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The galvanostatic performance of a pristine lithium iron phosphate (LFP) electrode is investigated. Based on the poor intrinsic electronic conductivity features of LFP, an empirical variable resistance approach is proposed for the single particle model (SPM). The increasing resistance behavior observed at the end of discharge process of LFP batteries can be justified by the increased ohmic resistance, a resistive-reactant feature of LFP as the positive electrode active materials. The model is validated for two different laboratory made Li/LFP coin cells: a high-energy and a high-power configuration. Comparisons between the experimental results and the model predictions reveal that a variable resistance is successful to tackle the increasing overpotential. Schematic of the coated LFP active material particles in (a) beginning of discharge with well-connected particles, (b) end of discharge with poor-connected particles

Lithium ion batteries are widely used for small scale electronic applications and for large scale applications like electronic vehicles and grid energy storage. Hence, a key requirement to better predict battery performance is the development of advanced analysis techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a powerful tool to monitor the evolution of kinetic and mass transfer effects during cycling, as measurements can be performed without need to dissemble the battery cell. Moreover, measurements performed at very low frequencies ( In the present study, we modelized impedances including finite-length internal diffusion for LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 of different ratios in NMC/graphite cells equipped with a gold wire reference electrode. This three-electrode Swagelok® type T-cell developed by Solchenbach and al. [1] allows for a reliable deconvolution of anode and cathode impedance. Thus, the evolution of the lithium ion diffusion coefficient into NMC secondary particles was monitored throughout the first charge and discharge of the battery cell. For this purpose, impedance analyses at frequencies from 200 kHz to 0.1 mHz were acquired at each ~5-10% state-of-charge gained (or lost during discharge). At first, the Warburg element of these spectra displayed a straight line of 45° corresponding to the semi-infinite diffusion. At lower frequencies the spectra subsequently showed a vertical line which corresponds to the diffusion layer thickness being much larger than the sphere radius. This indicated that the diffusion arrived at the very center of the particle and could not proceed any further (no dc current flowing). The electrical equivalent circuit including finite-length internal linear and spherical diffusion was used to fit the obtained spectra [2]. This model was previously applied by Rajabloo and al. [3] to LiFePO4 to develop a semi-empirical performance model and it was here modified to allow the diagnostic of NMC cathode material. This enabled estimation of the lithium ion diffusion coefficients at each state-of-charge. Therefore, we were able to observe the evolution of the solid-state diffusion coefficient during the very first charge/discharge cycle of the battery cell. This evolution was compared to those after a few charge/discharge cycles to determine the aging effect on mass transfer into cathode particles. We then accessed the characteristic behavior of the NMCs studied at various cycling conditions (i.e. cutoff potential and temperature). References: [1] S. Solchenbach, D. Pritzl, E. Kong, J. Landesfeind and H. A. Gasteiger, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A2265 (2016). [2] A. Lasia, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and its application, Eds. Springer, 112 (2014). [3] B. Rajabloo, A. Jokar, W. Wakem, M. Désilets and G. M. Brisard, J. Appl. Electrochem., 48(6), 663-674 (2018). Acknowledgements: This work is financially supported by the Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies (FRQNT), the Ministry of International Relations and La Francophonie – Coopération bilatérale Québec-Bavière and Mitacs. Prof. Dr. Hubert A. Gasteiger, Dr. Bharatkumar Suthar and Dr. Daniel Pritzl are acknowledged for helpful discussions and insight during an internship at Technical University Munich (Chair of Technical Electrochemistry).

Resume Introduction Les keratites infectieuses constituent une preoccupation majeure de sante pour les millions de porteurs de lentilles de contact, ainsi que pour leurs ophtalmologistes. Certains facteurs de risque infectieux sont bien connus (defaut d’hygiene, port permanent des lentilles…), d’autres sont seulement evoques, voire meconnus et gagneraient ainsi a etre demontres. Patients et methodes Une etude multicentrique prospective regroupant 12 centres hospitaliers universitaires francais (Besancon, Bordeaux, Dijon, Fort-de-France, Grenoble, Limoges, Lyon, Nancy, Nantes, Paris, Marseille et Strasbourg) comparant des patients souffrant d’une keratite infectieuse sous lentilles de contact (cas) a des porteurs sains de lentilles de contact (temoins) a l’aide d’un questionnaire standardise anonyme regroupant 51 items donnant des informations sur des facteurs de risques potentiels et developpe pour l’etude a ete debutee en juillet 2007. Resultats Deux cent cinquante-six cas et 113 temoins ont participe a cette etude. Une part importante des abces sous lentilles de contact est survenue sous lentilles cosmetiques (risque relatif [RR] : 16,5). Un delai de consultation chez l’ophtalmologiste superieur a un an (RR : 3,4) ou l’adaptation des lentilles par un non-ophtalmologiste (RR : 7,6) a entraine une augmentation du risque de survenue d’abces sous lentilles. Le non-respect des regles d’hygiene (lavage des mains : RR : 2,2 ; ou absence de rub and rinse : RR : 2,7) a aussi augmente le risque d’infection sous lentilles. Discussion Un questionnaire standardise, remis a tout patient presentant un abces de cornee sous lentilles de contact, semble etre un outil pertinent pour l’etude des facteurs de risque de keratite infectieuse sous lentilles de contact et l’education au bon maniement des lentilles de contact des porteurs.

The study of the fate of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs), especially the identification of transformation products, after water treatment or in the aquatic environment, is a topic of growing interest. In recent years, electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry has attracted a lot of attention as an alternative technique to investigate oxidation metabolites of organic compounds. The present study used different electrochemical approaches, such as cyclic voltammetry, electrolysis, electro-assisted Fenton reaction coupled offline to high resolution mass spectrometry and thin-layer flow cell coupled online to high resolution mass spectrometry, to study oxidation products of the anti-infective trimethoprim, a contaminant of emerging concern frequently reported in wastewaters and surface waters. Results showed that mono- and di-hydroxylated derivatives of trimethoprim were generated in electrochemically and possibly tri-hydroxylated derivatives as well. Those compounds have been previously reported as mammalian and bacterial metabolites as well as transformation products of advance oxidation processes applied to waters containing trimethoprim. Therefore, this study confirmed that electrochemical techniques are relevant not only to mimic specific biotransformation reactions of organic contaminants, as it has been suggested previously, but also to study the oxidation reactions of organic contaminants of interest in water treatment. The key role that redox reactions play in the environment make electrochemistry-high resolution mass spectrometry a sensitive and simple technique to improve our understanding of the fate of organic contaminants in the environment.

First, galvanostatic performance of a pristine lithium iron phosphate (LFP) electrode is studied by introducing a variable resistance single particle model (SPM) that is verified by experimental data from a Li/LFP coin cell. The empirical variable resistance is coupled with SPM to account for the poor ionic and electrical conductivity features of LFP. This variable resistance represents two features of LFP active material: 1. The low ionic conductivity of LFP active material results in increasing the diffusion overpotential especially at the end of discharge where the larger particles participate in the intercalation/deintercalation of ions. 2. The resistive-reactant feature of this material increases the ohmic resistance where poorly coated particles (intraparticle resistance) and poorly connected particles to the matrix (interparticle resistance) play important roles at the end of discharge process. Based on an inverse method, a Parameter Estimation (PE) process is conducted to provide the most influential electrochemical parameters of the LFP positive electrode. These parameters are the solid diffusion coefficient (Ds,p), the intercalation/deintercalation reaction-rate constant (Kp), the total electroactive area of particles (Sp), and the unknown coefficients in the cell resistance equation. In this regard, a least square function and the Genetic Algorithm (GA) are employed as the objective function and the optimizer of the inverse method, respectively. After finding all unknown parameters for a pristine Li/LFP half-cell, the most important parameters, which change by aging, are detected from the analysis of experimental data. These data are extracted from a high-power Li/LFP coin cell built at the Laboratoire d'électrochimie interfaciale et appliquée (LÉIA) of Université de Sherbrooke. The experimental data consist of galvanostatic 1C charge/discharge curves and electrode impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the cathode versus Li foil as the counter and reference electrode. Based on EIS, we conclude that the charge transfer and the electrolyte resistances both increase with cycling. In fact, damage made in the conductive coating around active material particles results in both decreasing reaction sites and losing active materials. Consequently, charge transfer resistance increases. A variable total electroactive area, representing the reduction in the reaction sites and the increase of the charge transfer resistance, is considered as the main parameter changed by aging. The increase of the electrolyte resistances, on the other hand, is addressed by the variable resistance, which also introduced to consider diffusion overpotential and ohmic resistance at the end of discharge process. Comparisons between the experimental results and the model predictions show that the variable resistance SPM is able to predict the performance of LFP positive electrode. Decreasing total electroactive surface area and increasing resistivity of LFP active material are found to be the most important parameters to simulate aging phenomena in this active electrode material. References: [1] M. Guo, G. Sikha, R.E. White, Single-particle model for a lithium-ion cell: Thermal behavior, J. Electrochem. Soc. 158(2) (2011) A122-A132. [2] A. S. Andersson, J.O Thomas, The source of first-cycle capacity loss in LiFePO4, J. Power Sources, 97 (2001) 498-502. [3] A. Maheshwari, M. A. Dumitrescu, M. Destro, M. Santarelli, Inverse parameter determination in the development of an optimized lithium iron phosphate–Graphite battery discharge model. J. Power Sources 307 (2016) 160-172. [4] A. Jokar, B. Rajabloo, M. Désilets, M. Lacroix, An inverse method for estimating the electrochemical parameters of lithium-ion batteries, Part A: Methodology, J. Electrochem. Soc. 163(14) (2016) A2876-A2886. Figure: Schematic of the coated LFP active material particles and corresponding SPM for a) a pristine electrode and b) an aged electrode with higher resistivity and molar wall flux Figure 1

Electrochemical and ultrahigh vacuum measurements are presented for the underpotential deposition (UPD) of Pb on Cu(100) in the presence of chloride ions. The chemistry is very similar to that for ...

In 3D integration of microsystems, electrical insulation of High Aspect Ratio Through Silicon Via (HAR TSV) is a major challenge. This insulation is traditionally realized through the deposition of a thin SiO2 layer. Electrografted poly-4-vinylpyridine (P4VP) has been demonstrated to be considered as an alternative to SiO2 dielectric, traditionally used, for HAR TSVs insulation1. Electrografted P4VP has comparable electrical performances than SiO2 based dielectric and is capable to smoothly cover the scalloped side walls of the TSV with better coverage uniformity than most dielectrics considered for Via-Middle or Via-Last processes2. Electrografting methods are electro-initiated processes. The commercial electrografting solution contains organic reactants in an aqueous acidic media: 4-nitrobezen diazonium (NBD) and monomers of 4 vinylpyridine (4VP). The electrografting mechanism of P4VP onto Si in aqueous media through reduction of diazonium salts is complex. However, a mechanism based on electrochemical initiation followed by a purely chemical polymerization has been proposed. In a first electro-initiated step, aryl radicals must be generated by the electrochemical reduction of NBD on the Si electrode. This can be achieved using different technics such as electrochemical reduction. The generated aryl radicals can covalently bond to the silicon surface through an electron transfer or can initiate radical polymerization of 4VP monomers into P4VP. Most of the published work about electrografting on silicon substrate is realized on oxide free Si-H functionalized surface. Such experimental condition do not usually permit an electrografted polymer to grow up to hundreds of nanometres, which is not suitable to meet electrical requirement for TSV insulation. Experimentally, reverse potential pulse conditions applied on p-type Si-OH functionalized sample allow the electrografting process of P4VP to grow faster and the grafted layer to be thicker. This phenomenon is enhanced if the process is realized under illumination (with the proper wavelength source with the respects of the silicon band gap). One of the hypotheses to explain this increase of kinetic and thickness could be the rapid inversion of the surface charge during the reverse pulse: the polymer structure would stay open by the creation of channels in the film, through desorption of physisorbed species, allowing the reactive species to diffuse more easily from the electrografting solution to the silicon surface. This phenomenon could facilitate the generation of aryl radicals for the 4VP polymerization process to be maintained. And thus, for the P4VP electrografting technic to be a versatile method for HAR TSV electrical insulation. We will present and discuss the electrografting experimental conditions and the impact of the surface preparation on the P4VP to understand their role on the kinetic and the thickness of the grafted P4VP. Acknowledgement Université de Sherbrooke, Natural Sciences and Engeeniring Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Teledyne Dalsa and aveni are gratefully acknowledged for their help and their financial support. References 1. T. Dequivre, E. Al Alam, J. Plathier, A. Ruediger, G. Brisard, and S. Charlebois, ECS Trans., 69, 91–97 (2015). 2. C. Truzzi, F. Raynal, and V. Mevellec, 2009 IEEE Int. Conf. 3D Syst. Integr., 1–6 (2009).

The underpotential deposition of Pb was studied on Cu(111) single crystal surfaces prepared both by a novel electropolishing procedure and by sputtering/annealing in ultrahigh vacuum. Identical results were found with both methods. Pb atoms are deposited underpotentially on Cu(111) into a compact nonrotated hexagonal overlayer. The measured Pb coverage at saturation is 53% with respect to the Cu(111) substrate and is identical to the packing density of the (111) plane of bulk Pb. The presence of Cl - in the supporting electrolyte has a strong effect on the potential region where deposition/stripping occurs and on the reversibility of the reaction.

Introduction et but de l’etude Le marche des complements alimentaires est en pleine expansion ces dernieres annees. Selon l’etude individuelle nationale des consommations alimentaires 2, realisee en 2006, pres de 20 % des adultes ont consomme des complements alimentaires au cours des 12 derniers mois, et un peu plus de 11 % au cours des 7 jours de l’etude. Ainsi, sportifs amateurs ou confirmes voient arriver sur le marche des produits aux allegations prometteuses, souvent plus seduisants qu’une alimentation variee et equilibree. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser la consommation de complements alimentaires chez les triathletes afin de mieux connaitre leurs habitudes quant a leur utilisation. Materiel et methodes L’enquete « Consommation de complements alimentaires chez les triathletes en Franche-Comte » a ete menee durant le mois de novembre 2013. Un questionnaire numerique a choix multiples comprenant 11 questions a ete envoye aux 9 clubs de triathlon de Franche-Comte. Parmi eux, 4 clubs ont repondu favorablement, ainsi, 189 personnes y ont participe. Resultats Que ce soit chez les hommes ou chez les femmes, les deux tiers des triathletes consommaient des complements alimentaires. Globalement, ils etaient 43 % a les consommer occasionnellement, 24 % sous forme de plusieurs cures par an, 2 % a les utiliser quotidiennement, et 31 % n’en consommaient pas. Plus le nombre d’heures d’entrainement augmentait, plus les triathletes consommaient des complements alimentaires. Ils etaient respectivement, 47, 73, et 80 % a en consommer pour ces sportifs s’entrainant entre 3 et 6 h, 6 et 10 h, et plus de 10 h. En ce qui concerne les types de complements alimentaires choisis, 2 etaient majoritairement utilises. Il s’agissait des vitamines et mineraux, ainsi que le fer et le magnesium. Lorsque le nombre d’entrainement augmente, ces sportifs consommaient moins de complexes mineralovitaminiques, mais privilegiaient plutot les complements a base de magnesium et/ou fer, ainsi que les proteines. De meme, ils consommaient peu de substances ergogeniques. La lutte contre la fatigue etait la principale motivation d’achat de complements alimentaires tant chez les sportifs masculins que feminins (38 %), et suivie de pres par le besoin de combler une carence (24 %). Pres de 80 % des adeptes du triple effort ont achete ces produits dans une pharmacie ou une parapharmacie. Conclusion Les resultats de cette enquete demontrent que la consommation de complements alimentaires touche un bon nombre de triathletes et augmente avec le niveau d’entrainement. Les consommateurs ont spontanement tendance a se diriger vers les pharmacies ou parapharmacies pour acheter leurs complements alimentaires.

The effects of the presence of supporting electrolyte and the beam diameter on probe beam deflection experiments were investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A mass-transfer limited potential step experiment with the ferricyanide/ ferrocyanide redox couple is used to illustrate these effects. Although the supporting electrolyte does not react, the transference number of the supporting electrolyte is close to unity, which results in concentration gradients forming in the supporting electrolyte. We show here that these concentration gradients should not be neglected. Analytic solutions for a potential step and fast kinetics are developed both with and without considering the concentration gradients in the supporting electrolyte. The model agrees qulititatively with experiments performed in K 2 SO 4 , KCl, and KOH. Typical probe beams are too large in diameter to be approximated as an infinitely thin ray. The models include consideration of the finite diameter of the probe beam. The results show that a 200 μm diameter probe beam is too large to detect unique features of the potential step experiment and that a 100 μm diameter probe beam should be able to detect these features. The difficulties of determining diffusion coefficients from the probe beam deflection are discussed. It is concluded that it is impossible to determine the diffusion coefficients of the reactant and product from the extremum of the probe beam deflection. A non-linear regression of the model to experimental data is possible in theory, but is susceptible to error.

microbial keratitis is a significant health concern for the one million wearers of contact lenses and their ophthalmologists, with some potentially modifiable risk factors. The number of risk factors for contact lens-related microbial keratitis has been described, but many of them still remain assumed or unknown. a multicenter prospective case-control study was conducted in 12 French university hospitals (Besançon, Bordeaux, Dijon, Fort-de-France, Grenoble, Limoges, Lyon, Nancy, Nantes, Paris, Marseille and Strasbourg) beginning in July 2007 on contact lens wearers presenting with microbial keratitis and on healthy contact lens wearers. Patients and healthy wearers were interviewed using a 51-item anonymous standardized questionnaire to determine subject demographics and contact lens wear history. two hundred and fifty-six patients with microbial keratitis were included. One hundred and thirteen healthy contact lenses wearers were surveyed. Cosmetic contact lens wear highly increased the relative risk (RR) of microbial keratitis (RR, 16.5). Time since the last visit to an ophthalmologist longer than 1 year (RR, 3.4) or prescription by someone other than an ophthalmologist (RR, 7.6) also increased the risk of microbial keratitis. Education on lens care and handling was deficient (hand washing: RR, 2.2; rub and rinse: RR, 2.7). a standardized questionnaire is a powerful tool to determine risk factors for contact lens-related microbial keratitis, but also to analyze individual mistakes in contact lenses use and care.

not Available.

The authors reviewed 34 cases of thyroid epithelioma registered in French Polynesia from 1985 to 1990. Annual incidence classifies French Polynesia as a region with low endemicity. The patients were 31 females and 3 males. In 18 cases, carcinoma was discovered within a multiheteronodular goitre (MHNG) and in 16 cases within an isolated nodule. In each of these sub-groups, 4 micropapilliform cancers discovered at the occasion of a histopathological test. The mean age of the patients carrying a noduliferous cancer is 36.5 years and the one of multiheteronodular goitre is 50. No particular risk factor was discovered. Mean age of the disease is 2.8 years as far as noduliferous cancers are concerned, and 8.5 years for multiheteronodular goitre. The anatomical and echographic characters are discussed. What demanded a surgery intervention is reviewed. Mortality during intervention is zero. Morbidity recorded 17% of unilateral recurrent paralysis and 50% of transitory parathyroid insufficiency. Extemporaneous anatomopathological test was contributing in 25% of the cases; definitive test revealed 25 (74%) papilliform cancers (of which 8 micropapilliforms) and 9 vesicular cancers (26%). No canceration anaplasia was discovered. Evolutive stage is precised: 7 local invasions (isthm and/or capsule), 4 bifocal localizations, 8 cancers with adenoid metastasis, 4 with osseous and/or pulmonary metastasis. The way to select a therapy is reported and discussed. Cost evaluation is suggested in order to discuss the possibility to acquire for the Territory an equipment for isotopic exams.

Introduction La connaissance des donnees epidemiologiques des patients porteurs de lentilles de contact (LC) pourrait permettre une meilleure prevention des keratites infectieuses. Objectifs et Methodes Dans le cadre de cette etude prospective et multicentrique (2007-2008), tout patient porteur de lentilles de contact et presentant un abces corneen a ete invite a remplir anonymement un questionnaire standardise a posteriori de la consultation aux urgences ou del’hospitalisation, renseignant les caracteristiques du port et de l’entretien des lentilles de contact ainsi que certaines habitudes de vie. Resultats Sur une periode de 1 an, 86 abces sous lentilles de contact ont ete recenses. Les personnes atteintes etaient principalement des femmes (70,4 %), jeunes (29,7 ans) portant les lentilles pour un motif refractif (89,3 %) avec une duree de port de 7,8 ans en moyenne au moment de l’episode infectieux. Les lentilles de contact etaient principalement des lentilles souples hydrophiles a renouvellement frequent (96 %) portees tous les jours dans 79 % des cas pour une duree quotidienne de 14 h. Le depassement du delai de renouvellement etait present dans 20 % des cas et la notion de port nocturne dans 20 % des cas. Dans 67 % des cas, les lentilles de contact ont ete prescrites par un ophtalmologiste, dont la derniere consultation remontait en moyenne a 14,8 mois. L’education des porteurs (maniement et des regles d’hygiene) etait realisee le plus souvent par les opticiens (43 %), devant les ophtalmologistes (40 %). L’hygiene des mains etaient defectueuses dans 40 % des cas. 55 % des patients ne massaient ni ne rincaient leur lentilles de contact avant la pose ou au retrait. Concernant les facteurs de risque environnementaux potentiels, 65 % des cas declaraient travailler sur ecran pour une duree moyenne quotidienne de 5,5 heures, 40 % fumaient ou subissaient un tabagisme passif et 70 % vivaient en ville. Le risque infectieux ne semblait pas lie au niveau socio-economique. Discussion L’etude de l’episode infectieux par un questionnaire standardise permet de mettre en evidence des mesusages dans un grand nombre de cas. Conclusion Un encadrement medical adapte, la delivrance des lentilles en milieu specialise, l’identification et la correction de facteurs de risque lie a l’environnement pourraient permettre de reduire le risque d’abces corneen.

We have studied the macroscopic anatomy of the portal vein to explain the distribution of metastatic emboli, by the orientation of its branches and its internal flows. Its termination seen under the microscope permits, by knowledge of the portal microcirculation of the lobule, one to localise nidation of these emboli in the hepatic sinus and, to explain their proliferation, without neglecting the dynamic role of the hepatic artery through the numerous arterio-portal anastomoses. The portal blood flow is essential to liver regeration even if arterio-biliary proliferation provides the initial impulsion. Interruption of a portal branch produces hepatic atrophy with resultant metabolic disorders. In this context, a precise physiopathological approach permits one to consider the consequences of metastases and, particularly, porto-lymphatic reflux which explains the topography and onset of new emboli. The study of the portal system is an important factor in the decision to operate widely. A nutrient route, the portal vein is followed by the metastasis, it may be interrupted by ligature to prevent the latter. Finally it is an efficacious route for destruction of macroscopic foci (chemotherapy) or prevention and destruction of infraclinical foci (active non-specific loco-regional immunotherapy).

Orthotopic liver transplants were conducted in 15 dogs, with aortic clamping during the anhepatic time of the operation and without venous shunting. Aortic clamping lasted for between 30 and 42 minutes. Immunosuppressant treatment was not given. Eight dogs died within 2 hours after the operation, 5 from haemorrhage and 3 accidentally. Seven animals survived for between 6 hours and 11 days: 3 died within 24 hours from haemorrhage, 2 from hepatic failure between the 2nd and 3rd day. One animal died on the 7th day from an acute intestinal invagination, the dog surviving for the longest period eventually dying after rejection of the transplant. These results demonstrate, as in other reported series, that the most frequent cause of death is the haemorrhagic diathesis, probably as a result of poor graft conservation. Dogs tolerate the supracoeliac aorta clamp both from the renal and intestinal points of view ; spinal cord tolerance to the ischaemia is less evident as paraplegia of the hindquarters was noted in one animal in the group. Aortic clamping considerably reduces operative time, as it avoids the need to construct a mesentericocaval anastomosis and a femorojugular shunt. It also avoids splanchnic blood sequestration and the risk of reducing cardia filling during clamping of the inferior vena cava.

This exceptional case of traumatic spondylolisthesis recalls the interest of rapid treatment, and the great interest of Harrington's material both for contention and reduction. Finally the authors emphasise the necissity of completing the procedure by an intersomatic graft by the anterior route.

Statistical results show a marked improvement in survival after surgical treatment of hepatic metastases. The possibilities of surgery are evaluated after precise analysis of the lesions seen at the time of excision and not at autopsy. The data from assessment which indicate that surgery will be successful are described and discussed. Surgical techniques consist above all of resection: metastasectomy, segmentectomy, hemihepatectomy and hepatectomy followed by transplant. Other methods are palliative. Certain resections themselves appear to be palliative and the ideal is to carry out adequate resection at the outset, adapted to the size and site of the lesions. However the possibilities of surgery form part of an overall programme: -- complete removal of the primary carcinoma in order to avoid any local recurrence, -- wide eradication of metastatic lesions, -- préventive treatment against further development of possible subclinical lesions by post-surgical chemotherapy and subsequent immunotherapy.

Incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) varies considerably between ethnic groups, with particularly high incidence rates in Pacific Islanders. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 1,554 cases/1,973 controls of European ancestry and 301 cases/348 controls of Oceanian ancestry from the EPITHYR consortium. Our results confirmed the association with the known DTC susceptibility loci at 2q35, 8p12, 9q22.33 and 14q13.3 in the European ancestry population and suggested two novel signals at 1p31.3 (rs334729) and 16q23.2 (rs16950982), which were associated with TSH levels in previous GWAS. We additionally replicated an association with 5p15.33 reported previously in Chinese and European populations. Except at 1p31.3, all associations were in the same direction in the population of Oceanian ancestry. The frequency of risk alleles at 2q35, 5p15.33 and 16q23.2 were significantly higher in Oceanians than in Europeans and may explain part of the highest DTC incidence observed in Oceanians.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementINCA (grant number 9533) and ARC (grant number PGA120150202302), Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR), the Direction Generale de la Sante, the Agence Francaise de Securite Sanitaire de l alimentation, de lenvironnement et du travail (ANSES), CHILDTHYR EEC program, and the Fondation de France. JG and CX were the recipient of a PhD fellowship from Region Ile-de-France.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:All participants provided informed consent and each study was approved by their governing ethics committee.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions. (Less)