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Resumo A tradução de histórias em quadrinhos implica uma revisão da página inteira em que se insere o texto traduzido, e demanda um novo serviço gráfico muitas vezes desnecessário na tradução de escritas: o letreirista, considerado por Assis como um outro tradutor das obras em quadrinhos (Assis, 2018). Analisando algumas traduções e a dificuldade de traduzir-se a letra, verifica-se a como esse tipo de tradução aponta para o caráter predominantemente imagético das histórias em quadrinhos, bem como lembram o caráter visual da escrita. A partir dessas relações entre a tradução da letra e da imagem (Christin, 2013), apresento alguns exemplos de nós tradutórios, entre a tradução linguística e o releitreiramento, em uma tentativa de contribuir para uma teoria dos quadrinhos. Abstract Translating comics implies reviewing the page where the translated text is inserted in full, and it demands a new graphic service many times unnecessary on the translation of writing only works: the letterer, considered by Assis as another translator in comics work pieces. (Assis, 2018). When analyzing some translations of comics and the difficulty on translating the letter, it is possible to verify how this kind of translation points out the predominantly imagetic character of comics, as so reminds us the visual character of the writing. From these relations between translating the letter and the image (Christin, 2013), I present some examples of translation knots, on language translation and re-lettering, in an attempt to contribute for a theory of the comics.

With the restoration of democracy in Greece in 1974 a period of transition began, known as metapolitefsi, which saw deep political, social and economic changes. Progressive developments also occurred in art, culture and education. The rules of the new pedagogy affected the field of literature and more specifically children’s illustrated books. Thus, writers departed from the old conservative models, dominated by protectionism and superficial idealism. Instead, they introduced political, social and environmental concerns, while the language became friendlier and modern. At the same time, illustrators such as Kyritsopoulos, Zarampouka, Fakinou, Maroulakis, Psaraki a.s.o., begin to move away from the dry literalness and naive realism of most of their predecessors. They draw on a wide range of sources, from cartoons to abstraction and from Art Nouveau to Pop Art, they experiment with techniques never before used in Greek book illustration, and use innovative symbolism to convey textual meanings. Their style becomes intimate, imaginative and humorous. Pictures are no longer a merely decorative accompaniment to the text which is particularly important. They often cover the entire surface of the page, and play a decisive role in the development of the story. In short, they become central to the experience of the book. It is no coincidence that the young illustrators of the 70s and 80s often wrote their own texts. Typography, too, escapes from strict rules. Handwritten lettering, previously unheard of in Greek books, is often used on covers and title pages. Overall, during the early years of the Greek metapolitefsi, children’s illustrated books changed radically and caught up with international developments. The predictable layout and obvious didacticism of previous decades, especially during the military junta (1967-1974), gave way to sophistication, sensitivity and wit, fresh and intelligent ways of introducing children to real-life social and ethical issues.

В данной статье рассматриваются основные элементы комикса как формы креолизованного текста, его характеристики и особенности. Статья носит междисциплинарный характер, написана на стыке таких гуманитарных наук, как филология и психология. В статье раскрывается содержание понятия «комикс», «креолизованный текст». Значительное внимание уделяется типам комиксов на основе базовых компонентов. В своем исследовании автор уделяет внимание как вербальным, так и невербальным компонентам, дает обобщенное описание компонентов и характеристик комиксов. Особое внимание уделяется рассмотрению влияния таких графических элементов комиксов, как баллоны. Определена роль вербальных и невербальных компонентов., The article discusses the main elements of the comic as a form of creolized text, its characteristics and features. The article is interdisciplinary in nature, written at the intersection of the humanities of philology and psychology. The article reveals the content of the concept of “comics” and “creolized text”. Considerable attention is paid to the types of comics based on the basic components. In the research, the author considers pays attention to both verbal and nonverbal components. The author gives a generalized description of the components and characteristics of comics. Special attention is paid to the influence of such graphic elements of comics as balloons. The role of verbal and nonverbal components is determined.

This article looks at the use of letterings and typefaces in the linguistic landscape through a comparison of hippie and punk concert posters. After a general introduction, some definitions and an overview on the hippie and punk movements and the posters they produced, the article introduces the methodology employed, which consisted of both an analysis of the lettering used in hippie and punk posters and a survey carried out among a sample of students at Universiti Malaya (Kuala Lumpur). This is followed by an analysis and a discussion of the data, which have led to two main findings: not only were the antithetical ideas behind these two youth movements portrayed through the specific lettering and fonts used, but the latter feature specific traits that may be linked to our mental processes and possibly our limbic system, the most primordial part of our brain.

La investigación sobre los tipos de letra empleados en los establecimientos comerciales a finales del siglo XIX en Zaragoza se enriquece gracias al estudio, apenas explorado hasta ahora, de las solicitudes oficiales de colocación de estas muestras de rotulación conservados en su archivo municipal. En ellas, la escritura expuesta (bien fuera tipográfica o rotulada a mano) fue un elemento determinante de la publicidad y la consolidación del nombre y marca del negocio. Se analiza el valor de estas fuentes documentales administrativas para ampliar las posibilidades de estudio de los documentos publicitarios en relación con la arquitectura comercial y comprender así la difusión de determinados tipos de letra y estilos de rotulación. Los resultados de esta investigación permiten apuntalar una evolución en el tiempo de las formas gráficas: desde las netas inspiraciones francesas decimonónicas hasta llegar a modelos de escritura y rotulación más vanguardistas al amparo de modos productivos y de marketing estadounidense. = Research on the typefaces used in commercial establishments at the end of the 19th century in Zaragoza is enriched thanks to the study, hardly explored until now, of the official requests for the placement of these samples of signage conserved in its municipal archive. In them, the exposed writing (either typographic or hand-lettered) was a determining element of the publicity and the consolidation of the name and brand of the business. The value of these administrative documentary sources is analyzed to broaden the possibilities of studying public documents in relation to commercial architecture and thus understand the diffusion of certain fonts and lettering styles. The results of this research make it possible to underpin an evolution over time of graphic forms: from the nineteenth-century French to a more avant-garde writing and lettering under the protection of American marketing and production modes.

Japanese comics or manga have caught the world’s attention in recent years. It conveys stories through words and images in a specific order resulting in beautiful works. Now, manga is translated into various languages in the world, including Indonesian. The following study entailed a comparative analysis of the manga Meitantei Conan into Indonesia, primarily concentrating on: the format, for example, the arrangement of pages, lettering, and typography, what was translated what was not. In translating Japanese manga into Indonesian, it was found that there were similarities (retained elements) and differences (adjusted elements). We can found similarities between the original Japanese version and the Indonesian translated version of manga in the writing composition on the chapter title and onomatopoeia. Besides, there are also similarities in cultural terms because the translator maintains terms in Japanese as a translation strategy. The main difference between Original Japanese comics and the Indonesian translated version is the binding system of using, the type of font, and the use of Indonesian cultural elements so that the dialogue of the story characters is more communicative and easy to understand.

The existence of the Surakarya Handlettering Community in Surakarta. This community is a learning group to write handlettering art in Surakarta, which was formed in 2014, where currently dozens of members have joined who have creativity and expertise in the art of handlettering. This research uses descriptive qualitative method which aims to examine how the role of the Surakarya Community in the development of handlettering in Surakarta and how to develop the style and work of handlettering in Surakarta. Data analysis was carried out by interviewing several community members, direct observation by means of observation and making a questionnaire, and documenting community activities in the form of pen meet-ups. This research found that the existence of communities in popularizing the arts of handlettering and calligraphy was formed through two aspects, namely the role through several internal and external activities such as exhibitions, belcor (belmen corner), pen meet up, ngangsu kaweruh and lettering camp. The second aspect is in the form of alternative styles and handlettering works that have been developed covering 7 (seven), namely: decorative lettering, script lettering, chalk lettering, watercolor lettering, calligraphy brushes, modern calligraphy and calligraphy blackletter. The art of handlettering is in the form of murals that decorate several cafes and corners of the city of Surakarta, besides the work of the Surakarya community which is applied in the form of media such as helmets, tote bags, packaging, pillow covers and t-shirts. For the Surakarya community in the future it will be more developed and promote the community in cultivating the arts of handlettering and calligraphy both at the local and national levels.

AIMS: The aim of this systematic review was to explore and evaluate the efficacy of interventions to reduce the prevalence of look-alike, sound-alike (LASA) medication name errors. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the literature, searching PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science up to December 2016, and re-ran the search in February 2020 for later results. We included studies of interventions to reduce LASA errors, and included randomised controlled trials, controlled before-and-after studies, and interrupted time series. Details were registered in Prospero (ID: CRD42016048198). RESULTS: We identified six studies that fulfilled our inclusion criteria. All were conducted in laboratories. Given the diversity in the included studies, we did not conduct a meta-analysis, and instead report the findings narratively. The only intervention explored in RCTs was capitalisation of selected letters ('Tall Man'), for which we found limited efficacy and no consensus. CONCLUSIONS: Tall Man lettering is a marginally effective intervention to reduce LASA errors, with a number of caveats. We suggest that there Tall Man gives rise to a 'quasi-placebo effect', whereby a user derives more benefit from Tall Man lettering if they are aware of its purpose.

Physicians should be aware of look‐alike/sound‐alike (LASA) drug names. Clearly legible drug prescriptions, preferably via electronic drug prescription systems, and the use of Tall Man lettering may help to prevent LASA medication errors.

Purpose Unclear labeling has been recognized as an important cause of look-alike medication errors. Little is known about which labeling practices are currently used in European hospitals. The aim of this article is to obtain an overview of the labeling practices for parenteral medications, in relation to national guidelines, in the Netherlands, Germany, and the UK. Methods An online survey was conducted using the Qualtrics® software. The survey was distributed to hospital pharmacists in the Netherlands, Germany, and the UK. The results were downloaded from Qualtrics and exported to Microsoft Excel. Data were categorized into groups and analyzed descriptively. Results In total, 104 responses were received. The response rate was 63% (n = 48) in the Netherlands and 11% (n = 41) for Germany; for the UK, 15 responses were received. In general almost 90% of the respondents followed the National guidelines concerning labeling of pharmacy-prepared parenteral products. The use of label enhancement techniques was relatively low in all countries. On average, the use of “Tall Man” lettering was 19%, the use of color coding was 29%, and the use of a barcode on the label was 27%. Conclusion Label-enhancement methods for parenteral medication in hospital pharmacies do not seem to be widely implemented and acknowledged in European hospitals, but response rates were limited for two countries. Greater standardization in conjunction with research for evidence-based enhancement techniques is needed to guide improvement in labeling practices across Europe.

This article studies the inscription IG IV2 1.687 (FGrH 95), the only evidence for the historian Philip of Pergamon. The subjects considered include the text itself, the appearance of the stone and the layout in imitation of papyrus, the date as evidenced by the lettering, the use of the Ionic dialect and the references to ‘suffering and continuous mutual slaughter’. Finally, it is proposed that Philip may be ‘the historian Philip’ mentioned in a dialogue of Plutarch.

What links Thomas More to Filippo Tommaso Marinetti? And how is the creativity of alphabets related to the cover art of vinyl records? And yet there is a common thread called lettering, which is variously articulated in the expressiveness of the typographic characters of the artists. There is a bi-planarity present in the letters of the alphabet: that of expression and that of content –signifier and signified meaning, but there is also an arbitrariness that does not connect, in any way, one to the other, the will of an alphabet to exist as an autonomous form of art. Lettering is perhaps the most appropriate area of graphics for experimenting, thinking, inventing, narrating and playing with elementary forms. Letters represent an extreme synthesis of the meanings of nature and of geometry and suggest unusual alphabets, prompting us to invent new stories. From the artistic avant-gardes of the 20th century, the playful revolution of lettering also invested the field of music with cover art. Many records are often first remembered, even more than for their music, for their cover art. The graphic design of the covers, moreover, often offers an intuition, at first glance, of the musical genre of the album and the personality of the artist. Today, the graphic design and the imaginative lettering of record covers have now become recognized as true forms of art., img journal, No 2 (2020): Graphics

Practitioners and academics agree that packaging is a communication tool that impacts marketing success. This paper focuses on a specific cue incorporated in product packaging: the use of supplemen...

This paper focuses on the issue of comic book lettering in mainstream American comics with an aim to introduce theoretical and methodological framework for further analysis of comic book typography. First, it addresses numerous aspects of relations between text and image in comics and presents the brief history of lettering in American comic book industry, as it grew apart from its European counterpart in the early years of development and became much more institutionalized, in no part because of the works of Will Eisner, Gaspar Saladino and especially Richard Starkins, who introduced an affordable means of using the digital typography in early 90s' comic books. In its main part the paper presents the classification of usage of lettering in comics' communicates, which distinguishes the diegetic (graphic, verbal and mental) and non-diegetic (meta- or paratextual and narrative) communicates. This analysis was based on the research sample of over 700 comic book issues, mostly from the Ultimate Marvel imprint (2000–2015) In the final paragraphs, the author critically examines functions of comic book typography and outlines three possible fields of further study.

Dyslexia is a Learning Disorder with a great impact in every area of the official curriculum, especially those involving the development of communicative competences. This situation is particularly acute in relation to the first foreign language area: English. This language is increasingly widespread in our classrooms as a result of the establishment of bilingual schools. Despite the general methodological adaptation applied within the subject of English as a foreign language, when there are students with special educational needs in the classroom no specific adaptations are usually carried out. Furthermore, the existing guidelines and protocols provided by educational inspectors are rarely, if ever, applied. The intention of the current research is to compile the range of methodological measures established by educational inspectors, as well as other professionals, with the aim of providing the best education to students with special educational needs in an inclusive way. For the purposes of this research, we analysed three case-studies involving three different students with learning disabilities. We conducted interviews not only with parents, but also with other students and teachers, in order to better understand what are the perceptions about the topic and the effectiveness of the learning adaptations applied. We recommend the adoption of some of the measures proposed by the interviewed professionals. Among these, using special lettering or breaking down the texts to be read into smaller sentences are proving ones of the most effective.

Мақалада қытай тіліндегі ономастикалық атаулардың, оның ішінде антропонимдер мен топонимдердің транслитерацияда түпнұсқаға сай немесе мейлінше жақын келетін ғылыми негізді нұсқалары ұсынылып, нақты мысалдармен дәйектеледі. Алдымен, қарастырылып отырған тақырыптың тарихына шолу жасалады және осы саладағы еңбектер талданады, соның негізінде мәселенің өзектілігі негізделеді. Қытай тіліндегі антропонимдер мен топонимдерді қазақ тілінде дұрыс таңбалау мәселесіне қатысты ұсыныстар жасалады. Автор тарапынан алдымен қытай тілінің дыбыстық ерекшеліктеріне талдау жасалып, кісі есімдері мен жер-су атауларының қытай тілінің емле ережесіне сай жазылуына қатысты ерекшеліктер көрсетіледі. Содан кейін Қытайда жарық көрген «Қазақ тілінің емле сөздігі» деп аталатын еңбектегі ханзу тілінен енген сөздер мен жер-су, адам аттарының жазылуына қатысты хань ұлтының есімдері, қытайша жер-су атауларын қазақша жазудың алты емле ережесі жеке-жеке талданады. Сонымен қатар, қытай қазақтарының қытай тіліндегі кісі есімдері мен жер-су атауларын төте жазуда таңбалау тәсілдері де қарастырылады. Қытай тіліндегі жер-су және кісі есімдерін қазақ тілінде орыс тілі арқылы қабылдау дәстүрімен емес, тікелей түпнұсқа тілден және сол түпнұсқа қытай тілі мен қазақ тілінің ерекшеліктері ескеріле отырып, транслитерация тәсілімен берудегі тиімді жолдар ұсынылады.Мақала ҚР Білім және ғылым министрлігінің «Қытай тіліндегі ономастикалық атауларды жаңа ұлттық қазақ латын жазуында таңбалаудың лингвистикалық негіздері» атты гранттық жобасы (ЖСН 0121РК00508)негізінде жарияланды., В статье представлены научно обоснованные близкие либо максимально близкие к оригиналу варианты транслитерации ономастических имен китайского языка, в том числе антропонимов и топонимов, и подкреплены конкретными примерами. Прежде всего приведен обзор истории рассматриваемой проблематки, а также анализ работ в этой области, на основании которых обосновывается актуальность вопроса. Даны рекомендации по правильному написанию китайских антропонимов и топонимов на казахском языке. Автор анализирует фонетические особенности китайского языка и показывает различия в написании личных имен и географических названий в соответствии с правилами правописания китайского языка. Далее приведен анализ каждого из шести правил правописания имён ханьского народа и китайских географических названий на казахском языке, слов, заимствованных из ханьского языка, географических названий и личных имён, описанных в труде «Орфографический словарь казахского языка», вышедшем в свет в Китае. Кроме того, рассмотрены способы написания личных имен и топонимов китайского языка арабской вязью, применяемых казахами, проживающими на территории Китая. Предложены эффективные способы транслитерации китайских географических названий и личных имен напрямую с исходного языка и с учётом особенностей казахского и китайского языков, а не традиции заимствования через русский язык., The article gives scientifically supported transliteration forms of Chinese onomastic names, particularly anthroponyms (personal names) and toponyms (placenames), that are closer, or as similar as possible to the original, and backs them up with concrete examples. First, a review of the history of the topic under discussion is conducted, followed by an analysis of works in this field, on the basis of which the issue's topicality is substantiated. Recommendations on the accurate lettering of Chinese anthroponyms and toponyms in the Kazakh language is given. First, the author analyses phonetic characteristics of Chinese language and highlights the peculiarities of personal and place names spelling in line with Chinese spelling regulations. Then, on the basis of the work "Dictionary of Kazakh language spelling" published in China regarding the correct spelling of persons and place names borrowed from Chinese language, six rules of spelling of Chinese names of places and people in the Kazakh language are meticulously analysed. In addition, the article discusses how Kazakhs from China use direct writing to write Chinese personal names and place names. Rather than the traditional method of transferring Chinese onomastic names into Kazakh through Russian, effective ways of transferring Chinese place and personal names into Kazakh from the original language using transliteration and taking into account the specifics of the original Chinese and targeted Kazakh languages are presented., Филологические науки, Выпуск 1 (64) 2022

La problemática respecto a lo que supone empezar a emprender en la adultez, adaptarse a las nuevas tecnologías, redes sociales y reivindicar su posición como mujer en la sociedad. Emprender no es para muchos. Mucho menos a cierta edad donde el margen de error no nos permite tomar riesgos considerables, los cuales son parte necesaria de un crecimiento empresarial significativo. Cecilia Almeida nos da un resumen de su vida, de lo que fue comenzar a emprender pasado los cuarenta años y haciendo especial hincapié en sus tres hijos y cómo éstos influyeron en las decisiones que la han llevado a estar donde está ahora y hacia dónde se ha de dirigirse., Facultad de Artes

En el siguiente documento se pretende describir las particularidades técnicas y conceptuales del proceso de creación de marca gráfica con técnicas de lettering en los casos de Simón Londoño y Ximena Jiménez. Diseñadores gráficos totalmente reconocidos en el campo de creación de marca con dicha técnica que contribuye significativamente al campo de la construcción de la marca un impacto visual y comunicativo a la hora de desarrollar proyectos para grandes marcas de productos tanto nacional como internacionalmente. El desarrollo del proyecto comprenderá tres momentos: 1) Recopilación de material gráfico para analizar. 2) Caracterización para matriz de análisis de los trabajos realizados por los dos diseñadores gráficos. 3) Análisis de las piezas gráficas a luz de los parámetros, identificando sus similitudes y diferencias. 4) Conclusiones del análisis. Para ello la presente investigación busca comprender mediante un análisis de sus proyectos, ¿cómo han sido desarrollados?,¿cuál es su proceso creativo?, ¿Cómo abordan cada proyecto? ¿Qué los define? Proyecto de grado (Diseñador de la Comunicación Gráfica)-- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2021 Pregrado Diseñador(a) de la Comunicación Gráfica

A creative art expression intervention using hand lettering was implemented on an outpatient oncology unit and evaluated for feasibility and its relationship with stress and anxiety in patients with cancer. Results suggest that a hand lettering intervention is feasible in this type of setting and may benefit patients experiencing stress and anxiety during outpatient treatment.

Based on the review of the book “Lit[t]era Romana. Antologia tekstów z czasopisma Litera 1966–1978” (oprac. M. Marek-Łucka, A. Tomaszewski, Warszawa 2020) [“Lit[t]era Romana. Anthology of texts from the journal Litera 1966–1978” (compiled by Monika Marek-Łucka, Andrzej Tomaszewski, Warsaw 2020)] and its publishing process, a formal and thematic description of the journal “Litera. Dodatek «Poligrafiki» poświęcony sprawom liternictwa, czcionek i matryc drukarskich” [“Letter. Supplement of “Poligrafika” devoted to the issues of lettering, typefaces and printing matrices”] (1966–1978) was made. This analysis, contains description of audience, scope, frequency, volume, circulation, price and number of articles with their topics, was enriched with description of the author’s circle of articles, including the editor of the journal (Roman Tomaszewski) and the editors of the anthology. The whole was done to show the uniqueness of the journal “Litera” (which was phenomenon not only on the Polish, but also on the international arena of current information about printing and lettering) and its influence on Polish typography and lettering.

In his latest novel Cox oder Der Lauf der Zeit (2016), Christoph Ransmayr, best known for his Ovid-pastiche Die letzte Welt (1988), depicts eighteenth Century China. While the famous English clockm...

Bu çalışmanın amacı Isparta ilinde yaşamakta olan adölesan sporcuların beslenmealışkanlıklarının voleybol müsabakasındaki sportif performanslarına etkisininincelenmesidir. Çalışmaya 57 kadın sporcu ve 74 erkek sporcu olmak üzeretoplamda 131 voleybol oyuncusu katılmıştır. Bu çalışmaya katılan kadın sporcularınyaş ortalamaları 16,06±1,03 ve erkek sporcuların ise 16,12±1,10 olduğu tespitedilmiştir. Araştırmayı oluşturan veriler bir veri toplama formuyla sporcularlayüz yüze görüşülerek elde edilmiştir. Sporcuların beslenme durumları vealışkanlıklarını belirlemek amacıyla ‘’Besinlerin Tüketim Sıklıkları’’ vegeriye dönük ‘’24 Saatlik Hatırlatma’’ yöntemi ile bir günlük besin tüketimkayıtları toplanmıştır. Araştırma verileri istatistik paket programıkullanılarak tanımlayıcı istatistiklere bakılmış ve yapılan dağılım testisonucunda çoklu karşılaştırma için ANOVA testinden faydalanılmıştır. Gruplararası farkın sebebini tespit etmek için Tukey Post. Hoc. Testindenyararlanılmış ve farkın sebebi harflendirme yöntemi ile sunulmuştur. Sonuçolarak; sporcunun başarısında sporcunun yapmış olduğu antrenman ve sporcugeçmişi önemli rol oynadığı görülmüştür. Fakat sporcuların sportif performansıetkileyen unsurların eşit olması durumunda sporcuların beslenmesi durumlarınınsportif performansta belirleyici bir öge olduğu yapmış olduğumuz çalışmadatespit edilmiştir., The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the nutrition habits of the adolescent athletes living in Isparta province on their sportive performance in volleyball competition. A total of 131 volleyball players, including 57 female athletes and 74 male athletes, participated in the study. The mean age of female athletes participating in this study was 16.06 ± 1.03 and male athletes were 16.12 ± 1.10. Data were collected by face-to-face interview with athletes in a data collection form. In order to determine the nutritional status and habits of the athletes, one-day food consumption records were collected by ’Food Consumption Frequency’ and ’24 Hourly Reminder ’method. Descriptive statistics were analyzed by using statistical data and ANOVA test was used for multiple comparisons. To determine the cause of the difference between the groups Tukey Post. Hoc. The test was used and the reason for the difference was presented with the lettering method. As a result; athletes in the success of the athletes training and sports history has been seen to play an important role. However, if the athletes are equal to the factors affecting the sportive performance, it is determined that the nutrition of the athletes is a determining factor in the sportive performance.

One of the subjects regarding stopping and starting places in the Qur’ān is that they have an important place in the recitation science is extraction and evidence. While some letters are stated in the writing in the lettering of the Qur’ān, they are ruled out. One of the letters with this feature is the letter of “yā”. While the letter of “yā” is stable in the lettering of Qur’ān, it is ruled put sometimes. It is stable in its arriving form, while it causes disagreement among the imams about the evidence and extraction in the stopping form. It differs that the letter of “yā” which is named as the quality of “yā” is a basic- non-basic one, it conjoins to a noun or verb, it comes to the middle or to the end of the versicle. The various justifications were made about the suitability for lettering The Qur’ān related that the letter of “yā” is ruled out as stopping or arriving, or it is a stable one, a proof is offered from the grammar and syntax rules, it is used in Arabic poetry and remark, and as the suitability for the interruption (the end of versicle). The letter of “yā” which is ruled out generally is due to the suitability for the interruption. This situation is commonly used in Arabic language, and Arabic poetries are shown as an evidence for this situation. In this study, the versicles which include the letter of “yā” that is stable or ruled out in arriving or stopping are determined and the views of recitation of imams are mentioned about whether the letter of “yā” is written or not in the lettering of Qur’ān. Moreover, it will be revealed that The Qur’ān which is laconic with its literal future has got a unique harmony and extent as it is used in extraction wording.

Punk is typically associated with ransom-note-inspired lettering, safety-pinned leather jackets, and mohawk haircuts, but Too Fast to Live, Too Young to Die presented a far more nuanced look at the...

Literacy and literacy, distinct and related processes, which should, in any event, develop together, this interdependence leads to a consistent training reader. Therefore, the professional education should get out of your comfort zone to understand in full what actually constitutes this junction, thus, break the paradigms of traditionalism that lingers in the teaching practice. We seek to understand why does not occur successfully literacy proficient in your normal cycle, even in the face of so many formative possibilities and availability of quality teaching materials. It's a little disconcerting, but, if you needed a thorough analysis on the role of the teacher teacher, recognize their teaching strategies and the cause of lower students ' learning. If the teacher teacher really understood the merging literacy and literacy and changed your attitude in the classroom in order to meet this new perspective? That is the question which raises the said study.

Ever since the discovery of a building inscription of a vexillatio of the legio VI Ferrata near Tel Shalem,1 it was clear that the area was a locus of Roman military activity. In the following years the vicinity of the Tel yielded the inscription of a Hadrianic arch whose letter-size is surpassed only by the lettering on the Pantheon and the Arch of Titus in Rome.2 Most recently, the headquarters complex of the fort (principia), and in particular the regimental shrine (aedes or sacellum), have been uncovered (see above). Within and in front of the aedes were found three inscriptions:3 a dedicatory inscription to Caracalla on a statue base in front of the building (no. 1), and two mosaic inscriptions inside, one at the entrance to the nave (no. 2), the other at its far end (no. 3). The fills covering the building produced stamped roof-tiles bearing three different formulae. The new inscriptions prove that the building was the aedes of the Ala VII Phrygum. The earliest attestation of its presence in Syria Palaestina is inferred from a military diploma of A.D. 1394 found at Apheka, not far from Tel Shalem. Assuming that the Ala Phrygum, attested without the number VII in the province of Syria up to A.D. 88,5 is the same unit as the Ala VII Phrygum of our inscriptions, its transfer to Iudaea is most likely to be associated with the suppression of the Bar Kokhba Revolt.6 The inscriptions published here provide the latest known date for its stay in Syria Palaestina, some 40 years after the latest date so far attested in military diplomas.7

Background: Micrographia, one element of the dysgraphia of Parkinson's disease (PD), may be classified according to the presence or absence of a decremental pattern. The decremental form, progressive micrographia, is an expression of the sequence effect seen generally in bradykinesia. Its responsiveness to levodopa has not been evaluated kinematically.Objectives: Aim of this study is to investigate the difference in levodopa response for progressive and non-progressive micrographia.Methods: Twenty-four PD patients and 24 age-matched repeatedly wrote the letter e on a computerized digital tablet. PD patients performed the task two times, in a defined off state and again after levodopa. Scripts were classified as progressive micrographia (PDPM) or non-progressive micrographia (PDNPM) depending on whether a 10% decrement was seen between the first and final characters of a line of lettering.Results: While levodopa produced a similar response on the MDS-UPDRS motor scale for the two groups, the effect on the two types of micrographia was different. While writing speed improved significantly in both groups after levodopa, the responses were over twofold greater for PDNPM. Moreover, the decremental features of PDPM–in size, speed, and pen-pressure—were largely unaltered by a levodopa dose.Conclusions: Progressive micrographia is less responsive to levodopa. Our findings agree with research showing that the sequence effect of bradykinesia is relatively resistant to medication. Yet we did not find a weaker overall levodopa motor benefit. Caution is needed in the interpretation of such micrographia measurements for estimating drug responses.

A lo largo de nuestra vida educativa hemos recibido consejos de estudio por parte de amigos y familiares. Ya sea hacer mapas conceptuales, con los puntos más importantes del tema, hasta subrayarlos con rotuladores. En fin, hay muchos consejos que nos hemos topado para mejorar nuestros estudios y enfocarnos en los temas relevantes. Pero ¿y si te dijera que estos consejos o tips ahora puedes encontrarlos en Instagram? Pues ese es el trabajo de los studygrammers. Personas que por medio del Instagram comparten ideas, consejos y experiencias para mejorar las técnicas de estudio. Algunos studygrammers inspiran con sus apuntes y portadas de cuadernos ya sean hechos a mano o digitales. Otros suelen compartir su zona de trabajo, mostrando la organización que se puede tener con los materiales. Y hablando de esto, también recomiendan, según su experiencia, materiales que les sirven y aquellos que no. Aparte de los consejos que dan para tus apuntes a mano, también comparten experiencias para apuntes digitales, ya sea con recomendaciones o enseñanzas para usar aplicaciones web. Pueden hasta brindarte material digital hechos por ellos mismos para tus apuntes digitales. Comparto la experiencia de convertirme en una studygrammer, algunas anécdotas vividas en esta comunidad, y cómo es que, por la pandemia, nos hemos reinventado para seguir ayudando a las demás personas, ya sea con ideas o sugerencias para mejorar nuestro nivel de estudio, ya sea en clases virtuales o presenciales.

Este trabalho busca analisar a participação da rotulação referencial na construção da interação argumentativa, a partir de preceitos da teoria dialogal da argumentação, em um gênero da modalidade falada da língua. O gênero escolhido para este estudo foi a entrevista, especificamente aquelas realizadas pelo programa televisivo Roda Viva. Assim, esta pesquisa deverá responder à seguinte pergunta: de que forma a rotulação participa da construção da interação argumentativa desenvolvida no programa de entrevista Roda Viva? A fim de tentar responder a essa questão, foi realizada uma análise qualitativa, de base interpretativista, dos dados obtidos (GIL, 2002; GERHARDT, SILVEIRA, 2009). Por meio desse tipo de pesquisa, procura-se privilegiar o processo em detrimento do produto ao analisar aspectos referentes à rotulação e à construção da argumentação nas entrevistas transmitidas pelo Roda Viva, atentando-se para a forma como elas (rotulação e argumentação) se relacionam via interações argumentativas entre entrevistado e entrevistadores. Levando em consideração esse objetivo, o desenvolvimento da pesquisa partiu de dois campos de estudos diferentes: a Linguística Textual e a Argumentação. A primeira com foco no processo de rotulação (FRANCIS, [1994] 2003; CONTE, [1996] 2003; CARVALHO 2005; KOCH, 2006, 2011; ALVES JUNIOR, 2011) e a segunda a partir dos estudos da perspectiva dialogal da argumentação (PLANTIN, 2008, 2018; GRÁCIO, 2010, 2012, 2013; DAMASCENO-MORAIS, 2017, 2020, 2021). Além dessas duas perspectivas teóricas principais, foram mobilizados alguns pressupostos da Análise Conversacional (SACKS, SCHEGLOFF & JEFFERSON, 1974; KERBRATORECCHIONI, 2006; MARCUSCHI, [1986] 2003; KERBRAT-ORECCHIONI & PLANTIN, 1995; FÁVERO et al. 2010) assimilados e adaptados pela teoria dialogal. Dentre eles, destacam-se os conceitos de diálogo e troca de turnos, em que se parte da noção de que o primeiro se constitui como o centro de uma interação que implica a participação de, no mínimo, dois interactantes que estabelecem entre si uma troca comunicativa (SACKS, SCHEGLOFF & JEFFERSON, 1974). Além disso, buscou-se respaldo, também, na Teoria da Polidez Linguística ao se falar da preservação da face e negociação das distâncias durante uma interação argumentativa (BROW E LEVINSON 1987; GOFFMAN, 2011; MEYER, 1994, 2007). A rotulação se estabelece como um processo referencial que exerce diferentes funções dentro do texto, contribuindo para que os sentidos e interpretações sejam evidenciados. Já a argumentação dialogal parte de uma interação argumentativa, ou seja, uma interação pautada por uma estase que surge a partir de um discurso e um contradiscurso sobre um mesmo assunto em questão (PLANTIN, 2008). Esse assunto em questão é perspectivado à medida que se apresentam pontos de vista diferentes (GRÁCIO, 2010). Nesse sentido, para Grácio, perspectivar é argumentar. Para esta pesquisa foram selecionadas três entrevistas do Roda Viva – em que fosse possível visualizar esse processo de perspectivação e, a partir dele, verificar como ocorre a participação da rotulação – para a constituição do corpus RVIVA, são elas: entrevista 1, com Ricardo Salles; entrevista 2, com Glenn Greenwald; e entrevista 3, com Janaína Paschoal. Elas foram selecionadas por apresentarem um espaço argumentativo mais conflitivo em relação a outras entrevistas do mesmo programa televisivo. A partir dos dados obtidos, verificaram-se cinco formas de participação dos rótulos para o surgimento da estase e cinco formas de participação deles na construção dos pontos de vista. Além disso, viu-se a interface existente entre papéis de atuação, rotulação e polidez. This work seeks to analyze the participation of referential labeling in the construction of argumentative interaction, from the precepts of the dialogical theory of argumentation, in a genre of the spoken language modality. The genre chosen for this study was the interview, specifically those carried out by the television program Roda Viva. Thus, this research should answer the following question: how does the label participate in the construction of the argumentative interaction developed in the Roda Viva interview program? In order to try to answer this question, a qualitative analysis, with an interpretive basis, was performed on the data obtained (GIL, 2002; GERHARDT, SILVEIRA, 2009). Through this type of research, we seek to privilege the process to the detriment of the product when analyzing aspects related to the labeling and the construction of the argument in the interviews transmitted by Roda Viva, paying attention to the way they (labeling and argumentation) relate via argumentative interactions between interviewee and interviewers. Taking this objective into account, the development of the research started from two different fields of study: Textual Linguistics and Argumentation. The first focused on the labeling process (FRANCIS, [1994] 2003; CONTE, [1996] 2003; CARVALHO 2005; KOCH, 2006, 2011; ALVES JUNIOR, 2011) and the second from studies of the dialogical perspective of argumentation ( PLANTIN, 2008, 2018; GRÁCIO, 2010, 2012, 2013; DAMASCENO-MORAIS, 2017, 2020, 2021). In addition to these two main theoretical perspectives, some assumptions of Conversational Analysis were mobilized (SACKS, SCHEGLOFF & JEFFERSON, 1974; KERBRATORECCHIONI, 2006; MARCUSCHI, [1986] 2003; KERBRAT-ORECCHIONI & PLANTIN, 1995; FÁVERO et al. 2010) and adapted by dialogical theory. Among them, we highlight the concepts of dialogue and exchange of shifts, starting from the notion that the first is constituted as the center of an interaction that implies the participation of, at least, two interactants that establish among themselves a communicative exchange (SACKS, SCHEGLOFF & JEFFERSON, 1974). In addition, support was also sought in the Theory of Linguistic Politeness when talking about face preservation and distance negotiation during an argumentative interaction (BROW AND LEVINSON 1987; GOFFMAN, 2011; MEYER, 1994, 2007). Labeling is established as a referential process that performs different functions within the text, contributing for the meanings and interpretations to be highlighted. Dialogical argumentation, on the other hand, starts from an argumentative interaction, that is, an interaction based on a stasis that arises from a discourse and a counter-discourse on the same subject in question (PLANTIN, 2008). This issue in question is viewed as different points of view are presented (GRÁCIO, 2010). In this sense, for Grácio, to perspective is to argue. For this research, three Roda Viva interviews were chosen - in which it was possible to visualize this perspective process and, from it, to verify how the participation of the labeling occurs - for the constitution of the RVIVA corpus, they are: interview 1, with Ricardo Salles; interview 2, with Glenn Greenwald; and interview 3, with Janaína Paschoal. They were selected because they present a more conflicting argumentative space in relation to other interviews on the same television program. From the data obtained, there were five forms of participation of the labels for the emergence of stasis and five forms of their participation in the construction of points of view. In addition, the interface between acting roles, labeling and politeness was seen. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

Background and importance There is little quantitative evidence in the current literature on the incidence of incorrect medication administration of intravenous medications by clinicians. Analysis of infusion pump medication library alert-logs for user initiated corrections of erroneous medication selections adds quantitative data to the investigation of the incidence of lookalike–soundalike intravenous medication administration errors. Aim and objectives To establish baseline data from infusion pump medication library alert-logs on near miss and user correction lookalike–soundalike medication selection errors during intravenous medication administration. Material and methods A 12 month facility wide retrospective review of infusion pump medication library alert-logs was conducted to obtain metrics on the set-up phase of intravenous medication administration. Cancelled infusions and user initiated resolutions of incorrect medication selections were analysed. Decision times of clinicians were calculated from the time–date stamps of the pumps’ alert-logs. Results Incorrect medication selection represented 3.45% (10 017/290 807) of all medication library alerts and 22.40% (10 017/44 721) of all cancelled infusions. Average selection error recognition to cancellation and correction time was 27.00 s (SD 22.25). Medications with longer names were more prevalent among the initial selection errors. Users were more likely to make selection errors with the first part of the medication names (6991/10 017, 69.79%) while the middle part of the medication names were the next most likely to be misidentified (2144/10 017, 21.40%), with name ending confusion being responsible for 8.80% of errors (882/10 017). Conclusion and relevance The study provides a quantitative appraisal of an area that has been resistant to measurement, and identified a high number of near miss lookalike–soundalike errors. This phenomenon, while largely centred on initial misreading of the beginning of the medication name, also ran through the middle and end portions of medication nomenclature. The value of an infusion pump showing the entire medication name complete with TALLman lettering on the user interface, so that the selection fully matches that of the medication’s pharmacy label, is supported by these findings. FMEA type infusion pump strategies that use multiple distinct user confirmation steps (eg, medication selection followed by therapy selection, and user confirmation of clinical advisories) may reduce the risk of incorrect medication selection, as medications which require the user to pass through such selection and confirmation steps were far less prevalent in the near miss lookalike–soundalike error group. References and/or acknowledgements Conflict of interest No conflict of interest

Not so mysterious is a poster project exploring transformative alternatives to a growth-oriented economy, and experimenting with applying the idea of free and accessible to the visual process. In this report I present my personal background for the project, the systemic alternatives Doughnut Economics, wellbeing economy and The Transition Movement, and tie these together with local small-scale initiatives in my surroundings. I argue that system change can and is happening locally and I try to demystify change. I do this both through writing and through my visual project work which is also presented in this report.

[cat] La lletra és una realitat quotidiana en la nostra vida i s'associa a la cultura en qualsevol de les seves expressions. De l'estudi de la lletra, és a dir, des de la seva morfologia estructural fins al missatge comunicatiu que expressa se'n pot extreure molta informació: la lletra actua de mirall i projecta el context històric que l'acull, és portadora de missatges per ella mateixa, per la seva forma i estructura i pel valor comunicatiu que transmet. La present investigació respon a una voluntat d'analitzar la lletra per entendre els diferents aspectes que la configuren i també plantejar enfocaments d'estudi transversals amb altres disciplines que ens apropen a aquest univers de la lletra que pot resultar tant suggeridor com habitual però no per això exempt d'anàlisi i d'investigació. Des de la disciplina de la comunicació visual, el disseny gràfic, la lletra es considera com a projecte gràfic. És protagonista de l'estructura textual i de la configuració del missatge el qual presenta una dimensió simbòlica que pot reforçar el sentit textual que transcriu la lletra i també matisar-lo, ampliar-lo i desenvolupar-lo, tal com demostrarem al llarg d'aquest estudi. En definitiva, alguns dels aspectes que proposem com a punt de partida per a l'anàlisi de la lletra son, entre altres, la lletra entesa com a projecte, les lletres escrites versus les lletres dissenyades, l'entorn digital i les eines de generació tipogràfica, etc. Aquest model l'aplicarem en el cas d'estudi que presenta aquesta recerca centrada en les lletres del Tapís de la Creació de la Catedral de Girona. El coneixement obtingut pot ser extrapolable i aplicable també a altres obres. Incidir en un estudi a fons de les diferents i coordinades dimensions del signe lingüístic és un dels objectius de la investigació doctoral que s'ha portat a terme. S'inicia, aquest estudi, des del seu fonament morfològic i estructural, passant pels fonaments sintàctics fins a l'estudi pragmàtic que adquireix la lletra, a més a més de tenir present el seu protagonisme en els actes concrets i específics que implica la comunicació., [eng] Letters are a fact in our everyday lives and are related to culture in any of its various expressions. From the study of letters, it is to say, from their structural morphology to the communicative message that they express, we can get extremely rich information: letters mirror the historical context that bears them, they are message holders by themselves because of their form and structure and because of the communicative value that they transmit. The present research responds to a will to analyse letters in order to understand the different aspects that shape them, as well as to propose cross-sectional study approaches with other disciplines that lead us to their universe, which may turn out as suggestive as common but not, because of the last, exempt of analysis and inquiry. From the point of view of the discipline that studies visual communication, Graphic Design, letters are considered graphic projects. They are the protagonists of the textual structure and of the configuration of the message, which introduces us to a symbolic dimension, where the textual meaning of the transcription is reinforced as well as nurtured, expanded and developed, as we will demonstrate in this study. In short, some of the aspects that we propose as a starting point for the analysis of letters are, among others, letters understood as projects, the written document versus the designed letter, the digital environment and the typographic generation tools, etc. This mode of action will be applied in the study case subject of this research centred on the embroidered inscriptions of the Tapís de la Creació (The Creation Tapestry) of the Cathedral of Girona. The knowledge obtained can be extrapolated and applied to other works as to emphasize the need of a profound study on the different and coordinated dimensions of the linguistic sign is one of the objectives of the doctoral research that we have carried out. This inquiry begins with the morphological and structural scaffolding of letters, moving on from the syntactic foundations to the pragmatic study that they require, without forgetting their prominence in the concrete and specific acts that communication implies.

Research on the typefaces used in commercial establishments at the end of the 19th century in Zaragoza is enriched thanks to the study, hardly explored until now, of the official requests for the placement of these samples of signage conserved in its municipal archive. In them, the exposed writing (either typographic or hand-lettered) was a determining element of the publicity and the consolidation of the name and brand of the business. The value of these administrative documentary sources is analyzed to broaden the possibilities of studying public documents in relation to commercial architecture and thus understand the diffusion of certain fonts and lettering styles. The results of this research make it possible to underpin an evolution over time of graphic forms: from the nineteenth-century French to a more avant-garde writing and lettering under the protection of American marketing and production modes. La investigación sobre los tipos de letra empleados en los establecimientos comerciales a finales del siglo XIX en Zaragoza se enriquece gracias al estudio, apenas explorado hasta ahora, de las solicitudes oficiales de colocación de estas muestras de rotulación conservados en su archivo municipal. En ellas, la escritura expuesta (bien fuera tipográfica o rotulada a mano) fue un elemento determinante de la publicidad y la consolidación del nombre y marca del negocio. Se analiza el valor de estas fuentes documentales administrativas para ampliar las posibilidades de estudio de los documentos publicitarios en relación con la arquitectura comercial y comprender así la difusión de determinados tipos de letra y estilos de rotulación. Los resultados de esta investigación permiten apuntalar una evolución en el tiempo de las formas gráficas: desde las netas inspiraciones francesas decimonónicas hasta llegar a modelos de escritura y rotulación más vanguardistas al amparo de modos productivos y de marketing estadounidense.

The objective of this paper is to present a new hybrid additive manufacturing route for fabricating collector coins with complex, intricate contoured holes. The new manufacturing route combines metal deposition by additive manufacturing with metal cutting and forming, and its application is illustrated with an example consisting of a prototype coin made from stainless steel AISI 316L. Experimentation and finite element analysis of the coin minting operation with the in-house computer program i-form show that the blanks produced by additive manufacturing and metal cutting can withstand the high compressive pressures that are attained during the embossing and impressing of lettering and other reliefs on the coin surfaces. The presentation allows concluding that hybrid additive manufacturing opens the way to the production of innovative collector coins with geometric features that are radically different from those that are currently available in the market.

Various imaging modalities are used in conjunction with visual fields and clinical examination of glaucoma patients. OCT like other imaging modalities typically compare patient images to a normative database and present structure characteristics that are outside of normal for age-matched controls in red lettering or boxes, whereas structure characteristics within the normal range are presented in green. Although optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently an important adjunct to clinical diagnosis, normative databases do not contain examples of atypical optic nerve head or retinal nerve fiber layer morphologies and can therefore flag these findings as abnormal. Furthermore, imaging can provide artifacts which do not represent true ocular disease but are secondary to limitations of imaging technology. Recognition of false-positive “Red Disease” and false-negative “Green Disease” is of importance in diagnosing and treating glaucoma. In this section we provide examples for ‘Red disease’ and ‘Green Disease’ and the artifacts that may affect diagnostic performance of the spectral domain OCT.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Design com a especialização em Designa de Comunicação, dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa, para obtenção do grau de Mestre. Submitted by Pilar Lago (mpilar@fa.utl.pt) on 2021-10-26T15:28:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tipografia, lettering e imagem nas capas da segunda série da revista Illustração Portugueza (1906.pdf: 4671967 bytes, checksum: 5b43ec0832b7e85c86282ecdb3cbad1d (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Pilar Lago (mpilar@fa.utl.pt) on 2021-10-26T15:29:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tipografia, lettering e imagem nas capas da segunda série da revista Illustração Portugueza (1906.pdf: 4671967 bytes, checksum: 5b43ec0832b7e85c86282ecdb3cbad1d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-10-26T15:29:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tipografia, lettering e imagem nas capas da segunda série da revista Illustração Portugueza (1906.pdf: 4671967 bytes, checksum: 5b43ec0832b7e85c86282ecdb3cbad1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-09 N/A

This article explores how Lauren Redniss’s 'Radioactive: Marie & Pierre Curie: A Tale of Love and Fallout' (2010) uses expressive drawings, lettering, layouts, tableaus, colour, photographs and archival documents to challenge traditional biographical conventions. Drawing on art history, comics studies, feminist science history, and biography theory, it proposes that 'Radioactive' initially invites readers into the pleasures of intimate knowledge of a complex female figure through alluring hand-drawn visual sequences that recreate both Curie’s era and aura. However, this romanticized and even eroticized view of the subject shifts as the graphic biography of Marie Curie transforms into the graphic biography of her primary discovery, the element radium, and the later twentieth century tragedies of atomic warfare and nuclear fallout. The article concludes that 'Radioactive' is an experiment in graphic biography that highlights how the border between the seen and the unseen cuts across atomic science, biographical narrative, and visual storytelling.

What links Thomas More to Filippo Tommaso Marinetti? And how does the creativity of video clips relate to Futurist posters? And yet there is a common thread called lettering, which is variously articulated in the expressiveness of the typographic characters of the artists.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы, посвященные графической форме существования языка, выраженной в шрифтовом начертании. Шрифтовой знак — буква — интересен как объект дизайна и как объект визуального искусства. Изучение его значения в визуальной системе коммуникаций определяет актуальность темы. Также в работе анализируется значимость изучения связи зрительного образа и его восприятия., The paper discusses the issues related to the graphical form of the language, expressed in the font style. Font sign, a letter, is interesting as an object of design and as an object of visual art. The study of its signifi cance in the visual communication system determines the relevance of the topic. Along with this, the work reinterprets its methodological signifi cance. Materials are proposed for theoretical and practical exercises., Университетский научный журнал, Выпуск 57 2020

I reply to recent arguments by Peter Barker & Tofigh Heidarzadeh, Arun Bala, and F. Jamil Ragep claiming that certain aspects Copernicus’s astronomical models where influenced by late Islamic authors connected with the Maragha school. In particular, I argue that: the deleted passage in De revolutionibus that allegedly references unspecified previous authors on the Tusi couple actually refers to a simple harmonic motion, and not the Tusi couple; the arguments based on lettering and other conventions used in Copernicus’s figure for the Tusi couple have no evidentiary merit whatever; alleged indications that Nicole Oresme was aware of the Tusi couple are much more naturally explained on other grounds; plausibility considerations regarding the status of Arabic astronomy and norms regarding novelty claims weight against the influence thesis, not for it.

Surviving visual culture from the early modern period that can be described as particularly Scottish in style is scarce. As a result, any evidence of such artistry is of national significance. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to a form of lettering which was used for the display of short inscriptions and initials in Scotland throughout the 16th century. Surviving examples are almost exclusively carved in relief in durable wood and stone. This distinctive letterform is drawn from the transitional styles which briefly appeared at the end of the 15th century as French artists and scribes transferred their allegiance from their traditional ornate Gothic capitals to the bold, simple Roman forms of the Renaissance. While a number of experimental letterforms fleetingly appeared elsewhere across northern Europe, Scottish scholars absorbed these new influences in France and developed them into a distinctive form which persisted in Scotland for over a century. After its first known appearance at the marriage of King James IV to Margaret Tudor in Edinburgh in 1503, the evidence suggests that the use of Scottish Lettering became confined to Aberdeen and the north-east, primarily in pre Reformation ecclesiastical applications. Following the Reformation, it became largely restricted to secular and funerary inscriptions.