Search

IntroductionMany dietary guidelines promote the substitution of animal proteins with plant-based proteins for health benefits but also to help transitioning toward more sustainable dietary patterns. The aim of this study was to examine the food and nutrient characteristics as well as the overall quality and costs of dietary patterns consistent with lower intakes of animal-based protein foods and with higher intakes of plant-based protein foods among French Canadian adults.MethodsDietary intake data, evaluated with 24 h recalls, from 1,147 French-speaking adults of the PRÉDicteurs Individuels, Sociaux et Environnementaux (PREDISE) study conducted between 2015 and 2017 in Québec were used. Usual dietary intakes and diet costs were estimated with the National Cancer Institute’s multivariate method. Consumption of animal- and plant-based protein foods was classified into quarters (Q) and differences in food and nutrient intakes, Healthy Eating Food Index (HEFI)-2019 scores and diet costs across quarters were assessed using linear regression models adjusted for age and sex.ResultsParticipants with lower intakes of animal-based protein foods (Q1 vs. Q4) had a higher HEFI-2019 total score (+4.0 pts, 95% CI, 0.9 to 7.1) and lower daily diet costs (-1.9 $CAD, 95% CI, –2.6 to -1.2). Participants with higher intakes of plant-based protein foods (Q4 vs. Q1) had a higher HEFI-2019 total score (+14.6 pts, 95% CI, 12.4 to 16.9) but no difference in daily diet costs (0.0$CAD, 95% CI, -0.7 to 0.7).DiscussionIn a perspective of diet sustainability, results from this study among French-speaking Canadian adults suggest that a shift toward a dietary pattern focused primarily on lower amounts of animal-based protein foods may be associated with a better diet quality at lower costs. On the other hand, transitioning to a dietary pattern focused primarily on higher amounts of plant-based protein foods may further improve the diet quality at no additional cost.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Metataxonomic sequencing library size. Total sequence counts of the microbiota samples regrouped by study visits.

Additional file 5: Figure S5. Clustering of bioactive lipid profiles. Principal component analysis (PCA) on bioactive lipid profiles. A) Loading plot representing the contribution of lipids from each category to the variability between individuals at different visits. Ellipses show the effect of B) diet and C) individuals on samples. The ellipses represent the 95% confidence interval of the mean of points as computed with the FactoMineR package for the effect of B) diet, C) participants and D) the five clusters of samples distinguished from hierarchical clustering of the PCA. E) Hierarchical clustering on principal components (HCPC) of lipid profile of individuals at different visits. Variables contributing to the difference between the clusters are displayed on the dendrogram. A colored bar is printed below the dendrogram represents the visit to which the sample belongs. F) Heatmap of the lipid concentration for each sample divided by cluster and molecule category. For better visualization, the concentration values were centered around the mean for each metabolite.

Additional file 6: Figure S6. Heatmap illustrating the FDR-corrected Spearman correlations between HEI score of participants before the intervention study and gut microbiota genera relative abundances, Simpson’s diversity index, Shannon diversity index and plasmatic lipid concentrations at baseline (V1). Genera representing less than 1% in every sample have been filtered out. No feature was significant after FDR correction.

Additional file 3: Figure S3. Multiple factor analysis (MFA) on microbiota profile. A) Loading plot representing the contribution of taxonomic ranks of the gut microbiota to the variability between individuals at different visits. Taxa representing less than 1% in every sample have been filtered out. The ellipses represent the 95% confidence interval of the mean of points as computed with the FactoMineR package for the effect of B) diet, C) participants and D) the five clusters of samples distinguished from hierarchical clustering of the PCA. A sixth cluster containing only two samples was excluded from cluster analysis. Barplot representing the contribution of the top 15 variables to the MFA for E) dimension 1 and F) dimension 2.

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Microbiota diversity between visits. Microbiota alpha diversity measured on all sequence variants by A) Simpson’s index (1-D) and B) Shannon index between visits of the intervention study. Euclidean distance of microbiota profile including all sequence variants between baseline and each visit of the study for each participant in relation with their alpha diversity represented by C) Shannon index or D) total observed ASVs at baseline. Regression lines were drawn for each visit. Slope of line (lm) were significant for microbiota distance measurements with p-values < 0.05. Spearman coefficients are displayed on the legend. Red represents the distance between the microbiota profile of baseline (V1) and the first MedDiet (V2), black of baseline (V1) and CanDiet (V3) and gray of baseline (V1) and the second MedDiet (V4). Significance was set at p

Interactions between diet and gut microbiota are critical regulators of energy metabolism. The effects of fibre intake have been deeply studied but little is known about the impact of proteins. Here, we investigated the effects of high protein supplementation (Investigational Product, IP) in a double blind, randomised placebo-controled intervention study (NCT01755104) where 107 participants received the IP or an isocaloric normoproteic comparator (CP) alongside a mild caloric restriction. Gut microbiota profiles were explored in a patient subset (n = 53) using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Visceral fat decreased in both groups (IP group: − 20.8 ± 23.2 cm2; CP group: − 14.5 ± 24.3 cm2) with a greater reduction (p

Additional file 1: Supplementary File 1. The TPB Survey Questionnaire.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Aims: There is debate about the optimum algorithm for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk estimation. We conducted head-to-head comparisons of four algorithms recommended by primary prevention guidelines, before and after 'recalibration', a method that adapts risk algorithms to take account of differences in the risk characteristics of the populations being studied. Methods and results: Using individual-participant data on 360 737 participants without CVD at baseline in 86 prospective studies from 22 countries, we compared the Framingham risk score (FRS), Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), pooled cohort equations (PCE), and Reynolds risk score (RRS). We calculated measures of risk discrimination and calibration, and modelled clinical implications of initiating statin therapy in people judged to be at 'high' 10 year CVD risk. Original risk algorithms were recalibrated using the risk factor profile and CVD incidence of target populations. The four algorithms had similar risk discrimination. Before recalibration, FRS, SCORE, and PCE over-predicted CVD risk on average by 10%, 52%, and 41%, respectively, whereas RRS under-predicted by 10%. Original versions of algorithms classified 29-39% of individuals aged ≥40 years as high risk. By contrast, recalibration reduced this proportion to 22-24% for every algorithm. We estimated that to prevent one CVD event, it would be necessary to initiate statin therapy in 44-51 such individuals using original algorithms, in contrast to 37-39 individuals with recalibrated algorithms. Conclusion: Before recalibration, the clinical performance of four widely used CVD risk algorithms varied substantially. By contrast, simple recalibration nearly equalized their performance and improved modelled targeting of preventive action to clinical need., The work of the co-ordinating centre was funded by the UK Medical Research Council (G0800270), British Heart Foundation (SP/09/ 002), British Heart Foundation Cambridge Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, UK National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, European Research Council (268834), and European Commission Framework Programme 7 (HEALTH-F2-2012-279233). The Emerging Risk Factor Collaboration’s website https://www.phpc.cam.ac.uk/ceu/erfc/list-of-studies/ has compiled a list provided by investigators of some of the funders of the component studies in this analysis. I.W. was supported by the Medical Research Council Unit Programme MC_UU_12023/21. M.K. is supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Veni grant (Veni, 91616079). J.P. is supported by Erasmus Mundus Western Balkans (ERAWEB), a project funded by the European Commission.

To determine the effect of diets low in saturated fatty acids and high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acids on body composition in participants at risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS).This study was a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding study. Participants (n = 101, ages 49.5 ± 1.2, BMI 29.4 ± 0.4 kg/mCanola (3.1 kg, P = 0.026) and CanolaOleic oil diets (3.09 kg, P = 0.03) reduced android fat mass compared with the Flax/Saff oil diet (3.2 kg), particularly in men. The decrease in abdominal fat mass was correlated with the reduction in blood pressure after the Canola (systolic blood pressure: r = 0.26, P = 0.062; diastolic blood pressure: r = 0.38, P = 0.0049) and CanolaOleic oil diets (systolic blood pressure: r = 0.39 P = 0.004; diastolic blood pressure: r = 0.45, P = 0.0006). The decrease in abdominal fat mass also was associated with a reduction in triglyceride levels after the CanolaOleic oil diet (r = 0.42, P = 0.002).Diets high in MUFA (compared with PUFA) reduced central obesity with an accompanying improvement in MetS risk factors. Diets high in MUFA may be beneficial for treating and perhaps preventing MetS.

Individual participant time-to-event data from multiple prospective epidemiologic studies enable detailed investigation into the predictive ability of risk models. Here we address the challenges in appropriately combining such information across studies. Methods are exemplified by analyses of log C-reactive protein and conventional risk factors for coronary heart disease in the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, a collation of individual data from multiple prospective studies with an average follow-up duration of 9.8 years (dates varied). We derive risk prediction models using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis stratified by study and obtain estimates of risk discrimination, Harrell's concordance index, and Royston's discrimination measure within each study; we then combine the estimates across studies using a weighted meta-analysis. Various weighting approaches are compared and lead us to recommend using the number of events in each study. We also discuss the calculation of measures of reclassification for multiple studies. We further show that comparison of differences in predictive ability across subgroups should be based only on within-study information and that combining measures of risk discrimination from case-control studies and prospective studies is problematic. The concordance index and discrimination measure gave qualitatively similar results throughout. While the concordance index was very heterogeneous between studies, principally because of differing age ranges, the increments in the concordance index from adding log C-reactive protein to conventional risk factors were more homogeneous.

Background. The shift away from traditional lifestyle in the Inuit population over the past few decades has been associated with an increased prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure (BP) and diabetes. However, the impact of this transition on the pro-inflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has not been documented. Objectives. To examine the prevalence of elevated plasma hs-CRP concentrations in Inuit from Nunavik in the province of Quebec (Canada) and identify anthropometric, biochemical and lifestyle risk factors associated with elevated hs-CRP. Design. A population-representative sample of 801 Inuit residents from 14 villages of Nunavik, aged between 18 and 74 years, was included in the analyses. Subjects participated in a clinical session and completed questionnaires on lifestyle. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for elevated hs-CRP. Results. Elevated plasma hs-CRP concentrations (]2 mg/L) were present in 32.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 29.535.8) of the Inuit adult population and were more prevalent among women than among men (36.7% vs. 29.0%, p0.007). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that every 1 mmHg increase in systolic BP was associated with a 3% increase in the odds of having hs-CRP concentrations ]2 mg/L in the Inuit population (95% CI 1.011.04). The combination of older age (]50 vs. B30 years) and elevated waist circumference (gender-specific cut-off values) in a multivariate logistic model was also associated with a 13.3-fold increase in the odds of having plasma hs-CRP concentrations ]2 mg/L (95% CI 5.830.9). Conclusions. These data indicate that elevated hs-CRP is relatively prevalent among Inuit with values that are similar to those seen in Canadian Caucasian populations. Sex, age, waist circumference and systolic BP are major factors that increase the risk of this inflammatory phenotype among Inuit from Nunavik, despite their different lifestyle background compared with Caucasians.Keywords: Nunavik; risk factors; waist circumference; aging; sex; systolic blood pressure; Inuit; C-reactive protein; prevalence(Published: 17 October 2012)Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2012, 71: 19066 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v71i0.19066To access the supplementary material to this article, please see Supplementary files under Article Tools.

There are 2 predominant sources of dietary trans fatty acids (TFA) in the food supply, those formed during the industrial partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils (iTFA) and those formed by biohydrogenation in ruminants (rTFA), including vaccenic acid (VA) and the naturally occurring isomer of conjugated linoleic acid, cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9,t11-CLA). The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence base from epidemiological and clinical studies to determine whether intake of rTFA isomers, specifically VA and c9,t11-CLA, differentially affects risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer compared with iTFA. In addition, animal and cell culture studies are reviewed to explore potential pro- and antiatherogenic mechanisms of VA and c9,t11-CLA. Some epidemiological studies suggest that a positive association with coronary heart disease risk exists between only iTFA isomers and not rTFA isomers. Small clinical studies have been conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationships between these different sources of TFA and biomarkers or risk factors of CVD with inconclusive results. The lack of detection of treatment effects reported in some studies may be due to insufficient statistical power. Many studies have used doses of rTFA that are not realistically attainable via diet; thus, further clinical studies are warranted. Associations between iTFA intake and cancer have been inconsistent, and associations between rTFA intake and cancer have not been well studied. Clinical studies have not been conducted investigating the cause-and-effect relationship between iTFA and rTFA intake and risk for cancers. Further research is needed to determine the health effects of VA and c9,t11-CLA in humans.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-ahp-10.1177_0890117120928877 for Associations Between Nutrition Knowledge and Overall Diet Quality: The Moderating Role of Sociodemographic Characteristics—Results From the PREDISE Study by Elise Carbonneau, Benoît Lamarche, Véronique Provencher, Sophie Desroches, Julie Robitaille, Marie-Claude Vohl, Catherine Bégin, Mathieu Bélanger, Charles Couillard, Luc Pelletier, Luigi Bouchard, Julie Houle, Marie-France Langlois, Louise Corneau and Simone Lemieux in American Journal of Health Promotion

Table S1. Classification of some foods high in saturated fats, sugar or sodium in the R24W using the Health Canada Surveillance Tool Tier System. Table S2. Examples of calories from low nutritive value foods in mixed dishes as calculated in the R24W. Table S3. Estimation of standard deviation stratified by BMI, sex and age group among participants that came for clinical assessment. Table S4. Median intakes of low nutritive value foods among 1147 French-speaking adults from 5 administrative regions of the Province of Quebec, Canada. Table S5. “Naive” associations between incremental consumption of 250 cal from low nutritive value foods and cardiometabolic risk markers. Table S6. “Naive” associations between incremental consumption of 10% of total energy intakes from low nutritive value foods and cardiometabolic risk markers. Table S7. Associations between incremental consumption of 250 cal from low nutritive value foods and cardiometabolic risk markers, stratified by median Canadian Healthy Eating Index scores. Figure S1. Proportion of total energy intake provided by the main sources of low nutritive value foods according to sociodemographic characteristics. (PDF 337 kb)

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-ahp-10.1177_0890117120928877 for Associations Between Nutrition Knowledge and Overall Diet Quality: The Moderating Role of Sociodemographic Characteristics—Results From the PREDISE Study by Elise Carbonneau, Benoît Lamarche, Véronique Provencher, Sophie Desroches, Julie Robitaille, Marie-Claude Vohl, Catherine Bégin, Mathieu Bélanger, Charles Couillard, Luc Pelletier, Luigi Bouchard, Julie Houle, Marie-France Langlois, Louise Corneau and Simone Lemieux in American Journal of Health Promotion

Word document (.docx) Annexe 1: Checklist offered to the participant with their meals for each project. (DOCX 13 kb)

Supplemental Material, Supplementary_material_Carbonneau_et_al. for Associations Between Nutrition Knowledge and Overall Diet Quality: The Moderating Role of Sociodemographic Characteristics—Results From the PREDISE Study by Elise Carbonneau, Benoît Lamarche, Véronique Provencher, Sophie Desroches, Julie Robitaille, Marie-Claude Vohl, Catherine Bégin, Mathieu Bélanger, Charles Couillard, Luc Pelletier, Luigi Bouchard, Julie Houle, Marie-France Langlois, Louise Corneau and Simone Lemieux in American Journal of Health Promotion

Table S1. Classification of some foods high in saturated fats, sugar or sodium in the R24W using the Health Canada Surveillance Tool Tier System. Table S2. Examples of calories from low nutritive value foods in mixed dishes as calculated in the R24W. Table S3. Estimation of standard deviation stratified by BMI, sex and age group among participants that came for clinical assessment. Table S4. Median intakes of low nutritive value foods among 1147 French-speaking adults from 5 administrative regions of the Province of Quebec, Canada. Table S5. “Naive” associations between incremental consumption of 250 cal from low nutritive value foods and cardiometabolic risk markers. Table S6. “Naive” associations between incremental consumption of 10% of total energy intakes from low nutritive value foods and cardiometabolic risk markers. Table S7. Associations between incremental consumption of 250 cal from low nutritive value foods and cardiometabolic risk markers, stratified by median Canadian Healthy Eating Index scores. Figure S1. Proportion of total energy intake provided by the main sources of low nutritive value foods according to sociodemographic characteristics. (PDF 337 kb)

Word document (.docx) Annexe 1: Checklist offered to the participant with their meals for each project. (DOCX 13 kb)

The importance of metabolic syndrome (MetS) lies in its associated risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, as well as other harmful conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In this report, the available scientific evidence on the associations between lifestyle changes and MetS and its components is reviewed to derive recommendations for MetS prevention and management. Weight loss through an energy-restricted diet together with increased energy expenditure through physical activity contribute to the prevention and treatment of MetS. A Mediterranean-type diet, with or without energy restriction, is an effective treatment component. This dietary pattern should be built upon an increased intake of unsaturated fat, primarily from olive oil, and emphasize the consumption of legumes, cereals (whole grains), fruits, vegetables, nuts, fish, and low-fat dairy products, as well as moderate consumption of alcohol. Other dietary patterns (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, new Nordic, and vegetarian diets) have also been proposed as alternatives for preventing MetS. Quitting smoking and reducing intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and meat and meat products are mandatory. Nevertheless, there are inconsistencies and gaps in the evidence, and additional research is needed to define the most appropriate therapies for MetS. In conclusion, a healthy lifestyle is critical to prevent or delay the onset of MetS in susceptible individuals and to prevent cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in those with existing MetS. The recommendations provided in this article should help patients and clinicians understand and implement the most effective approaches for lifestyle change to prevent MetS and improve cardiometabolic health.

Although milk consumption is recommended in most dietary guidelines around the world, its contribution to overall diet quality remains a matter of debate in the scientific community as well as in the public domain. This article summarizes the discussion among experts in the field on the place of milk in a balanced healthy diet. The evidence to date suggests at least a neutral effect of milk intake on health outcomes. The possibility that milk intake is simply a marker of diets higher in nutritional quality cannot be ruled out. This review also identifies a number of key research gaps pertaining to the impact of milk consumption on health. These need to be addressed to better inform future dietary guidelines.