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Aging is a significant contributor to changes in sleep patterns, which has compounding consequences on cognitive health. A modifiable factor contributing to poor sleep is inadequate and/or mistimed light exposure. However, methods to reliably and continuously collect light levels long-term in the home, a necessity for informing clinical guidance, are not well established. We explored the feasibility and acceptability of remote deployment and the fidelity of long-term data collection for both light levels and sleep within participants’ homes. The original TWLITE study utilized a whole-home tunable lighting system, while the current project is an observational study of the light environment already existing in the home. This was a longitudinal, observational, prospective pilot study involving light sensors remotely deployed in the homes of healthy adults (n = 16, mean age: 71.7 years, standard deviation: 5.0 years) who were co-enrolled in the existing Collaborative Aging (in Place) Research Using Technology (CART) sub-study within the Oregon Center for Aging and Technology (ORCATECH). For 12 weeks, light levels were recorded via light sensors (ActiWatch Spectrum), nightly sleep metrics were recorded via mattress-based sensors, and daily activity was recorded via wrist-based actigraphy. Feasibility and acceptability outcomes indicated that participants found the equipment easy to use and unobtrusive. This proof-of-concept, feasibility/acceptability study provides evidence that light sensors can be remotely deployed to assess relationships between light exposure and sleep among older adults, paving the way for measurement of light levels in future studies examining lighting interventions to improve sleep.

A GPS sensor is the main part of the system in vehicle tracking applications. However, a GPS sensor becomes the limitation of low-cost vehicle tracking applications because a GPS sensor comes with the running cost of our vehicle tracking system. To solve this problem, this paper presents an IoT based concept to track a vehicle without a GPS sensor. To evaluate the proposed concepts, a light sensor and a vibration sensor have been compared to show the real-time data. The proposed algorithm shows that the vibration sensor provides a high accuracy more than a light sensor.

This work reports on the synthesis of small molecular semiconductor 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-anthracene-9,10-dione (PAD) via wet chemical precipitation route method for its possible potential applications in sensors. Thin film characterization of the synthesized PAD is carried out by studying its surface morphology, bond dynamics, and optical properties. For studying sensing characteristics of the PAD, its 100 nm thick film is thermally deposited on pre-patterned silver (Ag) electrodes over glass substrate having ~45 µm inter-electrode gaps to prepare Ag/PAD/Ag sensor. The effects of humidity (%RH), temperature (T), and illumination of light (Ev) on the fabricated Ag/PAD/Ag sensor are studied by changing one of the three (%RH, T, and Ev) parameters at a time and measuring the corresponding variations in capacitance (C) and capacitive reactance (X) of the device. As C and X also depend on frequency, sensing properties of the Ag/PAD/Ag sensor are measured at two different frequencies (120 Hz and 1 kHz) to find the optimum sensitivity conditions. To investigate reproducibility and repeatability of Ag/PAD/Ag sensor, each measurement is taken several times and also hysteresis loops of %RH vs. C are plotted at 120 Hz and 1 kHz to find the percent errors in each cycle of measurements. The sensor is active to sense humidity, temperature, and illumination within a broad range, i.e., from 15–93%RH, 293–382 K, and 1500–20,000 lx, respectively. Other key parameters of the sensor i.e., the humidity response time (TRes) and recovery time (TRec), are measured, which are 5 and 7 s, respectively, whereas for light sensing the values of TRes and TRec are measured to be 3.8 and 2.6 s, respectively. The measured values of TRes and TRec for the fabricated Ag/PAD/Ag sensor are shorter and better as compared to those of previously reported for similar kind of small molecular based sensors. The sensing properties of Ag/PAD/Ag device exhibit the potential of PAD for humidity, temperature, and light sensing applications.

Smartphone sensors are gaining research interest due to continuous sensor upgrades, leading to more precise readings of these sensors. For this study, the light sensor of a smartphone was used in determining light transmittance during the phase inversion process of ultrafiltration polysulfone - membrane manufacturing. Membrane separation is one of the best available technologies when it comes to water and wastewater treatment. The purpose of this study was to correlate light transmit tance, at certain demixing steps during phase inversion, with membrane porosity, pure water flux and cross - sectional SEM images. Results show close relation between light transmittance and the mentioned membrane properties.

In general, the lighting needed in the building is indoors and outdoors. The building lighting must be turned off when not in use to suit the needs. Therefore, the design of the lighting system in the building must be equipped with a switch on the lamp. In this study, a lighting system automation tool in the building was made to shorten the time in the process of turning on the lights, thus humans do not need to manually switch. The lighting system automation in the building is made using several components, namely Arduino nan, RTC (Real Time Clock), light sensor modules, relays, and PIR (Passive Infrared Receiver) motion sensors. After testing the tools made, the results can be seen, namely, the building lighting in the room will light up at night when there is human activity and light up during the day when there is not enough light and there is human activity. Furthermore, the lighting outside the building will only turn on at night and turn off during the day.

One critical point of dairy farm management is calving and neonatal first care. Timely calving assistance is associated with the reduction of calf mortality and postpartum uterine disease, and with improved fertility in dairy cattle. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and profitability of an intravaginal sensor for the prediction of stage II of labor in dairy farms, thus allowing proper calving assistance. Seventy-three late-gestating Italian Holstein cows were submitted to the insertion of an intravaginal device, equipped with light and temperature sensors, connected with a Central Unit for the commutation of a radio-signal into a cell phone alert. The remote calving alarm correctly identified the beginning of the expulsive phase of labor in 86.3% of the monitored cows. The mean interval from alarm to complete expulsion of the fetus was 71.56 ± 52.98 min, with a greater range in cows with dystocia (p = 0.012). The sensor worked correctly in both cold and warm weather conditions, and during day- or night-time. The intravaginal probe was well tolerated, as any cow showed lesions to the vaginal mucosa after calving. Using sex-sorted semen in heifers and beef bull semen in cows at their last lactation, the economic estimation performed through PrecisionTree™ software led to an income improvement of 119 € and 123 €/monitored delivery in primiparous and pluriparous cows, respectively. Remote calving alarm devices are key components of “precision farming” management and proven to improve animal welfare, to reduce calf losses and to increase farm incomes.

We propose a novel approach to measure photosynthetically active radiation (PAR ) in the form of photosynthetic photon flux density with an inexpensive, small multi-channel spectrometer sensor, with integrated optical filters and analog-to-digital converter. Our experiments prove that the combination of eight spectral channels with different optical sensitivities, such as the sensorchip in use (AS7341, ams), derive the PAR with an accuracy of 14/m2/s. Enabled by the sensor architecture, additional information about the light quality can be retrieved which is expressed in the RLQI. A calibration method is proposed, and exemplary measurements are performed. Moreover, the integration in a solar-powered wireless sensor node is outlined, which enables long-term field experiments with high sensor densities and may be used to obtain important indexes, such as the GPP.

The cultivation of mushrooms is not a simple task for traditional mushroom farmers, because the productivity of the mushroom farm depends on the ability to regulate the environment surrounding the mushroom farm. In addition, another problem for traditional mushroom farmers is that they cannot grow various types of mushrooms related to marketing. This research presents a mobile application for assisting mushroom farmers to understand the growing situation. The proposed mobile application called the easy mushroom application is based on the Internet of things (IoT) concept. The easy mushroom has been designed to analyse the humidity and light intensity relationship at a specific time. The experimental results show that the Easy-Mushroom mobile application provides a relationship between light intensity, humidity, and tolerance humidity level of mushroom.

Målet med arbetet var att undersöka hur enskilda gatlyktor skulle kunna utrustas med ljussensorteknik för att implementera automatisk dimring med syftet att sänka energianvändningen. Rapporter visar att väg- och gatubelysningen i Sverige stod för 626 GWh år 2016 samt att en stor del av ljuspunkterna fortfarande består av energikrävande högtrycksnatrium. Uppgifter visar även att energisnåla LED-armaturer blir alltmer förekommande som alternativ till högtryckslampor. Målet var att utveckla en prototyp för LED där funktionen bygger på att lysdioderna ska vara släckta när omgivningens ljusstyrka är hög och dynamisk dimras upp när omgivningens ljusstyrka minskar. Arbetet resulterade i en prototyp som fungerar tillfredsställande och efter uppsatta mål. Varje ljussensor läser in ett analogt mätvärde som tolkas av en mikrokontroller som sedan skickar en pulsbreddsmodulerad signal för styrning av lysdiodens belysningsnivå. Generellt visade arbetet att omfattande fortsatta studier behöver göras innan prototypen skulle kunna implementeras i verkligheten. Prototypen behöver även testas och kalibreras i utomhusmiljö med dagsljus. The goal of this thesis was to investigate how individual streetlights could be equipped with light sensor technology to apply an automatic dimmer function with the purpose of reducing energy usage. Studies show that road and streetlights in Sweden accounted for 626 GWh during the year 2016 and that a large portion of the lights still consists of energy demanding high pressure sodium lamps. Reports also show that energy efficient LED is becoming more and more common as an alternative to high pressure lamps. The goal was to develop a prototype for LED lighting with the function to control the LED’s to be off when the surrounding light levels are high and to dynamically increase the output power when the surroundings light level go down. Each light sensor reads an analog value which is interpreted by a micro controller that sends a pulse width modulated signal to control the LED power output. The finished prototype worked satisfactory and according to the set goals of the thesis. Generally, the thesis showed that extensive research is needed before the prototype could be implemented in real life. The prototype also needs to be tested and calibrated in an outdoor environment with day light.

Two-dimensional materials, including molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), present promising sensing and detecting capabilities thanks to their extreme sensitivity to changes in the environment. Their reduced thickness also facilitates the electrostatic control of the channel and opens the door to flexible electronic applications. However, these materials still exhibit integration difficulties with complementary-MOS standardized processes and methods. The device reliability is compromised by gate insulator selection and the quality of the metal/semiconductor and semiconductor/insulator interfaces. Despite some improvements regarding mobility, hysteresis and Schottky barriers having been reported thanks to metal engineering, vertically stacked heterostructures with compatible thin-layers (such as hexagonal boron nitride or device encapsulation) variability is still an important constraint to sensor performance. In this work, we fabricated and extensively characterized the reliability of as-synthesized back-gated MoS2 transistors. Under atmospheric and room-temperature conditions, these devices present a wide electrical hysteresis (up to 5 volts) in their transfer characteristics. However, their performance is highly influenced by the temperature, light and pressure conditions. The singular signature in the time response of the devices points to adsorbates and contaminants inducing mobile charges and trapping/detrapping carrier phenomena as the mechanisms responsible for time-dependent current degradation. Far from being only a reliability issue, we demonstrated a method to exploit this device response to perform light, temperature and/or pressure sensors in as-synthesized devices. Two orders of magnitude drain current level differences were demonstrated by comparing device operation under light and dark conditions while a factor up to 105 is observed at vacuum versus atmospheric pressure environments., European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 895322, Spanish Government under Juan de la Cierva Formacion grant number FJC2018-038264-I, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitivity under grant TEC2017-89800-R, ASCENT (EU Horizon 2020 GRANT 654384), Science Foundation Ireland through the AMBER 2 project (12/RC/2278-P2), UGR-MADOC CEMIX 2D-EDEX

The reduction of energy demand and increased energy efficiency is believed to play a major role in tackling the global climate change. Artificial lighting systems in commercial buildings accounts for a substantial proportion of the total energy consumption. Studies shows that significant energy savings can be achieved by improving the energy efficiency with the application of control systems and daylight sensors. However, this may not come to the expense of impaired visual comfort. This study contains a comparative analysis of methods to improve the visual comfort, optimise light sensor placement for proper performance and estimate the potential energy savings for a classroom located in Umeå, Sweden. The term visual comfort and corresponding photometric properties has been evaluated in regards to international standards and recommendations. The lumen method, a lighting design technique, showed promising accuracy in determining a more optimal lighting design, this was confirmed by using the lighting simulation software Dialux evo. The results obtained by the simulation software showed improved visual comfort in terms of illuminance-based metrics that fulfilled the international requirements EN12464-1. A sensor positioning method denoted as "Point-by-point" has been evaluated for two different lighting designs. The current lighting design is based on the existing lighting arrangement in the classroom, denoted as "current design". The other lighting design is based on improved positioning attained by the lumen method, denoted "Test design 2". The point-by-point method showed considerate accuracy in comparison to reference values obtained by simulations, however the credibility of the method is dependent on the lighting design. The average deviation for the current design were determined to be 23.7 lx (15.16 \%), whilst the improved Test design 2 attained an lower average deviation of 8.3 lx (9.20 \%). Lighting characteristics of the luminaries also has an impact on the credibility of this method, as uniform lighting proves to be more suitable than non-uniform lighting. The integration of daylight data in the simulations showed different optimal position for light sensors due to the natural changes in illuminance. Thus, the positions with the most established linear relationships between the light levels on the workplane and ceiling throughout the year were consider to be the most suitable. The point-by-point method for Test design 2 acquired an average deviation of 13.1 lx (16.40 \%) in comparison to the daylight simulations. The results showcased that this method may be applied in similar studies in the future. The daylight simulations indicated significant energy savings throughout the lifetime of the lamp. The most substantial savings were obtained in the month of May during the first year (63.4 \%). This study demonstrates that daylight harvesting is beneficial despite the latitude of the location with proper dimensioning of the fluorescent lighting system.

In the recent years, we saw a rapidly increasing interest in monitoring the human circadian rhythm. Yet, accurate measurement of an individual's retinal light exposure appears to be the Achilles heel of many applications based on circadian physiology. In fact, available body-worn and infrastructure-based devices typically exhibit very large inaccuracies and discrepancies, depending for instance on the sensor position. In this paper, we study the feasibility of available sensors for circadian rhythm monitoring and whether the reported light exposure inaccuracies are reflected in the estimations of the actual circadian state. We applied the dynamic circadian oscillator model by Kronauer to compare the phase shift resulting from body-worn and ceiling-based light measurements to reference retinal light exposure measurements. Our results stress out that despite their low accuracy, the efficacy of body worn and infrastructure-based solutions is adequate for circadian rhythm monitoring as no significant phase-shift errors were observed. In fact, the maximum daily phase shift error was-12 ± 3 min.

The article deals with the synthesis of silicon nanowires by the method of metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE). The purpose of this work is to use in light sensors silicon nanowires that synthesized by the MACE. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to synthesize silicon nanowires by the MACE and to study their structural features, to obtain diode structures based on silicon nanowires and to study their sensitivity to visible radiation, to establish the influence of technological parameters of the MSHT process on the sensitivity of photo sensors and sensors. Today, nanostructures are obtained by the method of reactive ion etching, electrochemical etching and plasma implantation. However, most of these methods require sophisticated process equipment. Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) method is very promising for nanostructures creation. Two-stage MACE was used to make the samples. In the first stage, silver nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of single crystalline silicon. In the second stage, the samples were etched in a solution of water, hydrogen peroxide and hydrofluoric acid and, as a consequence, a structured surface was obtained. It should be noted that the samples were treated at different times of each of the stages of MACE. Based on the obtained samples, diode light sensors with different photoelectric parameters were synthesized. For the sensors obtained, the sensitivity was calculated in the photodiode and photogenerator modes, and the volt-ampere, luxury-ampere characteristics and dependences of the current density on the illumination density were constructed. structured silicon has a mesh-like appearance, where the dark regions are gaps (pores) and the light ones are silicon (pore walls, nanowires). First, compare the samples with different deposition times. It is seen that as the deposition time of the particles increases from 10 to 40 s, a more developed silicon surface is formed. Also, with the duration of deposition 40s on the silicon surface there are needle-like formations, which according to the results in the work are silver dendrites. All the above characteristics were analyzed for the effect of the deposition time of silver particles t1 and etching time t2 on them. Studies have shown that the optimum technological conditions of metal assisted chemical etching of silicon for using in light sensors are the following conditions: the deposition time of silver particles 40c, etching time 30 min, the content of hydrogen peroxide in the second solution of 0.8 ml. This mode of synthesis of the structuring of silicon substrates provides maximum photosensitivity ratios both in the photodiode (1.53 mA / lmV) and in the photogenerator (304 mA / W) modes. The influence of the concentration of H2O2 used in the second stage is crucial only for the photocurrent, which is not critical, and the influence of the AgNO3 concentration in the first stage of MACE does not have a significant effect on the parameters., У статті розглянуто синтез кремнієвих нанониток методом метало-стимульованого хімічного травлення (МСХТ) у різних технологічних режимах. На основі отриманих зразків були синтезовані діодні сенсори освітленості, для яких було розраховано чутливість у фотодіодному (до 1,53 мА/лмВ) та фотогенераторному (304 мА/Вт) режимах. На основі отриманих результатів були встановлені оптимальні технологічні режими синтезу кремнієвих нанониток для використання їх в сенсорах освітленості. Найоптимальнішим з них виявився режим з часом проведення першого етапу МСХТ 40 c, часом проведення другого етапу 30 хв та об'ємом перекису водню на рівні 0,8 мл.

Autonomno navodnjavanje odrađuje zadaće koje inače obavlja čovjek. Pouzdanim uređajem korisnik u potpunosti može povjeriti navodnjavanje površina računalu, a putem korisničkog sučelja određivati parametre ili ručno upravljati sustavom. Cilj izrade ovog sustava bio je olakšati korisniku brigu o zelenim površinama oko stambenog objekta uz jednostavno korištenje i neovisno napajanje sustava. Sklop se sastoji od mikrokontrolera, napajanja, izvršnih članova, senzora i tiskane pločice. Iako samo mikrokontroler pomoću Wi-fi tehnologije komunicira s korisnikom, ostale komponente potrebne su za autonomni rad navodnjavanja, ali i rasvjete. U automatskom načinu rada moguće je odabrati opciju da senzor svjetlosti upravlja rasvjetnim tijelom (uključuje za vrijeme noći) i opciju uključivanja navodnjavanja u jutarnjem i večernjem terminu određenog trajanja. U ručnom načinu rada korisnik proizvoljno može uključivati / isključivati ventil za navodnjavanje i rasvjetno tijelo uz pomoć gumba. Prebacivanjem načina rada poništavaju se sve odabrane opcije u prethodnom načinu rada. Mikrokontroler ESP8266 na sebi sadrži ugrađenu antenu na tiskanoj pločici i testirani maksimalni domet sklopa iznosi 20ak metara na otvorenom prostoru. Autonomija rada sklopa određena je kapacitetom baterije i iznosi 15 dana u najgorem slučaju kada nema sunčevih zraka, a to može biti izazvano tokom zimskih dana oblačnim vremenom ili pak snježnim pokrivačem. Sustav zbog fotonaponskog panela ne zahtjeva priključenje na gradsku mrežu i potpuno je neovisan. Autonomous irrigation performs tasks usually performed by humans. With a reliable device, a user can fully entrust irrigation to a computer while setting parameters and manually control the system via user interface. The goal of this system was to facilitate green surface management around a residential building with ease of use and independent power supply. The circuit consists of a microcontroller, power supply, actuators, sensors and a PCB (printed circuit board). Despite the microcontroller being the only component to communicate with the user by using WiFi technology, the rest of comoponents are necessary for the independent performance of both the irrigation and lighting. When in automated mode, there is a possibility to set the light sensor to control the lighting (to switch it on during night), as well as a possibility to switch the irrigation on during pre-defined morning and evening periods. In manual mode, the user can at will switch the irrigation valve and the lighting on/off by using a button. By switching between the two modes, all settings of the previous mode are cancelled. Microcontroller ESP8266 contains an embedded antenna and the maximum range of the circuit is approximately 20 meters in open space. The circuit autonomy is defined by the battery capacity and is at least 15 days during days with no sun rays, which can happen during winter time in the case if cloudy weather or snow cover. The system does not need to be connected to a city power grid and is entirely independent from it thanks to its solar cell.

Кваліфікаційна робота включає пояснювальну записку (50 с., 12 рис., 2 додатки) Об’єктом розробки є система дистанційного збору показань побутових лічильників для ОСББ. Метою даного проєкту є розробка системи, що реалізує можливість збору показань побутових лічильників та коректне відображення даних Під час розробки: - проведено аналіз предметної області; - проаналізовані існуючі системи розумного будинку; - розроблено систему збору показань лічильників. Для розробки використано YAML, плата WemosD1Mini, датчик освітленості TEMT6000, інтегроване середовище розробки Arduino. Qualification work includes an explanatory note (50 pages, 12 figures, 2 appendices) The object of development is a system of remote reading of household meters for condominiums. The purpose of this project is to develop a system that implements the ability to collect readings of household meters and valid display data During process of development: - the subject area has been analyzed; - existing systems of the smart house has been analyzed; - a system for collecting meter readings has been developed. YAML, WemosD1Mini board, TEMT6000 light sensor, Arduino integrated development environment were used for development.

The paper deals with the methods of coupling photosensors with microcontrollers. The urgency of the work is due to the need to find ways to reduce the spread of the COVID-19. One of methods consists in place ultraviolet lamps in crowded places, such as subways, hospitals, as an effective method of counteracting the spread of a COVID-19. Because the dose of ultraviolet radiation is also potentially dangerous in the case of a long-term stay near the source of ultraviolet, the development of a detector of ultraviolet radiation is a very important task. The development of a ultraviolet detector involves the analysis and selection of a sensor (primary converter) and a secondary converter. Analog-to-digital converter or microcontroller can be used like secondary converter. In work are considered different photo detectors like photoresistors, photodiodes and phototransistors. The technical characteristics of photoresistors, photodiodes and phototransistors are presented in order to select the primary optical transducer for further construction of the ultraviolet radiation detector. As a result of the analysis, it is proposed to use photodiodes as the primary converter, because it has high sensitivity and speed, as well as low cost. For use in the ultraviolet detector, it is necessary to select diodes that are sensitive to ultraviolet radiation. For this task, must be used wide-gap semiconductors. It is proposed to take ultraviolet sensitive semiconductor structures based on thin films of A2B6 materials, due to the fact that these structures are manufactured and researched at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and have technical characteristics at the level of foreign analogues. As secondary converters it is suggested to use microcontrollers, which have a number of advantages such as: the small area that the microcontroller occupies on the board, flexibility of electronic circuit setup, multifunctionality, increased performance, high accuracy and speed of calculations. In the article given describes how to connect the primary converters to the microcontroller. For some photosensors in the work proposes the approach of constructing an ultraviolet detector without a separate amplifier, using only microcontrollers. Also in article are briefly presented analyze of different microcontrollers, such as PIC, AVR, ARM, their technical characteristics, principles of work. The main attention is paid to methods of coupling microcontrollers with optical sensors on the example of a photodiode., У представленій роботі розглядаються технічні характеристики фоторезисторів, фотодіодів, фототранзисторів, котрі використовуються в якості первинного перетворювача в оптичних пристроях вимірювання інтенсивності чи дози випромінювання з метою вибору первинного оптичного перетворювача для подальшого конструювання дозиметра ультрафіолетової радіації. В результаті проведеного аналізу в якості первинного перетворювача пропонується застосовувати фотодіоди, завдяки притаманній їм високій чутливості та швидкодії, а також низькій собівартості. Зроблено огляд методів сполучення первинних перетворювачів з вторинними перетворювачами. В роботі пропонується підхід конструювання дозиметра ультрафіолету без окремого підсилювача, із застосуванням тільки мікроконтролерів. Проведено аналіз типів мікроконтролерів, їх технічні характеристики, коротко наведено принципи роботи. Основна увага приділена методам сполучення мікроконтролерів з оптичними датчиками.

International audience; This paper describes a new class of light transducer-based poly (vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)) terpolymer doped with 50% wt. phosphor particles that enables to efficiently transform light energy into an electrical signal. Broadband dielectric characterization together with experimental results on photo-electric conversion demonstrated high capacitance variation of the proposed composite under light exposure, confirming promising potential of our sensor device for application in retinal prostheses where the converted electrical signal can affect the biological activity of the neuron system. In addition to the benefit of being light-weight, having ultra-flexibility, and used in a simple process, the proposed photodetector composite leads to fast response and high sensibility in terms of photoelectrical coupling where significant increases in capacitance change of 78% and 25% have been recorded under blue and green light sources, respectively. These results demonstrated high-performance material design where phosphor filler contributes to promote charge-discharge efficiency as well as reduced dielectric loss in P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE), which facilitate the composite for flexible light transducer applications, especially in the medical environment.

Detection of blood type is usually done manually by the process of testing red blood cells with the serum to see Whether clots will occur or not clot. The purpose of this study is to design a tool that will be used to detect blood types. In this study, the detection of groups was designed with electronics using ABO blood groups. This tool is designed using the Arduino Mega 2560 Module as a device, three light sensors, LED as a transmitter and a diode as a receiver. Clumping or non-clumping sensors from serum samples have been mixed. Furthermore, it will send a voltage to be conditioned by a comparator circuit and then sent to the Arduino for processing and the results will be displayed on the LCD, From testing 25 samples the percentage level can be calculated that is 100%.

Sunlight incident on the Earth’s atmosphere is essential for life, and it is the driving force of a host of photo-chemical and environmental processes, such as the radiative heating of the atmosphere. We report the description and application of a physical methodology relative to how an ensemble of very low-cost sensors (with a total cost of &lt, $20, less than 0.5% of the cost of the reference sensor) can be used to provide wavelength resolved irradiance spectra with a resolution of 1 nm between 360–780 nm by calibrating against a reference sensor using machine learning. These low-cost sensor ensembles are calibrated using machine learning and can effectively reproduce the observations made by an NIST calibrated reference instrument (Konica Minolta CL-500A with a cost of around USD 6000). The correlation coefficient between the reference sensor and the calibrated low-cost sensor ensemble has been optimized to have R2&gt, 0.99. Both the circuits used and the code have been made publicly available. By accurately calibrating the low-cost sensors, we are able to distribute a large number of low-cost sensors in a neighborhood scale area. It provides unprecedented spatial and temporal insights into the micro-scale variability of the wavelength resolved irradiance, which is relevant for air quality, environmental and agronomy applications.

Метою даної роботи є дослідження динамічних характеристик (кутових та лінійних зміщень відбивальної поверхні та зміни її форми) дзеркал мембранної конструкції за допомогою інтерферометра білого світла. Дані характеристики дозволяють провести об’єктивний аналіз різноманітних варіантів побудови мембранного дзеркала та оптимізувати його конструкцію. Були проведені дослідження двох типів конструкцій дзеркал: одномембранного та двомембранного. Результати вимірювання параметрів дослідних зразків показали, що відбивальна поверхня зазнає лінійних та кутових зміщень, а також змінює радіус кривизни, а тип конструкції дзеркала має значний вплив на його динамічні характеристики. The work is devoted to the analysis of methods of mathematical modeling, one of the most important in human life - the organ of vision, which accounts for more than 90% of all incoming information about the external world. The human eye is a unique (natural) natural apparatus. Therefore, the principles of his work have long attracted the attention of scientists. At the heart of the tasks posed in this paper were questions closely related to the theory of human perception of color. Still I.Newton the ground for creation of linear model of color vision was prepared. For the first time one of such models was suggested by T. Young. But T. Young was interested not so much in the psychophysical side of the phenomenon as in the physiological aspect, therefore, from the point of view of psychophysics, his results look like an episode. The most consistent continuation of Newton's ideas was Maxwell, who attempted to experimentally determine a specific kind of weight functions that characterize the sensitivity of the eye to radiation with different wavelengths, called spectral sensitivity functions of the eye. The first attempt to create an axiomatic theory of the eye was undertaken by Grassmann. Relying on Newton's results and his idea of a "null-organ", he formulated the laws of color vision - the law of additivity, the law of three-dimensionality, the law of continuity. Starting from these laws, Schrödinger attempted to derive Newton's transformations from them in a purely formal way. However, the imperfection of the mathematical algorithm used by him and the formulation of the laws of vision did not allow him to do this correctly enough. But on the whole, Schroedinger's research should be seen as an essential step in the development of the theory of vision. Based on the analysis of existing mathematical methods of vision research, the present work accepts the interpretation of input signals in the form of Hilbert spaces. The main reason for this is as follows. As studies of sensory systems show, the description of the work of sense organs leads us to linear functionals whose general form is known in Hilbert spaces or in spaces of type Lp. The authors of the paper propose a method and an apparatus for colorimetric measurements. The main element of the color tone recognition device is a sensor (color sensor) in which to increase the sensitivity and reliability of measurements, as well as simplify the tuning process, not three, but more (number) photodetectors are used. Работа посвящена анализу методов математического моделирования одной из наиболее важных в жизнедеятельности человека – органу зрения, на долю которого приходится более 90% всей поступающей информации о внешнем мире. Человеческий глаз представляет собой уникальный (природный) естественный аппарат. Поэтому принципы его работы издавна привлекали внимание ученых. В основе поставленных в данной работе задач лежали вопросы, тесно связанные с теорией восприятия цвета человеком. Еще И. Ньютоном была подготовлена почва для создания линейной модели цветового зрения. Впервые одну из таких моделей предложил Т.Юнг. Но Т. Юнга интересовали не столько психофизическая сторона явления, сколько физиологическая, поэтому, с точки зрения психофизики, его результаты выглядят лишь эпизодом. Наиболее последовательным продолжателем идей И. Ньютона был Максвелл, который попытался опытным путем определить конкретный вид весовых функций, характеризующих чувствительность глаза к излучениям с различной длиной волны, получивших название функций спектральной чувствительности глаза. Первая попытка создания аксиоматической теории глаза была предпринята Грассманом. Опираясь на результаты Ньютона и его идею о «нуль-органе», им были сформулированы законы цветового зрения – закон аддитивности, закон трехмерности, закон непрерывности. Отталкиваясь от этих законов, Шредингер попытался чисто формальным путем вывести из них преобразования Ньютона. Однако несовершенство использованных им математического алгоритма и формулировок законов зрения не позволили ему сделать это достаточно корректно. Но в целом исследования Шредингера следует рассматривать как существенный шаг в развитии теории зрения. Основываясь на анализе существующих математических методов исследования зрения в настоящей работе принята интерпретация входных сигналов в виде гильбертовых пространств. Основная причина подобного в следующем. Как показывают исследования сенсорных систем, описание работы органов чувств приводит нас к линейным функционалам, общий вид которых известен в гильбертовых пространствах или в пространствах типа Lp. Авторами статьи предлагается метод и устройство для колориметрических измерений. Основным элементом устройства распознавания цветовых оттенков является датчик (сенсор) цвета, в котором для увеличения чувствительности и достоверности измерений, а также упрощения процесса настройки, используется не три, а большее количество (число) фотоприемников.

This study explores finding the areas of polygons with a smartphone light sensor. A square and an irregular pentagon were chosen as our polygons. During the activity, the LED light was placed at the vertices of our polygons, and the illuminance values of this LED light were detected by the smartphone light sensor. The smartphone was placed on a rotating time-lapse device, and this device was placed at the intersection point of the line segments in the polygons. These line segments were also connected to the vertices of these polygons; therefore, the square was composed of four triangles and the pentagon of five triangles. While the rotating time-lapse device was rotating around itself, it captured the maximum illuminance values of the LED light. Using these maximum illuminance values, we calculated the lengths of the line segments. In addition, we knew the period of the rotating time-lapse device and the duration elapsed between two consecutive maximum illuminance values. Thus, we could calculate the angle between two consecutive line segments. With these values, we could also calculate the areas of the triangles in the polygons. Then, the areas of these triangles were summed to obtain the areas of the square and pentagon.

У представленій роботі розглядаються технічні характеристики фоторезисторів, фотодіодів, фототранзисторів, котрі використовуються в якості первинного перетворювача в оптичних пристроях вимірювання інтенсивності чи дози випромінювання з метою вибору первинного оптичного перетворювача для подальшого конструювання детектора ультрафіолетової радіації. В результаті проведеного аналізу в якості первинного перетворювача пропонується застосовувати фотодіоди, завдяки притаманній їм високій чутливості та швидкодії, а також низькій собівартості. Зроблено огляд методів сполучення первинних перетворювачів з вторинними перетворювачами. В роботі пропонується підхід конструювання детектора ультрафіолету без окремого підсилювача, із застосуванням тільки мікроконтролерів. Проведено аналіз типів мікроконтролерів, їх технічні характеристики, коротко наведено принципи роботи. Основна увага приділена методам сполучення мікроконтролерів з оптичними датчиками. The paper deals with the methods of coupling photosensors with microcontrollers. The urgency of the work is due to the need to find ways to reduce the spread of the COVID-19. One of methods consists in place ultraviolet lamps in crowded places, such as subways, hospitals, as an effective method of counteracting the spread of a COVID-19. Because the dose of ultraviolet radiation is also potentially dangerous in the case of a long-term stay near the source of ultraviolet, the development of a detector of ultraviolet radiation is a very important task. The development of a ultraviolet detector involves the analysis and selection of a sensor (primary converter) and a secondary converter. Analog-to-digital converter or microcontroller can be used like secondary converter. In work are considered different photo detectors like photoresistors, photodiodes and phototransistors. The technical characteristics of photoresistors, photodiodes and phototransistors are presented in order to select the primary optical transducer for further construction of the ultraviolet radiation detector. As a result of the analysis, it is proposed to use photodiodes as the primary converter, because it has high sensitivity and speed, as well as low cost. For use in the ultraviolet detector, it is necessary to select diodes that are sensitive to ultraviolet radiation. For this task, must be used wide-gap semiconductors. It is proposed to take ultraviolet sensitive semiconductor structures based on thin films of A2B6 materials, due to the fact that these structures are manufactured and researched at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and have technical characteristics at the level of foreign analogues. As secondary converters it is suggested to use microcontrollers, which have a number of advantages such as: the small area that the microcontroller occupies on the board, flexibility of electronic circuit setup, multifunctionality, increased performance, high accuracy and speed of calculations. In the article given describes how to connect the primary converters to the microcontroller. For some photosensors in the work proposes the approach of constructing an ultraviolet detector without a separate amplifier, using only microcontrollers. Also in article are briefly presented analyze of different microcontrollers, such as PIC, AVR, ARM, their technical characteristics, principles of work. The main attention is paid to methods of coupling microcontrollers with optical sensors on the example of a photodiode.

У статті розглянуто синтез кремнієвих нанониток методом метало-стимульованого хімічного травлення (МСХТ) у різних технологічних режимах. На основі отриманих зразків були синтезовані діодні сенсори освітленості, для яких було розраховано чутливість у фотодіодному (до 1,53 мА/лмВ) та фотогенераторному (304 мА/Вт) режимах. На основі отриманих результатів були встановлені оптимальні технологічні режими синтезу кремнієвих нанониток для використання їх в сенсорах освітленості. Найоптимальнішим з них виявився режим з часом проведення першого етапу МСХТ 40 c, часом проведення другого етапу 30 хв та об'ємом перекису водню на рівні 0,8 мл. The article deals with the synthesis of silicon nanowires by the method of metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE). The purpose of this work is to use in light sensors silicon nanowires that synthesized by the MACE. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to synthesize silicon nanowires by the MACE and to study their structural features, to obtain diode structures based on silicon nanowires and to study their sensitivity to visible radiation, to establish the influence of technological parameters of the MSHT process on the sensitivity of photo sensors and sensors. Today, nanostructures are obtained by the method of reactive ion etching, electrochemical etching and plasma implantation. However, most of these methods require sophisticated process equipment. Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) method is very promising for nanostructures creation. Two-stage MACE was used to make the samples. In the first stage, silver nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of single crystalline silicon. In the second stage, the samples were etched in a solution of water, hydrogen peroxide and hydrofluoric acid and, as a consequence, a structured surface was obtained. It should be noted that the samples were treated at different times of each of the stages of MACE. Based on the obtained samples, diode light sensors with different photoelectric parameters were synthesized. For the sensors obtained, the sensitivity was calculated in the photodiode and photogenerator modes, and the volt-ampere, luxury-ampere characteristics and dependences of the current density on the illumination density were constructed. structured silicon has a mesh-like appearance, where the dark regions are gaps (pores) and the light ones are silicon (pore walls, nanowires). First, compare the samples with different deposition times. It is seen that as the deposition time of the particles increases from 10 to 40 s, a more developed silicon surface is formed. Also, with the duration of deposition 40s on the silicon surface there are needle-like formations, which according to the results in the work are silver dendrites. All the above characteristics were analyzed for the effect of the deposition time of silver particles t1 and etching time t2 on them. Studies have shown that the optimum technological conditions of metal assisted chemical etching of silicon for using in light sensors are the following conditions: the deposition time of silver particles 40c, etching time 30 min, the content of hydrogen peroxide in the second solution of 0.8 ml. This mode of synthesis of the structuring of silicon substrates provides maximum photosensitivity ratios both in the photodiode (1.53 mA / lmV) and in the photogenerator (304 mA / W) modes. The influence of the concentration of H2O2 used in the second stage is crucial only for the photocurrent, which is not critical, and the influence of the AgNO3 concentration in the first stage of MACE does not have a significant effect on the parameters.

Diplomsko delo obsega predstavitev nove proizvodne linije s kodnim imenom CT07 v podjetju BSH Hišni aparati d.o.o. Nazarje. Na tej liniji se bo proizvajala nova naprava Cook Processor. Podrobneje spoznamo sistem svetlobnega vodenja embaliranja oz. »pick-to-light« sistem. Za sistem se je uporabil krmilnik Unitronics Vision430 in ustrezni razširitveni pretvornik ter razširitveni modul. Za potrebe sistema je bil izdelan uporabniški vmesnik, ki ga lahko nastavljamo s pomočjo zaslona na dotik. Podrobneje so predstavljene komponente, ki so bile uporabljene pri izgradnji sistema. Predstavljen je tudi rezultat, ki je bil dosežen v poizkusnih serijah na liniji. The thesis includes the presentation of a new production line with a code name CT07 at BSH Household appliances d.o.o. Nazarje. This line will produce a newly developed Cook Processor device. We present the details about the light management system of packaging named Pick-to light. The Unitronics Vision 430 controller and the corresponding expansion converter and expansion module were used for the system. For the needs of the system, a user interface has been created that can be adjusted using the touch screen. The components that were used to build the system are presented in a greater detail. The result obtained during the experimental series on the line is also presented.

An optofluidic light detector based on the photoacoustic effect is presented. The device performances are tested at 532 nm using a pulsed solid-state laser as light source and a potassium permanganate (KMnO4) water solution as active medium. As expected, the device shows linear response with respect to applied light irradiance. By changing flow rate the device sensitivity increases non-linearly. This change in sensitivity is mainly attributed to a rise in water temperature as the flow rate increases, leading to a higher thermal expansion coefficient. Changes of water temperature with applied flow rate are confirmed through independent fluorescence intensity experiments with Rhodamine B in water. Comparison of the photoacoustic and fluorescence data points out that the change in temperature inside the microfluidic device is not promoted by the absorbed laser light, but instead is mainly due to viscous friction.

Background: HemoSep® is a commercial ultrafiltration and haemoconcentration device for the concentration of residual bypass blood following surgery. This technology is capable of reducing blood loss in cardiac and other types of “clean site” procedures, including paediatric surgery. Clinical feedback suggested that the device would be enhanced by including a sensor technology capable of discerning the concentration level of the processed blood product. We sought to develop a novel sensor that can, using light absorption, give an accurate estimate of packed cell volume (PCV). Materials and methods: A sensor-housing unit was 3D printed and the factors influencing the sensor’s effectiveness – supply voltage, sensitivity and emitter intensity - were optimised. We developed a smart system, using comparator circuitry capable of visually informing the user when adequate PCV levels (⩾35%) are attained by HemoSep® blood processing, which ultimately indicates that the blood is ready for autotransfusion. Results: Our data demonstrated that the device was capable of identifying blood concentration at and beyond the 35% PCV level. The device was found to be 100% accurate at identifying concentration levels of 35% from a starting level of 20%. Discussion: The sensory capability was integrated into HemoSep’s® current device and is designed to enhance the user’s clinical experience and to optimise the benefits of HemoSep® therapy. The present study focused on laboratory studies using bovine blood. Further studies are now planned in the clinical setting to confirm the efficacy of the device.

This paper presents a fully integrated photodiode-based low-power and low-mismatch stimulator for a subretinal prosthesis. It is known that a subretinal prosthesis achieves 1600-pixel stimulators on a limited single-chip area that is implanted beneath the bipolar cell layer. However, the high-density pixels cause high power dissipation during stimulation and high fabrication costs because of special process technologies such as the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor CMOS image sensor process. In addition, the many residual charges arising from the high-density pixel stimulation have deleterious effects, such as tissue damage and electrode corrosion, on the retina tissue. In this work, we adopted a switched-capacitor current mirror technique for the single-pixel stimulator (SPStim) that enables low power consumption and low mismatch in the subretinal device. The customized P+/N-well photodiode used to sense the incident light in the SPStim also reduces the fabrication cost. The 64-pixel stimulators are fabricated in a standard 0.35-&mu, m CMOS process along with a global digital controller, which occupies a chip area of 4.3 &times, 3.2 mm2 and are ex-vivo demonstrated using a dissected pig eyeball. According to measured results, the SPStim accomplishes a maximum biphasic pulse amplitude of 143 &mu, A, which dissipates an average power of 167 &mu, W in a stimulation period of 5 ms, and an average mismatch of 1.12 % between the cathodic and anodic pulses.

We present a low-power low-frequency oscillator that is fully integrated on a bendable plastic substrate using amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). Its purpose is the duty cycling of components of a wireless sensor tag to realize power savings. In addition, the oscillator can directly be used as a light sensor. It oscillates between 5 Hz in the dark and 31 Hz under daylight, from a 5-V supply voltage. The measured light-sensitivity of the oscillation frequency is between 7.4 Hz/klx in the dark and around 1.7 Hz/klx in daylight. On average, the frequency of oscillation changes by 58 %/klx. The required power is 188 $\mu \text{W}$ . The presented design is a combination of the inductance–capacitance cross-coupled oscillator structure and two single-transistor active inductors, which enable high gain at low power levels in a small chip area. We analyze the circuit and derive design guidelines for minimizing the oscillation frequency, circuit area, and power consumption. Finally, we report the measurements including jitter and deduce implications for the accuracy of light measurements.

Solar Street Lighting Light (PJU-TS) is a street lighting that uses sunlight as a source of electrical energy. The Solar Street Lighting (PJU-TS) is suitable for roads in areas not covered by PLN electricity and also areas experiencing electrical energy crisis especially in remote areas. But recently PJU Solar is also rife applied in urban areas such as in the main streets, residential street, garden lights, campus area, factory area, bus stops, parking lots, gas stations (gas stations) and so on. In the process of making solar lighting control system on the lamp for PJU is first to determine the load installed, then calculate the number of solar panels or photovoltaic needs, then calculate the battery requirements and determine the capacity of the battery charge regulator (BCR). Then for PJU lamps to operate automatically installed light sensor or light dependent resistor (LDR) as a switch to turn on and off PJU lights.

Phytochrome photoreceptors control plant growth, development, and the shade avoidance response that limits crop yield in high-density agricultural plantings. Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are distantly related photosensory proteins that control cyanobacterial metabolism and behavior in response to light. Photoreceptors in both families reversibly photoconvert between two photostates via photoisomerization of linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophores. Spectroscopic and biochemical studies have demonstrated heterogeneity in both photostates, but the structural basis for such heterogeneity remains unclear. We report solution NMR structures for both photostates of the red/green CBCR NpR6012g4 from Nostoc punctiforme . In addition to identifying structural changes accompanying photoconversion, these structures reveal structural heterogeneity for residues Trp655 and Asp657 in the red-absorbing NpR6012g4 dark state, yielding two distinct environments for the phycocyanobilin chromophore. We use site-directed mutagenesis and fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy to assign an orange-absorbing population in the NpR6012g4 dark state to the minority configuration for Asp657. This population does not undergo full, productive photoconversion, as shown by time-resolved spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy at cryogenic temperature. Our studies thus elucidate the spectral and photochemical consequences of structural heterogeneity in a member of the phytochrome superfamily, insights that should inform efforts to improve photochemical or fluorescence quantum yields in the phytochrome superfamily.

The rapid increase in vehicle population in recent years have given rise to a number of global problems such as air pollution, blockage of roads, waste of fuel and time. These issues exist due to the congestion caused by vehicles while finding the parking slot especially in metropolitan cities. Even today, many of the existing parking systems provide a passive information to the drivers regarding the availability of parking slots. Currently, the sensors deployed for detecting the vehicle presence in parking facilities are not reliable and are expensive. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis on crucial aspects for designing a smart parking system such as sensor selection and optimal position for sensor deployment for accurate detection. Initially, two most common sensor, Light Dependable Resistor (LDR) sensor that works on shadow detection principal and Infra-Red (IR) sensor which works on object detection mechanism are used. The performance analysis of the accuracy for detection of vacant parking slots and vehicle detection under different conditions is presented. It is concluded that IR sensor outperforms LDR sensor in terms of it's accuracy in detecting the vacant parking slots and vehicle detection in different environmental factors.

International audience; With three models in commercial use, artificial retinas are the most concrete hope to restore sight to blind patients, notably those affected with retinitis pigmentosa. However, present architectures are costly to produce, while the restored visual acuity remains below the legal threshold for blindness. Furthermore, the complexity of current systems with tethered application‐specific integrated circuits (asics) requires complex surgeries, with risks of complications and failures. In the search for new nanomaterials, it is demonstrated that, when placed in contact with photoreceptors (control mouse retinas) or directly with bipolar cells (rhodopsinP23H mouse retinas, a model of retinitis pigmentosa), films of vertically aligned anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes can drive the activity of the retinal network for stimulation frequencies up to the video rate (25 Hz), in response to short (5–20 ms), small (50–100 µm) light spots. Acting as continuous arrays of electrodes, these films should allow a fine tuning of prosthetic stimulations, through modulation of the spot size, duration, and precise localization over the implant surface.

The work is devoted to the analysis of methods of mathematical modeling, one of the most important in human life – the organ of vision, which accounts for more than 90% of all incoming information about the external world. The human eye is a unique (natural) natural apparatus. Therefore, the principles of his work have long attracted the attention of scientists. At the heart of the tasks posed in this paper were questions closely related to the theory of human perception of color. Still I.Newton the ground for creation of linear model of color vision was prepared. For the first time one of such models was suggested by T. Young. But T. Young was interested not so much in the psychophysical side of the phenomenon as in the physiological aspect, therefore, from the point of view of psychophysics, his results look like an episode. The most consistent continuation of Newton's ideas was Maxwell, who attempted to experimentally determine a specific kind of weight functions that characterize the sensitivity of the eye to radiation with different wavelengths, called spectral sensitivity functions of the eye. The first attempt to create an axiomatic theory of the eye was undertaken by Grassmann. Relying on Newt on's results and his idea of a "null-organ", he formulated the laws of color vision – the law of additivity, the law of three-dimensionality, the law of continuity. Starting from these laws, Schrödinger attempted to derive Newton's transformations from them in a purely formal way. However, the imperfect ion of the mathematical algorithm used by him and the formulation of the laws of vision did not allow him to do this correctly enough. But on the whole, Schroedinger's research should be seen as an essential step in the development of the theory of vision. Based the analysis of existing mathematical methods of vision research, the present work accepts the interpretation of input signals in the form of Hilbert spaces. The main reason for this is as follows. As studies of sensory systems show, the description of the work of sense organs leads us to linear functionals whose general form is known in Hilbert spaces or in spaces of type Lp. The authors on of the paper propose a method and an apparatus for colorimetric measurements. The main element of the color tone recognition device is a sensor (color sensor) in which to increase the sensitivity and reliability of measurements, as well as simplify the tuning process, not three, but more (number) photodetectors are used. Робота присвячена аналізу методів математичного моделювання однією з найбільш важливих в життєдіяльності людини – органу зору, на частку якого припадає понад 90% всієї що надходить інформації про зовнішній світ. Людське око є унікальний (природний) природний апарат. Тому принципи його роботи здавна привертали увагу вчених. В основі поставлених в даній роботі завдань лежали питання, тісно пов'язані з теорією сприйняття кольору людиною. Грунтуючись на аналізі існуючих математичних методів дослідження зору в даній роботі прийнята інтерпретація вхідних сигналів у вигляді Гільбертових просторів. Основна причина подібного в наступному. Як показують дослідження сенсорних систем, опис роботи органів почуттів призводить нас до лінійним функціоналом, загальний вигляд яких відомий в Гільбертових просторах або в просторах типу Lp. Авторами статті пропонується метод і пристрій для колориметричних вимірювань. Основним елементом пристрою розпізнавання колірних відтінків є датчик (сенсор) кольору, в якому для збільшення чутливості і достовірності вимірювань, а також спрощення процесу налаштування, використовується не три, а більшу кількість (число) фотоприймачів.

Panel system power distribution at Lippo Plaza Mall Sidoarjo consists of several parts, namely from Cubicle 20 KV, 20 KV step-down transformer for 380 V, then the supply to LVMDP (Low Voltage Main Distribution Panel) The new panel to the user. Before delivery to users to note that the power factor is corrected using a capacitor bank. Less good a power factor is turned into inductive load on the capacitor bank so that temperatures high because of high load resulting capacitor bank erupt. To overcome in this study proposes a safety panel automation power distribution control system using a microcontroller. Control system microcontrollers for safety panel power distribution consists of: Microcontroller (Arduino Nano), Light sensor (LDR), temperature sensor (LM35DZ), LCD 16x2 I2C, Actuators (fan, buzzer, relay switch breaker network three phase), switch ( relay 5 VDC), ADC as Input data. The working principle of this microcontroller LM35DZ if the sensor detects a high temperature fan will flash, if the LDR sensor detects sparks then the buzzer will sound as a warning sign of the dangers and disconnected the electricity network. From the design of a safety tool for power distribution panels due to high temperatures or sparks as well as the expected rate of fire outbreaks can be prevented.

Solar energy is considered the greatest source of renewable energy. In this paper, a case study was performed for a single-axis solar tracking model to analyze the performance of the solar panels in an office building under varying ambient temperatures and solar radiation over the course of one year (2018). This case study was performed in an office building at the College of Engineering at Shaqra University, Dawadmi, Saudi Arabia. The office building was supplied with electricity for a full year by the designed solar energy system. The study was conducted across the four seasons of the studied year to analyze the performance of a group of solar panels with the total capacity of a 4 kW DC system. The solar radiation, temperature, output DC power, and consumed AC power of the system were measured using wireless sensor networks (for temperature and irradiance measurement) and a signal acquisition system for each hour throughout the whole day. A single-axis solar tracker was designed for each panel (16 solar panels were used) using two light-dependent resistors (LDR) as detecting light sensors, one servo motor, an Arduino Uno, and a 250 W solar panel installed with an array tilt angle of 21&deg, Finally, an artificial neural network (ANN) was utilized to estimate energy consumption, according to the dataset of AC load power consumption for each month and the measurement values of the temperature and irradiance. The relative error between the measured and estimated energy was calculated in order to assess the accuracy of the proposed ANN model and update the weights of the training network. The maximum absolute relative error of the proposed system did not exceed 2 &times, 10&minus, 4. After assessment of the proposed model, the ANN results showed that the average energy in the region of the case study from a 4 kW DC solar system for one year, considering environmental impact, was around 8431 kWh/year.

We successfully fabricated a planar nanocomposite film that uses a composite of silver nanoparticles and titanium dioxide film (Ag-TiO2) for ultraviolet (UV) and blue light detection and application in ozone gas sensor. Ultraviolet-visible spectra revealed that silver nanoparticles have a strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect. A strong redshift of the plasmonic peak when the silver nanoparticles covered the TiO2 thin film was observed. The value of conductivity change for the Ag-TiO2 composite is 4&ndash, 8 times greater than that of TiO2 film under UV and blue light irradiation. The Ag-TiO2 nanocomposite film successfully sensed 100 ppb ozone. The gas response of the composite film increased by roughly six and four times under UV and blue light irradiation, respectively. We demonstrated that a Ag-TiO2 composite gas sensor can be used with visible light (blue). The planar composite significantly enhances photo catalysis. The composite films have practical application potential for wearable devices.

The interior space of large-scale buildings, such as hospitals, with a variety of departments, is so complicated that people may easily lose their way while visiting. Difficulties in wayfinding can cause stress, anxiety, frustration and safety issues to patients and families. An indoor navigation system including route planning and localization is utilized to guide people from one place to another. The localization of moving subjects is a critical-function component in an indoor navigation system. Pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) is a technology that is widely employed for localization due to the advantage of being independent of infrastructure. To improve the accuracy of the localization system, combining different technologies is one of the solutions. In this study, a multi-sensor fusion approach is proposed to improve the accuracy of the PDR system by utilizing a light sensor, Bluetooth and map information. These simple mechanisms are applied to deal with the issue of accumulative error by identifying edge and sub-edge information from both Bluetooth and the light sensor. Overall, the accumulative error of the proposed multi-sensor fusion approach is below 65 cm in different cases of light arrangement. Compared to inertial sensor-based PDR system, the proposed multi-sensor fusion approach can improve 90% of the localization accuracy in an environment with an appropriate density of ceiling-mounted lamps. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can improve the localization accuracy by utilizing multi-sensor data and fulfill the feasibility requirements of localization in an indoor navigation system.

The paper presents a color sensor system that can process light reflected from a surface and produce a digital output representing the color of the surface. The end-user interface circuit requires only a 3-bit pseudo flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in place of the conventional/typical design comprising ADC, digital signal processor and memory. For scalability and compactness, the ADC was designed such that only two comparators were required regardless of the number of color/wavelength to be identified. The complete system design has been implemented in hardware (bread board) and fully characterized. The ADC achieved less than 0.1 LSB for both INL and DNL. The experimental results also demonstrate that the color sensor system is working as intended at 20 kHz while maintaining greater than 2.5 ENOB by the ADC. This work proved the design concept and the system will be realized with integrated circuit technology in future to improve its operating frequency.

Jedes Jahr stürzt rund ein Drittel der über 65 Jährigen. Stürze sind die Hauptursache für mittlere bis schwere Verletzungen und damit eine enorme Belastung für das Gesundheitssystem. Eine zeitlich akkurate Sturzrisikobewertung in einer breit akzeptierten und nicht-stigmatisierenden Art und Weise kann zu signifikanten Veränderungen in der Strategie der Sturzprävention führen und damit dazu beitragen, die Anzahl der stürzenden Personen, sowie die Sturzrate zu reduzieren. Die gegenwärtige klinische Evaluierung des Sturzrisikos ist zeitaufwendig und subjektiv. Folglich sind Bewertungen in stationärem Umfeld obstruktiv, oder fokussieren sich ausschließlich auf einmalige, periodische Merkmale der menschlichen Bewegung. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt in der Erforschung und Definition neuer Konzepte zur Beurteilung der Koordination der Extremitäten, der Art des Gehens und der Aufstehvorgänge anhand von Signalen von am Handgelenk getragener Inertial- und Umgebungssensorik. Merkmale im Zeit- und Frequenzraum wurden händisch entwickelt, um daraus Support Vector Maschine -Modelle abzuleiten. Die Modelle beschreiben die physikalische Leistungsfähigkeit einer Person in Form einer objektiven (quantitativen) Sturzrisikobewertung in einem störungsanfälligen häuslichen Umfeld. Für erste Untersuchungszwecke wurde eine Forschungsstudie mit 28 älteren Teilnehmern in einem kontrollierten Umfeld durchgeführt. Darauf aufsetzend wurde eine große Querschnittsstudie mit einer Kohorte von 180 Probanden durchgeführt. Eine sich der Messwoche anschließende sechsmonatige Nachverfolgungsphase wurde zur Validierung der Modelle in die Studie inkludiert. Die Ergebnisse haben einen neuen Prädiktor für akutes Sturzrisiko hervorgebracht. Zusätzlich konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass die Kenntnis der Umgebungsbedingungen relevant sind, um die menschlichen Bewegungen richtig bewerten zu können. Ein innovativer Echtzeitalgorithmus wurde entwickelt, in dem Multi-Sensor-Ansätze fusioniert, sowie auf Bewegung basierende Filter integriert sind. Die Einflüsse der Hand-Abhängigkeit auf die Leistungsfähigkeit des Algorithmus konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersucht werden. Die Validierung der entwickelten Modelle in allen drei Domänen gegen die Grundwahrheit zeigt eine klinisch relevante Genauigkeit oder zumindest teilweise bessere Ergebnisse gegenüber dem Stand der Technik. Die Studie zeigt die Möglichkeit auf, Einschränkungen klinischer Tests zu bewältigen, sowie in Armbändern integrierte Sensorik sowohl für eine akute, wie auch eine konventionelle Sechsmontasbewertung des Sturzrisikos verlässlich anzuwenden.

This project aims to implement optical and gestural sensors for future smart lighting systems. The first application involve a comparison between a digital spectrometer and a digital colour sensor TCS3472 in order to determine his performance with the goal to be used it in intelligent LED luminaires. A second application involves the development of a gestural interface oriented to control an intelligent LED luminaire using the gestural controller MGC3130. The sensing interface is configured to be used with different gestures that they can realize over a tablet. In addition, it is possible to transmit different messages to the intelligent multichannel luminaire and reproduce different digital light spectrums.

В статье рассматривается проблема рационального использования электрических ресурсов, мероприятия по снижению потерь электрической энергии в системах освещения с применением различных современных технологий освещения. Определены достоинства и недостатки каждого проводимого мероприятия. Рассмотрены способы и средства снижения потерь в системах освещения, а также достоинства и недостатки приборов искусственного освещения. Сформулированы выводы о положительных эффектах от применяемых способов снижения потерь.

In this paper, we present a new method to measure light intensity in a floating body partially depleted SOI MOSFET. The photo-generated charge density in the MOSFET is converted into a charge pumping frequency needed to maintain the drain current at a constant value. This new approach contrasts with conventional techniques that rely on an accurate drain current evaluation. According to our measurements, flux densities as low as 2 mW/m2 were obtained using a regular SOI MOSFET, thus confirming the potentials of this approach. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Idag beskärs en stålrulle inom stålindustrin i ett skärverk, stålrullarna delas tillmindre delband med dålig kontroll av skärgradshöjdens kvalitet. Stickprover tas manuelltvilket endast blir ett fåtal stickprover på en stålrulle som har 150 delband ochär 30 kilometer i längd. En hål omsändning för en stålrulle kostar upp mot en miljonkronor och har en negativ klimatpåverkan. En mjukvaruprototyp för detektering avskärgradshöjd med en referenslinje togs fram. Prototypen innehöll en ljussensor, tvåmotorer, en PC och en prototypkonstruktion. Varje uppgift i programvaran tilldeladesen egen tråd. Operativsystem, trådar och algoritmer prestanda testades för mätningav exekveringstider och periodtider. Resultatet visade att en skärgradsdetektorvar möjlig att realisera. Algoritmen för skärgradshöjd med referenslinje detekteradeskärgradshöjden där amplituden var tillräckligt stor. Today, a steel roll is cut within the steel industry in a cutting factory, the steel rollsare divided to smaller part bands with poor control of the burr height quality. Samplesis taken manually, the amount of samples is too low to know the quality of thesteel roll, the steel rolls can be divided up to 150 times and the length will be 30 kilometers. A whole resend for one steel roll costs up against a million SEK and has anegative climatic impact. One software prototype for detection of burr heights witha reference line was programmed. The prototype contained one light sensor, two motors,a PC and one prototype construction. Each task in the software was allocatedan own thread. Operating systems, threads and algorithms was performance testedfor measurement of execution times and period times. The result showed that a burrheight detector where possible to implement. The algorithm could detect burrheights that were too large related to its reference line.

Idag beskärs en stålrulle inom stålindustrin i ett skärverk, stålrullarna delas tillmindre delband med dålig kontroll av skärgradshöjdens kvalitet. Stickprover tas manuelltvilket endast blir ett fåtal stickprover på en stålrulle som har 150 delband ochär 30 kilometer i längd. En hål omsändning för en stålrulle kostar upp mot en miljonkronor och har en negativ klimatpåverkan. En mjukvaruprototyp för detektering avskärgradshöjd med en referenslinje togs fram. Prototypen innehöll en ljussensor, tvåmotorer, en PC och en prototypkonstruktion. Varje uppgift i programvaran tilldeladesen egen tråd. Operativsystem, trådar och algoritmer prestanda testades för mätningav exekveringstider och periodtider. Resultatet visade att en skärgradsdetektorvar möjlig att realisera. Algoritmen för skärgradshöjd med referenslinje detekteradeskärgradshöjden där amplituden var tillräckligt stor. Today, a steel roll is cut within the steel industry in a cutting factory, the steel rollsare divided to smaller part bands with poor control of the burr height quality. Samplesis taken manually, the amount of samples is too low to know the quality of thesteel roll, the steel rolls can be divided up to 150 times and the length will be 30 kilometers. A whole resend for one steel roll costs up against a million SEK and has anegative climatic impact. One software prototype for detection of burr heights witha reference line was programmed. The prototype contained one light sensor, two motors,a PC and one prototype construction. Each task in the software was allocatedan own thread. Operating systems, threads and algorithms was performance testedfor measurement of execution times and period times. The result showed that a burrheight detector where possible to implement. The algorithm could detect burrheights that were too large related to its reference line.

Rational design of optogenetic tools is inherently linked to the understanding of photoreceptor function. Structural analysis of elements involved in signal integration in individual sensor domains provides an initial idea of their mode of operation, but understanding how local structural rearrangements eventually affect signal transmission to output domains requires inclusion of the effector regions in the characterization. However, the dynamic nature of these assemblies renders their structural analysis challenging and therefore a combination of high- and low-resolution techniques is required to appreciate functional aspects of photoreceptors.This review focuses on the potential of Hydrogen-Deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) for complementing the structural characterization of photoreceptors. In this respect, the ability of HDX-MS to provide information on the conformational dynamics and the possibility to address multiple functionally relevant states in solution render this methodology ideally suitable. We highlight recent examples demonstrating the potential of HDX-MS and discuss how these results can help to improve existing optogenetic systems or guide the design of novel optogenetic tools.

Le sujet que nous traitons dans cet article est une comparaison de l’énergie reçue par des photovoltaïques (PV) sur deux installations différentes. Nous réalisons deux installations de supports de panneau solaire ; l’un est mobile et capable de se tourner dans deux directions différentes ; et l’autre est fixé et orienté selon une seule direction. A Antsiranana, le soleil passe au Nord environ huit (08) mois sur douze (12). C’est la raison pour laquelle l’installation du support fixe de panneau solaire est orientée vers le Nord. Toutefois, cette technique présente un faible rendement lorsque le soleil passe au Sud. Ainsi, l’idée de rendre mobile le support est envisagé pour palier à cet inconvénient. Le nouveau support peut s’orienter suivant l’Est-ouest et Nord-sud ou vis-versa. Ces orientations sont gérées par un module électronique programmable. En relevant les résultats des mesures obtenus sur les deux installations, nous remarquons une nette amélioration du rendement pour le support mobile. Ce dernier présent de rendement minimum de plus de 5% au mauvais temps et de 18% au temps ensoleillé par rapport à celle du support fixe.Mots-clés: capteur de lumière, support Mobile, microcontrôleur Atmega8, énergie solaire. Optimization of the design of photovoltaic systems, improve their energy efficiency through new installationThis paper is treated a comparison of the energy received by solar panels using two different installations. We realize two stands for solar panel; the first one is able to turn following different directions; and the other is fixed and which is oriented at a single angle. In Antsiranana, the sun spends in the north about 08 months. That is the reason why the supports of photovoltaic panels are oriented to the north. However, this technique presents a low yield when the sun goes south. So the idea to make mobile the support have been realized to overcome this inconvenient. The new support can move along the East-West and North-South or vice-versa. These guidelines are managed by a programmable electronic module. Noting the results of measurements on the two facilities, we notice a significant improvement in performance for mobile support. Compared to the fixed support, the mobile panel provides minimum yield for about 5% high in bad weather and 18% more for the sunny.Keywords: light sensor, mobile support, microcontroller Atmega8, solar energy.

23nd Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU) -- MAY 16-19, 2015 -- Inonu Univ, Malatya, TURKEY WOS: 000380500900299 Determination of soil texture has always been very important for agricultural researches. Since determination of proportions of sand, silt, and clay in a soil by traditional methods requires more effort, in this study, we focus on performing soil analysis by an automated computerized system. First some features are extracted by applying curve fitting method on time signals measured by a light sensor circuit injected to the traditional hydrometer method, and then these features are used as input in a linear regression model. The obtained results showed that in spite of the limited number of experiments performed, such a system may be useful in determination of proportion of sand in a soil. Dept Comp Engn & Elect & Elect Engn, Elect & Elect Engn, Bilkent Univ

2015 23rd Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference, SIU 2015 --16 May 2015 through 19 May 2015 -- -- Determination of soil texture has always been very important for agricultural researches. Since determination of proportions of sand, silt, and clay in a soil by traditional methods requires more effort, in this study, we focus on performing soil analysis by an automated computerized system. First some features are extracted by applying curve fitting method on time signals measured by a light sensor circuit injected to the traditional hydrometer method, and then these features are used as input in a linear regression model. The obtained results showed that in spite of the limited number of experiments performed, such a system may be useful in determination of proportion of sand in a soil. © 2015 IEEE.

To combine robots with many sensor nodes on the sensor network is important for improving home security. To reduce the cost of such a system, it is desirable that each sensor node is very cheap and very small. The three events which occur to the window and the key when a thief attempts to intrude into a house are conventionally detected by different sensors. This article proposes a method of detecting all three events by using a simple light sensor consisting of an infrared LED and a photodetector. In the experiments, the light sensor shows the characteristic tendencies that can detect each event. This fact indicates that our proposal can realize one sensor node more efficiently than using different sensors., This work was presented in part at the 15th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, February 4–6, 2010

In this paper, an environment knowledge-based multiple sensors indoor positioning system is designed and tested. The system integrates a LiDAR sensor, an odometer and a light sensor onto a low-cost robot platform. While, a LiDAR point-cloud-based pattern match algorithm - Iterative Closed Point (ICP) is used to estimate the relative change in heading and displacement of the platform. Based on the knowledge of the construction's structure, outdoor weather, and lighting situation, the light sensor offers an efficient parameter to improve indoor position accuracy with a light intensity fingerprint matching algorithm on low computational cost. The estimated heading and position change from LiDAR are eventually fused by Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) with those calculated from the light sensor measurement. The results prove that the spatial structure and the ambient light information in indoor environment as knowledge base can be utilized to estimate and mitigate the accumulated errors and inherent drifts of ICP algorithm. These improvements lead to longer sustainable sub meter-level indoor positioning for UGVs.