-Montes (Portugal). Posteriormente, pretende-se analisar as diferenças nos níveis de AF entre crianças de zonas rurais e urbanas. O projeto contempla 2 fases: (1) Implementação de questionários sociodemográficos para a obtenção de dados gerais da população alvo; (2) fase de intervenção através da avaliação dos níveis de AF por acelerometria (ActiGraph GT3X®) e aferição da composição corporal por medidas antropométricas. A primeira fase será baseada na aplicação de questionários sociodemográficos numa amostra representativa de crianças da zona rural brigantina, de forma a entender quais as determinantes para a prática de AF. A recolha de dados será realizada no concelho de Alfandega da Fé entre setembro e dezembro de 2022. Como hipótese de estudo, delimitam-se níveis mais elevados de prática de AF habitual para as crianças das zonas rurais. O estudo pretende fornecer uma atualização epidemiológica do possível impacto da pandemia nos níveis de AF das crianças de um concelho da região de Trás-os-Montes. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) sugere que as crianças em idade pré-escolar realizem, pelo menos, 120 min. de atividade física (AF) por dia, podendo ser fundamental para a prevenção de doenças crónicas na idade adulta. Hoje sabe-se que os espaços exteriores do Jardins de Infância (JI) influenciam diferentes níveis de AF das crianças, de acordo com os atributos físicos e materiais lúdico-recreativos que disponibilizam. O presente estudo, ainda em curso, tem como objetivos: 1) Avaliar os níveis de AF das crianças durante o período escolar em dois JI de Bragança; 2) Caracterizar a qualidade do envolvimento físico do espaço exterior dos JI; e 3) Correlacionar a qualidade do envolvimento físico do espaço exterior do JI com os níveis de AF das crianças. A amostra será constituída por 49 crianças, 23 meninos e 26 meninas, de 4 e 5 anos de idade. A qualidade do envolvimento físico do espaço exterior dos JI será avaliada, in-locu, através da Escala de Avaliação dos Envolvimentos Físicos das Crianças (EAEFC) [5]. A AF será medida com acelerómetros Actigraph wGT3X-BT. O t-teste de amostras independentes será utilizado para comparar os níveis de AF das crianças entre os dois JI. A correlação de Pearson será utilizada para avaliar o grau de associação entre os níveis de AF e a qualidade do envolvimento físico do espaço exterior do JI. Espera-se que no JI com melhor qualidade do envolvimento físico do espaço exterior, as crianças apresentem níveis de AF mais elevados. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This paper offers a critical examination of the foundations of Hans Kelsen’s democratic theory in neo-Kantian epistemology. It argues that, while such an epistemological framework provides coherence to his intellectual endeavor by reconciling his monistic legal theory with a pluralist democratic theory, it weakens the theoretical fertility and analytic edge of his political thought. Furthermore, I also claim that the Kelsenian epistemological turn, in its understanding of both law and politics, remains very much entangled in the dilemmas and modes of thought of a philosophical tradition that Kelsen himself believed to have entirely surpassed. His nevertheless insightful analysis of modern democratic institutions would therefore benefit from being read through different philosophical spectacles., Dieser Aufsatz ist eine kritische Untersuchung der Grundlagen von Hans Kelsens Demokratietheorie in der neo-kantianischen Erkenntnistheorie. Es wird argumentiert, dass ein solcher erkenntnistheoretischer Rahmen seinen intellektuellen Bestrebungen zwar Kohärenz verleiht, indem er seine monistische Rechtstheorie mit einer pluralistischen Demokratietheorie in Einklang bringt, dass er aber die theoretische Fruchtbarkeit und analytische Schärfe seines politischen Denkens schwächt. Darüber hinaus behaupte ich, dass die Kelsen’sche erkenntnistheoretische Wende in ihrem Verständnis sowohl des Rechts als auch der Politik sehr stark in die Dilemmata und Denkweisen einer philosophischen Tradition verstrickt bleibt, die Kelsen selbst glaubte, vollständig überwunden zu haben. Seine nichtsdestotrotz aufschlussreiche Analyse der modernen demokratischen Institutionen würde daher davon profitieren, durch eine andere philosophische Brille gelesen zu werden

© 2021 American Academy of Neurology, Objective: To measure the global impact of COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of IV thrombolysis (IVT), IVT transfers, and stroke hospitalizations over 4 months at the height of the pandemic (March 1 to June 30, 2020) compared with 2 control 4-month periods. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study across 6 continents, 70 countries, and 457 stroke centers. Diagnoses were identified by their ICD-10 codes or classifications in stroke databases. Results: There were 91,373 stroke admissions in the 4 months immediately before compared to 80,894 admissions during the pandemic months, representing an 11.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] -11.7 to -11.3, p < 0.0001) decline. There were 13,334 IVT therapies in the 4 months preceding compared to 11,570 procedures during the pandemic, representing a 13.2% (95% CI -13.8 to -12.7, p < 0.0001) drop. Interfacility IVT transfers decreased from 1,337 to 1,178, or an 11.9% decrease (95% CI -13.7 to -10.3, p = 0.001). Recovery of stroke hospitalization volume (9.5%, 95% CI 9.2-9.8, p < 0.0001) was noted over the 2 later (May, June) vs the 2 earlier (March, April) pandemic months. There was a 1.48% stroke rate across 119,967 COVID-19 hospitalizations. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was noted in 3.3% (1,722/52,026) of all stroke admissions. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a global decline in the volume of stroke hospitalizations, IVT, and interfacility IVT transfers. Primary stroke centers and centers with higher COVID-19 inpatient volumes experienced steeper declines. Recovery of stroke hospitalization was noted in the later pandemic months.

In this study, we investigate how socioeconomic status is related to people's commitment to liberal democracy. Based on sociological and psychological theories of social conflict and dominance, we argue that those who enjoy a more privileged position in the social hierarchy tend to develop stronger preferences for the existing social and political order. Conversely, people in underprivileged positions tend to be less supportive of that order. Hence, we expect the relationship between socioeconomic status and commitment to liberal democracy to be context-specific: positive in liberal democracies but negative in autocracies. Furthermore, we argue that income inequality amplifies these dynamics, widening the gap between low and high status individuals. We test our hypotheses using the fifth wave of the World Value Surveys.

Two findings stand out in the literature on public attitudes vis- a-vis courts. The first is that judicial independence increases public trust. The second is that ‘to know courts is to love them’. In this study, these stylised facts are used as a starting point to ask three questions. First, is there also a role for judicial accountability in fostering public trust, above and beyond that played by independence? Second, could it be that only the most aware citizens are sensitive to such properties of the judicial system? Third, is the notion that ‘to know courts is to love them’ limited to systems with high levels of judicial independence and accountability? Using recently available macro-level indicators of judicial independence and accountability and the high-quality survey data collected by the European Social Survey in 32 countries throughout more than a decade, this study provides evidence that the answers to these questions are positive.

Submitted by Maria da Luz Antunes (mluz.antunes@estesl.ipl.pt) on 2021-12-26T15:53:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Prevalência de fibrilhação auricular na Província do Bengo, Angola_resultados de um estudo de base populacional.pdf: 171112 bytes, checksum: 4cf0a2359f4a78e3629c7f61ade58c01 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-26T15:53:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prevalência de fibrilhação auricular na Província do Bengo, Angola_resultados de um estudo de base populacional.pdf: 171112 bytes, checksum: 4cf0a2359f4a78e3629c7f61ade58c01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

[PT] Atualmente os níveis de atividade física (AF) das crianças têm vindo a diminuir, uma vez que o transporte ativo é cada vez menos frequente, assim como o tempo despendido em atividades lúdicas de caráter motor. Por outro lado, tem ocorrido um aumento dos comportamentos sedentários, verificando-se um aumento do tempo despendido a ver televisão e a jogar vídeo jogos. Foi objetivo deste estudo caracterizar os níveis diários de AF, o tempo de exposição ao ecrã, horas de sono e o aporte calórico dos lanches (manhã e tarde), de crianças que integram o programa PéAtivo. Este promove a prática de AF (sessões lúdico motoras duas vezes por semana), o transporte ativo (deslocação a pé) para o jardim de infância e uma alimentação saudável (worshops direcionadas às crianças/encarregados de educação). Averiguamos também a existência de diferenças entre sexos. A amostra foi de 163 crianças (4,49 anos ♂ e 4,60 anos ♀), das quais 85 eram meninos e 78 meninas. Verificaram-se diferenças significativas entre sexos nos níveis de AF, durante a semana (p=0,021) e durante os dias de transporte ativo (p=0,017), sendo os meninos mais ativos do que as meninas. O tempo despendido em atividades de ecrã foi superior ao fim de semana (3,79h ♀ e 3,59h ♂) comparativamente com os dias de semana (2,31h ♀ e 2,24h ♂), mas não se verificaram diferenças entre sexos (p>0,05). A média das horas de sono dos meninos foi de 10,19±0,80h e das meninas de 10,20±2,00h, (p=0,989). Nos lanches, não se verificaram diferenças entre sexos (lanche da manhã p=0,305; lanche da tarde p=0,307). Podemos concluir que os meninos se mostraram mais ativos do que as meninas. Neste sentido, as intervenções de promoção comportamentos ativos em crianças em contexto escolar, devem ser diferenciadas e dar especial atenção às estratégias a adotar para as meninas., Este trabalho foi apoiado pela FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia no âmbito do Projeto UIDB/05777/2020.

Head and neck cancer (CPP) corresponds to assumed tumors in the skin, oral cavity, lips, salivary glands, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, external auditory canal and middle ear. It affects people of both sexes, but with greater predilection for males and over 40 years of age. The risk factors associated with this malignancy are smoking, alcohol consumption, overweight, exposure to ultraviolet rays, sedentary lifestyle, among others. Radiotherapy (RT) is the most used treatment for CPP, and consists of different forms of ionizing radiation that act on the DNA of malignant cells in order to cause their death and/or prevent their reproduction. However, although it is in a smaller proportion, due to the greater capacity for regeneration, an RT affects healthy tissues and cells, causing adverse effects that can affect cancer treatment and lead to the patient's health well-being. Given the above, this study aimed to review the literature on oral manifestations resulting from head and neck radiotherapy and address oral management strategies for head and neck radiotherapy. For the construction of this article, a bibliographic survey was carried out in the SciVerse Scopus, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), National Library of Medicine of the United States (PUBMED) and ScienceDirect databases, using the Mendeley reference manager. The articles were collected from May to August 2021 and covered between 2015 and 2021. From the narrative review of the literature, it was observed that the oral manifestations resulting from radiotherapy of the head and neck xerostomia, oral mucositis, osteoradionecrosis , trismus and dysgeusia. Taking into account the high incidence of PPC, it is extremely important that health professionals are familiarized with the complications arising from cancer treatments. El cáncer de cabeza y cuello (CPP) corresponde a supuestos tumores en la piel, cavidad oral, labios, glándulas salivales, laringe, faringe, cavidad nasal, senos paranasales, conducto auditivo externo y oído medio. Afecta a personas de ambos sexos, pero con mayor predilección por los varones y mayores de 40 años. Los factores de riesgo asociados a esta malignidad son el tabaquismo, el consumo de alcohol, el sobrepeso, la exposición a los rayos ultravioleta, el sedentarismo, entre otros. La radioterapia (RT) es el tratamiento más utilizado para la CPP, y consiste en diferentes formas de radiación ionizante que actúan sobre el ADN de las células malignas para provocar su muerte y / o prevenir su reproducción. Sin embargo, aunque en menor proporción, debido a la mayor capacidad de regeneración, un RT afecta a los tejidos y células sanos, provocando efectos adversos que pueden afectar al tratamiento del cáncer y derivar en el bienestar de la salud del paciente. Dado lo anterior, este estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar la literatura sobre las manifestaciones orales resultantes de la radioterapia de cabeza y cuello y abordar las estrategias de manejo oral de la radioterapia de cabeza y cuello. Para la construcción de este artículo se realizó un levantamiento bibliográfico en las bases de datos SciVerse Scopus, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), National Library of Medicine de Estados Unidos (PUBMED) y ScienceDirect, utilizando el gestor de referencias Mendeley. Los artículos fueron recolectados de mayo a agosto de 2021 y cubiertos entre 2015 y 2021. A partir de la revisión narrativa de la literatura, se observó que las manifestaciones orales resultantes de la radioterapia de cabeza y cuello son xerostomía, mucositis oral, osteorradionecrosis, trismo y disgeusia. Teniendo en cuenta la alta incidencia de PPC, es de suma importancia que los profesionales sanitarios estén familiarizados con las complicaciones derivadas de los tratamientos oncológicos. O câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CPP) corresponde a tumores localizados na pele, cavidade oral, lábios, glândulas salivares, laringe, faringe, cavidade nasal, seios paranasais, meato acústico externo e ouvido médio. Acomete pessoas de ambos o sexo, porém com maior predileção para o masculino e com idade superior a 40 anos. Os fatores de riscos associados a essa malignidade são tabagismo, etilismo, sobrepeso, exposição a raios ultravioleta, sedentarismo, entre outros. A radioterapia (RT) é o tratamento mais utilizado para CPP, e consiste em diferentes formas de radiações ionizantes que atuam sobre o DNA das células malignas, a fim causar sua morte e/ou impedir sua reprodução. Entretanto, embora seja em menor proporção, devido a maior capacidade de regeneração, a RT afeta tecidos e células saudáveis, ocasionando efeitos adversos que podem afetar o tratamento oncológico e influenciar no bem-estar de saúde do paciente. Diante do exposto, esse estudo objetivou revisar a literatura acerca das manifestações orais decorrentes da radioterapia da cabeça e do pescoço e abordar as estratégias de manejo oral para radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço. Para a construção deste artigo foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados SciVerse Scopus, Scientific Eletronic Library Online (Scielo), U.S. National Library of Medicine (PUBMED) e ScienceDirect, usando o gerenciador de referências Mendeley. Os artigos foram coletados no período de maio a agosto de 2021 e contemplados entre os anos de 2015 a 2021. A partir da revisão narrativa da literatura, observou-se que as manifestações orais decorrentes da radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço xerostomia, mucosite oral, osteorradionecrose, trismo e disgeusia. Levando em consideração as grandes incidências de CPP, é de extrema importância que os profissionais da saúde estejam familiarizados com as complicações advindas de tratamentos oncológicos.