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This report considers different pricing models for a platform based rental system, such as Airbnb. A linear model is assumed for the demand response to price, and existence and uniqueness conditions for Nash equilibria are obtained. The Stackelberg equilibrium prices for the game are also obtained, and an iterative scheme is provided, which converges to the Nash equilibrium. Different cooperative pricing schemes are studied, and splitting of revenues based on the Shapley value is discussed. It is shown that a division of revenue based on the Shapley value gives a revenue to the platform proportional to its control of the market. The demand response function is modified to include user response to quality of service. It is shown that when the cost to provide quality of service is low, both renter and the platform will agree to maximize the quality of service. However, if this cost is high, they may not always be able to agree on what quality of service to provide.; Cet article examine différents modèles de tarification pour un système de location basé sur une plateforme, comme Airbnb. Un modèle linéaire est supposé pour la réponse de la demande au prix, et des conditions d’existence et d’unicité pour les équilibres de Nash sont obtenues. Les prix d’équilibre de Stackelberg pour le jeu sont également obtenus, et un schéma itératif est fourni, qui converge vers l’équilibre de Nash. Différents systèmes de tarification coopérative sont étudiés et la répartition des revenus basée sur la valeur de Shapley est discutée. Il est montré qu’une répartition des revenus basée sur la valeur de Shapley donne un revenu à la plateforme proportionnel à son contrôle du marché. La fonction de réponse à la demande est modifiée pour inclure la réponse de l’utilisateur à la qualité de service. Il est démontré que lorsque le coût de la qualité de service est faible, le locataire et la plateforme s’accordent pour maximiser la qualité de service. Cependant, si ce coût est élevé, ils ne peuvent pas toujours s’entendre sur la qualité de service à fournir.

International audience; This paper considers different pricing models for a platform based rental system, such as Airbnb. A linear model is assumed for the demand response to price, and existence and uniqueness conditions for Nash equilibria are obtained. The Stackelberg equilibrium prices for the game are also obtained, and an iterative scheme is provided, which converges to the Nash equilibrium. Different cooperative pricing schemes are studied, and splitting of revenues based on the Shapley value is discussed. It is shown that a division of revenue based on the Shapley value gives a revenue to the platform proportional to its control of the market. The demand response function is modified to include user response to quality of service. It is shown that when the cost to provide quality of service is low, both renter and the platform will agree to maximize the quality of service. However, if this cost is high, they may not always be able to agree on what quality of service to provide.

33. Conus lividus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Figure 34) Conus lividus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 630–632, no. 28 (lectotype, MHNG (43 x 26 mm) (Kohn 1968); "isles Antilles"). Cucullus monachos Röding, 1792: 39, no. 490 (representation of lectotype, Martini 1773: pl. 63, fig. 694 (47 x 28 mm) (Kohn 1975); locality unknown). Conus plebejus Link, 1807: 106 (lectotype, same as for C. monachos Röding). Conus primula Reeve, 1849: pl. 6, no. 259 (type, BMNH (31 x 18 mm); locality unknown). Material examined: MBMCS 133, 22 specimens, SL 24–48 mm; SW 12–29 mm. Description. Shell small to moderately large, solid to heavy. Body whorl broadly conical; outline almost straight. Shoulder angulate, strongly to weakly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to slightly concave. Body whorl with variably granulose spiral ribs above base, sometimes to centre. Body whorl olive to brownish yellow, with pale or white transverse bands at centre and below shoulder. Base dark violet-brown. Apex usually pink. Late spire whorls and shoulder white, sometimes with paler ground colour of body whorl between tubercles. Aperture deep purple-violet, behind narrow orange-brown margin, with pale band at centre and shoulder. Periostracum yellowish-brown, opaque and smooth with fine axial ridges. Distribution. Satyamurti (1952) reported this species from Shingle Island of Gulf of Mannar. Kohn (1978) has referred to a specimen deposited in ZMUC as being obtained off Tranquebar. Röckel et al. (1995) reported a specimen from south India. The specimens reported herein were collected from Gulf of Mannar (Table 6) by trawling in 10–30 m. Specimens were found to be comparatively abundant at Keelakarai. Remarks. The distribution of C. lividus is restricted to the Gulf of Mannar. The occurrence of a larger number of specimens from Keelakarai may be associated with the fact that they generally inhabit the edges of the fringing reefs of the nearby coral islands., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 36, {"references":["Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Martini, F. H. W. (1773) Neues Sytematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 2.","Link, H. F. (1807) Beschreibung der Natualien-Sammlung der Universitat zu Rostock, Mollusken, 2 e Abth. Rostock, 3, 106 pp.","Satyamurti, S. (1952) The Mollusca of Krusadai Island (in the Gulf of Manaar). 1. Amphineura and Gastropoda. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 1, 2, 6, 1 - 267.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84."]}

59. Conus virgo Linnaeus, 1758 (Figure 60) Conus virgo Linnaeus, 1758: 713, no. 253 (representation of lectotype, Rumphius 1705: pl. 31, fig. E (63 x 30 mm) (Kohn 1963); locality unknown). Material examined: MBMCS 159, 48 specimens, SL 50–110 mm; SW 28–52 mm. Description. Shell moderately large, heavy with a low gloss. Body whorl conical, outline slightly convex over the adapical quarter, straight below. Shoulder broad, angulate. Spire low to flat, outline slightly concave to slightly convex. Aperture moderately narrow, posteriorly slightly wider anteriorly, outer lip sharp, straight or nearly so. Body whorl with weak or obsolete spiral ribs near base. Widely spaced fine ribs and wrinkled threads between extend to centre or beyond. Ground colour white to yellow, with occasionally darker orange collabral lines marking growth cessations. Base broadly stained deep purple, visible both dorsally and ventrally. Spire same colour as body whorl, usually paler. Aperture glossy white, with a large, dark purple blotch at base. Periostracum thick, dark brown and opaque. Distribution. Early reports of C. virgo are by Melvill & Standen (1898) and by Sundaram (1969) from Mandapam along the east coast. Based on specimens deposited in museums, Kohn (1978) reported that this species is known to occur from Pondicherry (at MNHN) to Tuticorin (at ZSI, MGM) on the east coast and also from Bombay (at ZMUC) on the west coast. The specimens reported herein were collected from various stations (Table 6) by trawling in 5–20 m around the coral reef islands of the Gulf of Mannar. However, at Vedhalai the specimens were collected by diving in 5 m, on the sand and coral rubble. Remarks. This species is confined to the Gulf of Mannar. Their prevalence at shallow depths around the coral islands indicates their preference for such habitat. They often occur with C. araneosus, C. leopardus and C. terebra., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 51, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. 10 th ed., 1 Stockholm.","Rumphius, G. E. (1705) D' Amboinsche Rariteitkamer. Fr. Halma, Amsterdam.","Kohn, A. J. (1963) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, I. The species described by Linnaeus, 1758 - 1767. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 44, 740 - 768.","Melvill, J. C. & Standen, R. (1898) The marine Mollusca of Madras and the immediate neighbourhood. Journal of Conchology, 9, 30 - 48, 85.","Sundaram, K. S. (1969) Catalogue of Molluscs in the reference collections of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. I. Molluscs excluding cephalopods. Bulletin of Central Marine fisheries Research Institute, (9), 22.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

50. Conus striolatus Kiener, 1845 (Figure 51) Conus striolatus Kiener, 1845: pl. 105, fig. 1 (type, Coll. Bernardi; locality unknown);. Conus magus var. decurtata Dautzenberg, 1910: 26 (lectotype, IRSN (28.5 x 16.5 mm) Coomans et al. 1985b); "L alle de Rua-Sura (Archipel Salomon)"). Material examined: MBMCS150, 2 specimens, SL 22–24 mm; SW 13–14 mm. Description. Shell small, solid. Body whorl ventricosely conical. Shoulder rounded. Spire of moderate height, outline straight. Body whorl with spiral ribs at base. Basal spiral ribs on both sides finely granulated, conspicuously prominent on the ventral side. Ground colour pale grey. Body whorl with brown axial blotches, fusing into interrupted spiral bands on each side of centre. Spiral rows of alternating brown to black and white dots and dashes extend from base to shoulder. Aperture white. Distribution. Conus striolatus has not been previously reported from India. The specimens described herein were collected from Cuddalore (Table 6) by trawling in 10–40 m. Remarks. The present report is the first record in India and this species is found to be a rare species along the TamilNadu Coast., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 45-46, {"references":["Kiener, L. C. (1845 - 1850) Species general et iconographie des coquilles vivantes. Rousseau, Paris, Vol. 2, 379 pp, 111 pls.","Dautzenberg, P. H. (1910) Liste de Coquilles Recuellies par le R. P. Aubin dans l'Ile de Ru-Sura (Archipel Salomon) en 1909. Journal de Conchyliologie, 58, 24 - 33.","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1985 b) Alphabetical revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 8, dactylosus to dux. Basteria, 49, 145 - 196."]}

31. Conus leopardus Röding, 1798 (Figure 32) Conus leopardus Röding, 1798: 41, no. 520 (representation of lectotype, Martini 1773: pl. 60, fig. 666 (78 x 43 mm) (Kohn 1975); locality unknown). Conus millepunctatus Lamarck, 1822: 461–462, no. 45 (representation of lectotype, Cuvier 1798: pl. 323, fig. 5 (137 x 75 mm) (Walls 1979); "Océan asiatique"). Conus millepunctatus var. aldrovandi Dautzenberg, 1937: 171–172 representation of lectotype, Cuvier 1798: pl. 324, fig. 4 (119 x 66 mm) (Coomans et al. 1980); locality unknown). Material examined: MBMCS 131, 48 specimens, SL 60–147 mm; SW 32–90 mm. Description. Shell large and heavy. Body whorl usually conical, outline almost straight. Shoulder broad, angulate, and occasionally sub-angulate. Spire very low or flat, sometimes moderate height, outline slightly concave to slightly convex. Body whorl with weak spiral ribs above base, obsolete in larger specimens. Ground colour white to cream, body whorl with spiral rows of rounded or squarish, reddish brown spots or sometimes short axial streaks from base to shoulder, these sometimes in alternating large and small series; shoulder and spire with many narrow revolving dark brown broader lines on white. Aperture relatively narrow, slightly wider anteriorly. Periostracum greenish-brown, smooth and very thick. Siphon ends with a black band on a white background. Distribution. The only report of C. leopardus from India is that of Röckel et al. (1995). The specimens from Gulf of Mannar (Table 6) were collected by trawling in 9 to 40 m and from lobster cages laid at depths of 3 to 5 m. Remarks. The restricted distribution of C. leopardus to the Gulf of Mannar agrees with earlier reports of its preference for vast subtidal stretches of sand and reef flats (Cernohorsky, 1964; Kohn & Nybakken 1975). We collected a large number of specimens from lobster cages at Vedhalai and Keelakarai. Fishermen engaged in diving and lobster fishing reported the occurrence of C. leopardus within the rocky crevices., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 34-35, {"references":["Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp.","Martini, F. H. W. (1773) Neues Sytematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 2.","Lamarck, J. B. P. (1822) Histoire Naturelle sur les Animaux sans Vertebres, Verdiere, Paris, 7, 711 pp.","Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D. (1798) Tableau elementaire de l' ' histoire des animaux. Baudouin, Paris, 16, 710 pp.","Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011.","Dautzenberg, P. (1937) Gastropodes Marins. 3. Familie Conidae. Memoires du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique, 2 (18), 1 - 184.","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1980) Alphabetical revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 3 albus to antillarium, Basteria, 44, 17 - 49.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Cernohorsky, A. R. (1964) The Conidae of Fiji. The Veliger, 7, 61 - 94.","Kohn, A. J. & Nybakken, J. W. (1975). Ecology of Conus on eastern Indian Ocean fringing reefs, diversity of species, and resource utilization. Marine Biology, 29, 211 - 234."]}

35. Conus loroisii Kiener, 1845 (Figure 36) Conus loroisii Kiener, 1845: pl. 65, fig. 1 (types, Coll. Lorois and Coll. Boivin; "la mer de 1’ Inde "). Conus (Dentroconus) agrestis Morch, 1850: 16, 31, no. 405 (paratype, ZMUC (76 x 49.5 mm) (Coomans et al. 1979b); "Insulas Nicobaricus"). Conus huberorum da Motta, 1989: 9–11, no. 2 (holotype, MHNG (48 x 24.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "off the Coromandel Coast, Bay of Bengal, northward from Madras, India "). Conus figulinus var. insignis Dautzenberg, 1937: pl. 1, fig. 6 (type, IRSN (75 x 48 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Amboine"). Material examined: MBMCS 135, 142 specimens, SL 30–92 mm; SW 16–56 mm. Description. Shell medium sized to large, solid to heavy. Body whorl usually ventricosely conical; outline convex adapically, straight toward base. Shoulder subangulate to rounded. Spire low to moderate height; outline variably concave. Basal third of last whorl with variably spaced spiral grooves separating ribs and ribbons. Ground colour grey mixed with pale blue, brown and violet in some. Colours arranged in blending spiral and axial zones. Body whorl with contrasting light narrow spiral bands at shoulder and below centre; shoulder band always present but often very narrow and inconspicuous. Solid or interrupted reddish to blackish brown lines occur infrequently on body whorl. Aperture usually white to bluish-white, sometimes reddish-brown. Periostracum brown, fairly thick, opaque with raised spiral ridges corresponding in position to the larger dark transverse lines on the shell. Distribution. India is the type locality of C. loroisii (Kiener 1847). Kohn (1978) observed its occurrence from Madras to PortoNovo on the east coast. Röckel et al. (1995) reported its distribution from the north and south of Madras to Vizhagapattinam and Cuddalore, suggesting its occurrence only on the east coast of India. However, Kohn (1978) reported specimens of C. loroisii in the BMNH labeled with Bombay, west coast of India. The specimens reported herein were collected from various stations (Table 6) of the TamilNadu Coast by trawling in 5–50 m. Remarks. Conus loroisii and C. figulinus appear similar, and both the species are sympatric in the northern Indian Ocean and Philippines and their specific characters either coincide or overlap as described previously. The absence of further records of C. loroisii from India was probably due to consideration of C. figulinus as conspecific (Kohn 1978). Röckel et al. (1995) considered C. loroisii a distinct species. The present study extended the distribution of this species from Vizhagapattinam down south to Tuticorin. Several species of sea anemones are often found attached to the shells of C. loroisii (see Figure 62K). Kohn (1978) reported that the association of sea anemones with living C. loroisii was hitherto unknown. Conus loroisii is usually found along with C. betulinus, C. figulinus and C. amadis and also with other gastropods such as turrids, Hemifusus pugilinus Born and Babylonia spirata Linnaeus., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 37, {"references":["Kiener, L. C. (1845 - 1850) Species general et iconographie des coquilles vivantes. Rousseau, Paris, Vol. 2, 379 pp, 111 pls.","Morch, O. A. L. (1850) Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit C. P. Kierulf. Hafinae, Copenhagen, 1 - 34.","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1979 b) Alphabetic revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 2. adansonii to albuquerquei. Basteria, 43, 81 - 105.","Motta, A. J. da (1989) A New Conus Species Found in the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean. La Conchiglia: International Shell Magazine, 21 (242 - 245), 9 - 11.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Dautzenberg, P. (1937) Gastropodes Marins. 3. Familie Conidae. Memoires du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique, 2 (18), 1 - 184.","Kiener, L. C. (1847) Species general et iconographie des coquilles vivantes, 2. Rousseau, Paris.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

14. Conus biliosus [Röding, 1798] (Figure 15) Cucullus biliosus Röding, 1798: 39, no. 489 (representation of lectotype, Chemnitz 1788: pl. 139, fig. 1294 (42 x 25 mm); "Gulf of Mannar, between India and Ceylon "). Conus punctatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 628, no. 23 (lectotype, MHNG (54 x 33 mm) (Walls 1979); "Océan Africain"). Conus parvulus Link, 1807: 106 (representation of lectotype, Martini 1773: pl. 63, fig. 707 (20 x 12 mm); locality unknown). Conus roseus Lamarck, 1810: 37, no. 32 (lectotype, same as that of C. biliosus; "Antilles"). Conus piperatus Dillwyn, 1817: 401, no. 86. Conus concinnus Sowerby II, 1866: 329, no. 438, pl. 28, fig. 646. Conus sapphirostoma Weinkauff, 1874: 268. Virroconus imperator Woolacott, 1956: 72, fig. 3 (holotype, AMS (42 x 23.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Trinity Bay, Queensland, Australia "). Conus biliosus meyeri Walls, 1979: 3 (holotype, DMNH (44 x 24.5 mm) (Walls 1979); " South Africa, Natal, Genezzano". Conus neoroseus da Motta, 1992: 29–30 ("Tabayas Bay, Luzon, Philippines "). Material examined: MBMCS 114, 28 specimens, SL 36–52 mm; SW 15–24 mm. Description. Shell moderately small to large, solid, with a low gloss or dull finish; outline conical, sides straight or inflated posteriorly. Body whorl usually elongate, covered with numerous low and undulating spiral ridges from base to shoulder, ridges weaker near mid-body, below shoulder and heaviest near base; numerous axial and spiral growth threads, lines, and flaws often present, sometimes smooth. Shoulder wide, roundly angled, weakly coronated or undulate, usually slightly concave above. Spire low, bluntly pointed, sides straight to slightly concave, spire whorls distinctly coronate. Aperture moderately wide, uniform; outer lip nearly straight, moderately thick and sharp. Distribution. Conus biliosus was reported to occur from Bombay (Subrahmanyam et al. 1952) to Okha in Gujarat (as ‘ C. punctatus Chemnitz’) on the west coast (Menon et al. 1961). In the east coast, it has been found as far north as Vizhagapattinam (Mitchell 1867) to Madras (Melvill & Standen 1898; Röckel et al. 1995), Rameswaram (as ‘ C. piperatus Dillwyn’) and Gulf of Mannar in the South (Thurston 1890, 1895; Satyamurti 1952; Röckel et al. 1995). The specimens described herein were collected from Keelakarai by diving in 15–20 m mainly on sand bottom and at Yerwadi by trawling in 10–35 m (Table 6). Remarks. The restricted distribution of C. biliosus only to two stations (S-18 & S-19) is yet to be studied., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 24-25, {"references":["Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp.","Chemnitz, J. H. (1788) Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 10.","Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011.","Link, H. F. (1807) Beschreibung der Natualien-Sammlung der Universitat zu Rostock, Mollusken, 2 e Abth. Rostock, 3, 106 pp.","Martini, F. H. W. (1773) Neues Sytematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 2.","Lamarck, J. B. P. (1810) Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres, ou Tableau General des Classes, des Ordres et des Genres de ces Animaux. Paris, 432 pp.","Dillwyn, L. W. (1817) A descriptive catalogue of recent shells, arranged according to the Linnean method; with particular attention to the synonymy. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, Arranged According to the Linnean Method; With Particular Attention to the Synonymy, 1, 1 - 580.","Sowerby II, G. B. (1866) Monograph of the genus Conus In: Thesaurus Conchyliorum or Monographs of the Genera of Shells, London, Vol. 3, pp. 24 - 25, pp. 327 - 331, pls. 286 (25) - 289 (28).","Weinkauff, H. C. (1874) Catalog der bis jetzt bekannt gewordenen Arten der Gattung Conus L. Jahrbucher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschraft, 1, 236 - 268, 273 - 305.","Woolacott, L. (1956) Notes on Australian Shells No. 1. Proceedings. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1954 - 55.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Motta, A. J. da (1992) Replacement Name for Conus roseus Lamarck, 1810 non Fischer 1807. La Conchiglia. International Shell Magazine, 23 (265), 29 - 30.","Subrahmanyam, T. V., Karandikar, K. R., & Murti, N. N. (1952) Marine gastropoda of Bombay. Part. II. Journal of University of Bombay, 21 (3), 26 - 73.","Menon, P. K. B., Dattagupta, A. K. & Dasgupta, D. (1961) On the marine fauna of the Gulf of Kutch, Part 2. Gastropoda. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 58, 475 - 494.","Mitchell, J. (1867) Catalogue of the Mollusca, in the collection of the Madras Government Central Museum, Madras, pp. 78.","Melvill, J. C. & Standen, R. (1898) The marine Mollusca of Madras and the immediate neighbourhood. Journal of Conchology, 9, 30 - 48, 85.","Thurston, E. (1890) Notes on the pearl and chank fisheries and marine fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Madras: Government Central Museum, 116 pp.","Thurston, E. (1895) Littoral fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 3, 102 - 138.","Satyamurti, S. (1952) The Mollusca of Krusadai Island (in the Gulf of Manaar). 1. Amphineura and Gastropoda. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 1, 2, 6, 1 - 267."]}

41. Conus mitratus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Figure 42) Conus mitratus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 738, no. 132 (lectotype, MHNG (43 x 15 mm) (Walls 1979); "Ocean indien"). Conus mitratus var. pupaeformis Sowerby III, 1870: 256, pl. 22, fig. 2 (" Mauritius "). Material examined: MBMCS 141, 1 specimen, SL 41 mm; SW 13 mm. Description. Shell medium sized, thick, moderately light, glossy. Body whorl elongate and cylindrical. Shoulder indistinct. Spire high; outline convex, sharply pointed; earliest two to three whorls with fine nodules, later whorls with indistinct spiral ridges often bearing small granules. Body whorl with granulose spiral ribs from base to anterior half of the body whorl. Aperture narrow, slightly widened anteriorly; outer lip thick slightly convex. Ground colour yellowish. Body whorl with dark brown, blurred axial streaks and blotches. Pattern elements fusing into a spiral band at centre and similar but narrower band above base. Apex white. Shoulder edges of early post nuclear whorls including tubercles with brown band. Aperture white, external visible through at margin. Distribution. Conus mitratus has not been reported previously from India. The specimen reported herein was collected from Tuticorin (Table 6) by trawling in 10–30 m, associated with coarse sand. Remarks. This is an extremely rare species in India., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 40-41, {"references":["Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011.","Sowerby III, G. B. (1870) Descriptions of Forty-eight new Species of Shells. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. pp. 219 - 259."]}

15. Conus caracteristicus Fischer Von Waldheim, 1807 (Figure 16) Conus caracteristicus Fischer Von Waldheim, 1807: 139, no. 113–116 (representation of lectotype, Chemnitz 1795: pl. 182, fig. 1761 (40 x 27 mm) (Kohn 1981); " Java Sea"). Conus muscosus Lamarck, 1810: 281, no. 105 (holotype, MNHN (44 x 27 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus characteristicus Dillwyn, 1817: 367, no. 26 (holotype, same as lectotype of C. caracteristicus Fischer Von Waldheim (Röckel et al. 1995); the coast of the Island of St. Bartholomew"). Conus masoni Nevill & Nevill, 1874: 22, pl. 1 (holotype, BMNH (25 x 14.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Andaman Islands"). Conus brevis E. A. Smith, 1877: 222–223 (Holotype, BMNH (18.5 x 11 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Material examined: MBMCS 115, 48 specimens, SL 36–68 mm; SW 16–36 mm. Description. Shell heavy, glossy, sides straight. Body whorl conical to broadly conical, outline convex below shoulder, straight towards base. Shoulder angulate to rounded. Spire nearly flat; seldom slightly elevated, early whorls form a small bluntly pointed cone. Body whorl with strong spiral ridges anteriorly, separated by wide grooves. Aperture moderately wide, uniform in width, slightly flaring anteriorly; outer lip fairly thin. Ground colour glossy white or cream with three irregular spiral bands of broad, reddish brown blotches widely inter-spaced below shoulder and on both sides of centre. Shoulder with alternating reddish-brown and white blotches, the same pattern continued on to spire, tip of spire white. Aperture deep yellow. Periostracum yellowish brown, thin, translucent. Siphon with black band on white or pale brown ground colour. Distribution. This species has been reported off the Andaman Islands as well as off the coast of Madras (Röckel et al. 1995). The specimens described herein were collected from Pondicherry to Nagapattinam (Table 6) by trawling in 10–15 m. Remarks. Röckel et al. (1995) stated that C. caracteristicus inhabits sub-tidal to 30 m depths. Subsequently, Kohn (2001) reported this species inhabiting intertidal and shallow sub-tidal regions. We observed this species on sandy bottoms at depths of 10– 15 m. One specimen collected off Periyakuppam is the largest (66 mm) in shell length recorded from the Indian coast., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 25, {"references":["Chemnitz, J. H. (1795) Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 11.","Kohn, A. J. (1981) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, VI. The species described 1801 - 1810. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 71 (3), 279 - 341.","Lamarck, J. B. P. (1810) Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres, ou Tableau General des Classes, des Ordres et des Genres de ces Animaux. Paris, 432 pp.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Dillwyn, L. W. (1817) A descriptive catalogue of recent shells, arranged according to the Linnean method; with particular attention to the synonymy. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, Arranged According to the Linnean Method; With Particular Attention to the Synonymy, 1, 1 - 580.","Nevill G. & Nevill, H. (1874) Descriptions of New Marine Mollusca from the Indian Ocean. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 43, pt. 2, no. 1.","Smith, E. A. (1877) Descriptions of new species of Conidae and Terebridae. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (19), 222 - 231.","Kohn, A. J. (2001) The Conidae of India revisited. Phuket Marine Biological Centre Special Publication, 25, 357 - 362."]}

30. Conus lentiginosus Reeve, 1844 (Figure 31) Conus lentiginosus Reeve, 1843: pl. 44, no. 245 (syntype, BMNH (29 x 16 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Material examined: MBMCS 130, 16 specimens, SL 32–36 mm; SW 16–18 mm. Description. Shell moderately small to medium-sized, light to solid, glossy. Body whorl conical; outline convex at adapical two-thirds to three-fourths, straight or concave below; left side consistently sigmoid, right side almost straight. Shoulder angulate. Spire of moderate height, outline concave or sigmoid. Body whorl with axially striate spiral grooves on basal third, separated by ribs anteriorly and by ribbons posteriorly. Ground colour white, variably tinged with violet. Body whorl with confluent brown axial flames, generally arranged in three spiral bands, below shoulder, near centre and within basal third. Spiral rows of brown dots and dashes extend from base to shoulder, varying in number and arrangement. Aperture white, tinged with violet deep within. Periostracum thin, brown, smooth and translucent. Distribution. The first record of this species from India was by Reeve (1843). Subsequent records (Abercrombie 1893; Melvill & Abercrombie 1893; Melvill & Standen 1901; Hornell & Tomlin 1951; Subrahmanyam et al. 1952) reported this species off Bombay (west coast). Along the east coast, Kohn (1978) referred to specimens in the AMNH and BMNH from the Gulf of Mannar and also reported one specimen of C. lentiginosus deposited in the ZSI as dredged off Vizhagapattinam. The specimens described herein were collected from Keelakarai (Table 6) by trawling in 10–20 m and diving in 8–10 m and from Vembar (Table 6) by trawling in 10–30 m. Remarks. The restricted distribution of this species in the Gulf of Mannar and the particular abundance at Keelakarai (S-19) indicate that they probably prefer sandy bottoms and rock crevices similar to previous records from Vizhagapattinam. Kohn (1978) observed that specimens from east and west coasts are essentially similar except for the pinkish tan base found in the Gulf of Mannar. Such an exception was not observed in this study., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 34, {"references":["Reeve, L. A. (1843 - 1849) Monograph of the genus Conus. Conchologia Iconica, Reeve Bros., London, Vol. 1.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Abercrombie, A. (1893) The common marine shells of the Bombay shore. (Part I). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 8, 212 - 222.","Melvill, J. C. & Abercrombie, A. (1893) The marine Molluscs of Bombay. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 7, 17 - 51.","Melvill, J. C. & Standen, R. (1901) The Mollusca of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea, as evidenced mainly through the collection of Mr. F. W. Townsend, 1893 - 1900: with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 327 - 460.","Hornell, J. & Tomlin, J. R. Le. B. (1951) Checklist of marine and fluviatile Mollusca of Bombay and neighburhood. In: Hornell, Indian Molluscs, Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, pp. 83 - 94.","Subrahmanyam, T. V., Karandikar, K. R., & Murti, N. N. (1952) Marine gastropoda of Bombay. Part. II. Journal of University of Bombay, 21 (3), 26 - 73.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

44. Conus pertusus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Figure 45) Conus pertusus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 686–687, no. 75 (lectotype, MHNG (50.5 x 24.5 mm) (Walls 1979); "les mers des grandes Indes"). Conus amabilis Lamarck, 1810: 425, no. 137 (lectotype, MHNG (29 x 16 mm) (Kohn 1981); "Mers des grandes Indes"). Conus festivus Dillwyn, 1817: 413, no. 116 (lectotype, ZMUC (23x 13 mm) (Kohn 1986); "Molucca Islands"). Material examined: MBMCS144, 3 specimens, SL 40–45 mm; SW 25–28 mm. Description. Shell moderately small and moderately heavy with high gloss. Body whorl conical, outline convex just below shoulder, straight below. Shoulder angulate. Spire of moderate height, outline convex, apex sharp. Aperture narrow, slightly wider anteriorly; outer lip thin, sharp, and straight. Body whorl smooth except for a few weak spiral ribs at base. Ground colour white, body whorl with orange red blotches fusing into two variably broad spiral bands on each side of the centre. Adapical and central white bands crossed by axial blotches. Aperture pale pink. Distribution. Kohn (2001) first reported this species from India without giving precise locality data. The specimens described herein were collected from Mandapam and Keelakarai (Table 6) by trawling in 8–20 m, around coral islands of Gulf of Mannar. Remarks. Except Kohn (2001), no previous record of C. pertusus is known from India. This species is probably restricted to the Gulf of Mannar and appears to be a rare species along the TamilNadu Coast., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 42, {"references":["Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011.","Lamarck, J. B. P. (1810) Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres, ou Tableau General des Classes, des Ordres et des Genres de ces Animaux. Paris, 432 pp.","Kohn, A. J. (1981) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, VI. The species described 1801 - 1810. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 71 (3), 279 - 341.","Dillwyn, L. W. (1817) A descriptive catalogue of recent shells, arranged according to the Linnean method; with particular attention to the synonymy. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, Arranged According to the Linnean Method; With Particular Attention to the Synonymy, 1, 1 - 580.","Kohn, A. J. (1986) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, VII. The species described 1801 - 18200. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 86 (3), 1 - 41.","Kohn, A. J. (2001) The Conidae of India revisited. Phuket Marine Biological Centre Special Publication, 25, 357 - 362."]}

2. Conus aculeiformis Reeve, 1844 (Figure 3) Conus aculeiformi s Reeve, 1844: pl. 44, no. 240b (lectotype, BMNH 196168 (38 x 15 mm) (Walls 1979); " Cagayan, island of Mindanao, Philippines "). Conus (Asperi) delicates Schepman, 1913: 392– 393, pl. 25, fig. 3 (holotype, ZMA (18.5 x 6 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Madura-bay"). Material examined: MBMCS 102, 3 specimens, SL 35–41 mm; SW 11–15 mm. Description. Shell moderately small and light. Body whorl narrowly conical, elongated anteriorly, outline almost straight. Shoulder angulate with a deep exhalent notch. Spire of moderate height, sharply pointed and concave. Body whorl with widely spaced, axially striate spiral grooves separating very flat ribbons and extending from base to shoulder. Aperture long, narrow and slightly wider anteriorly, outer lip very thin and fragile, posteriorly sloping strongly below level of shoulder. Ground colour cream. Body whorl with spiral rows of brown squarish to rectangular spots on ribbons, often fused into an interrupted spiral band on each side of the centre. Aperture pale brown. Distribution. There have been no records in the literature on the distribution of this species in India. However, specimens from Madras (at AMNH) and Tranquebar (at ZMUC) were collected by the Galathea expedition (Kohn 1978). The specimens described herein were collected from Madras by trawling in 20–40 m and at Cuddalore from the trash discard (Table 6). Remarks. The present shell collected from Cuddalore is larger (41 mm) than the maximum length (38 mm) of this species previously reported by Röckel et al. (1995)., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 17, {"references":["Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011.","Schepman, M. M. (1913) Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition, Part 5. Siboga-Expeditie, 49, 365 - 452.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

51. Conus suratensis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Figure 52) Conus suratensis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 669–670, no. 63 (lectotype, MHNG (51.5 x 31.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "mers des grandes Indes"). Material examined: MBMCS151, 6 specimens, SL 75–92 mm; SW 38–43 mm. Description. Shell large, heavy and glossy. Body whorl usually ventricosely conical, outline convex over the adapical third, straight below. Shoulder subangulate to rounded. Spire low or flat, early whorl forming a small cone at the middle. Body whorl with about a dozen fairly weak spiral ridges above base, rest of whorl smooth except for fine spiral and axial threads and scratches. Aperture moderately wide, with uniform width, outer lip thick, sharp and straight. Ground colour white to cream. Base pale orange, base and shoulder stained bright orange and yellow in some. Spiral rows of small dark brown dashes over most of the whorl, also aligned into axial bands; little fusion occurs between dashes axially. Spire white with orange tones. Aperture pale brown in colour. Distribution. Röckel et al. (1995) reported this species off Cuddalore. The specimens reorted herein were collected from Mandapam (Table 6) by trawling in 10–15 m, mainly on the sandy bottom. Remarks. Conus suratensis is rare and probably restricted to the Gulf of Mannar. The present record of live specimens other than a single shell (70 mm) reported from Cuddalore (Röckel et al. 1995) is the first report from Gulf of Mannar and the largest (92 mm) recorded., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 46, {"references":["Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84."]}

32. Conus litoglyphus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Figure 33) Conus litoglyphus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 692–693, no. 81 (lectotype, MHNG (52 x 29 mm) (Walls 1979); "les mers des grandes Indes"). Cucullus cinamomeus Röding, 1798: 43, no. 534 (representation of lectotype, Martini 1773: pl. 57, fig. 631 (50 x 23 mm) (Kohn 1975); locality unknown). Cucullus orleanus Röding, 1798: 44, no. 558 (representation of lectotype, Chemnitz 1788: pl. 140, fig. 1298 (37 x 20 mm) (Kohn 1975); locality unknown). Conus bicolor Sowerby II, 1833: pt. 24, fig. 2 (representation of lectotype, Sowerby I 1833: pl. 24, fig. 2 (18 x 10 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus albomaculatus Sowerby II, 1841: pls. 177–184 (representation of lectotype, Sowerby II, 1833: pl. 24, fig. 2 (17.5 x 9.5 mm); " Moluccas, Indonesia "). Conus lacinulatus Kiener, 1845: pl. 108, fig. 2. Conus carpenteri Crosse, 1865: 302–303, pl. 9, fig. 1 (holotype, BMNH (46.5 x 25 mm); " Nova Guinea, Oceaniae "). Conus (Rhizoconus) seychellensis Nevill & Nevill, 1874: 22 (holotype, ZSI (SL 38.5 mm); " Seychelle Islands "). Conus inermis Tinker, 1952: pl. 178. Material examined: MBMCS 132, 1 specimen, SL 46 mm; SW 24 mm. Description. Shell medium sized, solid, glossy. Body whorl conical, outline straight. Body whorl with widely spaced, partially granulose, spiral ribs basally. Shoulder broad, sub-angulate. Spire low, sides straight, whorls flat; early whorl eroded. Aperture uniformly narrow; outer lip thin, straight. Ground colour white. Body whorl overlaid with brownish, leaving spiral white bands at shoulder and below centre. White bands solid, irregularly interrupted by axial colour markings. Base dark brown. Spire mostly brown covered with triangular white spots, early whorls whitish. Aperture white, dark brown at base. Distribution. Except for the report of Röckel et al. (1995) from the Gulf of Mannar, no previous report is available on C. litoglyphus from India. The specimen described herein was collected from Mandapam (Table 6) by trawling in 10–30 m. Remarks. This is the second record from India after the report by Röckel et al. (1995). Kohn (1978) considered this species as unconfirmed from India, as it was reported only once. The occurrence of this species was verified by Röckel et al. (1995) and added in the list of conidae of India by Kohn (2001)., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 35, {"references":["Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011.","Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp.","Martini, F. H. W. (1773) Neues Sytematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 2.","Chemnitz, J. H. (1788) Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 10.","Sowerby II, G. B. (1833) The Conchological Illustrations or coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells. Sowerby, London, p. 24 - 33, figs. 1 - 41.","Sowerby I, G. B. (1833) Conus In: Sowerby, II, G. B. The Conchological Illustrations or coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells. London, pp. 24 - 37.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Sowerby II, G. B. (1841) The Conchological Illustrations or coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells. Sowerby, London, pls. 177 - 184.","Kiener, L. C. (1845 - 1850) Species general et iconographie des coquilles vivantes. Rousseau, Paris, Vol. 2, 379 pp, 111 pls.","Crosse, J. C. H. (1865) Description de Cones nouveaux provenant de la collection Cuming. Journal de Conchyliologie, 13, 299 - 315.","Nevill G. & Nevill, H. (1874) Descriptions of New Marine Mollusca from the Indian Ocean. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 43, pt. 2, no. 1.","Tinker, (1952) Pacific Sea Shells. A handbook of common marine mollusks of Hawaii and the south seas. Tuttle, Tokyo, 240 pp.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335.","Kohn, A. J. (2001) The Conidae of India revisited. Phuket Marine Biological Centre Special Publication, 25, 357 - 362."]}

48. Conus rattus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Figure 49) Conus rattus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 700, no. 89 (representation of lectotype, Cuvier 1798: pl. 338, fig. 7 (45 x 29 mm) (Kohn 1968); "les mers d’Amérique"). Conus taitensis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 713, no. 108 (representation of lectotype, Cuvier 1798: pl. 336, fig. 9 (36 x 23 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Isle d’ Otaiti, dans 1’ Océan pacifique"). Conus chemnitzii Dillwyn, 1817: 363, no. 108 (representation of holotype, Chemnitz 1795: pl. 182, figs. 1764, 1765) (37 x 23 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); " Ceylon "). Conus taheitensis Reeve, 1843: pl. 15, sp. 78. Conus viridis Sowerby II, 1857: 20, pl. 5, fig. 102 (representation of lectotype, Sowerby II 1857: pl. 5, fig. 102 (22 x 12.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Hurghada, Egypte, Rode Zee "). Conus semivelatus Sowerby III, 1882: 118, pl. 5, fig. 3 (holotype, NMWC (18 x 11.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); " Red Sea "). Conus tahitiensis Dautzenberg, 1933: 89 ("Islands of Taheita, Annaa"). Material examined: MBMCS148, 9 specimens, SL 28–56 mm; SW 13–25 mm. Description. Shell small to moderately large, solid, glossy. Body whorl conical to broadly conical; outline variably convex at adapical third to three fourth, left side concave below. Shoulder angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline slightly convex. Body whorl with variably prominent fine spiral ribs at base, becoming obsolete adapically. Aperture narrow, outer lip thin. Ground colour bluish-white. Body whorl overlaid with various shades of brown leaving a broad interrupted spiral ground-colour band below shoulder and another obsolete to broad band at centre. Solid dark brown spiral lines may extend from base to just below the shoulder; on some portions of the body whorl, brown spiral lines articulate with white dots to produce a speckled appearance. Base violet. Aperture violet. Periostracum yellowish brown, slightly opaque and transversely finely ridged. Distribution. In India, the first record of C. rattus was based on a live specimen collected by Winckworth at Krusadai Island (Kohn 1978). The specimens described herein were collected from Keelakarai (Table 6) by trawling in 10–40 m and diving in 5–8 m, in and around the sub-tidal coral reef flats and from Pamban by trawling in 10–40 m (Table 6). Remarks. This is the second record from India. Live specimens obtained by diving near subtidal coral reefs suggest its preference for this habitat. The distribution of C. rattus is probably limited to the Gulf of Mannar., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 44, {"references":["Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D. (1798) Tableau elementaire de l' ' histoire des animaux. Baudouin, Paris, 16, 710 pp.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Dillwyn, L. W. (1817) A descriptive catalogue of recent shells, arranged according to the Linnean method; with particular attention to the synonymy. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, Arranged According to the Linnean Method; With Particular Attention to the Synonymy, 1, 1 - 580.","Chemnitz, J. H. (1795) Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 11.","Reeve, L. A. (1843 - 1849) Monograph of the genus Conus. Conchologia Iconica, Reeve Bros., London, Vol. 1.","Sowerby II, G. B. (1857) Monograph of the genus Conus In: Thesaurus Conchyliorum or Monographs of the Genera of Shells, London, Vol. 3. 17, pp. 1 - 24, pls. 187 (1) - 195 (9).","Sowerby III, G. B. (1882) Descriptions of new species of shells in the collection of Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 117 - 121.","Dautzenberg, P. & Bouge, J. L. (1933). Les Mollusques Testaces Marins des etablissements Franeais de L'Oceanie. Journal de Conchyliologie, 77 (1), 41 - 113.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

58. Conus violaceus Gmelin, 1791 (Figure 59) Conus violaceus Gmelin, 1791: 3391, no. 51 (representation of holotype, Martini 1777: pl. 2, figs. 18, 19 (50 x 17 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus tendineus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 733–734, no. 127 (lectotype, MHNG (76 x 27 mm) (Walls 1979); "les mers d’ Afrique"). Material examined: MBMCS 158, 1 specimen, SL 55 mm; SW 20 mm. Description. Shell medium sized, moderately solid, glossy. Body whorl narrowly cylindrical; outline convex over adapical third and straight below to almost uniformly straight and parallel-sided. Shoulder indistinct from spire. Spire of moderate height; outline convex, sutures narrowly channeled. Spire tip rounded and sharp. Body whorl with widely separated narrow spiral ribs from base to shoulder; weaker at shoulder. Aperture narrow, wider anteriorly; outer lip thick, straight, sloping below shoulder. Ground colour white. Body whorl with light brown axial streaks and with three dark-brown spiral bands above centre, within basal third and at shoulder. Spire light-brown with early whorls white. Base violet. Aperture white; outer colour visible along the inner lip margin. Distribution. This species has not been previously reported from India. The specimen described herein was collected from Pamban (Table 6) by trawling in 10–20 m, mainly on intertidal sandy-mud. Remarks. This study reports the occurrence of C. violaceus for the first time from India. It is a very rare species along the TamilNadu Coast., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 50-51, {"references":["Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Leipzig, 13 th ed., 1 (6).","Martini, F. H. W. (1777) Beschluss der Nachricht von einigen selten konchylien. Neuste Mannigfaltigkeiten, 1, 429 - 446.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011."]}

28. Conus imperialis Linnaeus, 1758 (Figure 29) Conus imperialis Linnaeus, 1758: 712, no. 251 (lectotype, LSL (65 x 37 mm) (Walls 1979); locality unknown). Conus fuscatus Born, 1778: 126–127, no. 1780 (lectotype, NMW (53 x 31 mm) (Kohn 1964; Walls 1979); " Mauritius "). Cucullus coronaducalis Röding, 1798: 38, no. 464 (representation of lectotype, Martini 1773: pl. 62, fig. 693 (41 x 26 mm); locality unknown). Cucullus regius Röding, 1798: 38, no. 465 (representation of lectotype, Chemnitz 1788: pl. 139, fig. 1289 (44 x 25 mm) (Kohn 1975); locality unknown). Conus viridulus Lamarck, 1810: 31, no. 9 (representation of type, Kiener 1845: pl. 7, fig. 1 (65 x 36 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Océan austral"). Conus queketti E.A. Smith, 1906: 22, pl. 7, fig. 1 (holotype, BMNH (27 x 14 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Isezela, Natal"). Conus dautzenbergi Fenaux, 1942: 2, fig. 2 (" Madagascar "). Conus douvillei Fenaux, 1942: 2–3, fig. 5 (" Madagascar "). Conus imperialis compactus Wils, 1970: 8, 12, pl. 2, fig. 7 (lectotype, ZMA (71 x 43 mm) (Coomans et al. 1985a); "Nosy Bé, Madagascar "). Conus imperialis nigrescens Barros e Cunha, 1933: 17, no. 9 (holotype, MZUC (66 x 39 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus imperialis flavescens Barros e Cunha, 1933: 18, no. 10 (two syntypes, MZUC (42 x 25; 39 x 20.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Material examined: MBMCS 128, 1 specimen, SL 48 mm; SW 24 mm. Description. Shell moderately large, solid and glossy. Body whorl conical; outline nearly straight and tapering to a narrow base. Body whorl with several low, widely spaced spiral ridges near basal third. Shoulder wide, angulate and strongly tuberculate. Spire very low; irregularly stepped, tip rounded, blunt; outline slightly concave. Post nuclear spire whorls distinctly tuberculate. Aperture narrow slightly wider anteriorly; outer lip sharp, thick. Ground colour white. Body whorl encircled with two brown bands variable in width, split into axial streaks and blotches. Spiral rows of alternating blackish-brown and white dashes extending from base to shoulder, rows closer near anterior. Base, siphonal fasciole and basal part of columella bluish grey suffused with brown. Spire dull white with small brownish blotches and streaks. Aperture white. Distribution. Conus imperialis has not been previously reported from India. The specimen described herein was collected from Tuticorin and Keelakarai (Table 6) by trawling in 40– 80 m and 20–50 m., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 32-33, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. 10 th ed., 1 Stockholm.","Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011.","Born, I. von. (1778) Index Rerum Naturalium Musei Caesari Vindobonensis. Pars Prima, Testacea. Officina Krausiana, Vienna. pp. 123 - 155.","Kohn, A. J. (1964) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, II. The species described by Solander, Chemnitz, Born and Lightfoot between 1766 and 1786. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 45, 151 - 167.","Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp.","Martini, F. H. W. (1773) Neues Sytematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 2.","Chemnitz, J. H. (1788) Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 10.","Lamarck, J. B. P. (1810) Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres, ou Tableau General des Classes, des Ordres et des Genres de ces Animaux. Paris, 432 pp.","Kiener, L. C. (1845 - 1850) Species general et iconographie des coquilles vivantes. Rousseau, Paris, Vol. 2, 379 pp, 111 pls.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Smith, E. A. (1906) On South African Marine Mollusca, with Descriptions of New Species. Annals of the Natal Government Museum, 1 (1), 19 - 71.","Fenaux, A. (1942) Nouvelles Especes du Genre Conus. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique (Monaco), 814, 1 - 4.","Wils, E. (1970) Family Conidae. Antwerpen, pp. 8 - 12, pl. 2, fig. 7.","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1985 a) Alphabetical revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 7, cingulatus to cylindraceus, including Conus shikamai nomen novum. Basteria, 48, 223 - 311.","Barros e Cunha, J. G. de (1933) Catalogo descritivo das conchas exoticas da coleccao Antonio Augusto de Carvalho Monteiro Familia Conidae. Memorias e Estudos do Museu Zoologico da Universidade de Coimbra, 1 (71), 1 - 224."]}

27. Conus hyaena Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Figure 28) Conus hyaena Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 656–657, no. 55 (lectotype, MHNG (61 x 33.5 mm) (Kohn 1968); "la côte ouest de 1’ Arique"). Conus unicolor Sowerby I, 1834: pl. 54, fig. 59 (lectotype, BMNH (46 x 23.5 mm) (Kohn 1992); locality unknown). Conus concolor Sowerby II, 1841: pls. 177–184 (" Solomon Islands "). Conus mutablis Reeve, 1844: pl. 45, nos. 249 (syntype, BMNH (29 x 16.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus tribunus Crosse, 1865: 312–313, pl. 10, fig. 2 (" California "). Conus kobelti Löbbecke, 1882: 189–190, pl. 10, figs. 4, 5 (holotype, LMD (42 x 23 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus halli da Motta, 1983: 3, figs. 2, 6 (holotype, MHNG (53 x 28 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Pasir Putih, about 180 kilometers east of Surabaya, Java, Indonesia "). Material examined: MBMCS 127, 16 specimens, SL 36–68 mm; SW 17–32 mm. Description. Shell medium to moderately large, moderately solid-to-solid. Body whorl conical, upper sides convex near shoulder, less so or conical below, left side concave near base; shoulder angulate to rounded. Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to slightly convex. Aperture uniformly wide; outer lip sharp evenly convex. Body whorl dull white to yellow, heavily covered with broad reddish brown to dark brown streaks, usually a paler mid-body area visible through streaks; spire and shoulder dirty white to brown, heavily covered with curved light brown lines and blotches, about the same colour as the body whorl. Aperture bluish white. Periostracum thick, brown to dark brown in colour. Distribution. Abercrombie (1893) and Melvill & Abercrombie (1893) first reported C. hyaena (as ‘ C. mutablis Reeve’) from Bombay along the west coast. Subsequent records are from Madras (Melvill & Standen 1898) on the east coast and from Goa and Panjim on the west coast (Melvill & Standen 1901). Röckel et al. (1995) reported specimens from the east (Madras & Keelakarai) and west coasts (Bombay). The specimens reported herein were collected from Keelakarai (Table 6) by trawling in 20–50 m. We have also collected 42 specimens from Colaba, Bombay, in sandy intertidal regions and buried in sand around rock boulders and in rock crevices. Kohn (1978) has also made similar observations of this species from Bombay. Remarks. The specimens classified as C. mutablis Reeve (Kohn 1978) is now considered a junior synonym of C. hyaena Hwass (Kohn 2001). A large population of this species was found in Bombay. A detailed study of the population attributes of C. hyaena would be of interest given that the habitats of these two populations are different and also for their discontinuous distribution between the west and east coasts of India., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 32, {"references":["Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Sowerby I, G. B. (1834) Genus Conus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London, Vol. 3.","Kohn, A. J. (1992) A chronological taxonomy of Conus, 1758 - 1840. Smithsonian Institute Press. Washington D. C, 315 pp, 26 pls.","Sowerby II, G. B. (1841) The Conchological Illustrations or coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells. Sowerby, London, pls. 177 - 184.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Crosse, J. C. H. (1865) Description de Cones nouveaux provenant de la collection Cuming. Journal de Conchyliologie, 13, 299 - 315.","Lobbecke, T. (1882) Diagnosen neuer Arten. Jahrbucher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschraft, 9 (1), 90 - 91.","Motta, A. J. da (1983) Two new species for the genus Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae). Malacologia Mostra Mondiale, 2, 1 - 9.","Abercrombie, A. (1893) The common marine shells of the Bombay shore. (Part I). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 8, 212 - 222.","Melvill, J. C. & Abercrombie, A. (1893) The marine Molluscs of Bombay. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 7, 17 - 51.","Melvill, J. C. & Standen, R. (1898) The marine Mollusca of Madras and the immediate neighbourhood. Journal of Conchology, 9, 30 - 48, 85.","Melvill, J. C. & Standen, R. (1901) The Mollusca of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea, as evidenced mainly through the collection of Mr. F. W. Townsend, 1893 - 1900: with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 327 - 460.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335.","Kohn, A. J. (2001) The Conidae of India revisited. Phuket Marine Biological Centre Special Publication, 25, 357 - 362."]}

36. Conus madagascariensis Sowerby II, 1858 (Figure 37) Conus madagascariensis Sowerby II, 1858: 43, sp. 371, pl. 24, fig. 582 (three syntypes, BMNH (44 x 22; 42 x 23.5; 38.5 x 20.5 mm); " Madagascar "). Material examined: MBMCS 136, 6 specimens, SL 42–68 mm; SW 18–29 mm. Description. Shell medium sized to moderately large, moderately solid. Body whorl ventricosely conical to conoid-cylindrical; outline moderately convex at adapical third, straight below; left side often slightly concave near base. Aperture somewhat wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder angulate. Spire low, outline slightly concave to slightly sigmoid, with a straight sided apex. Body whorl with weak spiral ridges on basal third. Ground colour white, often variably tinged with violet, sometimes more prominently so at base. Body whorl with rather fine and regular network of dark brown lines edging numerous tiny to medium sized white tents. Overlying light brown to reddish brown spiral streaks, spots, flecks or blotches generally arranged in interrupted spiral bands on each side of centre and interspersed with spiral lines of alternating darker brown and white markings. Aperture white. Periostracum yellow, thin, translucent and smooth. Distribution. Kohn (1978) first reported C. madagascariensis (as ‘ C. pennaceus Born’) from India, citing Hare Island, Tuticorin. He has also referred to a museum specimen (in BMNH) collected from there. C. madagascariensis is restricted to south India (Röckel et al. 1995). The specimens reported herein were collected from Gulf of Mannar by trawling in 9–30 m around the fringe coral reef islands and a large number of specimens from Kanyakumari by trawling in 20–50 m (Table 6). Remarks. Specimens of C. madagascariensis are often difficult to distinguish from C. pennaceus. However, the consistently straight-sided apex and rather uniformly reticulate pattern on the body whorl of C. madagascariensis distinguishes the latter. Although previously reported only from Tuticorin, during the three years of this survey not even a single specimen was encountered at Tuticorin., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 37-38, {"references":["Sowerby II, G. B. (1858) Monograph of the genus Conus In: Thesaurus conchyliorum or monographs of genera of shells. London, Vol. 3, 18, pp. 25 - 56, pls. 196 (10) - 210 (24).","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84."]}

13. Conus betulinus Linnaeus, 1758 (Figure 14) Conus betulinus Linnaeus, 1758: 715, no. 266 (lectotype, LSL (101 x 67 mm) (Kohn 1963); "island of Java, Indonesia "). Cucullus medusae Röding, 1798: 43, no. 546 (representation of lectotype, Chemnitz 1788: pl. 142, fig. 1321 (73 x 43 mm); locality unknown). Conus betulinus var. immaculate Dautzenberg, 1906: 54, no. 27 ("Ambodifoutra (Côte est de sainte Marie de Madagascar)"). Conus betulinus var. alternans Dautzenberg, 1937: 48 (representation of lectotype, Cuvier 1798: pl. 334, fig. 8 (Coomans et al. 1980); locality unknown). Conus betulinus var. tabulata Dautzenberg, 1937: 48–49. Conus betulinus var. plurizonata Dautzenberg, 1937: 49. Conus betulinus var. scripta Dautzenberg, 1937: 49. Conus betulinus var. paucimaculata Dautzenberg, 1937: 50 (representation of lectotype, Martini 1773: pl. 61, fig. 673); locality unknown). Conus zulu Petuch, 1979: 19–20, figs. 28–31 (holotype, DMNH (62 x 35 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "off the mouth of the Umfolozi River, Zululand Coast, Natal, South Africa "). Material examined: MBMCS 113, 228 specimens, SL 15–148 mm; SW 09– 110 mm. Description. Solid to heavy shell, body whorl broadly pyriform, outline convex. Body whorl with about a dozen rounded and closely spaced basal spiral ridges, reminder of the whorl smooth except for fine spiral and axial scratches and occasional random spiral ridges; often with heavy axial growth marks. Shoulder very broad, rounded, not distinct from spire; spire very low, nearly flat except for the first few whorls, forming a small projecting pointed cone. Aperture wide, nearly uniform; outer lip thick, sharp and straight. Small specimens are relatively narrower than adults and the basal ridges extend up to centre. Body whorl uniformly creamy white, yellowish to deep orange, more strongly tinged at shoulder and base; covered with few to many spiral rows of small to large blackish spots, usually regularly spaced; spots may be large squares or rounded dots, sometimes with secondary rows of finer brown dots between. The spiral rows are often closely spaced anteriorly and more widely spaced posteriorly; spire and shoulder about same colour as body whorl; early spire whorls often spotted, later spire whorls with blotches. Aperture white; margins pale orange. Juveniles are commonly whitish instead of orange or yellow. Periostracum thick and yellowish brown. Foot and proboscis are dark brown to black. Distribution. This species has been reported from Madras southward to Tuticorin (Melvill & Standen 1898; Crichton 1941; Gravely 1942). Specimens collected from Gopalpur and Tuticorin are in the BMNH and from Tranquebar in the ZMUC (Kohn 1978). Conus betulinus is widely distributed from shallow inshore water to sand and sandy mud bottoms at depths of 50 m, and also in the coral reefs of the Gulf of Mannar Islands. The specimens reported herein were collected from almost all stations of the Northern and Gulf of Mannar regions (Table 6). Conus betulinus is landed abundantly in Mandapam compared to other stations and is always found together with C. amadis, C. figulinus, C. suratensis and C. loroisii. Remarks. We note that C. betulinus is absent from Palk Bay although it occurs both north and south of there. An unidentified species of sea anemone is invariably found attached to the shells in Palayar. A specimen presently collected at Palayar (148 mm) is larger than any earlier reported from India (90 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995)., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 23-24, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. 10 th ed., 1 Stockholm.","Kohn, A. J. (1963) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, I. The species described by Linnaeus, 1758 - 1767. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 44, 740 - 768.","Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp.","Chemnitz, J. H. (1788) Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 10.","Dautzenberg, P. (1906) Liste de coquilles marines d'Ambodifoutra (CBte-Est de Sainte-Marie de Madagascar). Journal de Conchyliologie, 54, 27 - 29.","Dautzenberg, P. (1937) Gastropodes Marins. 3. Familie Conidae. Memoires du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique, 2 (18), 1 - 184.","Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D. (1798) Tableau elementaire de l' ' histoire des animaux. Baudouin, Paris, 16, 710 pp.","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1980) Alphabetical revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 3 albus to antillarium, Basteria, 44, 17 - 49.","Martini, F. H. W. (1773) Neues Sytematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 2.","Petuch, E. J. (1979) Twelve new Indo-Pacific gastropods. Nemouria. Occasional Papers of the Delaware Museum of Natural History, 23, 1 - 6.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Melvill, J. C. & Standen, R. (1898) The marine Mollusca of Madras and the immediate neighbourhood. Journal of Conchology, 9, 30 - 48, 85.","Crichton, M. D. (1941) Marine shells of Madras. Journal of Conchology, 42, 323 - 341.","Gravely, F. H. (1942) Shells and other animals remains found on the Madras beach. II. Snails etc. (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bulletin of Madras Government Museum, 5 (2), 1 - 110.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

18. Conus dictator Melvill, 1898 (Figure 19) Conus (Leptoconus) dictator Melvill, 1898: 9–10, pl. 1, fig. 10 (holotype, BMNH (46 x 19 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); " Sheikh Shuaib Island, Persian Gulf "). Material examined: MBMCS 118, 38 specimens, SL 22–46 mm; SW 08– 28 mm. Description. Shell small to medium sized, moderately light. Body whorl narrowly to broadly conical. Shoulder angulate. Spire of moderate height, outline concave. Body whorl with spiral grooves separated by ribbons on basal third to two thirds, sometimes to shoulder. Ground colour cream. Body whorl with orange to brown axial streaks or flammules, generally fusing in three spiral bands, within the basal third, near centre and below the shoulder. Aperture white marginally, violet within; basal portion often orange. Distribution. Röckel et al. (1995) reported C. dictator from Rameswaram, south India. The specimens described herein were collected from Keelakarai by trawling in 10–50 m and very few from Vembar by diving in 3–8 m (Table 6). This species was found to occur along with C. inscriptus on sand substrates. Remarks. Conus dictator may be mistaken for C. lentiginosus; the latter species is more convex and has a broader body whorl, with weak tuberculation on the spire whorls. Previous records revealed that C. dictator occurs in 15– 100 m. We collected specimens within depths of 3– 8 m. A specimen collected from Keelakarai of 46 mm shell length is the largest reported from Indian waters., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 27, {"references":["Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84."]}

23. Conus figulinus Linnaeus, 1758 (Figure 24) Conus figulinus Linnaeus, 1758: 715, no. 267 (lectotype, LSL (65 x 42 mm) (Kohn 1963); locality unknown). Cucullus buxeus Röding, 1798: 42, no. 530 (representation of lectotype, Martini 1773: pl. 59, fig. 656 (57 x 37 mm) (Kohn 1975); "Amboine"). Conus figulinus violascens Barros e Cunha, 1933: 37–38 (two syntypes, MZUC (SL 48 and 42 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Material examined: MBMCS 123, 142 specimens, SL 22–84 mm; SW 14–46 mm. Description. Shell medium sized to large, solid to heavy with high gloss. Body whorl ventricosely conical, posteriorly very convex with a narrow base, anterior third to quarter of body whorl with variable spiral ridges, these sometimes heavy or weak; rest of body whorl smooth, except for numerous axial threads and growth marks; shoulder rounded, flat or slightly convex above; spire very low or flat, early whorls form a small sharply pointed cone in the middle. Aperture wide, slightly flaring anteriorly; outer lip thick. Body whorl grey to dark tan, usually densely covered with narrow uninterrupted dark brown spiral lines; top of shoulder and spire usually dark brown, contrasting with body whorl colouration. Interior of aperture bluish white to pale bluish. Siphon and foot black. Distribution. Mitchell (1867) and Frauenfeld (1869) first reported C. figulinus from Madras. Subsequent records along the east coast are from Tuticorin (Thurston 1895), Pamban (Sundaram 1969) and Rameswaram (Röckel et al. 1995). Along the west coast, Subrahmanyam et al. (1952) recorded specimens from Bombay. Museum specimens were reported by Kohn (1978) from Bombay (at ANSP), Travancore (at ZMS) and Malabar (at NMW). The specimens described herein were collected by trawling in 5–50 m. This species was widely distributed in almost all stations of the northern region and found abundant in the Gulf of Mannar (Table 6). Remarks. Conus figulinus is often mistaken for C. loroisii because of its similar shape, especially if the periostracum is intact. However, the absence of distinct brown spiral lines on the last whorl of C. loroisii distinguishes it from C. figulinus. In addition, C. loroisii and C. loroisii f. insignis do have similar shape and differ only in the colour pattern. The body whorl of C. loroisii f. insignis has more closely spaced blackish brown spiral lines from base to shoulder than C. figulinus. There are several views in assigning C. loroisii, C. figulinus and form insignis to a valid species / subspecies level (Walls 1979; Coomans et al. 1979b; Tucker 1984; Richard 1990; Röckel et al. 1995). Richard (1990) assigned form insignis to C. loroisii and declared C. loroisii as a valid species. Recently, Röckel et al. (1995) have clearly analysed earlier literatures as well the morphological charaters and defined that C. figulinus and C. loroisii as distinct species. Also they have assigned form insignis to C. loroisii. We agree and have followed Röckel et al. (1995). Conus figulinus is often landed with C. betulinus, C. loroisii and other gastropods such as turrids, Xancus pyrum Linnaeus, Hemifusus pugilinus Born, and Babylonia spirata Linnaeus. Previous records suggested C. figulinus is a shallow water species, but we observed this species to occur in both deep and shallow fine sand and algal bottoms. A large population of this species was observed around the sea grass bottoms of Oodai (Mandapam) indicating a specific preference. Living C. figulinus, C. monile and C. loroisii are found with sea anemones on their shell surface (Figure 62J, K & L)., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 29-30, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. 10 th ed., 1 Stockholm.","Kohn, A. J. (1963) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, I. The species described by Linnaeus, 1758 - 1767. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 44, 740 - 768.","Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp.","Martini, F. H. W. (1773) Neues Sytematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 2.","Barros e Cunha, J. G. de (1933) Catalogo descritivo das conchas exoticas da coleccao Antonio Augusto de Carvalho Monteiro Familia Conidae. Memorias e Estudos do Museu Zoologico da Universidade de Coimbra, 1 (71), 1 - 224.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Mitchell, J. (1867) Catalogue of the Mollusca, in the collection of the Madras Government Central Museum, Madras, pp. 78.","Frauenfeld, G. R. Von. (1869) Beitrage zur Fauna der Nicobaren. III. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft, Wien, 19, 853 - 900.","Thurston, E. (1895) Littoral fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 3, 102 - 138.","Sundaram, K. S. (1969) Catalogue of Molluscs in the reference collections of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. I. Molluscs excluding cephalopods. Bulletin of Central Marine fisheries Research Institute, (9), 22.","Subrahmanyam, T. V., Karandikar, K. R., & Murti, N. N. (1952) Marine gastropoda of Bombay. Part. II. Journal of University of Bombay, 21 (3), 26 - 73.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335.","Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011.","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1979 b) Alphabetic revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 2. adansonii to albuquerquei. Basteria, 43, 81 - 105.","Tucker, J. K. (1984) The species described by da Motta and co-workers. Hawaiian Shell News, 32 (2), 5 - 6.","Richard, G. (1990) Revision des Conidae du Museum National d'Historie Naturelle de Paris. Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Perpignan Cedex. pp. 231."]}

46. Conus pretiosus Nevill and Nevill, 1874 (Figure 47) Conus pretiosus Nevill & Nevill, 1874: 22 (holotype, ZSI (59.5 x 24 mm); "Andamans"). Conus phuketensis da Motta, 1978: 4, fig. 2.pl. 67 (holotype, MHNG (81 x 33 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "off the coastal waters from Phuket Islands South West Thailand westward toward the Andaman Islands in the Andaman Sea"). Material examined: MBMCS146, 4 specimens, SL 48–80 mm; SW 21–33 mm. Description. Shell moderately large to large, moderately solid. Body whorl ventricosely conical, outline convex adapically and straight below. Shoulder angulate. Spire of moderate height, stepped, outline straight, apex pointed and sharp. Body whorl smooth. Outer lip thin and sharp. Periostracum thin and translucent. Ground colour white to cream. Body whorl with narrow brown (cream to yellowish brown) spiral bands from base to shoulder. Overlying spiral rows of variously sized and shaped brown to dark brown markings fuse into variably prominent interrupted spiral bands, below shoulder and above centre. Spire whorls white to brown, early whorls white to pale brown. Post nuclear sutural ramps white or cream with brown radial streaks and blotches. Aperture pale pinkish; exterior pattern visible on the outer lip margin. Periostracum brown and translucent. Distribution. Nevill & Nevill (1874) reported this species for the first time from the Andaman Islands. Röckel et al. (1995) recorded one specimen from Tuticorin and another from Bay of Bengal; the exact locality of the latter was not given. The specimens described herein were collected from Keelakarai and Pamban (Table 6) by trawling in 40– 60 m. Remarks. Conus pretiosus is extremely rare and probably restricted to Gulf of Mannar. Fishermen of Pamban consider it a rare species and differentiate it from other cones by naming it as ‘Pamban vallapoo’., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 43, {"references":["Nevill G. & Nevill, H. (1874) Descriptions of New Marine Mollusca from the Indian Ocean. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 43, pt. 2, no. 1.","Motta, A. J. da (1978) Six new Cone shells (Gastropoda: Conidae) from Thailand. The Centre of Thai Natural Study, 2, 1, 7, 1 - 8.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84."]}

26. Conus gubernator Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Figure 27) Conus gubernator Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 727–728, no. 121 (lectotype, MHNG (76 x 34 mm) (Kohn 1968); "Ocean asiatique"). Conus terminus Lamarck, 1810: 426, no. 141 (representation of holotype, Kiener 1845: pl. 48, fig. 1d (83 x 32 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Ocean asiatique"). Conus leehmani Röckel & da Motta, 1979: 17–18 (holotype, MHNG (65.5 x 34 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); " Maldive Is., Indian Ocean"). Conus veillardi da Motta, 1990: 44–46 (holotype, MHNG (52.5 x 25.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Glorieuses Islands, 11.30 S 47.20 E, western Indian Ocean"). Material examined: MBMCS 126, 1 specimen, SL 43 mm; SW 18 mm. Description. Shell moderately large, solid to moderately heavy, glossy. Body whorl ventricosely conical; outline slightly convex adapically, straight below. Shoulder angulate. Spire of moderate height, bluntly pointed; outline slightly convex. Body whorl with several shallow spiral grooves on basal fourth to third, rest of the whorl smooth. Aperture uniformly wide, outer lip thin, sharp, straight. Ground colour white suffused with light brown. Body whorl with separated blackish-brown axial markings; variable in shape and size, ranging from irregular flecks to large, zig-zag flames. Early spire whorls pinkish. Aperture white. Distribution. Melvill & Standen (1898) first reported C. gubernator from the Indian Coast. Satyamurti (1952) reported it from Pamban. Kohn (1978) reported specimens of C. gubernator deposited in BMNH and NMW. The specimen described herein was collected from the Pamban shore (Table 6). The exact depth is not known. Remarks. Conus gubernator appears to be a rare species along the TamilNadu Coast., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 31, {"references":["Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Lamarck, J. B. P. (1810) Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres, ou Tableau General des Classes, des Ordres et des Genres de ces Animaux. Paris, 432 pp.","Kiener, L. C. (1845 - 1850) Species general et iconographie des coquilles vivantes. Rousseau, Paris, Vol. 2, 379 pp, 111 pls.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Rockel, D. & Motta, A. J. da (1979) New Cone from Indian Ocean. La Conchiglia: International Shell Magazine, 11 (122 - 123), 17 - 18.","Motta, A. J. da (1990) A New Species for the Genus Conus Found in Glorieuses Islands, Western Indian Ocean. La Conchiglia. International Shell Magazine, 22 (253 - 255), 44 - 46.","Melvill, J. C. & Standen, R. (1898) The marine Mollusca of Madras and the immediate neighbourhood. Journal of Conchology, 9, 30 - 48, 85.","Satyamurti, S. (1952) The Mollusca of Krusadai Island (in the Gulf of Manaar). 1. Amphineura and Gastropoda. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 1, 2, 6, 1 - 267.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

45. Conus praecellens A. Adams, 1854 (Figure 46) Conus praecellens A. Adams, 1854: 119 (type, BMNH (35 x 15 mm); " China Seas "). Conus bicolor Sowerby I, 1833: pt. 24, fig. 2 (representation of lectotype, Sowerby I 1833: pt. 37, fig. 56 (36 x 18 mm) (Kohn 1992); " China "). Conus sinensis Sowerby II, 1841: 174–188. Conus sowerbii Reeve, 1849: 2 (type, BMNH (36 x 15 mm); locality unknown). Conus sowerbyi Sowerby II, 1857: 12 ("Feejee Islands"). Conus sowerbyi var. subaequalis Sowerby III, 1870: 257, pl. 22, fig. 5 (" China Seas"). Materials examined: MBMCS145, 1 specimen, SL 38 mm; SW 16 mm. Description. Shell moderately small, solid and bi-conic. Body whorl conical, outline convex adapically, slightly concave below. Shoulder carinate, with a moderately deep exhalent notch. Spire high, over 1/3 of the entire length, sharply pointed, stepped, outline slightly concave. Body whorl with punctuates or axially striate, spiral grooves of variable width separated by strong ribbons. Aperture narrow, uniformly wide; outer lip thin and straight. Ground colour dull white. Body whorl with spiral rows of dark brown dots and bars on ribbons and fusing into two to three spiral bands, below shoulder and on both sides of the centre. Aperture white. Distribution. Röckel et al. (1995) reported a specimen from Madras. We collected a specimen from Cuddalore (Table 6) by trawling in 20–40 m mainly on sandy-mud bottom. Remarks. This is the second record from India; C. praecellens appears to be an extremely rare species along the TamilNadu Coast., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 42-43, {"references":["Adams, A. (1854) Descriptions of New Species of the Genus Conus, from the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 116 - 119.","Sowerby I, G. B. (1833) Conus In: Sowerby, II, G. B. The Conchological Illustrations or coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells. London, pp. 24 - 37.","Kohn, A. J. (1992) A chronological taxonomy of Conus, 1758 - 1840. Smithsonian Institute Press. Washington D. C, 315 pp, 26 pls.","Sowerby II, G. B. (1841) The Conchological Illustrations or coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells. Sowerby, London, pls. 177 - 184.","Sowerby II, G. B. (1857) Monograph of the genus Conus In: Thesaurus Conchyliorum or Monographs of the Genera of Shells, London, Vol. 3. 17, pp. 1 - 24, pls. 187 (1) - 195 (9).","Sowerby III, G. B. (1870) Descriptions of Forty-eight new Species of Shells. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. pp. 219 - 259.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84."]}

4. Conus amadis Gmelin, 1791 (Figure 5) Conus amadis Gmelin, 1791: 3388, no. 32 (lectotype, ZMUC (78 x 41 mm) (Kohn 1966); "Rameswaram, India "). Conus amadis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 689–690, no. 78 (lectotype, MHNG (85 x 46 mm) (Kohn 1968); "aux isles de Java et de Borneo "). Cucullus venustus Röding, 1798: 47, no. 599. Conus amadis var. aurantia “Lamarck” Dautzenberg, 1937: 14–15 (representation of lectotype, Knorr 1772: pl. 5, fig. 3 (71 x 33 mm) (Coomans et al. 1981); locality unknown). Conus amadis var. castaneofasciata “Sowerby” Dautzenberg, 1937: 15 (lectotype, MHNG (80 x 40.5 mm) (Coomans et al. 1983); locality unknown). Conus subacutus Fenaux, 1942: 4, fig. 10 (" Madagascar "). Conus arbonatalis da Motta, 1978: 5, 7 (holotype, MHNG (64 x 30 mm) (Rockel et al. 1995); "off the coastal waters arching from Ranong South West Thailand toward Bangladesh in the Bay of Bengal"). Conus (Leptoconus) lozeti Richard, 1980: 91–95 (holotype, MNHN (56 x 30 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Fort-Dauphin au sud-est de Madagascar "). Material examined: MBMCS 104, 291 specimens, SL 35–112 mm; SW 17–54 mm. Description. Shell medium sized to large, solid. Body whorl broadly conical, glossy and thinner at aperture lip. Shoulder angulate to carinate. Spire of moderate height, sometimes shorter; apex sharply pointed, strong spiral ridge runs along spire. Body whorl with distinct to obsolete spiral grooves from base to centre or beyond, separated by ribs at base and ribbons above. Ground colour white. Body whorl with yellow to dark brown variable, irregular, zig-zag markings. Two transverse yellowish to dark brown bands interrupted by white dots or small tents either side of centre. Spire marked with yellow to dark brown spots. Aperture bluishwhite, translucent and uniformly wide. End of siphon is yellow to dark brown with a black band behind anterior edge. Distribution. Thurston (1890) first reported C. amadis from Rameswaram. Subsequent records are from Pamban (Thurston 1895; Satyamurti 1952), Krusadai Island ([Chennappayya] 1927, as ‘ C. acuminatus ’), Mandapam (Sundaram 1969), Madras (Melvill & Standen 1898; Crichton 1940, 1941; Gravely 1942; Satyamurti 1952) and PortoNovo (Kohn 1978). Kohn (1978) has reported museum specimens from Tuticorin (at BMNH) and Tranqebar (at ZMUC). The specimens described herein were collected from all the stations selected for this study (except Rameswaram and Vellapatti) by trawling in 10–30 m (Table 6). Remarks. Conus amadis was found to be a common species. The colour pattern on the body whorl varied widely within populations and among stations (Figure 62E). Shells of many specimens from the Gulf of Mannar and Southern regions were infested with sessile barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin (Figure 62F) and Balanus variegatus Darwin (Figure 62G). Conus amadis was frequently collected at Periyakuppam when fishing for seashells after monsoons., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 18, {"references":["Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Leipzig, 13 th ed., 1 (6).","Kohn, A. J. (1966) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, III. The species described by Gmelin and Blumenbach in 1791. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 46, 73 - 102.","Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp.","Dautzenberg, P. (1937) Gastropodes Marins. 3. Familie Conidae. Memoires du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique, 2 (18), 1 - 184.","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1981) Alphabetical revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 4 aphrodite to azona with the description of C. arenatus bizona, nov. Subsp, Basteria, 45, 3 - 55.","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1983) Alphabetical revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 6, cabritti to cinereus. Basteria, 47, 67 - 143.","Fenaux, A. (1942) Nouvelles Especes du Genre Conus. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique (Monaco), 814, 1 - 4.","Motta, A. J. da (1978) Six new Cone shells (Gastropoda: Conidae) from Thailand. The Centre of Thai Natural Study, 2, 1, 7, 1 - 8.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Richard, G. (1980) Conus (Leptoconus) lozeti sp. nov. de l'Ocean Indien et Liste des Types de Conidae Conserves au Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Cahiers de l'Indo-Pacifique, 2 (1), 90 - 100.","Thurston, E. (1890) Notes on the pearl and chank fisheries and marine fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Madras: Government Central Museum, 116 pp.","Thurston, E. (1895) Littoral fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 3, 102 - 138.","Satyamurti, S. (1952) The Mollusca of Krusadai Island (in the Gulf of Manaar). 1. Amphineura and Gastropoda. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 1, 2, 6, 1 - 267.","Sundaram, K. S. (1969) Catalogue of Molluscs in the reference collections of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. I. Molluscs excluding cephalopods. Bulletin of Central Marine fisheries Research Institute, (9), 22.","Melvill, J. C. & Standen, R. (1898) The marine Mollusca of Madras and the immediate neighbourhood. Journal of Conchology, 9, 30 - 48, 85.","Crichton, M. D. (1940) Marine shells of Madras. Journal of Conchology, 21, 193 - 212.","Crichton, M. D. (1941) Marine shells of Madras. Journal of Conchology, 42, 323 - 341.","Gravely, F. H. (1942) Shells and other animals remains found on the Madras beach. II. Snails etc. (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bulletin of Madras Government Museum, 5 (2), 1 - 110.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

6. Conus arenatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Figure 7) Conus arenatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 621–622, no. 16 (lectotype, MHNG (35.5 x 19.5 mm) (Kohn 1968); "des Isles Philippines "). Cucullus arenosus Röding, 1798: 40, no. 494 (representation of lectotype, Martini 1773: pl. 63, fig. 696 (Kohn 1975); locality unknown). Cucullus stercusmuscarum Röding, 1798: 40, no. 495 (representation of lectotype, Martini 1773: pl. 63, fig. 697 (25 x 13 mm) (Kohn 1975); locality unknown). Conus arenatus var. punctisminutissimus Lamarck, 1822: 452, no. 18b. Conus arenatus var. granulosa Lamarck, 1822: 452, no. 18c. Conus arenatus var. mesokatharos Tryon, 1883: 18, pl. 27, fig. 2 (holotype, NMWC (28 x 15 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus aequipunctata Dautzenberg, 1937: 31, pl. 1, fig. 2 (holotype, IRSN (55 x 32 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "the Red Sea coast at Jiddah (Saudi Arabia)"). Conus arenatus var. undata Dautzenberg, 1937: 31, pl. 1, fig. 3 ("Amboine"). Conus arenatus var. granulosa Dautzenberg, 1937: 32, pl. 1, fig. 4 ("Amboine"). Conus arenatus bizona Coomans, 1981: 16–18, figs. 98, 131 (holotype, ZMA (35 x 20 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); " Malindi, Kenya "). Material examined: MBMCS 106, 8 specimens, SL 25–42 mm; SW 12–18 mm. Description. Shell medium sized to large, moderately solid to moderately heavy. Body whorl ventricosely conical, outline convex. Siphonal fasciole distinct, occasionally separated from basal zone by an incision. Shoulder rounded, indistincty tuberculate. Spire low, outline moderately convex. Body whorl with weak spiral ribs at base, ribs granulose and extend to shoulder in small shells. Aperture narrow posteriorly, wide anteriorly; outer lip thick, convex. Ground colour white. Body whorl with spiral rows of widely spaced brown dots, clustered in two interrupted spiral bands, and one above centre and the other near the base; dotted areas often with underlying grey shadows, most conspicuous within spiral bands. White dashes often irregularly alternating with brown dots. Early spire whorls white. Spire with radial clusters of brown dots. Aperture white. Distribution. Kohn (1978) reported two museum specimens of C. arenatus, one from Tuticorin (at BMNH) and another labeled “ Bombay ” (at NMW). The specimens described herein were collected from Pamban (Table 6) by trawling in 10–40 m. Remarks. The last whorl has widely spaced dark brown dots, as opposed to narrowly spaced dots reported by Kohn (1978)., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 19-20, {"references":["Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp.","Martini, F. H. W. (1773) Neues Sytematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 2.","Lamarck, J. B. P. (1822) Histoire Naturelle sur les Animaux sans Vertebres, Verdiere, Paris, 7, 711 pp.","Tryon, G. W. Jr. (1883) Family Conidae. Manual of conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, 1 (6), 3 - 150.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Dautzenberg, P. (1937) Gastropodes Marins. 3. Familie Conidae. Memoires du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique, 2 (18), 1 - 184.","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1981) Alphabetical revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 4 aphrodite to azona with the description of C. arenatus bizona, nov. Subsp, Basteria, 45, 3 - 55.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

42. Conus monile Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Figure 43) Conus monile Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 646–647, no. 45 (lectotype, MHNG (70 x 36 mm) (Kohn 1968); "Ocean Asiatique"). Cucullus cereolus Röding, 1798: 44, no. 557/67 (representation of lectotype, Chemnitz 1788: pl. 140, fig. 1301 (52 x 25 mm) (Kohn 1975); locality unknown). Material examined: MBMCS142, 157 specimens, SL 66–120 mm; SW 35–42 mm. Description. Shell medium to large, moderately heavy, and conical with high gloss; sides nearly straight. Body whorl conical, outline variably convex over adapical fourth to third and straight below. Body whorl with a few weak spiral ridges above the base and sometimes conspicuous axial threads. Shoulder broad, carinate to angulate, concave above. Spire of low to moderate height. Ground colour white or cream. Body whorl suffused or spirally banded with pale orange or pink. Spiral rows of brown dots, dashes and variously shaped spots extend from base to shoulder but vary in number and arrangement, often concentrated at both sides of the centre. Sometimes dark markings fuse into axial flames or blotches. Base pale orange or brown. Aperture white. Periostracum yellowish brown, thin, translucent to opaque, smooth or with fine axial ridges. Distribution. Gravely (1942) first reported this species from Madras. Subsequently, Hornell (1949) recorded it from India without giving precise locality data. Kohn (1978) collected two specimens trawled off PortoNovo. He also reported museum specimens dredged off Madras (at MGM) and Tuticorin (at BMNH). Conus monile has also been recorded from Bombay along the west coast (Subrahmanyam et al. 1952). The specimens reported herein were collected from various stations (Table 6) of the TamilNadu Coast by trawling in 9–40 m, mainly on sand and sandy-mud bottoms. However, at Periyakuppam it was collected in 5– 15 m. Remarks. Although the shell shape is generally uniform, few specimens showed markedly elevated spire, and there is considerable variation in the colour pattern of the body whorl (Figure 62O). The occurrence of this species around the northern region suggests its preference for shallow sand and sandy-mud bottoms., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 41, {"references":["Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp.","Chemnitz, J. H. (1788) Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 10.","Gravely, F. H. (1942) Shells and other animals remains found on the Madras beach. II. Snails etc. (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bulletin of Madras Government Museum, 5 (2), 1 - 110.","Hornell, J. (1949) The study of Indian molluscs. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 48, 750 - 774.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335.","Subrahmanyam, T. V., Karandikar, K. R., & Murti, N. N. (1952) Marine gastropoda of Bombay. Part. II. Journal of University of Bombay, 21 (3), 26 - 73."]}

54. Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758 (Figure 55) Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758: 717, no. 278 (lectotype, LSL (67 x 33 mm) (Kohn 1963); "Banda"). Conus archiepiscopus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 747–748, no. 141 (lectotype, MHNG (68 x 36 mm) (Kohn 1968); "aux mers des grandes Indes"). Cucullus auriger Röding, 1798: 49, no. 632/119 (representation of lectotype, Martini 1773: pl. 54, fig. 599 (Kohn 1975); locality unknown). Cucullus gloriamaris Röding, 1798: 49, no. 633/120 (representation of lectotype, Martini 1773: pl. 54, fig. 598 (Kohn 1975); locality unknown). Cucullus auratus Röding, 1798: 5, no. 635/122 (representation of lectotype, Knorr 1764: pl. 8, fig. 3 (Kohn 1975); locality unknown). Conus panniculus Lamarck, 1810: 435, no. 170 (type, MHNG (63 x 31 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Mers des grandes Indes"). Conus pyramidalis Lamarck, 1810: 438, no. 170 (representation of lectotype, Cuvier 1798: pl. 347, fig. 5 (56 x 19 mm) (Walls 1979); "Indes Orientales"). Conus gloriamaris Perry, 1810: pl. 16 (representation of holotype, Perry, 1810: pl. 16 (104 x 49 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "South Seas"). Conus reteaureum Perry, 1811: pl. 25, fig. 5 (representation of holotype, Perry 1811: pl. 25, fig. 5 (96 x 50 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "African Seas"). Conus (Textilia) communis Swainson, 1840: 312 (lectotype same as that of C. archiepiscopus Hwass (Coomans et al. 1985a)). Conus verriculum Reeve, 1843: pl. 38, sp. 208a, b (type, Mus. Stainforth; " Ceylon "). Conus textilinus Kiener, 1845: pl. 103, fig. 5 (holotype, NMWC (38.5 x 21.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus concatenatus Kiener, 1845: pl. 103, fig. 5. Conus dilectus Gould, 1850: 172 (holotype, USNM (13 x 6 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Feejee Islands"). Conus scriptus Sowerby II, 1858: 41, no. 357, pl. 23, fig. 569 (three syntypes, BMNH (59 x 27; 54 x 22; 50 x 22 mm); locality unknown). Conus tigrinus Sowerby II, 1858: 41, no. 355, pl. 23, fig. 569 (type, BMNH (43 x 19 mm); " Madagascar "). Conus corbula Sowerby II, 1858: 41, no. 365, pl. 23, fig. 573 (type, BMNH (69.5 x 34.5 mm); locality unknown). Conus textile var. euetrios Sowerby III, 1882: 12, fig. 13c (holotype, NMWC (49 x 24 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus cholmondeleyi Melvill, 1900: 308 (holotype, MM (43 x 18 mm); locality unknown). Conus eumitus Tomlin, 1926: 288–289, pl. 16, fig. 3 (lectotype, BMNH (53 x 28 mm); "Scottburgh"). Dariconus textiles osullivani Iredale, 1931: 224, pl. 25, fig. 13 (holotype, AMS (42.5 x 20 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Black Rock, Richmond River, New South Wales "). Conus textile var. ponderosa Dautzenberg, 1932: 16 (type, IRSN (57 x 33.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Ste Marie"). Conus textile var. loman Dautzenberg, 1937: 257 (type, IRSN; "de 1’ île Maurice et de 1’ île Cargados "). Conus sirventi Fenaux, 1943: 4, fig. 10 (" Madagascar "). Conus textile dahlakensis da Motta, 1982: 5–6, pl figs. 5a, b (holotype, MHNG (87 x 40 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "in the area of Dahlak Archipelago, off Massawa in the Red Sea "). Conus textile neovicarius da Motta, 1982: 4–5, pl figs. 4a, b (holotype, MHNG (76 x 45 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "in Sharem-el-Shech, Gulf of Aqueba "). Conus suzannae van Rossum, 1990: 29–31 (holotype, van Rossum coll. (39 x 17.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); " Malindi coasts of Kenya, Indian Ocean"). Material examined: MBMCS154, 26 specimens, SL 35–104 mm; SW 11–42 mm. Description. Shell medium sized to large, moderately light to moderately heavy, with high gloss. Body whorl ventricosely conical to ovate, outline strongly convex to nearly straight; left side straight to strongly concave near base. Shoulder usually rounded, but sometimes sharply angulate. Spire generally of moderate height, sides nearly straight to convex, sharply pointed. Aperture variably wider at base than near shoulder; outer lip sharp, slightly convex to nearly straight. Body whorl with variably weak spiral ribs near base. Ground colour white, sometimes suffused with blue, violet, orange or pink. Body whorl generally with a network of light to dark brown lines edging tiny to moderately large tents, sometimes also small quadrangular to round markings. Yellowish-brown flecks and blotches arranged in two to three interrupted to solid spiral bands on both sides of the centre and often below shoulder; bands interspersed with broad, dark brown, straight to wavy axial lines. Occasionally one to two additional but similar but narrower spiral bands at base. Spire and shoulder whitish with many axial brown lines continued from body whorl. Aperture usually white to bluish white. Periostracum grey to yellow, thin, smooth and translucent. Distribution. Conus textile has been reported from Madras (Frauenfeld 1869; Gravely 1942) to Tuticorin (Thurston 1890, 1895) on the east coast and from Ohka (Kohn 1978) to Bombay (Melvill & Abercrombie 1893; Hornell & Tomlin 1951; Subrahmanyam et al. 1952) on the west coast. We collected specimens from several stations (Table 6) by trawling in 10– 80 m. In contrast, at stations 4, 5, 6 and 7, specimens were collected only at shallow depths of 10–20 m (Table 6). Remarks. Conus textile shows wide variations in shape and colour patterns between and within stations along the TamilNadu Coast (Figure 62Q). Dead shells were rarely found in the trawl collection during this survey., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 47-49, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. 10 th ed., 1 Stockholm.","Kohn, A. J. (1963) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, I. The species described by Linnaeus, 1758 - 1767. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 44, 740 - 768.","Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp.","Martini, F. H. W. (1773) Neues Sytematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 2.","Lamarck, J. B. P. (1810) Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres, ou Tableau General des Classes, des Ordres et des Genres de ces Animaux. Paris, 432 pp.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D. (1798) Tableau elementaire de l' ' histoire des animaux. Baudouin, Paris, 16, 710 pp.","Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011.","Perry, G. (1810) Arcana, or the Museum of Natural History; containing the most recent discovered objects. London, George Smeeton, pp. 84, pl. 251.","Perry, G. (1811) Conchology, or the natural history of shells: containing a new arrangement of the genera and species, illustrated by coloured engravings executed from natural specimens and including the latest discoveries. London, Blumer & Co., pp. 1 - 4, pl. 61.","Swainson, W. (1840) A Treatise on Malacology; or the Natural Classification of Shells and Shell-fish, Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia, London, 419 pp.","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1985 a) Alphabetical revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 7, cingulatus to cylindraceus, including Conus shikamai nomen novum. Basteria, 48, 223 - 311.","Reeve, L. A. (1843 - 1849) Monograph of the genus Conus. Conchologia Iconica, Reeve Bros., London, Vol. 1.","Kiener, L. C. (1845 - 1850) Species general et iconographie des coquilles vivantes. Rousseau, Paris, Vol. 2, 379 pp, 111 pls.","Gould, A. A. (1850) Descriptions with drawings of several new species of shells brought home from the United States Exploring Expedition. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, 169 - 172.","Sowerby II, G. B. (1858) Monograph of the genus Conus In: Thesaurus conchyliorum or monographs of genera of shells. London, Vol. 3, 18, pp. 25 - 56, pls. 196 (10) - 210 (24).","Sowerby III, G. B. (1882) Descriptions of new species of shells in the collection of Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 117 - 121.","Melvill, J. C. (1900) A Revision of the Textile Cones, with a Description of C. cholmondeleyi, n. sp. Journal of Conchology, 9 (10), 303 - 311.","Tomlin, J. R. le (1926) On South African Marine Mollusca, with Descriptions of New Species. Annals of the Natal Government Museum, 5 (3), 298 - 301.","Iredale, T. (1931) Australian Molluscan Notes No. 1. Records of the Australian Museum, 18 (4), 201 - 235.","Dautzenberg, P. (1932) Mollusques Testaces Marins de Madagascar Supplement. Journal de Conchyliologie, 76, 5 - 119.","Dautzenberg, P. (1937) Gastropodes Marins. 3. Familie Conidae. Memoires du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique, 2 (18), 1 - 184.","Fenaux, A. (1943) Descriptions de Scalidae nouveaux. Observations sur la classification de cette famille. Descriptions de Connidae nouveaux. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique (Monaco), 834, 1 - 4.","Rossum, H. M. van (1990) A New Cone from the coasts of Kenya (Indian Ocean) (Gastropoda: Conidae). La Conchiglia. International Shell Magazine, 22 (250 - 252), 29 - 31.","Frauenfeld, G. R. Von. (1869) Beitrage zur Fauna der Nicobaren. III. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft, Wien, 19, 853 - 900.","Gravely, F. H. (1942) Shells and other animals remains found on the Madras beach. II. Snails etc. (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bulletin of Madras Government Museum, 5 (2), 1 - 110.","Thurston, E. (1890) Notes on the pearl and chank fisheries and marine fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Madras: Government Central Museum, 116 pp.","Thurston, E. (1895) Littoral fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 3, 102 - 138.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335.","Melvill, J. C. & Abercrombie, A. (1893) The marine Molluscs of Bombay. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 7, 17 - 51.","Hornell, J. & Tomlin, J. R. Le. B. (1951) Checklist of marine and fluviatile Mollusca of Bombay and neighburhood. In: Hornell, Indian Molluscs, Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, pp. 83 - 94.","Subrahmanyam, T. V., Karandikar, K. R., & Murti, N. N. (1952) Marine gastropoda of Bombay. Part. II. Journal of University of Bombay, 21 (3), 26 - 73."]}

1. Conus achatinus Gmelin, 1791 (Figure 2) Conus achatinus Gmelin, 1791: 3388, no. 25 (representation of lectotype, Chemnitz 1788: pl. 142, fig. 1317 (74 x 42 mm) (Kohn 1966); "Oceano americano", corrected to " Java " (Coomans et al. 1979b)). Conus achatinus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 671–673, no. 66 (lectotype, MHNG (68.5 x 40.5 mm) (Kohn 1968); "Océan asiatique"). Conus ranunculus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 671, no. 65 (holotype, MHNG (45 x 23 mm) (Kohn 1968); "Océan Amériquain"). Cucullus ventricosus Röding, 1798: 49, no. 623/114. Conus achatinus var. infumata Dautzenberg, 1937: 12 (representation of lectotype, Chemnitz 1788: pl. 142, fig. 1320 (60 x 31 mm) (Walls 1979)). Material examined: MBMCS 101, 5 specimens, SL 35–65 mm; SW 17–32 mm. Description. Shell moderately solid, outline convex. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Spire of moderate height. Colour of body whorl olive or orange red to blackish brown, clouded with scattered white to dull yellowish flammules and blotches; broad band at centre with similar pattern. Spiral uniform thin lines of dark brown interrupted by white dots and dashes run from shoulder to base. Aperture bluish white; exterior dark colour pattern visible as a band along interior border of lip. Periostracum brown and opaque. End of siphon dark brown, proboscis deep orange to red. Distribution. Melvill & Abercrombie (1893) first reported C. achatinus from India as ‘ C. monachus Linnaeus var. achatinus Chemnitz’. C. achatinus was reported to be widely distributed along northwest coast from Okha southward to Goa (Melvill & Abercrombie 1893; Abercrombie 1893; Melvill & Standen 1901; Hornell & Tomlin 1951; Subrahmanyam et al. 1952; Kohn 1978). Ray (1949) reported two specimens from the east coast. The specimens reported herein were collected from Keelakarai (Table 6) by trawling in 5–20 m and by diving in 10 m. Fifty-eight specimens from Colaba, Bombay were collected by hand at low tide. Remarks. In Colaba, Bombay (18 0 53’N 72 0 48’E), C. achatinus (piscivore) occurs together with C. hyaena (vermivore) on the upper intertidal region of the west coast, but it occurs only subtidally on the east coast. Four types of shell colour patterns were observed among C. achatinus found on the west coast (Figure 62A, B, C & D) whereas only one type was observed in the east (Figure 2). The size range was similar between both coast specimens., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 12-17, {"references":["Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Leipzig, 13 th ed., 1 (6).","Chemnitz, J. H. (1788) Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 10.","Kohn, A. J. (1966) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, III. The species described by Gmelin and Blumenbach in 1791. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 46, 73 - 102.","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1979 b) Alphabetic revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 2. adansonii to albuquerquei. Basteria, 43, 81 - 105.","Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp.","Dautzenberg, P. (1937) Gastropodes Marins. 3. Familie Conidae. Memoires du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique, 2 (18), 1 - 184.","Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011.","Melvill, J. C. & Abercrombie, A. (1893) The marine Molluscs of Bombay. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 7, 17 - 51.","Abercrombie, A. (1893) The common marine shells of the Bombay shore. (Part I). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 8, 212 - 222.","Melvill, J. C. & Standen, R. (1901) The Mollusca of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea, as evidenced mainly through the collection of Mr. F. W. Townsend, 1893 - 1900: with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 327 - 460.","Hornell, J. & Tomlin, J. R. Le. B. (1951) Checklist of marine and fluviatile Mollusca of Bombay and neighburhood. In: Hornell, Indian Molluscs, Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, pp. 83 - 94.","Subrahmanyam, T. V., Karandikar, K. R., & Murti, N. N. (1952) Marine gastropoda of Bombay. Part. II. Journal of University of Bombay, 21 (3), 26 - 73.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335.","Ray, H. C. (1949) On a collection of Mollusca from the Coromandel coast of India. Records of the Indian Museum, 46, 87 - 122."]}

39. Conus miles Linnaeus, 1758 (Figure 40) Conus miles Linnaeus, 1758: 713, no. 255 (lectotype, LSL (53 x 31 mm) (Kohn 1963); " India "). Material examined: MBMCS 139, 1 specimen, SL 45 mm; SW 24 mm. Description. Shell moderately large, solid, glossy; outline broadly conical. Shoulder angulate, broad, weakly undulate. Spire of moderate height, bluntly pointed; outline straight. Body whorl smooth except widely spaced spiral ribs on basal third and few spiral threads in between. Aperture moderately wide, uniform in width; outer lip thin and sharp. Ground colour dull white. Body whorl with a narrower light-brown spiral band above centre, also wider deep solid brown band on basal fourth to third, remaining areas clouded with lighter brown crossed by well separated fine orange axial lines that extend to shoulder ramp. Spire white, covered with fine orange brown axial lines, early whorls badly eroded, white. Aperture translucent. Distribution. We obtained a specimen from Pamban (Table 6) by trawling in 10– 20 m. Remarks. Linnaeus gave the type locality of this species as ‘India’ (Röckel et al. 1995) without precise locality data. This record appears to be first to give the exact locality of C. miles in India. This species is extremely rare along the TamilNadu Coast., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 39, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. 10 th ed., 1 Stockholm.","Kohn, A. J. (1963) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, I. The species described by Linnaeus, 1758 - 1767. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 44, 740 - 768.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84."]}

37. Conus malacanus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Figure 38) Conus malacanus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: 645, no. 43 (representation of holotype, Cuvier 1798: pl. 325, fig. 9 (53 x 31 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Pres du dètroit de Malacca "). Conus canaliculatus Dillwyn, 1817: pl. 325, fig. 9 (lectotype same as holotype of C. malacanus (Walls 1979); "the coasts of Ceylon, and the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz. Straits of Malacca. Bruguière"). Conus subcarinatus Sowerby II, 1865: 518, pl. 32, figs. 12, 13 (two syntypes, BMNH (45 x 25; 40 x 23 mm); locality unknown). Conus cuneatus Sowerby III, 1873: 146, pl. 15, fig. 5 (holotype, ZMA (33 x 20 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); " Nicobar Islands "). Material examined: MBMCS 137, 81 specimens, SL 42–68 mm; SW 22–36 mm. Description. Shell medium sized to moderately large, solid to heavy. Body whorl conical to broadly conical; outline variably convex at adapical third, straight below. Shoulder broad and carinate. Spire of low to moderate height; outline concave to straight; early whorls forming a small projecting cone. Body whorl smooth except for a few weak spiral ridges above base. Ground colour white, body whorl usually with two variably broad continuous or interrupted brown spiral bands, leaving white zones below shoulder at centre and at base. Several widely spaced narrow axial stripes may be continuous from shoulder to base, or interrupted at mid-body. Spire and shoulder whitish, sparsely or heavily marked with brownish blotches and curved streaks, early whorls pale brown. Aperture moderately wide, uniform in width; outer lip thin, straight. Aperture white or sometimes cream. Periostracum yellow, thin, smooth and translucent. Distribution. Gravely (1942) reported C. malacanus (as ‘ C. voluminalis Hinds’ ) from Madras. Kohn (1978) collected a live specimen from PortoNovo. He also reported museum specimens collected off Ennore (at Madras), Karaikal (at IRSN) and Tranquebar (at ZMUC). The specimens described herein were collected from the Northern and Palk Bay regions (Table 6) by trawling in 8–50 m, mainly on sand and sandy-mud bottoms. Remarks. Kohn (1978) stated that the distribution of C. malacanus is restricted to the east coast. In this survey we observed this species is limited to the Northern and Palk Bay regions. Its absence in the Gulf of Mannar and further south probably suggests that it is not a coral-associated species. It often occurs in the same habitat as like C. monile, C. bayani, C. amadis and C. betulinus., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 38, {"references":["Bruguiere, J. G. (1792) Cone. In: Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, des mollusques, Paris, Panckoucke, 1, 586 - 757.","Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D. (1798) Tableau elementaire de l' ' histoire des animaux. Baudouin, Paris, 16, 710 pp.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Dillwyn, L. W. (1817) A descriptive catalogue of recent shells, arranged according to the Linnean method; with particular attention to the synonymy. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, Arranged According to the Linnean Method; With Particular Attention to the Synonymy, 1, 1 - 580.","Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011.","Sowerby II, G. B. (1865) Descriptions of Two New Species of Conus from the Collection of II. Cuming Esq., and Two from the Collection of the Late Mr. Denisson. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 518, 519, pl. 32, fig. 8 - 14.","Sowerby III G. B. (1873) Descriptions of five new Cones. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 145 - 146.","Gravely, F. H. (1942) Shells and other animals remains found on the Madras beach. II. Snails etc. (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bulletin of Madras Government Museum, 5 (2), 1 - 110.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

11. Conus bayani Jousseaume, 1872 (Figure 12) Conus bayani Jousseame, 1872: 200–202, pl. 18, fig. 1 (holotype, BMNH (51 x 24 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Bourbon"). Material examined: MBMCS 111, 42 specimens, SL 43–72 mm; SW 20–36 mm. Description. Shell medium sized to moderately large, moderately solid. Body whorl conical; outline straight to slightly sigmoid. Shoulder broad and carinate. Body whorl with distinct or weak spiral ribs and ribbons at base separated by fine grooves. Spire of moderate height, extremely concave and sharply pointed. Aperture generally narrow; outer lip straight, sharp, thin and fragile. Ground colour white to pinkish or cream. Body whorl variously covered with deep yellowish-brown blotches and streaks; these tend to form two broad broken spiral bands above and below centre. Some specimens have traces of an additional interrupted spiral band below the shoulder. Spire whorls with scattered blotches of brown. Aperture white, with violet tone. Periostracum brown, thin and translucent. Distribution. Melvill & Standen (1901) reported several dead specimens off Bombay (west coast). Along the east coast, Kohn (1978) reported C. bayani specimens obtained from fishing-boats off Madras and specimens deposited in AMNH. Röckel et al. (1995) reported this species from Madras and Cuddalore. We collected specimens from northern region (Table 6) by trawling in 5–50 m. Remarks. Conus bayani is comparatively abundant at Periyakuppam and occurs frequently with C. amadis, C. monile and C. betulinus. The limited distribution of C. bayani to the Northern region could be due to its preference for sand bottoms. Kohn (2001) considered C. bayani as a deep-water species. However, at Periyakuppam, this species was found at depths et al. (1995)., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 22-23, {"references":["Jousseaume, F. (1872) Description de 3 especes nouvelles de mollusques (deux Cones et une Marginelle), par M. le Dr. Jousseaume. Revue et Magasin Zoologie, 2 (23), 198 - 203.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Melvill, J. C. & Standen, R. (1901) The Mollusca of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea, as evidenced mainly through the collection of Mr. F. W. Townsend, 1893 - 1900: with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 327 - 460.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335.","Kohn, A. J. (2001) The Conidae of India revisited. Phuket Marine Biological Centre Special Publication, 25, 357 - 362."]}

7. Conus asiaticus da Motta, 1985 (Figure 8) Conus asiaticus da Motta, 1985a: 25 (holotype, MHNG (41.5 x 19 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "off Tai-chung, Straight of Taiwan, East China Sea"). Conus lovellreevei, Massila, 1993: 3–6, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5 (holotype, BMNH (42.5 x 19.5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "off Madras, South East India "). Material examined: MBMCS 107, 12 specimens, SL 35–50 mm; SW 16–22 mm. Description. Shell medium sized, moderately solid. Body whorl conical; outline convex adapically; left side slightly concave near base. Shoulder angulate, weakly granulose. Spire of moderate height, outline concave. Body whorl with strong, with prominent widely spaced spiral ribs and ribbons, strongly granulose. Ground colour white. Body whorl overlaid with yellowish brown irregular axial streaks and blotches arranged in two spiral bands. Early postnuclear sutural ramps white to pale brownish. Aperture white. Periostracum brown, thin and translucent. Distribution. Massilia (1993) reported a specimen of C. asiaticus (as ‘ C. lovellreevei ’) from Madras. The specimens described herein were collected from Vembar (Table 6) by trawling in 5–15 m, mainly on the sandy bottoms. Remarks. Some specimens of C. asiaticus appear similar to C. inscriptus. However, C. asiaticus can be distinguished from the latter by the irregular yellowish brown axial streaks and blotches on its body whorl, while C. inscriptus has regular spirals of both brown dots and dashes or sometimes either dots or blotches. Massilia (1993) has reported a specimen of C. lovellreevei from the southeast coast of India. There have been no records in the literature on the distribution of C. asiaticus from India. The geographical range of C. asiaticus is given as " Japan to Philippines and Vietnam; Queensland" and for C. lovelreevei: "off Madras, India " (Röckel et al. 1995). The specimen described above collected from Vembar has the characteristic features of C. asiaticus thus disproves the statement of Röckel et al. (1995) that 'because of their disjunct geographical ranges, the slight differences in shell morphology between C. asiaticus and C. lovelreevei justify seperation'. The specimen presently collected extends the distribution of C. asiaticus to southeast India., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 20, {"references":["Motta, A. J. da (1985 a) Conus asiaticus n. sp. La Conchiglia: International Shell Magazine, 17 (192 - 193), 25.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Massilia. R. G. (1993) Remarks on a confusing group in subgenus Asprella (Schaufuss, 1869) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Conidae) and description of Conus (Asprella) Lovellreevei n. sp. Gloria Maris: The periodical of the Belgian Society for Conchology, 22 (1), 1 - 7."]}

24. Conus frigidus Reeve, 1848 (Figure 25) Conus frigidus Reeve, 1848: pl. 3, no. 284 (type, BMNH (26 x 15 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus maltzanianus Weinkauff, 1873: 204–205, pl. 32, figs. 3–6 (two syntypes, LMD (51 x 29; 41.5 x 23 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Tahiti und andere Südsee-Inseln"). Material examined: MBMCS 124, 14 specimens, SL 38–42 mm; SW 15–20 mm. Description. Shell small to medium sized, solid. Body whorl conical; outline almost straight. Shoulders sub-angulate; spire of moderate height, outline straight. Body whorl usually with variably spaced generally granulose spiral ribs from base to centre or shoulder, surface seldom smooth. Shell tan, with paler transverse bands at shoulder and centre, base violet. Aperture purple. Exterior colour band visible as a band along interior border of lip. Periostracum yellowish brown, thick, opaque with numerous axial ridges. Distribution. Kohn (1978) first reported C. frigidus from India with precise locality data. He has also reported museum specimens collected from Dwarka, Gujarat (at ZSI) and Tuticorin (at BMNH). The specimens reported herein were collected from Keelakarai (Table 6) by diving in 3–8 m on sand bottom around rock boulders and within rock crevices and by trawling in 10–30 m. Remarks. The previous record by Kohn (1978) and the present observations of this species at Keelakarai suggests that its distribution is limited to the Gulf of Mannar. This is the second record of C. frigidus from the east coast and the largest (38 mm)., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 30, {"references":["Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Weinkauff, H. C. (1873) Die Gattung Conus. In Kuster, H. C., Martini, F. W. & Chemnitz, J. H. Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Nurnberg, Bauer & Raspe, pp. 204 - 221.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

17. Conus coronatus Gmelin, 1791 (Figure 18) Conus coronatus Gmelin, 1791: 3389, no. 39 (neotype, BMNH (27.5 x 16.5 mm) (Kohn 1966); " Australia "). Cucullus coronalis Röding, 1798: 38, nos. 478, 479 (refers to the original figure of C. coronatus Gmelin (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus parvus Gebauer, 1802: 7, no. 55 (representation of lectotype, Martini 1773: pl. 63, fig. 704 (30 x 18 mm) (Kohn 1981); locality unknown). Conus aristophanes “Duclos ” Sowerby II, 1857: 9, pl. 4, figs. 81, 82 (lectotype, BMNH (35.5 x 23 mm) (Coomans et al. 1981); "Philippine and Sandwitch Islands"). Conus minimus Linnaeus var. condoriana Crosse & Fisher, 1864: 334 (holotype (21 x 12 mm) acc. Crosse & Fischer (Röckel et al. 1995); "Poulo-Condor, in the South China Sea, off Saigon"). Material examined: MBMCS 117, 2 specimens, SL 37 mm; SW 26 mm. Description. Shell medium sized, moderately solid. Body whorl ventricosely conical, outline slightly convex, wider near the base. Shoulder sub-angulate, weakly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height. Aperture wide, outer lip convex. Ground colour pinkish to violet, with pale bluish spiral bands below shoulder and centre. Spiral bands of variously sized brown and black markings on either side of sub-central band, overlaying the two solid colour bands. Spire similar to body colour. Aperture pale grey, edges tinged dark violet. Distribution. The occurrence of this species in the east coast was restricted to the islands of the Gulf of Mannar viz. Krusadai Island ([Chennappayya] 1927), Shingle Island (Satyamurti 1952), Krusadai Island and Mandapam Camp (Kohn 1978). In the west coast, Kohn (1978) collected specimens from Okha, Gujarat. He also reported museum specimens collected from Tuticorin (at BMNH) and Purnagath, Ratnagiri (at AMNH). The specimens reported herein were collected from Keelakarai (Table 6) by diving in 12 m on sand and coral rubble and from the seaweed washed ashore. Remarks. In concurrence with previous records, the two specimens collected in this study were found off Keelakarai, approximately 50 km west of Krusadai Island and Mandapam Camp, where the species was previously reported. Conus coronatus is a rare species along the TamilNadu Coast. The present and previous reports suggest the distribution of this species is restricted to the Gulf of Mannar., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 26, {"references":["Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Leipzig, 13 th ed., 1 (6).","Kohn, A. J. (1966) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, III. The species described by Gmelin and Blumenbach in 1791. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 46, 73 - 102.","Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Gebauer, J. J. (1802) Systematisches Verzeichniss der Seesterne, Seeigel, Conchylien und Pflanzenthiere. Halle: Gebauer.","Martini, F. H. W. (1773) Neues Sytematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 2.","Kohn, A. J. (1981) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, VI. The species described 1801 - 1810. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 71 (3), 279 - 341.","Sowerby II, G. B. (1857) Monograph of the genus Conus In: Thesaurus Conchyliorum or Monographs of the Genera of Shells, London, Vol. 3. 17, pp. 1 - 24, pls. 187 (1) - 195 (9).","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1981) Alphabetical revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 4 aphrodite to azona with the description of C. arenatus bizona, nov. Subsp, Basteria, 45, 3 - 55.","Satyamurti, S. (1952) The Mollusca of Krusadai Island (in the Gulf of Manaar). 1. Amphineura and Gastropoda. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 1, 2, 6, 1 - 267.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

19. Conus ebraeus Linnaeus, 1758 (Figure 20) Conus ebraeus Linnaeus, 1758: 715, no. 268 (lectotype, LSL (28 x 19 mm) (Kohn 1963); " India "). Conus quadratus Perry, 1811: pl. 24, fig. 5 (representation of holotype, Perry 1811: pl. 24, fig. 5 (40 x 25 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); " Coast of Africa"). Conus judaeus Bergh, 1895: 161–163, pl. 4, fig. 91; pl. 6, figs. 128–131 (holotype, ZMUC (32 x 21 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "M. philippinense"). Material examined: MBMCS 119, 8 specimens, SL 25–32 mm; SW 13–15 mm. Description. Shell moderately small and heavy, broadly conical, sides convex. Body whorl with low spiral ridges, basally these often extend to centre. Shoulder roundly angled, coronated, coronations weak. Spire low, convex and bluntly pointed; spire whorls weakly coronated and with 4–5 heavy spiral ridges on top. Aperture narrower posteriorly; outer lip thick, sharp and convex. Ground colour white. Body whorl with 3–4 spiral rows of black blotches between base and sub-shoulder; blotches squarish to more or less axially elongate. Shoulder with large squarish black spots, alternating with light background; spire with irregular black blotches. Aperture bluish. Periostracum thin, smooth, translucent and yellowish to olive. Distribution. The first report of C. ebraeus was by Linnaeus (1758) from India. Subsequent distributional records were from in and around Krusadai Islands of the Gulf of Mannar (Thurston 1890; [Chennappayya] 1927; Satyamurti 1952). The specimens described herein were collected from Keelakarai (Table 6) by diving in 10–15 m on sand and coral rubble substrate and few washed ashore. Remarks. Conus ebraeus appears to be a very rare species along the TamilNadu Coast, with the distribution restricted to the Gulf of Mannar., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 27, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. 10 th ed., 1 Stockholm.","Kohn, A. J. (1963) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, I. The species described by Linnaeus, 1758 - 1767. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 44, 740 - 768.","Perry, G. (1811) Conchology, or the natural history of shells: containing a new arrangement of the genera and species, illustrated by coloured engravings executed from natural specimens and including the latest discoveries. London, Blumer & Co., pp. 1 - 4, pl. 61.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Bergh, R. (1895) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Coniden. Nova Acta der Kaiserlich Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher. 65, 67 - 214.","Thurston, E. (1890) Notes on the pearl and chank fisheries and marine fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Madras: Government Central Museum, 116 pp.","Satyamurti, S. (1952) The Mollusca of Krusadai Island (in the Gulf of Manaar). 1. Amphineura and Gastropoda. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 1, 2, 6, 1 - 267."]}

10. Conus australis Holten, 1802 (Figure 11) Conus australis Holten, 1802: 39, no. 87 (representation of lectotype, Chemnitz 1795: pl. 183, figs. 1774, 1775 (60 x 24 mm) (Kohn 1981); " Taiwan "). Conus australis Lamarck, 1810: 439, no. 179 (representation of lectotype, Chemnitz 1795: pl. 183, figs. 1774, 1775 (60 x 24 mm) (Kohn 1981); "Botany Bay, Australie "). Conus gracilis Sowerby I, 1823: pl. 267, fig. 4 (representation of holotype, Sowerby I 1823: pl. 267, fig. 4 (72 x 25 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus duplicatus Sowerby I, 1823: pl. 267, fig. 5 (representation of holotype, Sowerby I 1823: pl. 267, fig. 5 (68 x 30 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Solomon Is"). Asprella alabasteroides Shikama, 1963: 65, pl. 1, figs. 9a, b ("Tatsugahama. Wakayama Pref".). Conus cebuganus da Motta & Martin, 1982: 1, 3, fig. 1 (holotype, MHNG (36 x 14. 5 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Visayan Sea, between Malapascua Is. and Bantayan Is. and northward"). Conus gabryae Röckel & Korn, 1992: 13–16, pl. 2, figs. 11–20 (holotype, SMNS (62.5 x 26 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Russell Is., Solomon Archipelago"). Material examined: MBMCS 110, 1 specimen, SL 40 mm; SW 15 mm. Description. Shell moderately large to large, moderately solid-to-solid, with low gloss. Body whorl narrowly conoid-cylindrical, outline convex adapically straight below. Shoulder subangulate. Spire of moderate height; sharply pointed, outline slightly concave. Body whorl encircled with variably spaced granulose ribs, posteriorly obsolete. Aperture moderately wide, outer lip straight, thin, sloping below level of shoulder. Ground colour white, suffused with pale brown. Body whorl with brown blotches, tending to form 3 interrupted spiral bands, below the shoulder and above and below centre, the former weakest. Most have many rows of widely spaced squarish brown dots on the spiral ribs. Aperture pale violet. Distribution. Smith (1894) reported three specimens from the west coast off Calicut. Specimens from Tranquebar dredged by the Galathea Expedition are in ZMUC (Kohn 1978). The specimens described herein were collected from Palayar (Table 6) by trawling in 60 m, mainly of muddy bottom. Remarks. Conus australis appears to be a rare species along TamilNadu Coast. The specimen presently collected is the second record from India., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 22, {"references":["Holten, H. S. (1802) Enumeratio systematics Conchyliorum beat. J. H. Chemnitzii, 1 - 88.","Chemnitz, J. H. (1795) Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 11.","Kohn, A. J. (1981) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, VI. The species described 1801 - 1810. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 71 (3), 279 - 341.","Lamarck, J. B. P. (1810) Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres, ou Tableau General des Classes, des Ordres et des Genres de ces Animaux. Paris, 432 pp.","Sowerby I, G. B. (1823) The Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, for the use of Students in Conchology and Geology. London, Vol. 2, 127 - 262 pls.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Shikama, T. (1963) On Some Noteworthy Marine Gastopoda from from Southwestern Japan. Science Reports of the Yokohama National University II, 10 (65), 1.","Motta, A. J. da & Martin, R. (1982) Four new Conus species found in waters around Cebu and one from Balut in the Sarangani group. Carfel Philippine Shell News, 4 (3), 1, 3, fig. 1.","Rockel, D. & Korn, W. (1992) New Species and Subspecies of the Genus Conus (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) from the Indo-Pacific. Acta Conchyliorum, 3, 13 - 16, pl. 2, fig. 11 - 20.","Smith, E. A. (1894) Natural history notes from H. M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer ' Investigator', Commander C. F. Oldham, R. N. Ser. II, No. 10, Report upon some Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6, 14, 157 - 174.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

34. Conus longurionis Kiener, 1845 (Figure 35) Conus longurionis Kiener, 1845: pl. 92, fig. 6 (type, Coll. Prevost (33 x 10 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); locality unknown). Conus kantanganus da Motta, 1982: 11–12, figs. 10a, b (holotype, MHNG (33 x 10 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "off the coast of Kantang, South West Thailand in the Andaman Sea"). Material examined: MBMCS 134, 1 specimen, SL 37 mm; SW 12 mm. Description. Shell moderately small to medium sized, light. Body whorl usually narrowly conical, outline nearly straight. Shoulder sub-angulate, exhalent notch deep. Spire high, outline almost straight. First 3–10 post nuclear whorls tuberculate and distinct, sutures deep and wide. Body whorl with regularly spaced, axial striate spiral grooves and ribbons. Aperture long, narrow and slightly wide anteriorly. Ground colour light brown. Body whorl with spiral rows of regular large brown dots on ribbons, partly fusing into irregularly sized axial flecks that cluster into spiral bands above and below centre. A weaker spiral band around shoulder. Aperture pale lavender. Distribution. The earliest published record of C. longurionis from India was from Gulf of Mannar (Thurston 1985). Subsequent records are from Madras (at AMNH) and Tranquebar (at ZMUC) (Kohn 1978). The specimen reported herein was collected from the trash dumped on the fish-landing centre off Madras (Table 6). Remarks. Specimens from India and West Thailand were described as C. kantanganus (Röckel et al. 1995). C. kantanganus and the similar shells from Thailand and Philippines cannot be separated from C. longurionis at the species level and are considered geographical forms (Röckel et al. 1995). Since the shell characters of the specimens from Madras agree well with C. kantanganus, it is treated as C. longurionis., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 36, {"references":["Kiener, L. C. (1845 - 1850) Species general et iconographie des coquilles vivantes. Rousseau, Paris, Vol. 2, 379 pp, 111 pls.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}

21. Conus eucoronatus Sowerby III, 1903 (Figure 22) Conus eucoronatus Sowerby III, 1903: 217, pl. 3, fig. 9 (lectotype, SAMC (45 x 25 mm) (Coomans et al. 1986); " Cape St. Blaize bearing N. 850 W.; distant 4 ½ miles"). Material examined: MBMCS 121, 2 specimens, SL 32–35 mm; SW 18–20 mm. Description. Shell moderately heavy, biconic. Shoulder broad and angulate with many small tubercles. Spire moderately high, sharply pointed, sides straight. Body whorl with 15 broad, flat spiral ribbons from base to shoulder, axially striate. Aperture wide and uniform in width, outer lip thin and sharp. Ground colour white, body whorl with spirally arranged dark or light brown blotches. Aperture white. Periostracum pale yellow and thin. Distribution. Röckel et al. (1995) reported the occurrence of C. eucoronatus in south India. Kohn (2001) reported a specimen trawled at 400 m off Kanyakumari. The specimens described herein were collected from Tuticorin (Table 6) from the discards of the fishingboats trawled at 50–200 m. Remarks. Conus eucoronatus is a rare deep water species of Conus known for its unique shape, sculpture and pattern (Röckel et al. 1995). The specimen presently collected is the largest (35 mm), compared to the previous recorded (28 mm) by Röckel et al. (1995) from India., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on page 28, {"references":["Sowerby III, G. B. (1903) Mollusca of South Africa. Marine Investigations of South Africa. 2, 213 - 232, pl. 3, 4.","Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Wils, E. (1986) Alphabetical revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 9, ebraeus to extraordinarius with the description of Conus elegans ramalhoi, nov. subspecies. Basteria, 50, 93 - 150.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Kohn, A. J. (2001) The Conidae of India revisited. Phuket Marine Biological Centre Special Publication, 25, 357 - 362."]}

25. Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758 (Figure 26) Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758: 718 (lectotype, LSL (98 x 48 mm) (Röckel et al. 1995); "Indiis"). Material examined: MBMCS 125, 18 specimens, SL 60–120 mm; SW 28–48 mm. Description. Shell thin, large and light in weight, but solid. Body whorl narrowly cylindrical; outline nearly straight or slightly convex above and nearly parallel centrally, slightly concave to convex (right side) or concave (left side) below. Body whorl with a few, very low and indistinct oblique ridges on the base, numerous axial threads over body whorl. Shoulder angulate with low, rounded coronations. Spire low, sides concave, the whorls stepped and with raised margins. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder, outer lip thin, sharp and convex. Body whorl creamy white, pinkish or bluish white, heavily covered with a reticulated network of fine brownish lines from base to shoulder; reticulations may be distinct or broken appearing mottled; usually two to three broad spiral bands within basal third, above centre and often below shoulder (invariably few specimens showed slight variation in the intensity of the colour pattern of the body whorl). Spire colour like body whorl with large brownish blotches at the margins of the coronations; early whorls pink. Interior of aperture bluish white to pale pinkish, exterior pattern showing through. Periostracum thin, smooth translucent, yellowish-orange. Distribution. The first report of C. geographus was from Tuticorin (Thurston 1895). Subsequent records are from Krusadai Island (Satyamurti 1952) and Rameswaram (Sundaram 1969). Kohn (1978) reported a museum specimen collected from Tuticorin (at MGM). He also stated that the distribution of this species in India is probably restricted to the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. The specimens from described herein were collected from Gulf of Mannar (Table 6) by trawling in 15–30 m. Remarks. One of the specimens of C. geographus collected from Pamban resembles C. fragilissimus, comparatively thinner and with sharp outer lip compared to other specimens (Figure 62M). The restricted distribution of this species to the Gulf of Mannar could be due to its preference for corals and sand bottoms with appropriate prey organisms., Published as part of Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony & Krishnan, K. S., 2009, 2250, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 2250 on pages 30-31, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. 10 th ed., 1 Stockholm.","Rockel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84.","Thurston, E. (1895) Littoral fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 3, 102 - 138.","Satyamurti, S. (1952) The Mollusca of Krusadai Island (in the Gulf of Manaar). 1. Amphineura and Gastropoda. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 1, 2, 6, 1 - 267.","Sundaram, K. S. (1969) Catalogue of Molluscs in the reference collections of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. I. Molluscs excluding cephalopods. Bulletin of Central Marine fisheries Research Institute, (9), 22.","Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335."]}